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Enviro

nment and

S

ustainability

Environment and Sustainability

WITPRESSTM

EditorG. Lee

Ed

itorG

. Lee

9 781845 649944

ISBN 978-1-84564-994-4

Environment and SustainabilityWIT Transactions on the Built Environment, Volume 154

These proceedings contain papers presented at the 2014 International Conference on Environment and Sustainability (ICES 2014) held in Hong Kong.

ICES 2014 was one of the most comprehensive conferences focused on the various aspects of advances in Environment and Sustainability. It provided a chance for academic and industry professionals to discuss recent progress in this critical area of research.

The included papers bring together the work of researchers from academia and industry as well as practitioners to share ideas, problems and solutions relating to the multifaceted aspects of Environment and Sustainability.

Topics covered relate to the areas of: Energy and materials; Environment; Civil and Environment; Sustainability and Economics.

Titles of related interest:

Environmental Impact IIEditor: C. A. BREBBIAWIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 181ISBN: 978-1-84564-762-9 e-ISBN: 978-1-84564-763-6 Published 2014 / apx 660pp

Environmental Innovation in ChinaL. XIELIN, D. STRANGWAY and F. ZHIJUN Chinese Science TodayISBN: 978-1-84564-640-0 eISBN: 978-1-84564-641-7 Published 2012 / 176pp

ISBN: 978-1-84564-994-4eISBN: 978-1-84564-995-1ISSN (print): 1746-4498ISSN (online): 1743-3509

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InternatIonal ConferenCe on envIronment and SuStaInabIlIty

ICES 2014

Honorary CHair

Yuan LeeNorthwestern University, USA

General CHairs

Jun ZhangHuazhong University of Science and Technology, China

Minli DaiSuzhou University, China

PubliCation CHair

Garry Lee Information Engineering Research Institute, USA

orGanizinG CHairs

Khine Soe ThaungMaldives College of Higher Education, Maldives

Biswanath VokkaraneSociety on Social Implications of Technology and Engineering, Maldives

ProGram CHairs Mark Zhou

Hong Kong Education Society, Hong KongHarry Zhang

IERI Shanghai office, China

international Committee

Xun Chi, University of New South Wales, Australia Wie Nie, University of New South Wales, Australia

Jian Sun, Jiangsu of Science and Technology University at Zhangjiagang, ChinaDan Luo, Wuhan University of Technology, ChinaXiaonan Xu, Hainan Normal University, China

Dongmei Huang, Agricultural University of Hebei, ChinaBoshen Zhao, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), China

Wen Bai, Shenyang TV& Broadcast University, ChinaFanyu Zhou, Northeast Normal University, China

Yuanhong Lin, China West Normal University, China

Contents

Section 1: Energy and materials

Comparison of two oxidation methods for aluminized die steel surface ............... 3 Jian Sun, Kai Ji, Yusong Xu

Energy efficiency in urban planning stage on the way of China’s urbanization ......................................................................................................... 11 Rui Fan, Weiding Long, Hao Liang, Junjie Li

The geologic origin of physical property difference in middle-shallow reservoir, north-western Qaidam Basin .............................................................. 19 Tingxu Yu, Hao Xu, Yuan Fang, Shuling Tang, Lei Wang

Manufacture and application of test equipment of sand retention accuracy for the entire sand control screen ......................................................................... 27 Tingjun Yan, Binglin Nie, Haoqiang Ti, Zixu Chen

Cooling performance of a new secure and energy-saving cooling system of stator collector ring of hydro-generator ............................................................... 33 Haihong Dong, Lin Ruan, Shuqin Guo, Rui Cao

Research on heat energy utilization parameters of city reclaimed water ............. 41 Yuan Yu, Jia Zheng, Yuanlin Zou, Hailiang Lin, Hao Yu

Study on large-scale application of reclaimed water heat energy in urban building ................................................................................................................ 47 Jia Zheng, Yuan Yu, Yanchun Guo, Quanhe Yang

Experiment on flow resistance for low-permeability sandstone reservoirs ........ 55 Manping Yang, Jingtao Zhang, Bin He, Yanhong Cheng

