to america and colonies apush week 1. period 1 1491-1607 1.1 native americans – maize-mexico,...
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TO AMERICA AND COLONIES
APUSH WEEK 1
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Period 1 1491-1607
• 1.1 Native Americans– Maize-Mexico, American Southwest – Major
breakthrough that allowed permanent settlements to form
– Hunting and gathering in Northwest and CA– Great Basin and Great Plains-Nomadic lifestyle– Northeast-Atlantic Seaboard-mixed economy-
hunt/gather and farming = more permanent settlements • Example) Iroquois in NY
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1.2 European Overseas Expansion• Columbian Exchange-trading goods and ideas across the
Atlantic• Spanish Settlement – Columbus, Conquistadors
– Exchange• Culture-Mestizos = sets up a caste system• Technology-Horses, cows, Wheat, farming techniques• Disease-smallpox• Encomienda System-Forced Indians into labor (Christianity conversion)
– Dig for gold/silver– Sugar Plantations
• Portuguese Settlement– Settled in Brazil and trading posts– Had control of African Slave trade
• Slaves brought to the New World as well
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1.2 European Overseas Expansion
• European motives for the New World– God – mission system, Jesuits– Gold – wealth, also gained wealth through plantations– Glory – power and status
• European shift from feudalism to capitalism– Corn, potatoes
• Technology improves– Compass, sextant, caravel, astrolabe, better maps
• Organizing the funding– Joint stock companies
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1.3 Contact – 3 groups• Social, political and economic changes 1. American Indians
-Tried to maintain autonomy = religious, gender roles
2. Africans-Tried to maintain autonomy = mixed Christianity and African chants
3. Europeans– All groups believed whites superior to nonwhites– Justified slavery– Spain debated Indian treatment
• Bartolome de Las Casas- Spanish missionary = thought the encomienda system was “a moral pestilence invented by Satan”
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Period 2 1607-1754• 2.1 Patterns of colonizationSPAIN: tight control over colonies
Exploit the IndiansGold, God and GloryConvert to Catholicism
FRANCE and Dutch: Canada/trading outpostsTrade with Indian (Intermarry): FursJesuits
ENGLAND: Remove Indians (hostile)Puritans: Northern coloniesColonies based on Agriculture: Jamestown settlement in Virginia
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2.1 Slavery• Slavery developed in British American colonies because of the
geography and economics (fertile land and need for free workers)
• English didn’t intermarry with natives (causes white superiority and a hierarchy in the South)– Plantation owners, farmers, indentured servants/slaves– Bacon’s rebellion
• Atlantic Slave Trade - Middle passage, Triangle Trade• Racial Superiority = enslaved for life, Slave codes• Overt Resistance-breaking tools, singing of freedom and home,
and working slowly in order to resist dehumanization• Covert-African American slaves rebelled, as in the Stono
Rebellion, and escaped from slavery
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2.1 3 Regions of British Am Colonies
• Next slides
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SOUTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO
- SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS
- SMALL POPULATION- CHURCH OF ENGLAND- PLANTATION ECONOMY- SOME RELIGIOUS
TOLERATION- TIES to Barbados/ West
Indies- Sugar and Rice
- HOUSE OF BURGESSES- MARYLAND ACT OF
TOLERATION- BACON’S REBELLION- POWHATAN WAR
- SLAVERY- ROYAL AFRICAN CO.- SLAVE CODES- CULTURE- PLANTATION OWNERS- SMALL FAMERS- LANDLESS WHITES- INDENTURED SERVANTS- ARISTROCRATIC
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MIDDLE COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- Religiously Diverse- GREAT LAND FOR
FARMING- FEWER INDUSTRIES- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE- QUAKERS- Diverse Econ- FARMING- LUMBERING- SHIP BUILDING - TRADE AND FUR
TRAPPING- BREAD BASKET- Cereal
crops- IMPORTANT
COMMERCIAL CENTER
- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
- LEISLERS REBELLION
- POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED
- RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT- PATROONSHIP- DEMOCRATIC
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NORTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- MERCANTILLISM- NAVIGATION LAWS- HARVARD- MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL
OF LAW- PURITANS- LESS RELIGIOUSLY
TOLERANT- RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL
PARTICIPATION- Homogenous - Religious- Mixed Eon
- PEQUOT WAR 1636-1637- KING PHILIPS’ WAR- MAYFLOWER COMPACT- FUNDAMENTAL ORDER OF
CONNECTICUT- SALEM WITCH TRIALS
- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
- PURITANS- TOWNHALL MEETINGS- INDUSTRY- FAIR TO NATIVE
AMERICANS- MERCANTALISM
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2.2 Conflict/Contact N.A. and Euro• Conflicts in Europe spread to the colonies– Fighting between colonists vs. colonists vs. Native
Americans• Beaver Wars Iroquois vs. Algonquian tribes (English vs. French)
– Resources to compete for Furs, tobacco, land, Labor (slaves instead of indentured servants), etc.
