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AMSRL-CS-IO-SC [380] ltr dtd 1 Nov 2001

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AD

MEMORANDUM REPORT ARBRL-MR-03125

0 COMBINATORIAL GEOMETRY COMPUTER MODELS OF

SITTING AND STANDING CREW PERSONNEL

Loren R. Kruse

Chit N. Lee

DT ICAugust 1981 OCT 9 1981

A A

US ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND%BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

L ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

( A Distribution limited to US Government agencies only; Test and

Evaluation; AU G 81. Other requests for this document must bereferred to Director, USA Ballistic Research Laboratory,ATTN: DRDAR-TSB, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005

A;

] •.

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

Secondary diStribution of this -report by originatingor sponsoring activity is prohibited.

Additional copies of this report may be obtainedfrom the Defense Technical Information Center, CameronStation, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.

The findings in this TeDort are not to be construed asan official Department of the Army position, unlessso designated by other authorized documents.

:he use :rcde noZ7Ts or marfa3rrr ncne in -this rwor3oas not x-narizu;a ndcreeman: ' n xn er-wal ~Zc '.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE (11hen Dae P-Otroc)

RE DCUMNTATON AGEBEFORE COMPLETWG FORM-. ,. REPORT UM E q j j . ... .12'L ,. OVT ACC ESSO N: . RECPENT'S CAT AO G NM BER

D COVERED.0~MBINATORIAL ;EOMETRY _kOMPUTER M QDELS OF tjTTING, Ly .

~~~~AND STANDING CXE-W PERSON'NEL # -.... _-il,. =__ -. - --- . . RFO RMING ORO. REPORT NUMBER

7. 8uwrD... . CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)USBairen R. &ruse

~Chit N. Lee

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASKUSA Ballistic Research Laboratory U ,BUMERS

ATTN: DRDAR-BLVAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

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16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN r (of '"e Report)

Distribution limited to US Government agencies only; Test and Evaluation;Aug 1981. Other requests for this document must be referred to Director,US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, ATTN: DRDAR-TSB, Aberdeen ProvingGround, MD 21005.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Il. abstract entered In Slock 20, It dilfernIo Report)

,s. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

1S. KEY WORDS (Continue an rever e e, IaD necessary aid Identify by block number)Target Description GIFT Computer CodePersonnel Description Crew PersonnelPersonnel Model Human DensityCOM-GEOM Description

ABST1RACT (Csau m revervo eib N nc.eem, and tdentil' by block number)Revised computer descriptions (models) of sitting and standing crew personnelhave been generated using the Combinatorial Geometry (COM-GEOM) technique.These personnel models have been validated and have limited capability to be

moved into various positions dependent on analytical requirements. The models

generally correspond to the anthropometric data from the 50-60 percentile,

grouping of US Army males. Appendix A discusses the calculation of an average

human density based on the densities of bony and soft tissue.

DO 103 EDITION OF I NOV G. IS OBSOLETE S

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When BP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION .. .. ... . ..... ...... ....... 5

II. COMBINATORIAL, GEOMETRY (COM-GEOM) MODELING TECHNIQUE . . . . 5

III. COM-GEOM MODELS OF CREW PERSONNEL. .. .... .........

IV. MODEL VALIDATION PROCEDURE. .. .. .. ...... . ..... 10

V. MODEL UTILIZATION INFORMATION .. .. ... ...... .... 19I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. .. ... . ..... ...... . ..... 21

APPENDIX A - Calculation of Adjusted Weight and Densityof the Crew Personnel Models. .. .... .... 23

APPENDIX B - Tabulation of COM-GEOM Data for Model ofSitting Crew Personnel (with Helmet).......31

APPENDIX C - Tabulation of COM-GEOM Data for Model ofStanding Crew Personnel (with Helmet). .. .... 43

DISTRIBUTION LIST. .. ... . ..... ...... . ..... 7

If7TG TABU'), oUnc~ldJustif'ioatiorL _____

-Distribution/

-AvailabilitY Codes

3

-46

m I

I. INTRODUCTION

New computer models of sitting and standing crew personnel haverecently been constructed and are currently available for use inmodifying and developing descriptive computer models of a variety ofmilitary systems considered for vulnerability analysis. The backgroundfor the gene:'ation of the computer models for the sitting and standingcrew personnel grew out of training exercises involving the learningof the Combinatorial Geometry (COM-GEOM) technique of modeling militE-