Study of alkali tetrahydroborate−lithium tetrafluoroborate mixtures at heating ............................................................................................................. 65 Vitaly Saldin, Vasily Sukhovey

Hydrogeochemistry and subsurface temperature evaluation of selected hot springs in Jiangxi Province, SE-China ................................................................ 73 Zhanxue Sun, Gongxin Chen, Jinhui Liu, Weimin Zhang

Study on pore structure of fiberboard added with activated carbon based on fractal image ................................................................................................... 81 Na Jia, Cheng Liu

Study on the relationship between fractal characteristics and porosity about microstructure of fiberboard added with activated carbon ......................... 89 Na Jia, Cheng Liu

Dyeing levelness of plasma-treated cotton fabric ................................................ 97 Chi-wai Kan, Chui-fung Lam

Effect of harvest time on the composition, structural characteristics and enzymatic hydrolysis performance of Eichhornia crassipes biomass ............... 103 Yanyan Wang, Wenbing Zhou, Hongwei Wu, Yun Yu, Li Li, Yu Yuan, Yumei Hua, Duanwei Zhu

Stability of cellulose xanthogenates of various metals ...................................... 113 Xueqin Liu, Li Deng, Wenbing Zhou, Duanwei Zhu, Hongwei Wu

Synthesis, characterization, and application of Co/SAPO-11 for N-heptane isomerization .................................................................................... 121 Yanhua Suo, Gang Chen,Yingjun Wang

Section 2: Environment science and engineering

Fungal biosorption of heavy metal pollution in aqueous solutions .................... 131 Xun Chi, Wie Nie

Study on removal rate of antimony by constructed wetland with four aquatic plants ..................................................................................................... 139 Xianfei Huang, Jiwei Hu, Yi Wang, Suming Duan, Yimiao Lin

Experimental study on effects of high efficiency and low pollution spray pesticide-target deposition ................................................................................. 145 Hanxiang Chen, Hui Zhang, Chao Leng, Zhigang Chen, Yansheng Du

Animal model establishment of Candida dubliniensis infection in immunosuppressed mice .................................................................................... 153 Xiaoli Wang, Youtian Zhong, Zhen Huang

Antibacterial activity research on Litsea cubeba oil produced in Gannan, Jiangxi Province ................................................................................................ 159 Xiaoli Wang, Youtian Zhong, Zhen Huang

The research of waste battery recycling and recycling system construction—sampled by 55 colleges in Wuhan ............................................. 165 Dan Luo, Liang Ai

Visible Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using PW11Co Photocatalyst ...................................................................................................... 171 Xiaonan Xu, Xiaomei Zou, Xing Zeng, Mengting Li, Haicheng Liu, Chongtai Wang, Yingjie Hua

Studies on the establishment of standard system of total amount control of marine pollutant ................................................................................ 179 Juanjuan Dai, Jinkeng Wang, Jie Zhang, Ling Cai

Detection of denitrification on six soils in Jilin City of Northeast China .......... 189 Huan Huan, Jinsheng Wang, Desheng Lai

Water level evaluation of low-temperature geothermal system in the Hofstaðir Field, W-Iceland ............................................................................... 197 Cui Yu, Guðni Axelsson

Influence of calcium lignosulfonate on bioleaching of arsenic-containing gold concentrate ................................................................................................. 207 Fang Fang, Hong Zhong

Study on the adsorption of U(VI) by modified bagasse from wastewater ......... 215 Kaiguang Hu, Zenggang Liu, Huijuan Li

Toxicity formation and reduction by changing parameters in the process of activated sludge treating bisphenol A (BPA) wastewater ................ 223 Xiurong Chen, Jianguo Zhao, Jun Zhao, Fei Zhang, Zijian Jiang

Studies on the ecological design strategies of micro-architecture ..................... 233 Haibeibei Yuan, Wei Lu

Analysis on sedimentary environment of BZ profile in Dongwen river basin .......................................................................................................... 243 Hongmei Zhang

Study of concentration of uranium and physicochemical parameters in ground water and the ingested radiation dose to the population of Bangalore, South India ...................................................................................... 251 N. Nagaiah, Gladys Mathews, M.B. Karthik Kumar, M.R. Ambika and N. Karunakara

