timeline - in vitro fertilization history - birth control

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"test-tube babies"in vitro fertilization

The technique for conception of a human embryo

outside the human body.

Natasha Vita-More.World Futures.Module 1.Framing



In vitro fertilization

Advancing Resolving

No. of Events

Framing

1785-1973 1976-1989 1990-1993

Natasha Vita-More.World Futures.Module 1.Framing2



In vitro fertilization

1976 ± Steptoe, Edwards andBavister collaborate in England1978 ± First ³test tube baby

born1988 ± 20 fertility specialistsgathered to discuss topics of mutual interest at the Four

Seasons Hotel in Boston,Massachusetts1985 ± British Parliament bill tooutlaw IVF established but lawis not passed

1990 ± the Human Fertilization andEmbryology Act comes into being.1992 ± Progress Educational Trustdeveloped1993 ± American Congress enactedthe NIH Revitalization Act

1785 ±First attempt of artificial insemination

(³AI´) by Scottishsurgeon is successful1960s ± First modernattempts at AI succeeds

1960s ± Britishresearchers tinkeringwith IVF1973 ± hospitaladministrator in NY cityattempts IVF procedure

Framing Advancing Resolving




Framing: « in 1785 there was a major breakthrough, when John Hunter, a Scottishsurgeon, made his first attempts at human artificial insemination. As a result of hisexperiments a child was born that same year.´http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/inferty/treativf.htmFraming: ³As the 1960s dawned doctors and scientists all over the world were learningmore and more about different parts of the process of reproduction, and all of thisknowledge and understanding was needed before IVF could be developed.´http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/inferty/treativf.htmFraming: First attempts at Artificial Insemination (AI) occurred in the 1960s in SAC inPeru³« I.V.F., began with the tinkering of a few researchers during the l960's, and how itbecame widely available.´ ² (Howard Markel New York Times)Framing: 1973, ³A hospital administrator in New York City [name unknown] learned of a

rogue experiment in progress at his institution and ordered the destruction of a test tubecontaining a frothy mixture of human eggs and sperm.´ (Robin Marantz Henig, Pand or a¶ s

Baby)

Advancement of the Issue: The successful birth was the result of a collaborationbetween Oldham gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and two Cambridge doctors, Robert

Edwards and Barry Bavister. They developed a technique by which an egg taken from awoman's ovary could be fertilized in a test-tube, and then returned to a womb to grow.Advancement of Issue: The time, 11:57 p.m., July 25, 1978, the miracle happened.Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born at a small local hospital in Oldham in the

industrial north of England.Advancement of Issue: In 1985, seven years after the birth of Louise Brown, the first'test tube baby', the first attempt to outlaw embryo research in the United Kingdom waslaunched. The late Conservative member of parliament, Enoch Powell, tabled a privatemembers bill which sought to make research using human embryos illegal. The responseto Powell's bill in parliament was positive: only hard lobbying and the skillful use of

parliamentary tactics meant that the bill eventually ran out of parliamentary time.

Page 3

Notes

3aNatasha Vita-More.World Futures.Module 1.Framing



Advancement of the Issue: 1988, 20 Fertility Specialists gather to discuss IVFMelbourne initiated one of the world¶s first successful In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) programs,and it has become well-established within the Australian health care system in

overcoming the problem of infertility. It provides a means, where conception becomes apossibility when it would not be otherwise. The many issues surrounding IVF haverecently been resurrected in the media with a Federal court ruling on the 28th of July2000, which found that Victoria¶s artificial reproduction laws breached theCommonwealth Sex Discrimination Act (1984). These State laws excluded single womenand lesbians from access to IVF services in Victoria. In this particular case, the VictorianState legislation would not permit a single, heterosexual woman, Lisa Meldrum, toundergo an IVF procedure in Victoria. By the federal Court¶s highlighting of thislegislative anomaly, it has allowed single women, regardless of sexual preference,

access to donor sperm screened for HIV, and if required,

IVF procedures in the state of Victoria. This decision has also reignited considerable recent public interest about the

moral and social aspects of the IVF program, as well as raising questions aboutparticular attitudes, exposed and questioned prejudices, and brought the future formationof Australian society into the forefront of public debate. In this essay I will use sixnewspaper articles to help explore some of these important issues facing society today.Resolving: After a concerted campaign of public education and parliamentary lobbying,members of PROGRESS were relieved when, in 1990, the Human Fertilization andEmbryology Act finally came into being. The act, one of the earliest pieces of legislationgoverning assisted reproduction, provides a framework within which human embryoresearch and assisted conception services are permitted to continue.

There was an unmet need for public education in the field of human reproduction andgenetics. And so Progress Educational Trust was established in May 1992. As a charity,the Trust is best placed to carry on the educational work of PROGRESS and to extent itsactivities into schools, universities and the media.

