time line - springer978-1-4020-3236-3/1.pdf · appendix a time line 1956, november 17, contract...

Appendix A

Time Line

1956, November 17, contract signed between AUI and the NSF, creating theNational Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)

1957, October 17, dedication of the NRAO. Lloyd V. Berkner is the firstobservatory director

1959, July, Otto Struve becomes the second NRAO director

1960, Frank D. Drake flies to Dallas to interview Frank J. Low, then workingfor Texas Instruments

1961, Frank J. Low arrives in Green Bank

1962, feasibility contract for a millimeter-wave telescope awarded to RohrCorporation

1962, October 1, David S. Heeschen becomes the third NRAO director

1964, AUI awards a construction contract for the 36-ft telescope to RohrCorporation

1964, Frank Low moves to Tucson, becoming a research professor of astron-omy at the University of Arizona

1967, first scheduled operation of the 36-ft telescope

1969, E. E. (Ned) Conklin arrives in Tucson as the first astronomer/manager

1970, Robert Wilson, Keith Jefferts, and Arno Penzias [35] detect CO emis-sion with the 36-ft telescope

1971, Charles Moore installs a FORTH computer system at the 36-ft tele-scope

1973, October 1, Mark A. Gordon becomes the first NRAO assistant directorfor the newly created “Tucson Operations”

191

192 APPENDIX A. TIME LINE

1978, Morton S. Roberts becomes the fourth NRAO director

1982, work begins on replacing the 36-ft surface with a 12-m one

1984, June 1, Robert L. Brown becomes the second (temporary) assistantdirector for Tucson Operations

1985, Paul A. Vanden Bout becomes the fifth NRAO director

1985, July 5, David E. Hogg becomes the third (temporary) assistant direc-tor for Tucson Operations

1986, November 1, Darrel T. Emerson becomes the fourth assistant directorfor Tucson Operations

2000, February 22, Paul A. Vanden Bout announces the closing of the 12-mtelescope

2002, September 1, K.-Y. (Fred) Lo becomes the sixth NRAO director ofthe NRAO

2006, June 1, the date when Tucson Operations is scheduled to close

Appendix B

List of Tucson Employees

Ade, Peter A.

Albanna, Sarmad H.

Albaugh, Neil P.

Anderson, James

Andre, Philippe Jacques-Antoin

Andrews, Sean M.

Armstrong, Justin

Arora, Radhe Shyam

Atencio, Nelson (VLBA only)

Baker, Walter Gregory

Ballou, Gary D.

Balonek, Thomas J.

Banda, Juana I

Bass, Daniel L.

Bates, Ronald W. (VLBA only)

Becker, Ralph

Behrens, George Jr.

Bessett, Rodney

Bezkocka, Peter P.

Bielas, Michael S.

Biemesderfer, Christopher D.

Biller, Beth

Bishop, John C.

Bloomingdale, Richard W.

Bowles, Larissa M.

Branch, Clair

Brasso, Thomas H.

Brod, Landford G.

Brooks, Michael J.

Brown, Margie M.

Bundy, Tad C.

Burhans, Ralph W.

Burnell, James D.

Cardarella, Donald J.

Carrad, Graeme

Chang, Jack Jui Lin

Chase, Dennis A.

Cheng, Jingquan

Clark, Anthony

Clark, Cedric Duane

Clarke, Jeffrey S.

193

194 APPENDIX B. LIST OF TUCSON EMPLOYEES

Clarke, Nancy

Cochran, Jackie

Collenberg, George M.

Conklin, Edward K.

Conner, Eugene Paul

Cuadra, Rodrigo Andres Brito

Cull, Selby C.

D’Addario, Larry

Daniel, Billy J.

Davis, Evan Rodier

Davis, Gerald L. Jr.

Davis, Jesse E.

Dionne, Ronald Alan

Douglas, Rosalie G.

Dowd, Andrew

Dressel, Linda L.

Edwards, Suzan

Emerson, Darrel Trevor

Emerson, Nicholas

Engel, Lisa

Escalante, Fred Jr.

Essenburg, Alvin E.

Fagg, Henry Alen

Figueroa, Delia M.

Fischer, Lynn S.