* target systems.

Initially, approximately three years ago, the human head wasselected as a subject for such a training exercise. The COM-GEOM modelof the human head was subsequently completed and has remained, unusefulin its present state, until more recently, when the decision was madeto complete the remainder of the crewman model. This decision evolvedduring the past year when the need appreciated for models of crewpersonnel that were more consistent with the level of detail in theCOM-GEOM military target models currently being developed.

The new crew personnel models presented in this report are moreanatomically detailed than the previously used models. This representsan improvement since the new models are more realistic and technicallycorrect. However, this does not mean that the new models should beused for detailed studies involving human wound ballistics; furtherimprovements in model detail could make such studies possible.

The sitting and standing crew personnel models were developed intwo configurations, helmeted and unhelmeted, available in both inch andmillimetre dimensional units. (The helmet is the only protective gearincorporated into the models.) Additionally, these models weredeveloped with a feature which will allow them to be moved into variousrealistic positions; this will be discussed in a following section.

II. COMBINATORIAL GEOMETRY (COM-GEOM) MODELING TECHNIQUE

The generation of the computer models of the sitting and standingcrew personnel utilize the COM-GEOM techniques of generating threedimensional models of objects. This technique provides compatibleinput data required to implement the Geometric Information for Targets(GIFT) computer code. Detailed discussion of the GIFT computer codeand its many options are beyond the scope of this report; however,accounts of the COM-GEOM technique and its relationship to the GIFTcode can be found in BRL Report No. 18021 and ARBRL Report No. 021892.

ILawrence W. Bain, Jr., and Mathew J. Reisinger, "The GIFT Code UserManual; Vol. I, Introduction and Input Requirements," USA BallisticResearch Laboratory Technical Report No. 1802, July 1975, DA#BO06037L.

2Gary G. Kuehl, Lawrence W. Bain, Jr., and Mathew J. ReisingeT, "TheGIFT Code User Manual; Vol. II, The Output Options," USA BallisticResearch Laboratory Report No. 02189, Sept 1979, AD#A078364.

5

Only a brief familiarization with the COM-GEOM technique and terminologywill be presented here.

The COM-GEOM technique provides up to twenty-three different typesof basic geometric solids which may be assembled in combinations, asbuilding blocks, to represent or "describe" a three dimensional (3-D)object. The geometric solids are combined in a prescribed manner, usingselective set theory operations to generate the regions defining externaland internal details of the 3-D object, such as shape, size, andlocation of various parts or components. The COM-GEOM computer model(description) contains three separate tables containing:

* Parametric data relating to the generation of the geometricsolids comprising the model,

* Region data formed by the specific combination of thegeometric solids, and

* Region identification data in which the regions aredescribed verbally and given a specific numeric itemdescriptor.

The geometric solids available for use (and recognizable to theGIFT code) are listed in Table I. Parameters for each type of geometricsolid listed must be tabulated in the manner prescribed in Reference 1.nthse parameters include characteristics which define the solid's physicalsize and exact location and orientation within a specified coordinatesystem.

There are no restrictions on the selection of geometric solids usedin the modeling of an object. Ideally, a minimum number are used whichwould be sufficient to represent the level of detail desired for aspecific model. Tables B-I and C-I list the geometric solids and the; 'rparameters used for the models of sitting and standing crew personnelrespectively.

In forming the various components comprising a complex 3-D object,individual geometric solids are combined to form regions. A region isthe volumetric space occupied by single or multiple solids. Solids arecombined according to the following three set theory operations:

0 Intersection (designated by a plus sign, +),

* Union (designated by an OR), and

* Subtraction (designated by a minus sign, -).

r The IntersectIon (+) of two or more geometric solids defines thevolumetric space common to the solids. The Union (OR) of two or moregeometric solids defines the volumetric space within all the solidsinvolved. The Subtraction (-) of two or more geometric solids defines

6

Table I. List of Geometric Solids Utilizedin COM-GEOM Descriptions

Symbol fQr

Solid Type Solid Description

