TNH YU VI QU HNG CORSE CA NAPOLEON I

1. 12/5/1779, cha y 10 tui ng vo hc trng Brienne, Php. ng ni ging Corse v khng th nh vn ng cch ting Php, gia nh xut thn ngho so vi bn b gii qu tc nn thng b bn b tru chc hip p. Chng tr li l s c lp u tin cu b Napoleon lm. Mt a b sng lu vong, c gia nh gi ra nc ngoi, mt ngi sng l tng, c m, vn l ngi Corsican khng hn, khng km v nhng c m cn . Con ngi ch nhn c sc mnh thng qua quc gia ca mnh. Napoleon niA child in exile, dispatched by his family to a foreign country, an idealist and a dreamer, he remained a Corsican, nothing more, nothing less, and wished to remain so. Peoples only get strength through nationality, he was later to say2. V nm 1784, trong bc th gi cho cha ng th ng nh cha ng mang n cho ng (15 tui) sch v lch s Corsica- tc gi Boswell v nhng cu chuyn lin quan n Corsica. ng thy qu hng b p bc bi xm lc bi nhiu quc gia nh Phocaeans, ngi La M, ngi Vandals, ngi Ostrogoths, ngi Lombards, Byzantine, Saracens, gio s Pisans, vua Aragon v Genoa, v sp vo di ch thng tr ca Php. Ti Brienne, ng tn sng anh hng ca mnh Pasquale Paoli (1725-1807) (ngi m sau ny ng n t nn ti London c ngi dn y xem l Che Guevara, anh hng gii phng qu hng ng khi cai tr Genovese. Xy dng nn dn ch u tin ti Corse), Napoleon thy Corsica nh mt x hi v chnh ph l tng, m hnh h thng chnh tr ny s bo m mt x hi hi ha yu chung ha bnh v giu c; l mt t nc ca s hon ho.C th do Napoleon cng c nhiu ti liu, sch v ca nhng t tng dn ch thi i Khai Sng nh hng suy ngh trn. "On Corsica I was given life, and with that life I was also given a fierce love for this my ill-starred homeland and fierce desire for her independance. I too shall one day be a 'Paoli'."(The Corsican constitution was inspired by enlightenment thinking and in particular the ideas of Jean Jacques Rousseau who wrote in The Social Contract of 1762:There is still in Europe one country capable of legislation, and that is the island of Corsica. The valour and constancy with which this brave people has known how to recover and defend its liberty well merits that some wise man teaches them how to preserve it. I have some presentiment that one day this little island will astonish Europe.)Khi tm hiu lch s c i, c bit nghin cu ca Plutarch v Caesar, ng c bit n tng trc s dng cm v nh ho quang chin thng trn mt trn qun s ca cc v anh hng thi c i v y l hnh mu Napoleon vn ti.Napoleon I cng c Illiad ca Homer.ng thng tng tng ti nhng cng hin sng chi mnh t c trong s nghipgiiphng qu hng khi ch cai tr Php v s chng ttinng bm sinh qua cc hnh ng c th, gic m thnh v anh hng huyn thoi ca o Corsica. ng m c mnh tr thnh huyn thoi v ngun gc ca mnh. (This itinerary follows the traces of the Bonaparte family in Corsica. It will take us deep into the early childhood of Napoleon in Ajaccio and give a portrayal of the cult figure of Paoli. In doing so it will help us understand the young man's political commitment in favour of Corsican independence and his later siding with France.)3. Khi ng 20 tui, ng d nh vit 1 cun sch v lch s Corsica, v ng ha vi Abb Raynal. Trong cun sch ny ng mun vit v lch s ca Corsica v nguyn ra nhng k xm lc, tn vinh nhng ngi Corsica. Corsica's history is nothing but a perpetual struggle between a small nation who wants to live in freedom and its neighbours who want to dominate it. Mc d, d nh trong thi gian di nhng tng ny khng thnh hin thc, ng khng phi l mt nh t tng m l 1 ngi lnh, c lc ng nghi ng ti nng ca mnh. 4. 