Fitzner, John Tracy

Flynn, Sarah Kathryn

Folkers, Thomas Wesley

Forster, Vincent

Foster, Scott

Freund, Robert W.

Fuller, Gary

Gacon, Frank Stanley

Galhouse, Stephen L.

Garagnon, Bruno

Gasho, Victor L.

Gay, Pamela Lynn

Gensheimer, Paul David

Giddings, Dale R.

Gobin, Maria C.

Gordon, Mark A.

Grammer, Wes L.

Greve, Paul

Groppi, Christopher

Grove, George

Gust, William

Hagar, Lee P.

Hagen, Jeffrey

Hagstrom, Magne Billy

Hale, William Robert

Halliday, Margaret A.

Hamed, Julian M. “Tony”

Hamilton, Robert A.

Harmless, Kent M.

Harsha, Nancy L Gunn

Hart, Paul O.

Hay, Cyrus C.

Heckler, Christopher Warren

Helfer, Tamara

Hersman, Michael S.

195

Highberger, Jaime L.

Hill, Reuben

Hill, Timothy

Hogarth, Robert E. Jr.

Hogg, David

Holdaway, Mark

Hollis, Jan M.

Holmstedt, Christian

Howard, Richard J.

Jablonka, Paul H.

Jacques, Christophe

Jesch, Nicholas (VLBA only)

Jewell, Philip Ramer

Johnson, Keith

Jones, James B.

Kemp, Ernest D. Jr.

Kingsley, Jeffrey

Kingsley, Kimberly T.

Kingsley, Robert K.

Kogan, Leonid

Kolor, Francis P. O’Mahony

Krauska, Alexander S.

Lamb, James W.

Lapedes, Alan S.

Lasater, Martin L.

Lasendby, Anthony N.

Latter, William Bruce

Lewis, Faye M.

Lewis, Karen M.

Lichtenhan, Raymond F.

Lim, Fai (Janne) Jen

Linnaus, Fredrick

Lipscomb, Charles E.

Long, Kevin

Lugten, John

Lynn, James M.

Mangum, Jeffrey Gary

Marks, Janice

Marquez, Ivan L.

Martin, Hubert M. III

Martin, Joan

Martinez, Ricardo

McBrian, John E. Jr.

McFarlin, Rayford (VLBA only)

Mead, Kathryn Nadia

Meadows, Hollister

Metcalfe, Mark

Middleton, Gerald E.

Miller, Diane Elizabeth

Miller, John E.

Miller, Luther

Montierth, Jeanette Marcroft

Morin, Thomas

Morreale, Jay Philip

Morrey, Graham G.

Mortenson, Gustave E.

Murphy, Patrick Paul

Myers, David

Nam, Chong Woo

Neighbours, Jennifer C.

196 APPENDIX B. LIST OF TUCSON EMPLOYEES

O’Conner, Lynda M.

Oliver, Stacy

Olson, David B.

Patt, Ferdinand

Pauley, Robert G.

Payne, John

Perfetto, Antonio

Peterson, John R.

Pickard, Matthew

Pokorny, Martin

Prestage, Richard

Radford, Simon

Rather, Elizabeth

Rather, John D.

Raymondson, Daisy

Rector, Travis A.

Reiland, George Paul

Reimnitz, Jess Michael

Reynolds, Donald

Rhodes, Paul

Rizzo, Joseph W.

Rosengard, Rebecca

Ross, Dewey E.

Roth, Ryan Matthews

Routt, Michael

Ruiz, Timoteo

Rupp, Phillip

Saffle, James R.

Salter, Christopher J.

Scarl, James D.

Scharlach, Werner W. G.

Schartman, Ethan D.

Schoknecht, William E.

Schraml, Johann

Schroeder, James C.

Schroeter, Darrell Frank

Schuetz, Ernest Jr.

Schwortz, Andria C.

Shaklan, Stuart

Shillue, William

Shopbell, Patrick L.

Silver, Ronald

Smith, John D.

Smith, Luke L.

Snyder, Laura

Sparks, Calvin

Sperduti, Armand C.

Spuhler, Philipp

Stahl, Harry D.

Stevens, Robert L.

Stobie, Elizabeth B.

Street, Oleta R.

Stuart, Andrew

Sullivan, Mark

Sullivan, Stanley

Tarr, Norman

Terrell, William D.