RPP Rectangular Parallelepiped

BOX Box

SPH Sphere

RCC Right Circular Cylinder

REC Right Elliptical Cylinder

TRC Truncated Right Angle Cone

ELL Ellipsoids of Revolution

ELLI (Input data differs slightly in ELL1)

ELLG General Ellipsoid

RAW Right Angle Wedge

ARB4 Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of Four Sides

ARB5 Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of Five Sides

ARB6 Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of Six Sides

ARB7 Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of Seven Sides

ARB8 Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of Eight Sides

ARBN Arbitrary Convex Polyhedron of N Sides

TEC Truncated Elliptical Cones

TECI (Input data differs slightly in TECI)

TGC Truncated General Cone

HAF Universe Dividing Plane

AQS Arbitrary Quadratic Surface

TOR Torus

ARS Triangular Surfaced Polyhedron

7

the volumetric space contained in the first solid minus the volumes ofthe other intersecting solids. A two-dimensional analogical illustrationdisplaying the effects of these three operations on three interactingsolids is shown in Figure 1. Theoretically, any number of geometricsolids may be used to define a region. In practice, regions are usuallydefined as representing some relatable component or part of a complexobject. Each unique region with the combination of geometric solidsdefining it, are listed in the region data table. Tables B-II and C-IIlist the regions used in the sitting and standing man, respectively.

Each region of the model is assigned additional identification inthe form of coded identification numbers and descriptive comments. Thefirst of the coded identification numbers, termed an Item number, indi-cates the type or classification of the zimponent the region represents.In most computer models of weapon systems regions are usually groupedaccording to the functions the involved components perform. Examples ofsuch conventional groupings would be the missiles and cannisters andelectrical and electronic components of a missile system. These group-ings are usually designated by a three digit series number with the samefirst digit for the entire group. Another coded number assigned to aregion indicates whether the region represents a volume of air; ifgreater than zero, it is either internal air somewhere within a targetsystem or external air. Here again, certain conventions are used todistinguish the various air codes. Since the computer models of crewpersonnel are not as complex as models of weapon or other target systems,the coded identification numbers are not utilized to their fullestextent. The region identification table also allows up to 40 alpha-numeric characters which will be used for a verbal description of theregion. Associated with this description are two additional codednumbers indicative of the type of material the region is basically madeof and a percentage number associated with an equivalent line-of-sight(LOS) thickness of the region. These latter numbers are required inputfor a typical vulnerability analysis. Tables B-III and C-III list innumerical order the regions and their appropriate identification. TablesB-IV and C-IV list the regions and their identification numbers orderedby Item numbers.

Tables B-I, B-II, and B-III and C-I, C-II, and C-III form thecomplete COM-GEOM computer models of the sitting and standing crew per-sonnel, respectively.

III. COM-GEOM MODELS OF CREW PERSONNEL

The computer models of the sitting and standing crew personnelrepresent combat soldiers approximately 1.75 metres (5 feet 9 inches)in height with body measurements scaled from men of average mesomorphicproportions. Initial measurements used for these models were generatedindependently, unbiased by those of the previous computer models ofsitting and standing man. It was noted that some measurements on boththe previous and new models were very similar in size. The initial

8

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measurements for the new models were taken from male Ballistic ResearchLaboratory personnel and adjusted on the basis on what was considered tobe "average." Later adjustments were made based on anthropometric datafor US Army soldiers.3 Figures 2 and 3 indicate which basic measurementswere used in -the adjustment process. The comparison of the measurementsfrom actuel US Army soldiers and the computer models is shown in Table II.The meas-i.3ment data from the data from the soldiers represent the 50thand 75tn percentile grouping. As indicated in Table II, most of themeasurement data for the computer models varies somewhat between thesetwo groupings, but tends toward the 50th percentile grouping. Bodilyregions, as described in the models, are consistent with those definedin the currently accepted "computer man" model developed by the ResearchDivision of Chemical Systems Laboratory at Edgewood. The calculation ofthe weight for the computer models is based on MOMENT Subroutine calcu-lations for the total volume of the computer models. Details regardingweight calculations are discussed in the following section and Appendix A.

