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Table of ContentsDedication iii

Preface xiii

Introduction to FEA 1-2General Working of FEA 1-2Nodes, Elements, and Element Shapes 1-4General Procedure of Conducting Finite Element Analysis 1-6FEA through ANSYS 1-7Effective Utilization of FEA 1-8FEA Software 1-8 Advantages and Limitations of FEA Software 1-9

Key Assumptions in FEA 1-9 Assumptions Related to Geometry 1-10 Assumptions Related to Material Properties 1-10 Assumptions Related to Boundary Conditions 1-10 Assumptions Related to Fasteners 1-10

Types of Analysis 1-10Structural Analysis 1-11Thermal Analysis 1-13

Fluid Flow Analysis 1-13Electromagnetic Field Analysis 1-14Coupled Field Analysis 1-14

Important Terms and Definitions 1-14Strength (Resistance to Deformation) 1-14Load 1-14Stress 1-14Strain 1-15Elastic Limit 1-15Ultimate Strength 1-15Factor of Safety 1-16Lateral Strain and Poisson’s Ratio 1-16Bulk Modulus 1-16

Creep 1-16Engineering Materials 1-16

Introduction to ANSYS 1-17System Requirements 1-17Getting Started with ANSYS 1-18

Interactive Mode 1-18

Chapter 1: Introduction to FEA and ANSYS

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ii Table of Contents

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Chapter 2: Basic Solid Modeling

Batch Mode 1-18Starting a New File Using the ANSYS Product Launcher window 1-18

ANSYS 11.0 Output Window 1-22 ANSYS Multiphysics Utility Menu Window (ANSYS Session) 1-23Utility Menu 1-23Main Menu 1-25Graphics Area 1-25Standard Toolbar 1-26 ANSYS Command Prompt 1-26Command Window Icon 1-26Raise Hidden Icon 1-26Reset Picking 1-28Contact Manager 1-28 ANSYS Toolbar 1-28Model Control Toolbar 1-28

User Prompt Information 1-29Current Settings 1-29

Setting the Analysis Preferences 1-29Units in ANSYS 1-31Other Important Terms Related to ANSYS 1-32

Dialog Boxes 1-32Graphics Display 1-32Panning, Zooming, and Rotating the Model 1-34Dividing the Graphics Area 1-34The Pan-Zoom-Rotate Dialog Box 1-35Graphics Picking 1-38Using Mouse Buttons for Picking 1-42 ANSYS Database and Files 1-42Saving the File 1-43Resuming the File 1-43Clearing the Database 1-44Some Basic Steps in General Analysis Procedure 1-44Points to Remember while Performing an Analysis 1-45 ANSYS Help 1-45

Exiting ANSYS 1-46Self-Evaluation Test 1-47

Solid Modeling in ANSYS 2-2

Solid Modeling and Direct Generation 2-2Solid Modeling Methods 2-3Bottom-up Construction 2-3Top-down Construction 2-3

Considerations before Creating a Model for Analysis 2-4Details Required 2-4Symmetry 2-4

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ANSYS for Designers iii

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Chapter 3: Advanced Solid Modeling

Creating Geometric Entities 2-6Creating Keypoints 2-6

Creating Hard Points 2-11Creating Lines 2-13Creating Arcs 2-17Creating B-Splines 2-18Creating Fillets between Intersecting Lines 2-21Creating Areas 2-22

Creating and Modifying Workplanes 2-32Display Working Plane 2-32Show WP Status 2-32 WP Settings 2-32Offset WP by Increments 2-34Offset WP to 2-35 Align WP with 2-36

Coordinate Systems in ANSYS 2-37Global Coordinate System 2-37Local Coordinate System 2-38 Active Coordinate System 2-38Display Coordinate System 2-38Nodal Coordinate System 2-38Element Coordinate System 2-38Results Coordinate System 2-38Creating New Coordinate Systems 2-38Deleting Existing Coordinate Systems 2-39

Tutorial 1 2-40Tutorial 2 2-42Tutorial 3 2-45Self-Evaluation Test 2-50Review Questions 2-51Exercise 1 2-51Exercise 2 2-52