Tester, Martin L.

Teyssier, Edward M.

Thomas, T. Maxine

197

Tietz, George A.

Treiber, Edward F.

Ulich, Bobby L.

Urbain, Dennis

Vaccari, Andrea

Valente, Martin

Valentine, Virginia

Valladares, Geraldo

Waddel, Matt

Walker, Christopher K.

Walker, Michael

Weaver, John

Webb, Dale A.

Weller, Walter

Wells, David Lee

Wetmore, Eugene E.

White, Terry

White, Thomas

Williams, Jonathan P.

Wilson, Stewart K.

Wolf, Grace

Wolff, Scott E.

Womeldorff, Ronald D.

Wordeman, Matthew R.

Wren, James A.

Wright, Ronald

Zhang, Oizhou

Appendix C

Glossary

ALMA Atacama Large Millimeter[-wave] Array, a millimeter-wave tele-scope under construction at a 16,500-ft site in northern Chile, consist-ing of 64 12-m parabolic antennas. It will be operated by ESO andAUI, with participation by Chilean astronomers.

AUI Associated Universities, Inc., a not-for-profit consortium of nine USuniversities that operates the NRAO for the NSF.

AURA Associated Universities for Research in Astronomy, a large not-for-profit consortium that operates KPNO, CTIO, and the Space Tele-scope Science Institute.

autocorrelator A digital device in which a stream of digital numbers (of-ten, 1’s and 0’s) is correlated with itself. Used to make a spectralanalysis of radio signals.

back end A commonly used term for the electronic components used todetect and to analyze the output of a radio astronomy receiver.

bolometer A device to measure the intensity of incident electromagneticradiation over a defined bandwidth; in effect, a thermometer.

Caltech California Institute of Technology located in Pasadena, California.

coaxial cable An electrical cable consisting of a central wire surroundingby a dielectric insulator and wrapped by a wire mesh. Used to transmitlow-frequency radio waves like those used for television and FM.

CTIO Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, an optical observatory op-erated by AURA and located near La Serena, Chile.

199

200 APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY

Dewar Essentially, a large thermos bottle used to hold cold liquified gaseslike nitrogen and oxygen. Named after its inventor.

dish A radio antenna made with a parabolic surface.

ESO European Southern Observatory, an optical observatory operated by anumber of European countries, headquartered in Garching, Germany,with observing facilities in La Silla and Cerro Paranal, Chile.

feed A device at the focus of a radio antenna that transfers the radio wavesinto the amplifier.

filter bank An array of separately tuned, resonant-frequency filters ar-ranged like the tines of a fork. Used to analyze the spectrum of anincoming radio signal.

front end A commonly used term for the high frequency part of a radioastronomy receiver.

Haystack Observatory The principal radio and radar astronomy obser-vatory of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. It has a 120-ft radio telescopeenclosed in a radome and is located near Westford, Massachusetts.

IF The intermediate frequency part of a radio receiver. A mixer convertsthe frequency incoming radio waves to a lower, intermediate frequencythat can be more easily amplified and manipulated.

IRAM Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique, a joint millimeter-wave`observatory of France, Germany, and Spain with main offices in Greno-ble, France. It operates a 30-m millimeter-wave radio telescope nearGranada, Spain, and a millimeter-wave interferometric telescope in theFrench alps.

klystron An oscillator that produces a narrow-band, high-power radio sig-nal and that can be tuned both mechanically and electronically.

KPNO Kitt Peak National Observatory, the US national center for opticaland infra-red astronomy, based in Tucson, Arizona.

local oscillator The artificially generated radio signal injected into a radioreceiver to convert the incoming radiation to a lower frequency.

MIT Lincoln Laboratory A research laboratory of the Massachusetts In-stitute of Technology specializing in electronics and computers andprincipally funded by the US Air Force.

201

MPIfR Max-Planck-Insitut fur Radioastronomie, the German institute forf¨fradio astronomy based in Bonn, Germany.

mixer A non-linear electronic device in which two radio signals are “mixed”together. The outputs are two radio signals with frequencies corre-sponding to the sum and the difference of the those injected. In radioastronomy, the input frequencies are often the incoming radio signaland an artificial signal from a local oscillator. Often used as a radioreceiver at extremely high frequencies.