Page 3

Notes

3bNatasha Vita-More.World Futures.Module 1.Framing



Indicators in Framing

Leading ideas:

1780. Italian priest and scientist, Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) developed the techniquesof artificial insemination on dogs. The artificial insemination of the dog arose from hisapplication of his discovery.

1785. The first attempts at human insemination were made by John Hunter (1728-1793), aScottish surgeon, resulting in the birth of a child in the same year.

1960s. ³As the 1960s dawned doctors and scientists all over the world were learning more andmore about different parts of the process of reproduction, and all of this knowledge and

understanding was needed before IVF could be developed.´http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/inferty/treativf.htm

1960s. First attempts at Artificial Insemination (AI) occurred in the 1960s in SAC in Peru, ³«I.V.F., began with the tinkering of a few researchers during the l960's, and how it becamewidely available.´ ² (Howard Markel New York Times)





Leading Events:

1973. ³A hospital administrator in New York City [name unknown] learned of a rogueexperiment in progress at this progress at his institution and ordered the destruction of a testtube containing a frothy mixture of human eggs and sperm.´ (Robin Marantz Henig,Pand or a¶ s Baby)

1976. Steptoe, Edwards and Bavister collaborate. The successful birth was the result of a

collaboration between Oldham gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and two Cambridge doctors,Robert Edwards and Barry Bavister. They developed a technique by which an egg takenfrom a woman's ovary could be fertilized in a test-tube, and then returned to a womb to

grow.

1978. First test tube baby. 11:57 p.m., July 25, 1978, the miracle happened. Louise Brown,the first test-tube baby, was born at a small local hospital in Oldham in the industrial north of England.

1985 ± British Parliament bill to outlaw IVF. The bill did not pass.

1988. 20 Fertility Specialists gathered to discuss topics of mutual interest at the Four Seasons Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts.





Leading Authorities/Advocates:

1976. Doctors Steptoe, Edwards and Bavister collaborate.

1978. Oldham Hospital provides location for IVF surgery.

1984. Arvonne Fraser, a local force for global change, articulated a vision for womenaround the world in one of MWP¶s first issues. Wrote for unnamed women magazines.

1988. Twenty fertility specialists gathered to discuss topics of mutual interest at the Four Seasons Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts





Leading Literature:

1932. Br av e New Worl d . Aldous Huxley. Reproduction has been removedfrom the womb and placed in a locale where workers tinker with theembryos to produce human beings, ranging from Alpha Pluses anddwarfed semi-moron Epsilons.

1970s. V ill ag e V oice. Articles mentioned, however, specific articles could

not be located.

1980s. Ms M agaz i ne. Articles mentioned, however, specific articles couldnot be located.

1986. A Lesser Life: The M yt h of Women' s Li ber at ion i n Americ a: Sylvia

Ann Hewlett.

1991. WOMEN AND NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: Medical,Psychosocial, Legal, and Ethical Dilemmas, Edited by Jud i t h Rod i n Y ale

U ni v ersi ty , Ail a Colli ns K aroli nsk a I nst i tut e, LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCI ATES, PUBLISHERS 1991 Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove andLondon.





Leading Organizations:

1970s. NOW. The Sex Discrimination Act was the result of fierce lobbyingby an activist women's movement in the 1970s and 1980s.

1974. The National Infertility Association. A non-profit national infertilityassociation founded. Mission is to provide timely, compassionate supportand information for the millions of individuals who are experiencing infertility

issues.

The International Council on Infertility Information Dissemination (INCIID) isa nonprofit organization that helps individuals and couples explore their family-building options.

1984. Society of Reproductive Surgeons was founded to serve as a forumfor members of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine with special

interest and competency in reproductive surgery.

1985. Women¶s Rights Action Watch at the world conference.

1999. American Fertility Association (AFA) was founded.





Leading Political Jurisdictions:

1990. Britain - The Human Fertilization and Embryology Act came into being.

1992. Britain - Progress Educational Trust.

1993. American Congress enacted the NIH Revitalization Act, a provision of whichrescinded the requirement for approval of research protocols by the non-existent

Ethics Advisory Board. This opened the way in principle to the possibility of NIHfunding of human embryo research using IVF embryos. The following year, the NIHconvened a Human Embryo Research Panel to consider the issues surroundingsuch research and propose guidelines for potential funding applications. The panelrecommended that most sorts of human embryo research should at least beconsidered for federal funding, including the creation of human embryos throughIVF with the explicit intention of using them only for research.http://www.bioethics.gov/background/es_moralfoundations.html





³Louise Brown entered the world in 1978. As the

first baby born via in-vitro fertilization (IVF), she

opened a whole new arena of hope to infertile

couples, in addition to aggravating a hotbed of moral and ethical debate.´

CNN, 1999.


timeline - in vitro fertilization history - birth control

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