12/6/1789, 1 thng trc khi Cuc Cch Mng Php n ra, ng vit th cho Paoli tit l suy ngh v nh vit cun sch v nhng vic c th lm ca mnh: Whatever the success of my work may be, I feel it will raise against me the whole crowd of French civil servants who govern our island and whom I attack: but does it really matter if it is for the sake of our CountryLoving one's Homeland is the very first virtue of civilized manPaoli vit li cho Napoleon 2/4/1791 history is not written during one's youth "On Corsica" (bn tho u tin ca Napoleon vit tui 17), "Lch s Corsica ca" (1787), "New Corsica", "Th gi n ng Giubega "v" Nhng l th v Corsica n Abb RAYNAL "(1789-1790).Li vn nh mt cuc tn cng chng Php, li ca thn y nc mt trong Napoleon khng chp nhn s phn ca nhng ngi Corsica, m ng coi vic l "hn h hn ng vt". ng ph phn chnh ph lm mt quyn t do ca h v lm h tr thnh nhng quan chc thp hn, ci u di ch thng tr. heads bent under the heavy yoke of the officer, the magistrate and the bankerCoi khinh c nhng ngi khng h tr Paoli, v Napoleon ni my countrymen kept in chains, who tremblingly kiss the hand of the oppressorHn th ny tm thy ln u tin ng gp g bn b trong lp hc ngi Php, thng chm chc ng. Vt thng khng th lnh t thi th u. The French, these people with whom (he lives) and will probably always live, have manners as different (from his own) as the moonlight differs from the sunshine. The French, these monsters () who are said to be the enemies of free men, should be expelled and Corsica's freedom won backDear countrymen, ng vit nm 1787, Trong On Corsica's History, ng vit we have always been unhappy. Today, members of a powerful monarchy, we experience from its government nothing but the perversions of its Constitution Trong New Corsica. Napoleon vit: Here what is glorified is flight and a maquis' resistance to the invader, themes cherished by the Corsican bandits d'honneur. Using images of the massacres and slaughter committed by the French, Napoleon raises the tone. I have sworn on my altar, says the Corsican patriot, () that I will never forgive any Frenchman (). Having helped them as men, we killed them as FrenchVo nm 1789, Napoleon vit th cho ng Giubega, cha u ca Napoleon vit v nc Php v dn tc Corsica:French rule is described as the most terrible tyranny, imposed by Frenchmen, contemptible for their customs (), their conduct, and for their despicable birth, incompatible with the Corsican language and morals. These accusations constitute the most scathing part of the text with their nationalist and we would say today separatist slant. Corsicans are economically exploited, Napoleon claims. Our country is poorly governed. () But today, now that the scene has changed, we must also change our conduct. If we miss this opportunity, we will remain slaves forever. The honour of Corsica depends on it, the honour which a nation must never do anything against () because if it does it will become the last of all nations (and) had better perishng vit nhng ni dung ny t lc 17 tui n 22 tui, s thc tnh t tr tu v lng trc n con tim ca mnh vi qu hng t nc, nhn thc su sc cho dn tc.ng theo ui am m ca mnh, ton tm cho vic nghin cu, hc tp, tm hiu con ngi tht ca mnh, Corsica lun trong tm tr ca ng. Letters on Corsica gi n Necker vo thng 6/ 1789 vit trong thi gian Napoleon Auxonne. Nh Cha Dupuy t vn v ng khng chc chn lm vo vn phm ng vit, Dupuy l gio vin ng php ca mnh Brienne, vo thi im khi ng c nh vit lch s ca Corsica. Bn gc mt nhng 2 l th tr li t cha Dupuy vn cn.The style of this introduction is passionate and Napoleon's descriptions are impassioned, because he hoped that through the fire of his wording he could draw the minister's attention to the fate of his island, now a hideous nest of tyrants and to have make him hear the cries and the moaning of his poor countrymen+ Khng chin v c im hn o ca ngi CorsicaThe analogy between Napoleon's writings on Corsica and today's nationalist arguments is striking. Ages pass but the eternal obsessive Corsican phobias remain deeply rooted. The Corsican way of thinking and the Corsican way of doing stigmatize the political vision, the attitude and the morals. First, there is the resistance to the invader. Forged by centuries of foreign occupation, the fierce and unrestrained resistance of the Corsicans infiltrates all of Napoleon's narration. It is a popular and massive resistance shaped by the political logic of the insular community. Conditioned by the conservative and archaistic shades of its ancestral traditions, self-centred and attached to its ancient