MWO Millimeter-Wave Observatory of the University of Texas, located inFort Davis, Texas.

NAIC National Astronomy and Ionospheric Center. Located near Arecibo,Puerto Rico and operated for the NSF by Cornell University, it oper-ates a 1,000-ft diameter spherical telescope used for radio astronomy,radar astronomy, and ionospheric studies.

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a federal agencywith a mission to fund and promote exploration of “space.” This vagueterm denotes the realm outside of the Earth’s atmosphere, from thetop of our atmosphere to the most remote objects in our universe.

NRAO National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the US center for radioastronomy, based in Charlottesville, Virginia.

NSF National Science Foundation, an agency of the US chartered to fundbasic research and promote science education.

oscillator In this book an electronic device to generate a radio wave of aspecific frequency or wavelength.

UKIRT United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, a telescope operated by GreatBritain and located on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

UNIX A widely used computer language invented for large main framecomputers but now available for personal computers under the nameLINUX.

VLA Very Large Array, a radio telescope located near Magdalena, NewMexico, operated by the NRAO. It consists of 27 25-m parabolic an-tennas mounted on railroad tracks.

202 APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY

VLBA Very Long Baseline Array operated by the NRAO, a continent-sizedarray of twenty-seven 25-m parabolic antennas mounted on railroadtracks and operated as a single radio telescope. See VLBI.

VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometry. A technique by which widelyseparated radio telescope are linked to provided extremely high angu-lar resolution. Equipped with a super-accurate clock, each telescopewould point at the same object and record the data and time marks onmagnetic tape. Later, correlation of these tapes produces a crude im-age of the radio source with an angular resolution of micro arc-seconds.

waveguide A metal pipe with a circular or, more usually, rectangular cross-section used to duct radio waves from one device to another. It isbetter suited for high-frequency waves than a coaxial cable or a wirebecause of much lower absorption loss.

Index

Abt, H., 169Ade, P. A., 102Albaugh, N. P., 19, 26, 27, 45, 59,

166Albers, H., 51, 53, 54, 59, 61Amthor, C., 133Ashton, N. L., 5Asrael, A., 58

Baars, J. W. M., 108Baath, L., 176Balister, M., 36, 40, 41Bania, T. M., 40, 163Barrett, A. H., 41, 141, 146, 173Beckers, J. M., 145Becklin, E. E., 145Berkner, L. V., 2–5, 191Bignell, R. C., 24Bloch, E., 170, 185Blum, E., 97Bok, B. J., 2, 164Bok, P. F., 164Brown, H., 36, 37Brown, R. L., 39, 68, 170, 173,

174, 176, 178, 182, 183,192

Buhl, D., 26, 32Burbidge, G., 64Burke, B. F., 145Burns, W. R., 84Burton, W. B., 40, 41, 163

Callendar, F. J., 4

Cardarella, D. J., 19, 27, 45Carlstrom, J. E., 94Carter, J., 36Cheung, A. C., 30Clark, B. G., 24, 38, 112Clark, C. D., 71Clarke, N., 112Cochran, J., 55, 56Cocke, W. J., 108Cohen, M. H., 112, 113, 141Conklin, E. E., 15, 19, 24, 30, 31,

42, 43, 45, 46, 54, 55, 61,69, 82, 191

Cudaback, D. D., 127, 129Cunningham, G., 66, 67

Dalgarno, A., 117Davis, J. E., 55, 56, 97, 103, 153DeConcini, D., 186, 187Desmond, J. L., 171de Zafra, R., 116Doane, R., 52, 62, 163Drake, F. D., 5–7, 9, 141–143, 191

Edrich, J., 99, 100Ehnebuske, D. L., 24Ekers, R., 170Emberson, R. M., 5Embry, L. A., 4Emerson, D. T., 69, 72, 85–88, 103,

158, 163, 186, 192England, J. M., 2

203

204 INDEX

Farris, A., 36Field, G. B., 38, 144, 145Findlay, J. W., 5, 13, 16, 17, 119,

120, 125, 130, 150, 151Fitzner, J. T., 65Freund, R. F., 24, 55, 56, 65, 78

Galey, M., 52Gehrz, R. D., 142Giacconi, R., 145Gillett, F., 145Giovanelli, R., 176Goldberg, L., 51, 61, 64, 163, 165Goldstein, R. M., 104Goldwater, B. M., 163, 164Gordon, J. B., 180–182Gordon, M. A., 27, 29, 38, 41, 56,