Characterization of changes on heteroatom compounds of heavy crude oil in the process of indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery ........... 259 Yuehui She, Fan Zhang, Fuchang Shu, Shaojin Yi, Lujun Chai, Dujie Hou

Study on the ecological response of Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation to selective cutting intensity in Mountain South China ..................................... 267 Zhilong Wu, Chengjun Zhou, Xinnian Zhou, Lifeng Zheng, Ahong Lai, Xiulin Lu

Impact of increasing CO2 concentration on the leaf stomata of rice .................. 275 Jingyang Bian, Jiahua Zhang, Yanjiang Feng, Xianbin Xu

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation based on entropy weight for urban living garbage disposal method ................................................................................... 283 Dongmei Huang, Xu Zhou, Hening Xin,Yanrui Zhang

Effect of water and nitrogen application rates on form change and effectiveness of heavy metal Cd ........................................................................ 293 Shiqi Fan, Yulong Zhang

Structure and antibacterial property of silver-doped zirconium phosphate ........................................................................................................... 301 J.Wang, Z.H. Shui, Z.J. Ji, Y. Yang, C.Y. Zhao, X.Y. Wang, J.M. Wang, G.Y. Hou

Effect of nitrobenzene on Euchresta japonica root tip cells apoptosis .............. 309 Yue-Hua Zhang, Wei Wu, Li-Hong Yue, Jia-Lin Li, Chang-Hong Guo

Section 3: Civil and environment

Environmental protection and landscape visual resource management of highway ............................................................................................................. 319 Dan Wang, Yi Shen, Xiaochun Qin, Jianrong Ma

Cultural landscape environment protection for highway service area ............... 327 Chao Wang, Likun Zhang, Dan Wang

Effect of TCE solvent and fines on recovered binder by Abson method ........... 333 Yongchun Qin, Songchang Huang, Jian Xu

Influence of suspended particles concentration and injection rate on the porous medium permeability ............................................................................. 341 Litao Luo, Hanmin Xiao, Weidong Liu, Linhui Sun, Wenhan Yan

Spatial pattern of soil microbial biomass in a typical arid ecosystem ............... 351 Xin Zhao, Jia Jin, Haiying Guan, Sinan Zhang

Economical analysis on the large-scale building of ground-source heat pump combined with ice storage ....................................................................... 357 Tieming Guo

Theoretical analysis model of sulfate attack on concrete .................................. 363 Rundong Gao

Permeability test of compacted and consolidated clay in Yunnan province China at different vertical pressures .................................................................. 373 Weiyang Wu, Yulong Liu, Hao Deng, Honghan Chen

A study of highway ecosystem health assessment ............................................. 381 Zhibin Qin, Xiaohui Wei, Yumei Qin

Optimized on anchor parameters for reconstruction and expansion slope of expressways based on FLAC3D ........................................................................ 389 Zhong-ming He, Xin Luo, Qing-guo Hu

The influence factors of solidification/ stabilization in the remediation of chromium-contaminated soil ............................................................................. 397 Zhili Wang, Huanzhen Zhang

Study on application of cusp catastrophe model to predict water inrush of floor in coal mine ............................................................................................... 407 Guosheng Zhong, Liping Ao

The research and practice of blasting on demand design of quarry ................... 415 Boshen Zhao, Hongze Zhao, Duojin Wu, Jiandong Sun

Research on effluent quality by using air floatation thickening lowly concentrated active sludge ................................................................................. 423 Xiaoqin Guan, Xiaotao Guan

Section 4: Sustainability and economics

Browning characteristic of polyphenol oxidase in Chinese chestnut kernel (Castanea Mollissima Blume) ............................................................................ 431 Yuan Shi, Fang Wang, Jinghua Qi

Family-related goals of rural tourism practitioners in China ............................. 439 Xiuhong Wang

A study on university discipline construction based on management by objectives ...................................................................................................... 447 Ruilong Gao, Suo Wang

Comprehensive assessment of refurbishment of existing buildings in China ................................................................................................................. 455 Lei Fan, Yurong Zhang, HuibingXie, Yuanfeng Wang