Advanced Solid Modeling 3-2Creating Volumes 3-2Extruding Entities 3-9Extending the Line 3-12

Creating Complex Solid Models by Performing Boolean Operations 3-12

Modifying the Solid Model 3-16Scale 3-16Move 3-17Copy 3-19Reflect 3-20

Deleting Solid Model Entities 3-21

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iv Table of Contents

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Chapter 4: Finite Element Modeling (FEM) - I

Chapter 5: Finite Element Modeling (FEM) - II

Importing Solid Models 3-22Importing the IGES File 3-22

Importing Models from Pro/ENGINEER 3-24Importing the Model from Unigraphics 3-25Tutorial 1 3-26Tutorial 2 3-28Self-Evaluation Test 3-37Review Questions 3-37Exercise 1 3-38Exercise 2 3-39

An Overview of the Finite Element Modeling 4-2Element Attributes 4-2

Element Types 4-2Reasons Why ANSYS has a Large Element Library 4-6

Real Constants 4-7Material Properties 4-13Multiple Attributes 4-22 Assigning Multiple Attributes before Meshing 4-22 Assigning Default Attributes before Meshing 4-23Modifying Attributes after Meshing 4-24 Verifying Assigned Attributes 4-25Element Attributes Table 4-26Tutorial 1 4-27Tutorial 2 4-30Tutorial 3 4-34Tutorial 4 4-36Self-Evaluation Test 4-38Review Questions 4-38Exercise 1 4-39Exercise 2 4-39

Finite Element Modeling (FEM) - II 5-2Mesh Generation 5-2Mesh Density 5-3Meshing the Solid Model 5-4

Setting Element Attributes 5-4Defining the Mesh Density 5-4Defining the Entity to be Meshed 5-11Defining the Meshing Type 5-11

Meshing the Model 5-20Refining the Mesh Locally 5-22

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Extruding the Mesh 5-26Transitional Pyramid Elements 5-26

Requirements for Creating Pyramid Elements 5-28Creating Transitional Pyramid Elements (Hex-to-Tet Meshing) 5-29Converting Degenerate Tetrahedral (20 nodes) Elements intoNon-degenerate (10 nodes) Tetrahedral Elements 5-29Plotting Pyramid Elements 5-32

Meshing the Beam With Orientation Nodes 5-33Creating the Beam Mesh with Orientation Nodes 5-33Creating the Beam Mesh with Two Orientation Nodes 5-36

Improving the Tetrahedral Element Meshes 5-37Improving Tetrahedral Meshed Volumes by Using Volumes 5-38Improving Tetrahedral Meshed Volumes by Using Detached Elements 5-38

Some Additional Tips while Meshing the Model 5-39 Applying Loads 5-40

The Nodal Coordinate System 5-40Loads in Different Disciplines 5-40Types of Loads in ANSYS 5-40Load Steps, Substeps, and Time 5-42 Applying Loads 5-44

Deleting Loads 5-55Deleting DOF Constraints 5-55Deleting all Loads and Load Step Options 5-56Deleting all Loads Applied on Solid Model 5-56Deleting all Loads Applied on Finite Element Model 5-57

Tutorial 1 5-57Tutorial 2 5-60Tutorial 3 5-65Tutorial 4 5-68Self-Evaluation Test 5-71Review Questions 5-72Exercise 1 5-73Exercise 2 5-73Exercise 3 5-73

Solution 6-2Defining the New Analysis Type 6-2Restarting the Analysis 6-3

Setting Solution Controls 6-4Setting Analysis Options 6-7Solving the Analysis Problem 6-12

Postprocessing the Result 6-12POST1 (General Postprocessor) 6-13POST26 (Time-history Postprocessor) 6-13Result Coordinate System (RSYS) 6-13

Chapter 6: Solution and Postprocessor

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Displaying the Deformed Shape of the Model 6-14Displaying the Minimum and Maximum Stresses 6-17

Listing Reaction Forces 6-19Listing Stress Values at each Node 6-20Query Picking 6-21Path Operations 6-24Load Case Combinations 6-27Results Viewer 6-31