The origin of the coordinate system used for these models arelocated within the heads of the models, at a point centered between theeyes, the forehead, and the rear of the head; it is located 48.26millimetres (mm) (1.9 inches) above the eyes. Figure 4 and 6 displaythe front and side views of the graphical representatives of the modelsof sitting and standing man, respectively, complete with location ofthe center of their coordinate system and direction of the positivecoordinate axis. The height of the center of coordinates is also shown.Figures 5 and 7 display the front and rear oblique views of these models,indicating additional detail. Dimensions pertinent to the space orvolume required for emplacement of these models within a weapon ortarget system model can be obtained from Table II. Two versions of themodels of sitting and standing man were prepared, helmeted and unhelmeted.The helmeted version of sitting man contains 56 solids and regions,while the unhelmeted version contains 50. Similarly, the helmetedversion of standing man contains 62 solids and regions, while the unhelmetedversion contains 56. Consistent with the units of measurei. ,t used in bothpast and current weapon system models, the crew personnel are availablein either inch or millimetre dimensions.

IV. VALIDATION PROCEDURE

The validation procedure entails a series of steps which aredesigned to verify that the COM-GEOM computer models are correctlyprepared, that is, valid. The series of steps begins with the applica-tion of the CHECK Subroutine of the GIFT computer code. The CHECKSubroutine determines whether regions overlap, that is, occupy the samevolume within the computer model. A. 0.25 mm allowable overlap tolerance,defined as the maximum amount which the components can overlap, was usedin the CHECK analysis of these models. Overlaps noted by this step weresubsequently corrected.

3Robert M. White, "Th 'ody Size of Soldiers: US Army Anthropometry -

1976,11 US Army Natick Laboratories Technical Report No. 72-51-CE,December, 1971.

10

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The second step of the validation procedure uses the GRID Subroutineto determine whether unwanted voids or undefined volumes exist in thecomputer model; it does this by examining the model in fine detailfrom various directions. The GRID Subroutine passes a plane, which isperpendicular to the attack aspect under consideration, through theorigin of the computer model's coordinate system. A grid overlay is thensuperimposed on this plane and for each cell on this grid overlay, a ray,normal to the attack plane, is projected through the computer model. Aseach ray is traced through the computer model, LOS thickness, normalthicknesses, and the obliquity angles are enumerated for every Itemencountered along the ray path. Voids highlighted by this step arethen corrected.

A third step in the validation procedure involves the use of theMOMENT Subroutine of the GIFT computer code. The MOMENT Subroutine alsoprojects rays through the model but with the intent of producing estimatesof weights of components based on individual component (item) densities.Moments of inertia along with total weight and volume of the model arealso calculated in this subroutine. The component (Item) densities arethe key input data in exercising the MOMENT Subroutine; calculations ofall other values are dependent on the accuracy of these data. However,often exact density values are not available because the component iscomprised of more than one material (non-homogeneous) or it has a shapeor volume that is irregular. In the case of components having internalair spaces, LOS percentages of solid material to air must be considered;this determines how the density must be "adjusted" to correctly calculatea total component weight. The analyst adjusts the density on successivecomputer runs so that the individual component weights correspond, withina desired tolerance, to their actual weights.

Since there are no density values available for the individual bodyregions, as defined in these models, an average density of 1.07 gm/cm 3