– Imperial goals vs. Colonists Goals• Mistrust of the European gov’t across the Atlantic• Molasses Act• Smuggling- Illegal Triangle Trade• Mercantilism• Autonomy in British Am colonies
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2.2 Clashes-Social and Econ• Contact and Trade between Europeans and N.A.• English– Spread disease– King Phillip’s War (Pilgrims peace lead to war after conversions)– Superiority – culturally (views on land), racially (no intermarry),
religiously (convert)• Spanish– Pueblo Revolt or Pope’s Rebellion – fight back against religious
conversion– Impact: creates more cultural tolerance toward N.A.
• Indian Warfare– Euros trade technology (guns) and Alcohol contributes to elimination of N.A.
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2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges • Atlantic Economy and exchange of labor
– Development of Labor systems-High demand for labor-Plantations and cash crops
– Evolution of Labor =Indentured Servants to African Slave Trade– Native Am labor = Spain– Common thread – all forms of labor are harsh
• Anglicization (English) of colonies– Pol- rep gov’t (House of Burgesses), Mayflower Compact, self gov’t, town hall
meetings, early examples of Democracy– Econ- Mercantilism to capitalism– Print Culture- Poor Richard’s Almanac– Protestant Evangelism = Puritans – Religious Tolerance – Maryland Act of Toleration, Pennsylvania– Enlightenment ideas- Deism, John Locke social contract
Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture…- Work Ethic- Democratically
Structured Churches
- Religious toleration
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2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges Cont.
• Slavery and growth of ideas on race impacted the colonies
• British colonists more racist than Spanish and French– Intermarriage– Cultural superiority– Mulattos
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2.3 British tighten control on colonies
• Colonies uniting as less dependent on the British– Mostly English, but more diverse than England – migrants
from other places (Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Africans)– Colonies tied together by language and trade– Salutary neglect
• Self-Government (Not all Democratic)• Religious toleration (to some degree)• Educational Opportunities• Provided unusual advantages for economic and
social self-development
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2.3 British tighten control on colonies
• Salutary Neglect ends– Late 17th century – French and Indian War– Navigation Acts enforced
• Early ideas of Unification– Albany Congress– Dominion of New England– New England Confederation
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2.3 British tighten control on colonies cont.
• What caused the resistance to British control– Self-gov’t– Ideas of liberty-Zenger case – freedom of press– Greater religious independence and diversity• 1st Great Awakening 1740s- First mass social
movement, religious revival, connected the colonies, Against the liberalism in religion
– Republicanism – leaders are elected different from monarchy in England, congregational church
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Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
Martin LutherProtestantismFaith=salvation
John Calvin“Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536Predestination
The Elect-Chosen by GodVisible Saints-Conversion experience
God is all powerfulHumans as weak and filled with Original Sin
**Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America**
**Most of the early Americans were protestant**
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Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
CHURCH OF ENGLAND King Henry VIII
Broke with Catholic church
Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church
Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism
Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies.
Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people
Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford.
CON
T
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How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World?
• Congregation Church in MBC• Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island• Fundamental Order in Connecticut River
Colony
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What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England?
• NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.• DNE: Puritan influence permanently reduced.• Common revolutionary sentiment throughout
the colonies.
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EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH COLONIES?
1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS
COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION1676: BACON’S REBELLION1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES1691: LESILER’S REBELLION1734: ZENGER CASE1713-1763: ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT”1720-90: THE ENLIGHTENMENT
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FRANCE IN AMERICA
• FRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD– EDICT OF NANTES
• QUEBEC IN 1608– SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
• GOVERNMENT– CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLY
• BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS• BEAVER TRADE• TRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI
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EMPIRES COLLIDE
• ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH• 1688-1763– KING WILLIAMS WAR– QUEEN ANNE’S WAR– TREATY OF UTRECHT
• SALUTARY NEGLECT– KING GOERGE’S WAR• WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION• PEACE TREATY 1748
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FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAROHIO VALLEYOHIO MISSION: WASHINGTONTRIGGERED A WORLD WARALBANY CONGRESSALBANY PLAN FOR UNIONBRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK
WILLIAM PITT
BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760)BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759)PEACE OF PARIS (1763)
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REBELLION
• CHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLION• PROCLAMATION OF 1763