Philosophical reflection of the impacts of genetically modified crops on ecological environment ...................................................................................... 465 Qianqian Tao, Liang Ai

How to promote China wind energy industry? From the perspective of co-evolution of technology, market and institution ........................................... 471 X.F. Li, S.G. Wang

The study of used battery recycling program: research based on 30 communities in Wuhan ...................................................................................... 479 Shuangjuan Tao, Liang Ai

On risks of industrial design in the view of management .................................. 483 Huaping Shen

The classification reform of enterprises directly under ministry of water resources ............................................................................................................ 491 Na Li

The develop strategies of world’s three largest iron ore companies and enlightenment for China under the financial crisis ............................................ 497 Yizheng Liu, Bing Zhang

The study on the appropriate width of the riparian zone based on remote sensing and GIS ................................................................................................. 503 Li’na Zhang, Shuqing Zhang, Chunyue Liu, Huapeng Li, Shuai Cheng, Lihua Liu

Model construction and modification of the profit distribution of sustainable supply chain based on Shapley value .............................................. 511 Juan Wang, Guihua Wang

Research of regional sustainable development system-based on the city of Qinhuangdao ...................................................................................................... 521 Juhai Ma, Xinping Guan, Changchun Hua

Automated extraction cultivated land terrain factors technical process based on landscape pattern ................................................................................ 531 Yun Zhang, Peng Xie, Hang Gao

Reclaimed water pricing model based on cooperative game under the established cost .................................................................................................. 537 Xuehua Zhang, Ranran Xu, Hongwei Zhang

Sustainable development strategy of mineral resources in China ...................... 545 Guodong Liu, Yang Liu

Study on groundwater resources prediction based on multivariate time series CAR model in Dongting Lake area ......................................................... 551 Ling Zeng, Xiang Qiu, Zhenning Shi

Prediction of COD emission in Hubei province based on the grey metabolizing model ........................................................................................... 559 Kexiang Wu, Faguo Kuang, Wenbo Zhang, Yue Jiang, Chongrui Yang, Jianbo Cai

Impact of urban form on the urban traffic: a case study toward sustainable urban planning in China .................................................................................... 569 Yu Song, Ting Liu

Sustainable urban expansion? Spatial clustering trends of the major cities in China ............................................................................................................. 577 Yu Song, Xiaodong Ding

Urban traffic modes analysis: toward low-carbon development in China ............................................................................................................. 583 Yu Song, Wenyuan Wu

China’s environmental emergency management policy evaluation and framework design .............................................................................................. 589 Chaojun Lu, Hong Luo, Baoliu Zhang

Analysis of expanding China’s domestic demand in the perspective of Marx’s consumption thought ............................................................................. 597 Guozhi Sun, Changqing Ding

Research on Shenyang 918 Soundscape based on semiotics theory ................................................................................................. 605 Yuan Zhang, Yue Zhou, Tong Liu

Comparative study on profit distribution mechanism of grain cultivation cooperatives ..................................................................................... 615 Dehua Zhang

The application of ecological philosophy during the course of slope ecological restoration on Longcha highway ...................................................... 623 Yuhui Xiao

Study on landscape design of Longcha highway ............................................... 631 Jin Duan

Comparative analysis on strength of the final anti-dumping measures against China ..................................................................................................... 639 Hao Zhou

Host employers’ liability for agency employees ............................................... 647 Fanyu Zhou, Shixiang Wang

Tourism and sustainable development: exploring the theoretical divide ........... 653 Wen Bai

How does globalization affect tourism? ............................................................ 659 Wen Bai

The strategic selection of strategic emerging industry by Beijing energy investment holding based on SWOT analysis ................................................... 667 Liwei Liu, Erdong Zhao, Hongqiao Cheng

Early warning system of mineral resources exhaustion based on optimal exhaustion theory ............................................................................................... 675 Rui Jiang, Guili Li

What is the role of China’s river basin institution? ........................................... 683 Jianping Hu

Effect of water environment of offshore artificial island ................................... 691 Yu-xin Zhu, Xin Li

On the origin, significance and practice approach of the construction of “two-oriented society” ....................................................................................... 701 Yuanhong Lin

WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol. 154, © 2014 WIT Press

www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line)

doi:10.2495/ICES140341

Study on the ecological response of

Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation to

selective cutting intensity in Mountain South

China

Zhilong Wu, Chengjun Zhou, Xinnian Zhou, Lifeng Zheng, Ahong

Lai, Xiulin Lu Department of Forest Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry

University, Fuzhou, China

Abstract

A sampling plot investigation was conducted on the stand growth, species

diversity, and soil characteristics in a Chinese fir plantation (Cunninghamia

lanceolata plantation) in Mountain in the North of Fujian province after 5 years

of close-to-natural management cutting, with the effect of different selective

cutting intensities (low selective cutting intensity 12.9%, medium selective

cutting intensity23.5%, high selective cutting intensity 46.1%, and over-high

selective cutting intensity 64.6%) evaluated. As compared with non-cutting

plantation, with the increase of selective cutting intensity, the increments of stand

growth decreased after an initial increase, with the maximum under high selective

cutting intensity, the mean DBH, total volume, and total basal area increased by

4.2%, 9.8%, and 8.3%, respectively. The species diversity and soil characteristics

were improved under different selective cutting intensities. With the increase of

selective cutting intensity, the species diversity index in shrub layer increased,

and that in herb layer decreased after an initial increase, with the order of shrub

layer > herb layer. The bigger value of Shannon-Wiener index reached 2.889

under high selective cutting intensity. With the increase of selective cutting

intensity, the increments of the soil density and capillary porosity decreased, the

increments of soil capillary water capacity, organic matter, total N, total P, and

available P decreased after an initial increased, the increments of soil non-

capillary porosity and organics N increased after an initial decreased, and total

and available K had not an obvious change trend. Under high selective cutting

268 Environment and Sustainability



intensity, the maximum decrements of soil density decreased about 18.0%, soil

capillary water capacity and capillary porosity increased 26.2% and 6.2%, soil

organic matter, total N, total P, organics and available P increased 13.8%,

115.0%, 67.6% and 111.1%, respectively. These shows that stand growth,

species diversity and soil characteristics were obviously improved under high

selective cutting intensity. In this study, high selective cutting intensity was most

suitable to the rational operation and management of C. lanceolata plantation in

South Mountain.

Keywords: Chinese fir plantation, selective cutting intensity, stand growth,

species diversity, soil characteristics.

1 Introduction

The Chinese fir plantation is a unique and fast growth specie of plantation in

South China [1]. According to the 7th forest inventory data in 2009, its cultivated

area and total volume reached 1.13×107 hm

2 and 7.34×10

8 m

3, respectively. It has

easy reproduction but also has problems such as: unitary species composition,

low bio-diversity index, un-stability, weak eco-function, poor quality of standing

forest, and severe soil erosion, etc. [2,3]. The guiding principle of forest

management in China has been shifted from timber production to multi-

dimensional economic, environmental and social objectives. In Fujian Province

of China, timber plantation recommends implementing the selective cutting at the

beginning of 2011, when slope is more than 25°.

Forest selective cutting and clear-cutting are the management practices most

frequently used for silvicultural rotation and timber harvesting worldwide [4].

There is a growing number of studies pointing out that selective cutting preserves

an intact, although thinned, tree layer after harvesting, and hence does not break

the forest continuity as the clear-cutting does. Further, the environmental

conditions of the forest prior to harvesting should be better preserved with

selective cutting than with clear-cutting [5], .So, the area of clear cutting must be

strictly controlled. In order to enable the harvest utilization while pursuing

economic benefits, giving consideration to the ecological and social benefits, and

people's full scale development, we must change principal felling system from

clear cutting to selective cutting. We must make efforts to build up a resource

saving and environment friendly forest ecological harvesting system so as to

achieve a sustainable development.

The national policy now limits forest clear cutting and promotes forest

protection. This is an initial step toward regional forest sustainable management.