was initially used for all of the body components. (The density of 1.07gm/cm 3 is the accepted density value for soft tissue of the human body.)Analysis of the MOMENT output data, using densities of 1.07 gm/cm3 ,indicated that, for the volume and height, the models of the sitting andstanding crew personnel were too light in weight. Subsequently, it wasdetermined that the average density used for the personnel models was.tot large enough and a new algorithm, based on the density of soft tissueand bone, should be used. This algorithm, derived in Appendix A isbased primarily on the percentage values, by weight, of bone and musclewithin an average human body and the total body volume as calculated bythe MOMENT Subroutine. The total weights and final "adjusted" densityvalues used for all the components of sitting and standing man as cal-culated by this new algorithm are as follows:

Density (gm/cm3) Body Weight (kg)

For Sitting Man 1.1843 75.60 (167 lbs)

For Standing Man 1.1794 72.12 (159 lbs)

18

..... ... .:1J .- . .

Using these density values, the total weights were verified by theMOMENT Subroutine. The differences in the body densities and weights,shown above, are accounted for by the slight differences in the totalbody volumes of the sitting and standing personnel models ascalculated by the MOMENT Subroutine.

Another step in the validation procedure consists of the generationof computer graphic illustrations of the model, as produced by the PICTURSubroutine of the GIFT computer code. These computer illustrations areexamined in detail to determine if all regions are in their properposition. Figures 4 through 7 represent computer illustrations producedby Lhe PICTIR Subroutine.

V. MODEL UTILIZATION INFORMATION

The computer models of sitting and standing crew personnel wereconstructed so that the geometric solids comprising the arm and legscould be moved selectively into more realistic positions, if required.To facilitate any required movement (rotation) of geometric solids,pivot points corresponding to various body joints were designated.However, in regard to the pivot points, the modls of sitting andstanding man are slightly different: only the model of sitting man hasknee and ankle joints. Pivot points and their coordinate values arelisted for both models in Table III. Body positions involving themovement of the back (either bends or twists) have not been designed forthe models.

The validated computer models of sitting and standing crew personnelare available in English (inch) and metric (millimetre) dimensions andare currently accessible on the CYBER 76 computer. The authors expresssincerely the opinion that the use of these models of crew personnelwill enhance and increase the credibility of current weapon or targetsystem models.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions ofMr. David Neades, for the data he furnished and for the discussionswhich led to the analysis within Appendix A.

T

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21

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APPENDIX A

CALCULATION OF "ADJUSTED" WEIGHT AND DENSITYOP THE CREW PERSONNEL MODELS

23

CALCULATION OF ADJUSTED WEIGHT AND DENSITYOF THE CREW PERSONNEL MODELS

(Based on the Volumes Computed by MOMENT Subroutine)

Initially, if one makes the assumption that the human body is comprisedbasically of two kinds of tissue, bone and soft tissue (which includes all themuscles, internal organs, etc.), then, the total volume of the human body

(V can be expressed as the volume of bone (VB) plus the volume of soft

tissue (VsT). This relationship is shown as:

V =V + VHB B ST (1)

The MOMENT Subroutine computed only VHB; VB and VST are not known and must be

determined from other quantities.

VHB (for sitting man) = 63835.05 cm3 (2.2543 ft3)

VHB (for standing man) = 61147.76 cm3 (2.1594 ft 3

The total weight of the human body (WHB) is expressed as the weight of

bone (WB) plus the weight of soft tissue (WsT), or

WHB =WB +WST. (2)

2However, the percent of bone by weight in an average adult human body is aknown quantity and may be used as the basis for determining WHB,

WBoneHB B =43 (3)

and

% Soft TissueHB = WST = 57. (4)HBBHB

1Subscripts B, ST, and HB represent Bone, Soft Tissue, and Human Body,respectively. They are used throughout the appendix.

2The percent of bone by weight in an average human body determined to be

43%. Ref: Dave Neades (undisclosed source).

25

W HBI WB, and W ST are, at this point, undetermined; but

WV BWB = B 0B

and

WST = VST PST

where

gmc3PB 1.8 gm/cm (This represents an averagefrom a range of densities

and between 1.7 - 2.0 gm/cm3 .)

PST a 1.07 gm/cm3 .

Therefore,

WB = 1.8 V

and

WST -1.07 gm/cm3 VST.

Substituting for WB and WST from Equations 3 and 4 produces:

0.43 WH ,1.8 gm/cm3 VB (5)

and

0.57 WHE -1.07 gm/cm Vs . (6)

Since V B + VST (Equation 1), Equation 5 and 6 must be divided by 1.8

gm/cm3 and 1.07 gm/cm3 , respectively, or

0.2389 gm/cm3 WHB u VB (7)

and

0.5327 gm/cm3 WHB * VST. (8)

26

Adding Equation 7 and 8 yields

30.7716 gm/cm W = VHB; (9)

but, knowing that

VHB (for sitting man) = 63835.05 cm3