Tutorial 1 6-35Tutorial 2 6-39Tutorial 3 6-45Self-Evaluation Test 6-50Review Questions 6-50Exercise 1 6-51Exercise 2 6-51

Tutorial 1: Effect of self-weight on a cantilever beam 7-2Tutorial 2: Analysis of a bicycle handle 7-9Tutorial 3: Analysis of a stud (pin) 7-22Tutorial 4: Analysis of a master rod 7-34

Advanced Structural Analysis 8-2Dynamic Analysis 8-2

Performing the Modal Analysis 8-3Specifying the Analysis Type, Analysis Options, and Applying Loads 8-3Obtaining the Solution 8-6Reviewing Results 8-7

Performing the Harmonic Analysis 8-8Specifying the Analysis Type, Analysis Options, and Applying Loads 8-9Obtaining the Solution 8-11Reviewing Results 8-11

Performing the Transient Analysis 8-14Specifying the Analysis Type, Analysis Options, and Applying Loads 8-15Obtaining the Solution 8-18Reviewing Results 8-19

Nonlinear Analysis 8-20

Geometric Nonlinearity 8-21Material Nonlinearity 8-22Boundary Nonlinearity (Changing Status) 8-22Performing the Nonlinear Analysis 8-23Specifying the Analysis Type, Setting Solution Controls, and Applying Loads 8-23Obtaining the Solution 8-24Reviewing Results 8-24

Chapter 7: Tutorials (Static Structural Analysis)

Chapter 8: Advanced Structural Analysis (Dynamic and Nonlinear)

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Tutorial 1 8-24Tutorial 2 8-31

Tutorial 3 8-36Tutorial 4 8-43Self-Evaluation Test 8-50Review Questions 8-50Exercise 1 8-51Exercise 2 8-51

Tutorial 1: Steel tubes and springs structure 9-2Tutorial 2: Modal analysis of an airplane wing 9-14Tutorial 3: Nonlinear analysis (material nonlinearity) 9-24

Thermal Analysis 10-2Important Terms Used in Thermal Analysis 10-2

Heat Transfer Modes 10-2Thermal Gradient 10-2Thermal Flux 10-3Bulk Temperature 10-3Film Coefficient 10-3Emissivity 10-3Stefan–Boltzmann Constant 10-3Thermal Conductivity 10-3Specific Heat 10-3

Types of Thermal Analysis 10-3Steady-State Thermal Analysis 10-3Transient Thermal Analysis 10-4

Performing Steady-State Thermal Analysis 10-4Setting the Analysis Preference 10-4Creating or Importing a Solid Model 10-4Defining Element Attributes 10-4Meshing the Solid Model 10-6Specifying the Analysis Type, Analysis Options, and Applying Loads 10-6Solving the Analysis Problem 10-11Postprocessing Results 10-12

Performing Transient Thermal Analysis 10-16

Specifying the Analysis Type and Setting Solution Controls 10-17Postprocessing Results 10-18Tutorial 1 10-20Tutorial 2 10-29Tutorial 3 10-35

Chapter 9: Tutorials (Advanced Structural Analysis)

Chapter 10: Thermal Analysis

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Self-Evaluation Test 10-43Review Questions 10-43

Exercise 1 10-44

ANSYS Report Generator 11-2Starting the ANSYS Report Generator 11-2Capturing Images for the Report 11-4Capturing Animations for the Report 11-4Capturing Data Tables for the Report 11-6Capturing Lists for the Report 11-7Compiling the Report 11-7Changing the Default Settings of the ANSYS Report Generator 11-11

Error Estimation in Solution 11-12

Percentage Error in Energy Norm (SEPC) 11-12Element Energy Error (SERR) 11-13Element Stress Deviations (SDSG) 11-13Maximum and Minimum Stress Bounds (SMXB and SMNB) 11-13

Tutorial 1 11-14Self-Evaluation Test 11-30Review Questions 11-31Exercise 1 11-31Exercise 2 11-32

Index 1

Chapter 11: Generating the Report of Analysis

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