62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 125, 166,191

Gottesman, S. T., 38Gould, N., 181Gould, R. D., 181Grayzeck, E. J., 141, 142Greenhalgh, J. P., 36Greenstein, J. L., 2Grove, G., 19, 27, 32Gust, W., 45, 54, 57

Hoglund, B., 39¨Haas, R. W., 108Hagen, J. P., 2Hardy, E., 182Harwood, W. F., 4Haslam, C. G. T., 87–89Haynes, M. P., 170Heeschen, D. S., 2, 5, 12, 13, 27,

35, 39, 41, 42, 51–54, 79,111, 113, 116, 118, 125,141, 144, 165, 169, 170,191

Heiles, C., 142Hill, R., 56Hjellming, R. M., 21, 24, 35, 175Hockenberry, H., 5Hoff, W. J., 4Hogg, D. E., 59, 116, 145, 177, 192Holdaway, M., 183Hollis, J. M., 32, 45, 81–83, 112,

119Horne, W. G., 16, 149, 150, 154Howard, W. E. III, 40, 111, 140,

141, 144, 162, 186Hudson, J., 24, 83Hughes, R. E., 70, 143, 167, 168Huguenin, G. R., 142Humphreys, R. M., 145Hungerbuhler, H., 15, 17Hunt, D., 161Hvatum, H., 18, 19, 21, 37, 39, 41,

42, 46, 65, 84, 130, 136,140, 145, 147, 149, 150

Jefferies, J. T., 130, 140Jefferts, K. B., 30, 32Jewell, P. R., 24, 69, 88, 112, 158Johnson, D., 142

Kassim, M., 88Kellermann, K. I., 141King, L. J., 125, 130, 131, 149, 150Kingsley, J. S., 24Kitchen, E., 19, 21, 24, 79Klein, U., 87Kolbe, J., 186Kraus, J. D., 2Kreysa, E., 103Kusunoki, A., 175Kutner, M. L., 40, 108

Lada, C. J., 146Lamb, J. W., 99

INDEX 205

Leighton, R. B., 142, 144, 147, 149Lin, C. C., 164Lipscomb, C. E., 45Liszt, H. S., 86, 145Lo, K.-Y., 171, 189Lo, K.-Y. (Fred), 192Lockman, F. J., 39, 40, 163Logan, H. D., 19, 27Low, F. J., 5, 7–10, 13, 18, 19, 101,

177, 191Lynds, B. T., 52

Mangum, J. G., 65Marymor, J., 52, 63, 67Masumoto, H. S., 140Matayoshi, H., 137Matayoshi, M., 140Matsuda, F., 140Mayall, N. U., 10, 12, 27Mayer, C. E., 153McBrian, J. E., Jr, 45McCray, R., 145Menon, R., 10Menzel, D. H., 2Mezger, P. G., 10, 35Mikulski, B., 187Minkowski, R., 2Mitchell, J. M., 4Moffet, A. T., 142Moore, C. E., 191Moore, C. H., 55, 80, 82Morris, M., 116, 117Mull, M., 139Myers, D., 45, 61

Napier, P. J., 178, 183Nay, G. A., 5Neugebauer, G., 144Nolt, I.G., 103

Osterbrock, D. E., 142, 145

Otarola M., A., 176, 178´Owen, F. N., 173, 174, 178, 183Owen, T., 161

Palmer, P., 116, 117, 146Pauliny-Toth, I. I. K., 35Payne, J. M., 26, 38, 55, 56, 65,

94, 119, 147Payne-Geposhkin, C., 2Penzias, A. A., 30, 32, 41, 117Perry, G. M., 76, 130, 140Pesch, P., 145Plasch, G., 140Purcell, E. M., 2

Quintana, H., 176

Rabb, J., 52Radford, S. J. E., 178Radostitz, J., 103Raffin, P., 175Rather, E. D., 31, 45, 55, 81, 82Rather, J. D., 32, 45, 69Rhodes, P. J., 45, 50, 56, 57, 117,