structures and to its very being, strong through the endurance of pain from never healed wounds, and marked by images of its burnt and plundered villages and of its population, slaughtered and enslaved during the wars that devastated Corsica, its sons are ready to launch the most cruel battles to safeguard the eternity of the island. Napoleon feels the same emotions. Thus, respecting all the laws of justice, the Corsicans have been able to shake off the chains of the Genoese and can do the same with the French, he says in his essay On Corsica, the 26 April 1786. He is 17. This is the eternal Corsican conflict, that of opposition to foreign rule Corsica is an untameable nation, he wrote to the Abb Raynal.c im bin o Corsica: lm ngi dn Corsica tch bit hon ton th gii bn ngoi, khng m c tm nhn ra bn ngoi. The sea is a motif which often attracts Napoleon's thoughts. At times it is the origin of the misfortune and the misery of (his) country, at others it is the destiny () that for all other nations becomes the primary source of wealth, but which, for Corsica, is nothing but a dreadful calamity. To Napoleon, it was above all the factor that defined the fate of his country and which accompanied his own destiny with its waves, and above all with its islands: Corsica, Great Britain, Elba and St. Helena.Napoleon: Frenchmen, not satisfied with having robbed us of all that we cherished, you have also corrupted our moralsStating this difference and stating the right to preserve it implicates the defence of a specific social and political reality, namely territorial autonomy. This autonomy is intrinsically related to the ethnic unity, which resists any invader through a fervent defence of the land of its ancestors. This mythical-historical space, the site of origin of the community, the pieve, drives Corsicans to fight mercilessly against any foreign power aspiring to seize it. Colon Fora! (Colonists go home!) is often sprayed on the buildings in Corsica. If I had to destroy only one man to free my countrymen, I would leave at this very moment and thrust my sword into the tyrant's breast, avenging our country and its violated laws, Napoleon saysWhen the homeland perishes, a good patriot must dieanything that breaks social unity is worthless. Any institution that sets a man against himself is worthlessn nm 1791 s ngng m ca ng vi Paoli l v gii hn, xem nh mu mc ca 1 anh hng. This was the lesson he had learnt from his father: the almost fetishist cult and veneration of U Babbu (the father), of Paoli as the father of the triumphant corsicanism.Refusing to recognize and to submit to the invader, preferring to kill himself rather than die by the hands of the enemy, ready to retire from the world and to take to the maquis to escape repression, Paoli was for Napoleon the very personification of the Corsican patriot.Seen in retrospective, these writings by Napoleon and his attachment to Corsica before 1791 are totally conditioned by his geographical origin. He was born on Corsican soil, and whether in France far away from his homeland or during his stays in Corsica, his only desire is to fan the flames of Corsican francophobia and Corsican perception of the world, despite his determination to have many different viewpoints. The homeland, honour, violence, banditry, freedom, suffering, heroism, economics, politics, the attitude to death, law and justice, hatred, resistance, customs, morals, struggle against the invader - all bear the stamp of Corsican. As stated above, at this point in time, Napoleon was proud to be Corsican. His writings testify to it through the claims he formulates, the topics he tackles, the interpretations he proposes, and the categorical assertion of the Corsicans' desire to govern themselves. His insular origins determine his speech, guide his actions, and shape his vision of the universe.Nhng nm u tranh: Napoleon tr li Corsica qu hng trn 15 thng 9 nm 1786. ng tr li mt ln