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THOUGHTS REGARDING TIRE-PAVEMENT NOISE

Michael A. Staiano

29 July 2013

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A Presentation to the TRB ADC40 Transportation-Related Noise & Vibration Committee

Summer Meeting—Santa Fe, New Mexico

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PAVEMENT DESIGN

• OBSI quantifies noise generation– Database Ranks Performance– Qualitative design guidance– Empirical selection

• Quantitative prediction– Europe– Rasmussen

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PAVEMENT PARAMETERS

• Texture• Porosity• Stiffness

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NOISE EMISSIONS• Generation Mechanisms

– Tread impact (“The Hammer”)– Air pumping (“The Clapper”)– Stick-slip (“The Sneaker”)– Stick-snap (“The Suction Cup”)

• Amplifying Mechanisms– Acoustical Horn (“The Horn”)– Helmholtz Resonance (“The Pop Bottle”)– Pipe Resonance (“The Organ Pipe”)– Sidewall Vibrations (“The Pie Plate”)– Cavity Resonance (“The Balloon”)

• Multi-Coincidence Peak, f(pavement, tire)

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FREQUENCY CONTENT• NCHRP 634 Iowa Measurements

– 1/12th octave band spectra– Goodyear Aquatred III test tire / all-wheel drive Honda CR-V

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NARROWBAND SPECTRA

NCHRP 634

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TOTAL NOISE

• Summation of sources

• LAi ~ ki log(v)

Noise source speed dependence for high-speed train

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SPEED RELATIONS

Goubert

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SPEED INFLUENCE

• Tire/pavement contribution–“almost all” for Cruise ≥35 MPH

• Noise Intensity Testing in Europe (NITE)– 66 pavements via OBSI

Donavan

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NITE 35 & 60 MPH DATA

Comparative Europe and the United States

Measurements

30Goodyear Aquatred III

pavements

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NITE Overall Levels

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NITE Overall Levels60-35 MPH Differences

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NITE SPECTUMRelatively Quiet Pavement

CA/AZ # 4 / DGAC - Fine Aggregrate

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NITE SPECTRUMRelatively Noisy Pavement

France #8 / Surface Dressing 8/10 mmFrance #8 Surface Dressing 8/10 mm

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NITE SPECTRUM DIFFERENCESQuietest

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NITE SPECTRUM DIFFERENCES Noisiest

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FORCING FUNCTION—TEXTURE

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC)

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TEXTURE PARAMETERS

• Wavelength, λ• Profile Depth

– Mean Profile Depth, MPD– Texture Profile Ltx(λ)

• Skewness (profile asymmetry)

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MEAN PROFILE DEPTH

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TEXTURE LEVEL

ISO TS 13473-4 Part 4 Characterization of pavement texture by

use of surface profiles—Spectral analysis of surface profiles

Ltx ~ log(a)

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SKEWNESS

Goubert

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

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LASER PROFILOMETER

FHWA ROSANv

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TEXTURE SPECTRA, Ltx(λ)

TRANSVERSE TINED PAVEMENT

Rasmussen, et. al.

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TEXTURE SPECTRA--LAtx(f)

f = v/λ

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TEXTURE SPECTRA—LAtx(f,v)

Waterfall Plot

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MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY

OBSI & Texture

Speed

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RECOMMENDATIONS• Simultaneous measurement:

– OBSI – Texture Level, Ltx(λ)– Speed

• Test speeds: – 30, 45, 60, 70+– Swept—coast down

• Range of pavement types

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• Data Analysis:– A-Weighted Texture Level, LAtx(f)– Skewness– Waterfall presentation– OBSI(f) = function(LAtx(f),skewness)

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SPECTRUM CHANGE with SPEEDdue to frequency shift and A-weighting

Hypothetical Spectrum