154Rickard, L. J., 116, 117Rieke, G. H., 143Riffe, T. R., 51, 52, 67, 143, 171Roberts, M. S., 39, 53, 83, 137,

143–145, 147, 149, 169, 170,174, 192

Ross, D. E., 7, 8, 32, 45, 56, 59Routt, M., 56Ruttenbery, C. B., 4Ruze, J., 142Rydbeck, O., 39

Salter, C. J., 88Schaefer, J. P., 165Scharlach, W. W. G., 45, 117Schraml, J. B., 19, 79

206 INDEX

Schwartz, P. R., 32Scoville, N. Z., 116, 117Silver, R., 56Smith, S. C., 16Snyder, L. E., 26, 27, 30, 32, 112,

116, 142, 146Solomon, P., 116–118, 142Sorochenko, R. L., 29Sparks, C., 45Sperduti, A. C., 45, 49Sramek, R. A., 183Stevens, R. L., 76Stobie, E., 56, 83, 84, 166Stratton, J., 2Strittmatter, P. A., 65, 67, 68Struve, O., 191Sullivan, S., 56, 158, 167Sunderlin, C. E., 4

Taylor, J. H., Jr., 145Terrell, W. D., 19, 27Tester, M. L., 45Thaddeus, P., 142, 169, 174Thomas, T. M., 45, 54, 56, 82Thompson, R. I., 65Townes, C. H., 30, 31, 116, 142Turner, B. E., 117, 125, 129, 145Tuve, M. A., 2, 3

Ulich, B. L., 32, 45, 53, 73, 108,130

Uson, J., 178

van de Hulst, H. C., 29Vanden Bout, P. A., 70, 142, 170,

171, 176, 178, 185, 186,188, 189, 192

Vandenberg, N. R., 24Varian, R., 94Varian, S., 94Villadares, G., 178

von Hoerner, S., 38, 125, 130, 143

Wade, C. M., 125, 130, 174Wang, W.-S., 164Waterman, A. T., 3, 4Webb, D. A., 54–56, 62, 63, 65–67,

69–71, 73, 125, 130, 147,164, 166, 168, 186

Weinreb, S., 30, 41, 55, 80, 91, 97,103, 104

Weller, W., 19, 79Wetmore, E., 122Whipple, F. L., 2Wiesner, J. B., 2Wilson, R. W., 30, 32, 42, 80, 142,

146Wilson, W. J., 32Wong, W.-Y., 125, 130

Ziurys, L. M., 186

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[36] M. A. Gordon and M. L. Meeks. Observation of the 94α Hydrogenand 94α Helium Emission Lines in the Orion Nebula. Ap. J., 149:L21,1967.

[37] J. A. Ball. Measurements with Radio-Frequency Spectrometers. InM. L. Meeks, editor, Methods of Experimental Physics, volume 12C,page 46. Academic Press, 1976. See ‘Acknowledgements’ on p 57.

[38] S. T. Gottesman and M. A. Gordon. Radio Recombination Lines fromDiffuse Interstellar Gas. Ap. J., 162:L93, 1970.

[39] M. A. Gordon and S. T. Gottesman. Electron Density and Tem-perature in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium Determined from RadioRecombination Lines. Ap. J., 168:361, 1971.

[40] G. B. Field, D. W. Goldsmith, and H. J. Habing. Cosmic-Ray Heatingof the Interstellar Gas. Ap. J., 155:L149, 1969.

210 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[41] M. A. Gordon and M. S. Roberts. The Absense of FormaldehydeRadiation toward Cold Regions of the Galactic Plane. Ap. J., 170:277,1971.

[42] M. A. Gordon and T. Cato. A Longitude Survey of Radio Recombi-nation Lines from the Diffuse Interstellar Medium. Ap. J., 176:587,1972.

[43] T. Bania, W. B. Burton, M. A. Gordon, and F. J. Lockman. Large-Scale Distribution of Carbon Monoxide in the Galaxy. Bull. Amer.Astron. Soc., 7:266, 1975.

[44] W. B.Burton, M. A. Gordon, T. M. Bania, and F. J. Lockman. TheOverall Distribution of Carbon Monoxide in the Plane of the Galaxy.Ap. J., 202:30, 1975.