na vo ngy 01 Thng 1 nm 1788 v li cho n ngy 01 thng 6. Sau , ng tr li Corsica mt ln na trong thng 9 nm 1789Khi n ni mnh Ajaccio, Napoleon chong vng bi s th ca ngi dn o v thiu mt cm gic cp bch thay i. So vi nhng thay i trn lc a, s th x hi ny cm thy nh t lit. Corsica dng nh bn ngoi lch s. V d nh ch c vn cn, ng phc cDetermined to take only what was essential and not to give up in the face of any difficulty, he never again took up his old colours. The new ideology became the focus of his thinking and, harnessing the blazing light of social transformation, Napoleon was ready to seize the general confusion and to turn it to his advantage. From now on, his own history would no longer divert from the history of France.In Ajaccio, Napoleon went to work. He set about spreading revolutionary ideas and had decided to help the people of Ajaccio get out of their political miasma. He urged them to take up the tricolour cockard, founded a political club and put the National Guard in place. These initiatives were to earn him fierce hatred. Whilst it is true that the local authority had means of repression, faced with the fire from the Bonaparte volcano, they had no influence at all over people's minds.http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/krajewska_corsica.asphttp://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/itineraries/files/corse_english.aspNapoleon vit v o Corse trong giai on 17 n 22 tui. Napoleon cha n 10 tui khi ri o Corse ln u i hc trng Autun Php, ri cng nm n trng qun s Vrienne. c cp hc bng hong gia. L mt a tr xa gia nh mt t nc xa l, li b phn bit i x bi bn hc ngi Php, sau ny ng ni Con ngi ta ch c c sc mnh qua thc v dn tc tnh ca mnh (Peoples only get strength through nationality). Nm 1784, 15 tui, trong mt l th gi b ng nh b mang cho mnh quyn Lch s Corsica ca tc gi Boswell v nhng cu chuyn khc lien quan n o Corse. Nhng quyn sch v bi vit m ng i cha ng mang n u ni v o Corse nh mt thin ng mt, b p bc bi ngoi xm thuc nhiu chng tc. Thn tng Paoli, mt ngi ly khai, ng thy m hnh x hi v nh nc m Paoli vch ra thc hin cho o Corse l m hnh l tng. Trong nhng nm i hc Php ng thch m hnh ny m cha bit nhiu v con ngi.Khi 20 tui, ng hnh thnh k hoch vit v lch s o Corse. Mt thng trc cuc cch mng Php 1789, ng vit cho Paoli thng bo d nh ca mnh: Tc phm ca ti d thnh cng hay khng, ti cm thy n vn s lm nhng ngi Php ang cai tr hn o th ch ti, nhng chuyn khng quan trng nu vic ti lm l v li ch ca t quc. Mt ch khc ng ni Yu nc l phm cht u tin cn c ca mt ngi vn minh.

ng mun vit ca ngi ngi dn o Corse v ln n nhng k xm lc. ng vit: Lch s o Corse khng g hn l cuc tranh u trin mien ca mt quc gia nh mun sng trong t do vi nhng nc lng ging mun thu tm n. Tuy suy t trong thi gian di, quyn sch ny khng bao gi c hon thnh. Nhng ng c nhiu bi vit v o Corse, bn tho u tin vit nm ng 17 tui.Nhng bi vit ny li l chng Php mnh, ca thn thn phn ngi dn o Corse m ng coi l "hn h hn so vi ng vt" (23). ng ch trch chnh ph cm quyn lm ngi dn mt t do v l nn nhn ca cc tng lc th n lc th kia ca cc quan chc thp hn, "h phi ci u di ch thng tr nng n ca cc vin chc, cc thm phn v cc nhn vin ngn hng"ng khinh b nhng ngi khng k vai st cnh cng Paoli, ng bo ti l nhng k n l, run ry hn bn tay ca k c hip mnh. ng gi ngi Php l k th ca ngi t do. ng vit trong tc phm Bn v lch s o Corse nm 1787 (18 tui): Hi ng bo. T trc n nay chng ta lun l mt dn tc bt hnh. Ngy hm nay di s cai tr ca mt nn qun ch mnh, chng ta khng hng c g t chnh ph cai tr ny ngoi s lc ng ca hin php m n a ra. Trong tc phm New Corsica ng vit: Ngi o Corse yu nc ni: Ti th trc bn th rng ti khng bao gi tha th cho ngi Php

o Corse tri qua nhiu th k b ngoi xm chim ng, long yu nc chng ngoi xm l tnh cch vn ho ca dn tc ny. Trong cc cu chuyn ca Napoleon trn ngp tinh thn phn khng khng th dp tt ny. Nn ng ni ngi o Corse tn trng pht lut i din cho cng l nhng c th b gy xing xch ca chnh quyn thuc Php cai tr (Genoese) v cng c kh nng lm nh vy vi c ngi Php (tiu lun Bn v o Corse On Corsica, vit nm 1786 lc ng 17 tui.