and

V (for standing man) = 61147.76 cm3,

HB

we can substitute in Equation 9 and determine that

63835.05 cm3

WHB (Sitting Man) 80.7715 cm = 82.73075 Kg (182.39 Ib)

and361147.76 cm

WHB (Standing Man) 60.7716 gm = 79.24800 K6 (174.4r12 lb)

Consequently, substituting the values of WHB into Equations 7 and 8

respectively, yields (for sitting man):

VB = (0.2389 go/cm3) (82730.75 gm) = 19764.38 cm3

and

3 3VST = (0.5327 gm/cm ) (82730.75 gm) = 44070.67 cm

and (for standing man):

VB = (0.2389 gm/cm3) (79248.00 gm) = 18932.35 cm3

and

VST = (0.5327 gm/cm3) (79248.00 gm) = 42215.41 cm3.

For the sitting man the % bone by volume, using Equation 1 is

=19764.38 cm 0.3096 or 30.96 %

VHB 63835.05 cm3

27

the % soft tissue by volume (also using Equation 1) is

V3ST =44070.67 cm a 0.6904 or 69.04 %.VHB 63835.05 cm3

The same percentages hold true for the standing man:

" VB 18932.85 cm3

B : 18932.85 C 0.3096 or 30.96 %=9VHB 61147.76 cm3

and

VST 42215.41 cm3 0.6904 or 69.04 %.

fHB 61147.76 cm

It is now possible to develop an average density of the human body,Pa. ° which can ultimately be used with modifications in the MOMENT Subroutine

of GIFT program to calcuite the total body weight, WHB.

Since individual component densities are not available for the inr!vidualcomponents as defined, average density, PHB' is multiplied by all components

volumes calculated by the MOMENT Subroutine.

The average density, PHB based on volume considerations, can be

computed as follows:

X P + Y PST

where: X - VB/VHB 0.3096, Y VST/VHB 0.6904, pB -1.8 gm/cm3 , and

- 1.07 gm/cm3.PST

5HB = (0.3096) (1.8 gm/cm ) + (0.6904) (1.07 gm/cm )

3

= 0.5573 gm/cm + 0.7387 gm/cm3

PHB = 1.296 gm/cm3

This can be verified by rearranging Equation 9

0.7716 cm3/gm WHB = VHB

28

d...

Since WHB 0 HB VHB' we find that

PB 0.7716cm3/gm or 1.296 gm/cmPHB 0.7716

To be more precise in the weight calculations, the volume of air in an

average set of lungs, VL, was subtracted from the total body volume, VHB,

* to yield an "adjusted" body volume (VHB - VL). The "adjusted" body volume

was multiplied by the average body density, PHB' to produce the "adjusted"body weight, WB. In equation form, this is written as follows:

HB (VHB "vL)

where: PHB 1.296 gm/cm 3, V = 63835.05 cm3, and VL = 5500 cm3,

WB = 1.296 gm/cm3 (58335.05 cm3)

(for sitting man)

W1 = 75.60222 kg (166.67 lb)

HB

WHB = HB (VHB "VL)

where: HB 1.296 gm/cm 3, VHB = 61147.76 cm3, and VL = 5500 cm3,

W = 1.296 gm/cm3 (55647.76 cm3)MB

(for standing man)

W = 72.11950 kg (159.00 lb)MB

Since the volume of air in the lungs, VL) is not :-counted for in the

models because of the way they are constructed, the average body volume,VHB, (which is calculated by the MOMENT Subroutine) is used with the "adjusted"

body weight, W1 to develop a corrected average human body density, p .MB'

This is calculated using the following equation:

3The "average' lung capacity, from deepest inspiration to deepest expiration,of a twenty year old male, approximately 1778 mm (70 inches) in height, is5500 cm3. Source: Civilian Employees Health Clinic Data.

29

L7 -

For sitting man:~W/~-, HB

SHB = VHB

where: W:B - 75602.22 gm and VHB - 63835.05 cm3 ,

-, = 75602.22 gmP HB 3 ..63835.05 cm

B 1.1843 gm/cm3

For standing man:

-, HBOHB = VHB

where: WHB = 72119.50 gm and V = 61147.76 cm3,

NB HB

-1 72119.50 gmPHB - 61147.76

- gm/cm3HB = 1.1794 gm/cm 3

If density is an importaDt parameter in determining ballistic resistanceof a human body to penetrating mechanisms in a typical weapon systemvulnerability study, pephaps the analst should consider using the "adjusted"average body density PHB = 1.18 gm/cm rather than just the value for soft

tissue, 1.07 gm/cm3 , per se. With reference to the initial assumption thatthe human body is comprised basically of two kinds of tissue - bony and soft,it is recognized an "adjusted" density does not always represent realitywhen it comes to calculating human body resistance to penetrating mechanisms.A feasible way around this situation is to construct human models withinternal skeletons so that resistance of bone and soft tissue can bedistinguished; however, the significance of this approach remains undetermined.

30

.... ..-...4---I mn [ILml -. lr .. I m .. ! I I I III n !iiiiini i Imi -

APPENDIX B

TABULATION OF COM-GEOM DATA FOR MODEL

OF SI"TING CREW PERSONNEL (WITH HELMET)

I I1

31

at zi LU 0-4 WW L 44

IL 0 0 ng IL 39 Lo) x >-W >- wU cc Wca " g- 3 0 0 -j u- WWuiI- o 1- 4 >I-

4c I z 1-c 0 ha . WU U "- S -4 x- I-- I--.u

us 4 ox 4 u n wn (A 39 4 LOIf- LL I-- Lo U.

ac wi WL uW 0 0 0 4 9 W L -4u LL j CD 9 jV-2 co =i zc = - I 9z I I0000000 00 0 00 00 c00000000 0 000

0000000 w00 U Q~0 w 10 0 0 -rQ r0 .0 % 0