Today a main task of forest management is to maintain sustainability, including

wood production, and non-timber values. One goal of the official forest

management administration in Bavaria is to transform pure coniferous stands into

mixed forests. The selective cutting is recommended because of it makes fully

use of the power of the forest' natural renovation, and at the same time, ensures

forest stability and rapid resume. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the

effect of selective cutting [6], the misuse of the cutting intensity, cutting rotation

and cutting target can also lead to forest ecosystem damage. The studies on the

Environment and Sustainability 269



effects of selective cutting on plantation are scarce and there is an urgent need to

compare the different cutting intensities as they pertain to ecological factors

associations. The easonable selective cutting intensity is of important theoretical

value and practical significance. How to determinate the easonable selective

cutting intensity is one of the core issues in plantation forest selective cutting [7].

Therefore, the main objectives of this study were (1) to establish a long-term

dataset (5 yrs) of ecological response with different selective cutting intensities,

(2) to evaluate the long-term effects of selective cutting intensity on

environmental factors exchange, including stand growth, species diversity of

undergrowth, and soil physiochemical properties.

2 Materials and methods

This study was conducted in the Yekeng Forest Harvesting and Silviculture Farm,

Jian’ou Prefecture, Fujian Province, southern China (117°58′−118°57′E,

26°38′−27°20′N), located in southeast of the Wuyi Mountains and northwest of

the Jiufeng Mountains. The area has an elevation 250-350 m and the average

slope of 25°. This area has a subtropical, maritime monsoon climate. The mean

annual temperature is 18.7°C, and annual precipitation is 1,733 mm. The total

amount of annual evaporation is 1450 mm and average relative humidity is 80%.

The soi1 type of the studied area is yellowish red soi1 derived from gneissic and

granitic rocks.

In July 2006, 4 plots (20 m ×20 m) were set up for selective cutting of different

intensities in the Chinese fir plantation, and one comparative plot was set up for

non-cutting. These plots had similar stand conditions, which may minimize the

effect of the natural condition on each kind of selection cutting. The 4 plots were

grouped into four blocks based on similarities in topography and tree density

allowing for a replication of each of four levels of cutting operation, randomly

assigned to each block.

Different intensities of selective cutting were carried out in the designated plots,

which were NC (non-cutting), LI (low selective cutting intensity 12.9%), MI

(medium selective cutting intensity 23.5%), HI (high selective cutting intensity

46.1%), and OHI (over-high selective cutting intensity 64.6%). Diameter, varieties,

density and growing situation of trees were considered synthetically. Cutting

operation was in accordance with the rules of single tree selective cutting, i.e.,

felling with chain saw, bucking at the stump and skidding by manpower. When the

cutting operation was finished on August 2006, the residual stands were closed off

for natural regeneration. In July 2011, the 4 plots of different selective cutting

intensities and a plot of non-cutting were investigated again five years later.

Vegetations in these plots were investigated by using the regular methods of

community ecology [8]. Forest litters within plots were collected for further

analysis, and soil sections were examined in every plot as well.

Marglef Richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson

diversity index (P), Pielou Evenness index (J), and community dominance (C)

were selected to calculate diversity and evenness of species by the following

formula [9].




Figure 1: Growth situation of Chinese fir plantation with different selective

cutting intensities.

The determination of soil physical and chemical properties as well as nutrient

extraction were conducted according to the national standard analytical methods

for forest soil [10].

3 Results and analyses

3.1 Condition of stand growth

With different selective cutting intensities 5 years later, the average DBH, total

volume, and total breast-height basal area increased at first, then decreased with

increasing selective cutting intensity. High selective cutting intensity reached the

maximum, respectively increased 4.2%, 9.8%, and 8.3% (Figure 1).The selective

cutting intensity had no significant effect on height growth.

3.2 Species diversity of undergrowth

Based on the field investigation and by using the indices of diversity, richness

and evenness, this paper studied the species diversity of shrub and herb layers

under forest communities in Chinese fir plantation. The results showed that with

different selective cutting intensities 5 years later, the diversity and richness

indices of shrub layer were higher than those of herb layer, while the evenness

index of shrub layer was lower than that of herb layer with low and medium

selective cutting intensities 5 years later. The diversity and richness indices of

shrub layer increased with the increment of selective cutting intensity, Over-high

selective cutting intensity reached the maximum (2.965 and 22, respectively),

while those of herb layer increased at first, then decreased with increasing

selective cutting intensity, High selective cutting intensity reached the maximum

(2.661 and 17, respectively). As for the evenness indices of shrub layer, different

selective cutting were lower than non-cutting, while that of herb layer, low,

medium and high selective were higher than non-cutting and over-high selective

cutting. The community dominance index of shrub layer was lower than that of

herb layer, and non-cutting and low selective cutting intensity were higher than

other intensities (Table 1).