[45] M. A. Gordon and W. B. Burton. Carbon Monoxide in the Galaxy.i - The radial distribution of CO, H2, and nucleons. Ap. J., 208:346,1976.

[46] W. B. Burton and M. A. Gordon. Carbon Monoxide in the Galaxy.II. The Thickness of the Galactic CO Layer. Ap. J., 207:L189, 1976.

[47] W. B. Burton and M. A. Gordon. Carbon Monoxide in the Galaxy.III. The Overall Nature of its Distribution in the Equatorial Plane.Ast. Ap., 63:7, 1978.

[48] M. A. Gordon and W. B. Burton. Carbon Monoxide in the Galaxy.Sci. Amer., 240:54, 1979.

[49] D. S. Heeschen. Letter to Arno Penzias, 18 March 1969.

[50] D. E. Hogg. Letter to Leo Goldberg, July 1975.

[51] H. R. Albers. Letter to Daniel Hunt of the NSF, 30 September 1975.

[52] M. A. Gordon. Letter to Leo Goldberg, April 1976.

[53] M. A. Gordon. Letter to Leo Goldberg, October 1976.

[54] D. A. Webb. NRAO Tucson purchase order T07771, August 1991.

[55] D. A. Webb. Conversation with M. A. Gordon, March 2003.

[56] Contract between AURA and TRICO, Amendment 1, Paragraph 7, 1March 1966.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 211

[57] D. A. Webb. Conversation with M. A. Gordon, March 2004.

[58] C. H. Moore and G. C. Leach. A Language for Interactive Computing.Internal publication, Mohasco Industries, 1970.

[59] C. H.Moore. The Evolution of FORTH, an Uusual Language. Byte,August:76, 1980.

[60] E. D. Rather, C. H. Moore, and J. M. Hollis. Basic Principles ofFORTH Language as Applied to a PDP-11 Computer. ComputerDivision Internal Report 17, National Radio Astronomy Observatory,1974.

[61] E. Stobie. Conversation with M. A. Gordon, March 2003.

[62] D. T. Emerson. Conversation with M. A. Gordon, March 2004.

[63] T. Forveille, S. Guilloteau, and R. Lucas. Class: Continuum and LineAnalysis Single-dish Software. IRAM Internal Report, 1990.

[64] M. A. Gordon. Dust Emission as a Quantitative Probe of Star-FormingRegions. Ast. Ap., 301:853, 1995.

[65] C. G. T. Haslam. NOD2 A General System of Analysis for Radioas-tronomy. Ast. Ap., 15, 1974.

[66] D. T. Emerson, U. Klein, and C. G. T. Haslam. A Multiple Beam Tech-nique for Overcoming Atmospheric Limitations to Single-Dish Obser-vations of Extended Radio Sources. Ast. Ap., 76, 1992.

[67] J. M. Payne. The Tucson Electronics Group. The [NRAO] Observer,20(4):25–31, December 1979.

[68] S. Weinreb. A Digital Spectral Analysis Technique and its Applicationto Radio Astronomy. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, 1963. Also available as Technical Report 412 of MIT’s ResearchLaboratory of Electronics.

[69] B. L. Ulich and R. W. Haas. Absolute Calibration of Millimeter-Wavelength Spectral Lines. Ap. J. Suppl., 30:247, 1976.

[70] M. L. Kutner and B. L. Ulich. Recommendations for Calibration ofMillimeter-Wavelength Spectral Line Data. Ap. J., 250:341, 1981.

212 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[71] M. A. Gordon, J. W. M. Baars, and W. J. Cocke. Observations of radiolines from unresolved sources: Telescope coupling, doppler effects, andcosmological corrections. Ast. Ap., 264:337, 1992.

[72] D. S. Heeschen. Letter to all Users of the 36-ft Telescope, 1 May 1978.

[73] M. Morris. Email to M. A. Gordon, 22 September 2004.

[74] B. E. Turner. Email to M. A. Gordon, September 2004.

[75] P.M. Solomon and R. de Zafra. Carbon Monoxide in External Galax-ies. Ap. J., 199:L79, 1975.

[76] L. J. Rickard, P. Palmer, M. Morris, B. Zuckerman, and B. E. Turner.Detection of Extragalactic Carbon Monoxide at Millimeter Wave-lengths. Ap. J., 199:L75, 1975. See the acknowledgement on pageL77.