w 00000-r0 00 0(f000000O.D~OOQO0.06 000000 00 0 00 0000 000 00 06 00

-50000Ob *0 000c 0c mr~4(-4r - -w 00ko 0o ONN 00 0 0c Nmominv4nm

OD ,-o49I m V- I

0000000 00 00000000000.00'00O0.O0ni- 0000000 00t 0000000000rorOl.O-

0. 0000 000 00 0 c 06 N 6 6 0 N0 00 0 6 0 00r

M 0 c 4 4 U; 4;

I-4U 40000000 00 0000OO0000000000000_Ja 9 0000000 00 0000o00000000of0r~0r00o4Z 0000000 00 M00 0N,-40NN('QJ0 OC%Q0O-

(.0 0 *ewo o *0 *0*4 0 0 r 0 N N..4.a 0 0 ** 0 **1 * w

"~ 1 -' 0 4 i 0 Q 0 0 N 4 %rl Nt L'54Nr4ny-4 . N1.3 I.- CA N- r4 9-4 V4 101

1-W 0000000 00 0000000000000000000-5j 0L 0000000 00 0 00 0 00 000 0n00in0"0 0Ocl 0000000 00 0.O O O00f.0Il00

InCL-00Uf 0 .00,4000otl0CJoor000,-00000.iD 0000 00000 0 000 00 Oe00 00 00 0 00 00

cc -5 0000000 .00 .00O0O0N000I~.000I--0000a-- 0 0%0 0% In Q~ 00 0N 0 0 4 in 0 t ow .0 01-

00 Wn NO 0% N N '-4 P44 I 90 V4 r4 r4 I~-

i 000000 00 OOOOOOOOOOONONO O 4wL. 000 00 00 -jOOOOOOOOO -i x -j -j -j -t

0 Z: V 4 N m r L a r D . 00 O NN m r LM %0

0): (rJ0O 0-f r~~4.. -4 r-4 4 w-I-44

'-4 I I 33

0 LUr04 14 (m Ny (n CAC~ LUSE ELU 3c uj LU ad0& m*.. O.J x .w. jU 4j (l UJ 01 -

be LW xU w xu m X 0 z.~u ccU cc ac Ix cc I j .j z OX #- 04

LU (100 4- Z I- z LU ui 0 ZO U. W WK Ix (ALL U.~ Z m Z ZZ ~ L4

o ~ ~~- 0000f-or.N00000000000 000OW0000wDI-O 1.-U W'LnQQQ0Q00OO 000 4000M0ON0 NQ 0~Q~ on inc00 0 0000 M1 0 9-40 ~0 Mi M0 t- 0 t- 0 0 r.

0 0000 00000 0r- 0000000000000 00.

1.-: 0 0000000M Om.. 9.0 N 000040I0o0 004LU NO O C O 0%00 P0)4i1 )f 00

0 V14 P4 4 Vw4 4 V4 N N N

WU 0 000000000 m 0000000000000c 00(A LU 0 000000000 0cc P0%OCC0O000wo 00Z m rl 0 N00 *00 0 y 0 0O04%V.0 00,-40 mr In 0z.- N SOOSn W W 0-0 t * nN* tr 00000000 0 *000 000 0 *0)00, 0o 9ONNO

0 00N Pz% in m ( 14 0uU3 IN 14 9. 4 P414y4 r-4

mui A OOOOOOPonO inw W000000000000 00J~l & 000O0OO 00r P-O000000o0000 00O14 r400400CONO N0 00*00000)000 0o(A a 0 N NW M O )Nm 00% Nk 0~0lW4 40 Pn~.r 4 0 it-r . 40

00 0 * *00.00000 00 *000000000**0 00

O -t N 14 MJ r-4 0 In 4.tlfl0Inf4n)V% 0 0 0 %rrw L -4 4 I0),f n 4 4 N 14 4 r-

LU 4 0 00000001-) "0 toOOcooooOcoo 00~ 0. 0 oooooo,.o o-' m oooooo ooo 0000000 0 ro'ooOOONO C)00N)O040OOOOOCOCO 00

0 4 i 0 m0%V00000 00) 0 004 0 0-10 %r0 m14r0

0-01.z 4 IL' z~o in ;0 z0 z 440.1 z ~ 9 0;99 4Z4W0-fM r Y (n I 1414 IA r- II f- t N N4 N NI-.4. v- M I4 M IIY M I I

cov0

IN0 000% 0 00 Y r i 0000000000000 00(A m N N) N4 0Y Nnii n 0 0 4 0

43

wU 0 D, :wXx :V$ 0 X cc XW Mnmu

e~ i f, &z z zdx =) 1- .4WL '4W I-1 I- W C")i'4 B- OZ J I.-WLSI- F- BI 4 C

w3 0w no CDoo 0L LCDOL " LLWO"IZW Xm.. j LL XLLU.L.W-- L -4WLLWtA WW.U.Q"fl W L C I.O v I i u WI-WW..Ui

00 000 00 0rm00af mfl0OfLn 00000 0000 000 00 QN 0 Q N 0 0 0 00000 0 IninQ 060 D V0 0000,4 0 0 r4 00Q 0~ 0 fl-

40 0 - 00 0 r4 0 0 0m0 00 00 0,o 0 w@

4A C 4 4 08 0wI zN A0z0004 8OO zO 4 ONw OD m m r r 0 0 NYO N~ P4 r-4 I I N r4 4rO

im 13 00 000 00 00000 0000 OOOON 00ww L 00 000 00 00000 0000 0 00 0 fl 00

5 0)0 000 00 000-00 00.00 00000l 00z m 0 0000 00 0U 0o 00 400 00 00 0 00 c

E-1 00 000 00 000 m00 0000 0 000 mcrc

acz (A 0r - 0 r40I 40r - - rro 0q0m 4 - r

CL Ix 0 0 0 00 0 0 0)0 *0~ 0 *0 o~ 0 00 0 0*X o 00 0 00-- 0 0w% 0 q0 N00 4 000 00Q100~4 r 0

0 f A ON " 061 N10 00 0.00 .00 ODO in I

0.0 00 0 00 00 0 00 0 0 o40 0 0.000 00

0c VW 0 44 0 4 C D D% Or ON m.O r inN r- fN- P4 r-

I- 01 O4 fl- f-t P- fl4N O -4 P N r.4 %0 1- m r -r%NW N in M BN -r m * 4 f- r. e-

In 1.4

0w ' 00 000 0000000400 00-00 00000 000.LL 00 0000 000 0O0 04000 0~AOf 0 00 o11)-

00C 00 In t n llononoooocf0 00100 0 0~ NN M %r4P0 t AQ o -(I Pr Y*)*00 &0 & 0% 04 w40 00 m.~1)f %0tmI1 r-ir rc4

CD 14 00 090 0 00 00 0 0000 900000 990

oZ N N N N N NN r4I P-0OQ P40 r400

1-46-400 0 0 0 - 0-I r-4N0 .O ,-40 rr0 0- 0) 0 0 40 4 %W- In N N 0 1 6161 0 001,-000 l 0)0 0 0)W P- 0 I - r- I-I

w 00 000000000 000 0000 OOOOOONN ),wu.4 0 tf4-- rt- rP t0 '-f-r-- % ootooooooWoM 000 @oo - -4

00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *0 0

004UN U Minn tl1)0inl ON 0IIP O W0 ONO %tA 1-r-000 04 NNmN m4-0.,4)-' iI-4 iInEmM ,4-4 N % It.0 00 UN

1-N NY N N W N t N N~ ,4 g

0U (A 00 00 00 cc ONNN (A &'44V)

- X 0 004 00 0nn 0 f- 0D &0 00 04 00 00 0r 000 000

mA en 0n m C" n C" m 0%r %r It -r -Pr %N 0Nrz~n0iL10rl4 00W

I B I I NW N NW B B3S4

LUJ ..J 0. 0

af x .9 CL.4 9L

LU 0m 0L ZL 4Zx .4LAa 3" l-D --l w -W I-U LL

cc ZI4 D-j Z-$i w Z-0

LU (DDC WL N. 4U. Q (Droo

-jj

a ~ o No0 0 00 0000WNN00UW ~ ~ QL - 0 0 00 a 1 f-0- I--P. r-I%'tI.- mo CC 0 00 o0 O- f4 4 4 4 H1

j0 00 0%t o e rgo......Q0~ ~ ON r- 0 0 OsO 0 r 4 I- r- r- m r- r

W0 4 ~o Q1 -w-I.-'.4

CL0 Ni 0 0 0 0 ONNN1 Nww CA 0jr -0 0 o 00 o m mr4 c;r-00 0 sP 00f ~4 . fl- 4 -4

4j ~ i oj LU %r tAni V%

64 -4 0 C0 0 00 0 00 0 00000

El- CY 0 00 0 00000O00V) 0P Z 40% 00 t0N 4 %t4.N r

(D 0 -4

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V$r N- N P W0 0 00 -4 N NN