Selective cutting intensity

OHI HI MI LI NC

Gro

wth

Rat

e /%

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0 Average height Average DBH Total volume Total breast-height basal area




Table 1: Diversity Indexes in Chinese Fir Plantation with Different Selective

Cutting Intensities.

Type Shrub Layer Herb Layer

S H J C S H J C

NC 15 2.607 0.963 0.080 11 2.124 0.886 0.131

LI 18 2.618 0.906 0.099 12 2.338 0.941 0.114

MI 20 2.876 0.937 0.063 13 2.520 0.983 0.084

HI 21 2.889 0.949 0.065 17 2.661 0.939 0.085

OHI 22 2.965 0.959 0.058 16 2.411 0.869 0.120

Table 2: Soil Physical Characteristics in Chinese Fir Plantation with Different

Selective Cutting Intensities (0–20 cm).

Type Density/

g·cm-3

Capillary Water

Capacity/%

Noncapillary

Porosity/%

Capillary

Porosity /%

Total

Capillary

Porosity/%

NC 1.377 29.02 7.00 39.37 46.37

LI 1.104 32.59 16.60 35.88 52.48

MI 1.121 35.29 11.79 39.50 51.29

HI 1.138 38.00 6.98 43.13 50.11

OHI 1.189 34.16 9.10 40.32 49.42

3.3 Soil physical properties

With different selective cutting intensities 5 years later, the soil density changed

from 1.104 to 1.377, the capillary water capacity changed from 29.02 to 38.00,

the soil porosities of non-capillary changed from 6.98% to 16.60%, the soil

porosities of capillary changed from 35.88% to 43.13%.(Table 2) the soil density

decreased, decrease amplitude was 19.8%, 18.6%, 17.4% and 13.5 respectively.

soil density decreased, decrease amplitude was 19.8%, 18.6%, 17.4% and 13.5

respectively. Its capillary water capacity has increased by 12.3%, 21.6%, 30.9%

and 17.7%, the water preservation and storage capacity of the soil has been

considerably strengthened. The soil porosities of non-capillary in low, medium

and over-high selective cutting intensity increased by 137.1%, 68.4% and

30%,while that in high selective cutting intensity was similar with non-cutting.

The soil porosities of capillary in high and over-high selective cutting intensity

increased by 9.6% and 2.4%,while that in low selective cutting intensity

decreased 8.9%,and that in medium selective cutting intensity was similar with

non-cutting. Its total porosity has increased by 13.2%, 10.6%, 8.1% and 6.6%,

which means that soil behaves looser and more aerated, but on the contrary, soil

total porosity tended to decrease with the increasing of selective cutting intensity.




Table 3: Soil Nutrient Contents in Chinese Fir Plantation with Different Selective

Cutting Intensities (0–20 cm).

