HOW IS IT PERFORMED?Step 1:GET TISSUE SAMPLE (CELLS) FROM THE BODYStep 2: GROWING CELLS INTO NEW TISSUEStep 3:IMPLANTING NEW TISSUE

RECENT ADVANCMENTS IN RECENT ADVANCMENTS IN

TISSUE ENGINEERINGTISSUE ENGINEERINGFathima P. E and Lini Cleetus C , MSc.BIOPOLYMER SCIENCE

CENTRE FOR BIOPOLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(CBPST), KOCHI

TISSUE ENGINEERINGTissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host

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WHY TISSUE ENGINEERING IS PREFERRED?Congenital abnormalities require tissue reconstructionMost tissues cannot regenerate following a disease or injuryTransplantation is limited by the scarcity of donor tissuePermanent implants have a lot of success , but lot of problems

RECENT ADVANCMENTS IN SCAFFOLD MATERIALS OF BONE TISSUE ENGINEERINGBone tissue engineering (BTE) is based on the understanding of bone structure, bone mechanics, and tissue formation as it aims to induce new functional bone tissues

Following are the biomaterials used:

Osteoinductive Materials;

Osteoinductive or “smart” biomaterials have the ability to induce ectopic bone formation by instructing its surrounding in vivo environment to form bone

,It includes hydroxyapatite (HA) and various calcium phosphate compositions, and their composites (i.e., HA/ poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)

DIFFERENT CELL SOURCES Autologous : Donor back to donor , immune acceptableAllogeneic : Donor to recepient , same speciesSyngeneic : Genetically identical donorXenogeneic : Cross-species , such as animal cells in a human patientStem cells : Undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide in culture

Composite materials:-Composites of HA and various polymers, including poly(lactic acid) (PLA) , PLGA , gelatin , chitosan and collagen

Hybrid Materials;

Co-polymers :- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA),PLGA-PCL

Polymer blends :- PLGA has been blended with a wide variety of polyphosphazenes

BUILDING HEART TISSUE THAT BEATS: ENGINEERED TISSUE CLOSELY MIMICS NATURAL HEART MUSCLEThe scientists working on a way to repair the heart have now engineered tissue that closely mimics natural heart muscle that beats, not only in a lab dish but also when implanted into animals

To tackle the challenge of engineering heart muscle, the scientist have been working with natural proteins that form gelatin-like materials called hydrogels

The reason we like these materials is because in many ways they mimic aspects of our own body's matrix

On it, the researchers grow actual heart cells

To make sure the cells form the right structure, scientists used 3-D printing and microengineering techniques to create patterns in the gels

TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR NERVE REPAIRA new combination of tissue engineering techniques could reduce the need for nerve grafts, according to new research

Pieces of Engineered Neural Tissue are formed by controlling natural Schwann cell behaviour in a three-dimensional collagen gel so that the cells elongate and align, then a stabilisation process removes excess fluid to leave robust artificial tissues

These living biomaterials contain aligned Schwann cells in an aligned collagen environment, recreating key features of normal nerve tissue

CONCLUSIONThe promise of tissue engineering has caught people's imagination in recent years

Inventors, scientists, clinicians, investors and governments have came together to try to bring the promise of this technology to those in need of it

A number of companies have been founded on the hope of cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat thus far untreatable or poorly treated medical problems

REFERENCESBuddy.D.Ratner , Allan.S.Hoffman, Frederick.J.Schoen, Jack.B.Lemons, 2013, Biomaterials science,Elsevier Inc.

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http://www.sciencedaily.com