in UN r4 r 0 P 00 v4 t o,- 4w r r r P r

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0 t N. r4" sOI r-.sM -4 M 0 -r tON -rO04%

CY 0 0W 0 M0 0 M00000 l 4 -0000 r

%r Nt %r % NVN ,4NNN.- nr %

a.. oou r r x-i u u--x1c-c

0X 00 (Y00 0- 0 Of 0r 000 0 0(A0~0 M0 -t r I 0000' 00u I

z Of--ff -- I-4-- 4s1

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LU 0 1WW Li0~v' IL 0 -

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ccLUU sOoX LU -W.J00 a a uu..1LUa Ol= Mu(4O"

f-4

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w ca r -4 r4r4r - Hr 4r N N %NNN N N~ NNMM

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6-41.4

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0 000 0 0 0 00* 0 6 060 6 00 0 0 00* 0 0 0 0 6 009

rj mM m tni cri %0N wO MN 4N4 N -l

Ix0000000 00 0000000000Doioo.O0%00Wi 0000000 00 00o00000000NOOWONNO

1-0000000 0t 000 0000 000 l--,1--4 r-,q-O0000000 0~~ 000 00 00 urCO ~~o mnfn01wn0 0 0 0@0 0 0 0 @ 0 00 0 0 @0 0 Og06 @

2; 000w000 06% 0000 0Z00OO OO' 0000 to -4 ,..4 r4 r4 1 .-4 61

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0 0 000000 000 t0 0N0 *0NN0N0N0N0x IxaUrooomooo N- 0 r4C O O M'~-r -U~0

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03 0000000 00 00000000000ONNOcJNNLULL 0000000 00 000O00000OI010IAounoCDC) 0000000 00 0~0AJ000OC000WWOOMWO

0 00 0000 00 ONO mOo Nr-t0N& waNQPNN

j0.0000000 6010 0000 000 000000000000

W1 OOOOOOOOO0r-00000000000000000000tW1 00000000 000000n OO000(n0(rC-srm04

0000000 0)MVOOOOOO

0 NNOO01N 0% 01 4 .O'0 "4 i.4 r4 .rv4 C"v-4 I I f-

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0- f-4 ,-4 N N u UU

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cm 1 IC 0 (A n Ii J -

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0 oo000oIOr-O w1A00000000O0 0 00

0 %r 0OQ0 NO DY0 W0 CP DD C 00~O QO0 in

0 0 00 0 0 mP40a r4 0 ODr4I Mt 0Pt-0 0In 0 0 P-

0 000 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 00 00 0 0 0;8 4 00

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1-z 0 O0000000(m omf 000000O0000I000 00

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KZ0 O0co0000o' 0o I-00 N 0 NO0%o~o 00

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0 0O 00000000 c 00 NO oO0 0OQ00 0 00$ Nai I

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00 000 000 000 cc 0000I 00O0j A j I0o00 0000 000 000 I&000000000000C00 0 C)O) 000 000 .- 4000000OO0000000 0o-flo 00)0 000 r4 0 0 MNOO.O%0)L'0 0 00

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trio OOIo C)WO 000 00000000000000

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0 000000000000000000000000000000000LL 00 00 00 00 00 00O0 00000000OIO Of0IO~fIOIOt

000 k%0 *0 m0 0 0D0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0n0 00 0MM0 05 0 m0L 0 00U 0 In

NN N NN I NN N N IN N N NI

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MEMORANDUM FOR Chief, Technical Library, ATTN: Ms. L. LeTendre

SUBJECT: Distribution Statements for Ballistic ResearchLaboratory Reports

1. References:

a. Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. 397,"An Improved Tourmaline Air Blast Gage", by T. D. Carr and M. A.Bakinowski, October 1945, AD number 494667, UNCLASSIFIED,enclosed.

b. Ballistic Research Laboratories Memorandum Report No.1778, "Detonation Pressure Measurements in TNT and OCTOL", by R.Jameson and A. Hawkins, August 1966, AD number 802251,UNCLASSIFIED, enclosed.

c. Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. ARBRL-MR-03115, "Blast Computations over a Hemicylindrical AircraftShelter", by J. Wortman, July 1981, AD number B058960,UNCLASSIFIED, enclosed.

d. Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. ARBRL-MR-03125, "Combinatorial Geometry Computer Models of Sitting andStanding Crew Personnel" by L. R. Kruse and C. H. Lee, August1981, AD number B060185, UNCLASSIFIED, enclosed.

e. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 734, "Responseof Air Blast Gauges of Various Shapes as a Function of PressureLevel", by S. T. Marks, August 1950, AD number 801219,UNCLASSIFIED, enclosed.

f. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 775, "Responseof Air Blast Gauges of Various Shapes to One-Pound SphericalPentolite Charges as a Function of Pressure Level", by S. T.Marks, September 1951, AD number 801726, UNCLASSIFIED,. enclosed.

2. Subject area experts have reviewed the referenced reports andhave determined that they do not contain any information thatrequires limited distribution. Document release authorities haveapproved the reports for public release. This office will notifythe Defense Technical Information Center about the change in thedistribution statements.

AMSRL-CS-IO-SCSUBJECT: Distribution Statements for Ballistic ResearchLaboratory Reports

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2