[77] J. M. Payne, J. M. Hollis, and J. W. Findlay. New Method of Measur-ing the Shape of Precise Antenna Reflectors. Rev. Sci. Instr., 47:50,1976.

[78] J. M. Hollis. Email to Mark Gordon, July 2003.

[79] S. von Hoerner. Design of large steerable antennas. Astron. J., 72:35,1967.

[80] G. Perry. Cable car installations. Technical Report 25-m TelescopeMemorandum 23, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 4 June1975.

[81] A 25-meter telescope for millimeter wavelengths. Internal Report ofthe National Radio Astronomy Observatory, September 1975.

[82] A 25-meter telescope for millimeter wavelengths. Internal Report ofthe National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Volume II, July 1977.

[83] J. T. Jefferies. Minutes of the Mauna Kea Users’ Committee, 22 April1980, July 1980.

[84] W. E. Howard. Telephone conversation with M. A. Gordon, 12 April2004.

[85] Report of the Subcommittee on Millimeter-Wave Facilities of the Ad-visory Committee for Astronomical Sciences, A. H. Barrett, Chairman.National Science Foundation, 1979.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

[86] Astronomy and astrophysics for the 1980s/ Astronomy Survey Com-mittee, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, NationalResearch Council. National Academy Press, 1982. [Known as the“Field Report”].

[87] Report of the Subcommittee on Millimeter-and Submillimeter-Wavelength Astronomy, A. H. Barrett, Chairman. National ScienceFoundation, 1983.

[88] M. A. Gordon. A new surface for the 36-ft telescope? Memorandumto M. S. Roberts, 17 April 1980.

[89] W. G. Horne. Upgrading the 36’ reflector. Memorandum to HeinHvatum, 9 January 1981.

[90] M. A. Gordon. Resurface the 36-ft telescope? Memorandum to M.Balister, J. Findlay, T. Hamed, B. Horne, R. Howard, H. Hvatum, L.King, J. Payne, G. Perry, P. Rhodes, D. Webb, and S. Weinreb, 26November 1980.

[91] M. A. Gordon. A New Surface for an Old Scope. Sky and Telescope,64(4):326, 1984.

[92] D. T. Emerson and P. R. Jewell. Contribution to the NRAO Newslet-ter, June 1990.

[93] F. J. Lockman. Email to M. A. Gordon, March 2004.

[94] T. Bania. Conversation with, and Email to, M. A. Gordon, 19 March2004.

[95] Associated Universities, Inc. The Millimeter Array, July 1990.

[96] M. A. Gordon. Are we thinking boldly enough? Millimeter-WaveArray Memo Series 25, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1 Oc-tober 1984.

[97] P. Raffin and A. Kusunoki. Searching for Submm Sites in Chile. Tech-nical Report SMA Technical Memorandum 59, Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory, 14 May 1992.

[98] A. Otarola M. Site Survey at Chajnantor for the ALMA Project.´Unpublished paper, November 2000. IAU Technical Workshop entitledAstronomical Site Evaluation in the Visible and Radio Range, held inMarrakech, Morocco.

214 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[99] A. Otarola M. Conversation with M. A. Gordon, 23 April 2004.

[100] R. L. Brown. Email to M. A. Gordon, 24 April 2004.

[101] N. B. Foster, D. T. Volz, and L. W. Foskett. A Spectral Hygrometerfor Measuring Total Preciptable Water. Unpublished manuscript ofthe US Weather Bureau, June 1963.

[102] M. A. Gordon. Operation of the MMA in Chile. Technical report,National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1 June 1995.

[103] M. A. Gordon. ALMA in Chile, A Plan for Operations and Site con-struction. Technical report, National Radio Astronomy Observatory,30 May 2000. Modified slightly 3 August 2000.

[104] M. A. Gordon and R. L. Sorochenko. Radio Recombination Lines,Their Physics and Astronomical Applications. Kluwer Academic Pub-lishers, 2002. ISBN 1-4020-1016-8.

[105] L. M. Ziurys. Email to M. A. Gordon, March 2004.

[106] Congressional Record—Senate, Page S 14303, 27 October 1989.

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