Type Organic

matter/g·kg-1

Total

N/g·kg-1

Total

P/g·kg-1

Total

K/g·kg-1

Hydrolytic

N/mg·kg-1

Available

P/mg·kg-1

Available

K/mg·kg-1

NC 35.4 0.60 0.34 14.88 50.51 0.36 22.35

LI 36.5 0.84 0.40 12.46 73.57 0.42 17.37

MI 37.3 1.26 0.41 12.93 62.04 0.63 19.86

HI 40.3 1.29 0.57 12.48 59.84 0.76 18.39

OHI 36.4 0.61 0.47 15.48 66.43 0.51 19.10

3.4 Soil nutrient content

With LI, MI, HI and OHI selective cutting 5 years later, the concentration of

organic matter, the total N, total P, hydrolytic N, and available P were all

increased (Table 3). The organic matter content respectively increased by 1.1

g·kg-1

, 1.9 g·kg-1

, 4.9 g·kg-1

and 1.0 g·kg-1

, the total N content respectively

increased by 0.24 g·kg-1

, 0.66 g·kg-1

, 0.69 g·kg-1

and 0.01 g·kg-1

, the total P

content respectively increased by 0.06 g·kg-1

, 0.07 g·kg-1

, 0.23 g·kg-1

and 0.13

g·kg-1

, the hydrolytic N content respectively increased by 23.06 mg·kg-1

, 11.53

mg·kg-1

, 9.33 mg·kg-1

and 15.92 mg·kg-1

, the available P content respectively

increased by 0.06 mg·kg-1

, 0.27 mg·kg-1

, 0.40 mg·kg-1

and 0.15 mg·kg-1

. Except

for hydrolytic N, it shows the highest evidence in HI, and lowest in OHI or LI.

The results showed that selective cutting can improve fertility condition of soil.

The available K content was different from the selective cutting intensities with

an decrease of LI, MI, HI and OHI by 4.98 mg·kg-1

, 2.49 mg·kg-1

, 3.96 mg·kg-1

and 3.25 mg·kg-1

. Except for OHI, the total K content respectively decreased by

2.42 g·kg-1

, 1.95 g·kg-1

and 2.40 g·kg-1

under LI, MI and HI selective cutting. The

total K and available K content was affected by selective cutting, but the change

is not obvious.

4 Conclusion and discussion

The Chinese fir plantations by selective cutting can upgrade the ecological

environment quality. After selective cutting, the nutritive space is fully utilized

and effect of improving soil is evident, the stand yield and quality are evidently

increased. The selective cutting can accelerate forest regeneration and growth,

lessen the circle of selective cutting and improve the structure of forest stands.

The average DBH, total volume, and total breast-height basal area increased with

different selective cutting intensities 5 years later.

The single tree selective cutting has forest destruction in the minute scale and

suggested the suitable method for harvesting and biodiversity conservation [11].

With the help of selective cutting, the stand structure adjustment and the

improvement of light, water and thermal conditions can come true. Lower stand

density and crown density are favorable to the development of under vegetation,

especially the growth of shrub species. The selective cutting is of great advantage




to increasing species diversity of understorey vegetation. In shrub and herb

layers, the species richness of understorey vegetation increased by 20.0%-46.7%

and 9.1%-54.5%, respectively, and the species diversity of that increased by

0.4%-13.7% and 10.1%-25.3%, respectively. In this study, selective cutting has

positive effect on the herb and shrub species diversity after 5 years by comparing

with non-cutting, especially the high selective intensity is propitious to

sustainable growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. Experimental

results and field investigation showed that the nutrition and soil physical property

were enhanced with the increase of selective cutting intensities, especially the

contents of Total N, Total P, available P and organic matter which were 3.1 ~

115.0%, higher than that of soil in non-cutting Plot, but reduced with over-high

selective cutting intensity 5 years later.

Among the most important disturbances in a managed forest are the harvesting

operations, which are often carried out at regular intervals. Management practices

should attempt to minimize disturbance to soil properties to prevent soil

degradation [2,7]. Therefore, management approaches that result in lower

disturbance and less land shaping that leaves the understory unchanged, should be

applied during restoration processes [12]. A selective harvest event reduces forest

density and modifies the distribution of tree species, tree dimensions and the

spatial structure of the trees remaining after the harvest. Some authors believe

that selective cutting is the most important driver of ecosystem change because of

the immediate and often dramatic effects on post-harvest tree growth and

competition, radiation regime, species diversity, habitat structure and soil

processes[2,4–6,11]. By evaluating these changes, often in the context of multi-

disciplinary research and teaching, harvest event analysis may be considered a

key element of forest ecological research.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

(30972359, 31070567), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province

(No.2009J0101, No. 2013J01072), the Science Foundation of Forestry

Committee of Fujian Province ([2012] No.2, [2013] No.5).

Corresponding Author

Xinnian Zhou ( ), male, professor, supervisor of Ph.D, studing in forest

ecological harvesting, engeneering cabway and forest management et al. Email:

[email protected]; TEL:13358201693

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Email:[email protected]

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Environment and SustainabilityWIT Transactions on the Built Environment, Volume 154

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