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TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2011, The Johns Hopkins University and Charla Cain. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.
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An Analysis of Direct Potable Water Reuse Acceptance
in the United States: Obstacles and Opportunities
Charla R. Cain MPH Capstone Project
May 2011
Advisor: Jacqueline Agnew, RN, MPH, PhD, Professor, JHSPH Mentor: Thaddeus Graczyk, MSc, PhD
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Presentation Outline Introduction Description of Potable Water Reuse – Indirect and Direct Drivers of Direct Potable Reuse ADWT Treatment Train Case Studies Obstacles and Opportunities
Treatment Train Unit Processes Health Risk Concerns Key Regulations Public Perception Management and Operational Controls
Conclusion
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Introduction
Dependable supply of safe drinking water
Status quo – conventional drinking water treatment
Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) – successful in U.S., 30yrs
Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) – most sustainable option
Has DPR’s time now come? Survey current literature Illuminate problem of DPR acceptance Report on opportunities to go forward
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Indirect Potable Water Reuse
Unplanned IPR
jjkj
Planned IPR
Adapted from: Asano, T. et. al. Water Reuse. 2007. p. 1307
Water Reclamation plant
Drinking water Treatment
Plant
Wastewater Treatment
Plant Drinking water
Treatment Plant
Wastewater Treatment
Plant
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Direct Potable Reuse
“The introduction of highly treated reclaimed water either..
directly into the potable water distribution system downstream of a water treatment plant, (i.e., pipe-to-pipe)
or into the raw water supply
immediately upstream of a water treatment plant.”
Adapted from : Asano, T. et. al. Water Reuse. 2007. p 1307
Water Reclamation
plant
Wastewater Treatment
plant
Drinking water Treatment
plant
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Drivers of DPR
Global water situation
Water-scarce / water-stressed areas
Population increases / demographic shifts
Environmental Impacts
Right to Water
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Advanced Drinking Water Treatment (ADWT)
Secondary effluent
Tertiary treatment (pretreatment for
advanced processes)
Dissolved constituents removal, conditioning
Disinfection
HOME
Ozonation PAC MF/UF Filtration UV disinfection
GAC / BAC Ion Exchange RO AOP Water conditioning / pH
Chlorine UV Ozone
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ADWT Targets
Inorganics (i.e. nitrogen, sulfides, heavy metals) Membrane Bioreactor, Reverse Osmosis
Organics (i.e. Benzene, DDT, carbon tetrachloride) Membrane Bioreactor, Reverse Osmosis
Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminthes) Membrane Bioreactor, Disinfection (chlorine, UV, ozone)
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (i.e. Estradiol, Progesterone) and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (i.e. Hydrocodone, Dilantin, Deet) Reverse Osmosis and UV/Advanced Oxidation Process
Note: MBR includes PAC, GAC, BAC, UF/MF/NF
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Case Study – Windhoek, Namibia
Only DPR location in world! Opened 1969, upgraded 2002 Multiple Barrier Approach Oversight by leading water
treatment agencies
New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant
Source: http://www.fichtner.de/en/water_supply_projects.html Source: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windhoek_Skyline.jpg
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Case Study - Singapore
Used Water
Microfiltration
Reverse Osmosis
Disinfection with UV light
NEWater
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DPR – Current Dialogue
Media / Government Wall Street Journal EPA’s Office of Water
Scientific Researchers NWRI DPR regulation white paper, CA 2010 DPR Workshop Report, CA
Public Health Researchers JHSPH and wastewater reuse
WateReuse Association WateReuse Symposium DPR presentations
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Determinants of DPR Acceptance
Treatment Train Processes
Health Risk Concerns
Key Regulatory Issues
Management and Operational
Controls Cost
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Treatment Train - Obstacles
Logistical Difficulties
Membrane Sensitivity
Disinfection Byproducts
Waste Stream Generation
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Treatment Train - Opportunities
Increased Research and Development Example: Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
2010 DPR Workshop Report Classification of best treatment process order Identification of Chemicals of Emerging Concern
(CEC) surrogates Validation of barrier effectiveness against
benchmarks
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Health Risk Concerns - Obstacles
Few Epidemiologic and Toxicological potable reuse studies in IPR and DPR
Difficulties extrapolating IPR epidemiologic studies to DPR
Long-term health effects difficult to assess
CECs
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Health Risk Concerns - Opportunities
Perform epidemiologic studies of DPR and potential health effects
2010 DPR Workshop Report Water quality treatment performance goals Validation of treatment performance goals through
performance monitoring Health risk and exposure assessments Monitoring for public health assurance
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Key Regulations - Obstacles
SDWA and CWA insufficient for DPR regulation
No U.S. Federal regulations for IPR or DPR
U.S. Federal guidelines for IPR only
State regulations for IPR - 4 states only
No state regulations or guidelines for DPR
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Key Regulations - Opportunities
EPA to include DPR chapter in next Guidelines for Water Reuse
California leader 2010 NWRI White Paper 2010 DPR Workshop Report
Identify optimal regulatory scheme Develop CEC evaluation approach Assess environmental buffer function Develop source control strategy
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Public Perception - Obstacles
Largest hurdle
No separation between sewage effluent and drinking water influent
Media
Water is “everywhere” and therefore DPR not necessary
“From toilets to tap: How we get tap water from sewage” USA Today, Kathy Chu http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2011-03-03-1Apurewater03_CV_N.htm#
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Public Perceptions - Opportunities
Utilize identified factors influencing public perceptions and behavioral acceptability
2010 DPR Workshop Report Develop appropriate terminology Survey stakeholders and involve at inception Utilize health communication specialists to develop
messages and strategy
“Trust” = strongest influencing factor. Capitalize!
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Management & Operational Controls – Obstacles and Opportunities
Real-time process monitoring
Control strategies development
2010 DPR Workshop Report Consider system design for emergency response Develop enhanced source control programs Develop DPR operational guidelines
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Conclusion
Direct Potable Reuse…. Viable option for future water resource management Acceptance depends on pursuing opportunities Need for stronger epidemiologic research California as a model
“When the well is dry, we learn the worth of water.” Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), Poor Richard’s Almanac, 1746
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Thank You…
For a thirst-free future…
…your kids will thank you! www.thirstfreefuture.com
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References Intro
http://www.battelle.org IPR / DPR
Asano, T.; Burton, F.L.; Leverenz, H.L.; Tsuchihashi, R.; Tchobanoglous, G. Indirect Potable Reuse through Surface-Water Augmentation. Chapter 23. In: Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications. New York: Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 2007: p.1307 & 1346.
Windhoek, Namibia http://www.fichtner.de/en/water_supply_projects.html http://www.hivresponse.gov.na http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windhoek_Skyline.jpg
Singapore http://www.livetradingnews.com/barclays-offers-rmb-bond-fund-in-singapore-39050.htm http://www.ambsingapore.um.dk/en/menu/CommercialServices/MarketOpportunities/Sectoranalyses/
Energy+and+Environment/ http://www.greatnewplaces.com/t-Sembcorp
Key Regulations – Opportunities http://nwri_usa.org
Public Perceptions – Obstacles http://worldchanging.com http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2011-03-03-1Apurewater03_CV_N.htm#