Vit cho Abbe Raynal (nh s hc, x hi hc ngi Php), ng ni: o Corse l mt quc gia khng ai c th khut phc. ( Corsica is an untameable nation).

Bin l mt m tp N. hay suy t. i khi ng thy n l ngun gc s bt hnh v au kh ca t nc mnh, lc khc ng thy n l nh mnh tt c cc quc gia khc giu c bc nht cn vi o Corse v tr c lp vi bin bao quanh l thm ho cht ngi. Mi th n t b bn kia ca i dng ch mang li mi e do. Napoleon: Nhng ngi Php kia, cc ngi khng hi long vi vic cp i nhng g chng ta yu qu, cc ngi cn lm suy i o c ca cta L thc dn hy ct v nc (Colon Fora! (Colonists go home!)) l cu khu hiu hay c phun sn ln cc ngi nh o Corse. Napoleon ni: Nu ti phi git mt ngi duy nht gii phng cho ng bo ti th ngay giy pht ny ti s i chc gm vo ngc tn bo cha, tr th cho dn tc ti v nhng lut php b vi phm.Khi t quc suy tn, mt ngi yu nc thc th phi cht Bt c ci g ph v s gn kt x hi u l v gi tr. Mi nh ch bt mt ngi chng li chnh anh ta cng l v dngNm 1789, cch mng Php n ra, qet sch nhng tng li thi ca ch c nhng khi tr v o Corse trong nm ny, Napoleon chng kin s u oi, tr tr, so vi cuc ci cch trit lc a, s th trong ton x hi trn o gy cm gic nh bnh bi lit. Thc t qu hng lm ng b chn ng, v bt u i con ng ring thay v ng h nhng ngi chng Php trn o nh trc y. ng tham gia cu lc b chnh tr tuyn truyn nhng tng cch mng. Cc sang kin ca ng lm ng b ght. Thng 10/1789, Ajaccio, Napoleon tho mt l th gi quc hi Phpdrafts a letter to the National Assembly. L th ny cht vn tnh hp php ca nhng ngi gc o Corse i din cho ton dn trn o v t co nhng ngi theo phi bo hong nhn hi l ca phe qun ch khng trin khai cc sc lnh ca quc hi.30/11/1789, quc hi tuyn b Corsica thuc quc Php. Dn o phi tun theo cng mt hin php p dng cho dn Php trong i lc v yu cu nh vua gi mi sc lnh ca Quc hi cho o Corsica.T y Napoleon v Paoli chia r su sc. Sau N. v gia nh ri khi o v vn an ninh. Bi vit v o Corse khi vnh vin ri o, vit trong mi him nguy b nhng ngi ly khai thuc phe Paoli bt gi: Ngi thng tr gi (ch Paoli) ch mun mi ngi nhn bng mt ca ng y v xt on bng nim tin ging nh ng y

ng vit tip lch s o Corse vi ci nhn khc. Giai on trc ng tn vinh s chu ng kh au v s phn khng bt khut trc nhng k xm lc th sau 1789, ng nhn x hi o Corse hin thc hn. iu ny th hin trong bn nhp ng vit v lch s Corsica, c tn l Letters to the Reverend Raynal on Corsica Trong nhng l th ny, ng nhn li nhng ngi anh hung o Corse l nhng ngi chin thng bng mu v bng cch m st ngi khc. H tr kh ln nhau bng m mu, bng m chm, do thm v git nhau.ng cho thy mt x hi c to dng theo thi gian doi nh hng c hi ca nhng k thc dn, ca nhng ngi git nhau v mu thun gia nh. o Corse en ti v lng tham, s nghi k v thiu hiu bit ca nhng ngi nhn danh nh vua nm cc quyn lc chnh tr trn o. Trn o c bao nhiu gia nh l c tng y th lc xu x hn o, gy chin hay lm ho tu thuc vo tm trng v li ch ca h.Nm 1789, nm xy ra cch mng Php, trong L th gi Mr. Giubegia, l cha u ca ng, ng m t ch cai tr ca ngi Php l c ti ti t nht, phong tc v hnh vi ng khinh t nc chng ta b chng cai tr mt cch ti t. Nhng ngy nay tnh hnh thay i, chng ta cng phi thay i cch ng x ca mnh. Nu l c hi ny, chng ta s mi l n l.