Chng 3: NHM CACBON

Nhm cacbon gm nhng nguyn t no? V tr ca chng trong bng tun hon c lin quan nh th no vi cu to nguyn t ca chng? Cc n cht v hp cht ca cacbon, silic c nhng tnh cht c bn no? Gii thch nhng tnh cht nh th no da trn c s l thuyt hc Lm th no iu ch c cacbon, silic, v mt s hp cht quan trng ca chng?

A. Khi qut v nhm cacbon:I. V tr ca nhm cacbon trong bng tun honNhm cacbon gm c cc nguyn t cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge), thic (Sn) v ch (Pb). Chng u thuc nguyn t p.

II. Tnh cht chung ca cc nguyn t nhm cacbon1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t c 4 electron.

trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm cacbon c 2 electron c thn, do trong mt s trng hp chng c th to thnh hai lin kt cng ha tr. Khi c kch thch, mt electron trong cp electron ca phn lp c th c chuyn sang obitan p cn trng ca lp . Khi , nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm cacbon c 4 electron c thn, chng c th to thnh 4 lin kt cng ha tr. t c cu hnh electron bn ca kh him, cc nguyn t nguyn t nhm cacbon to nn nhng cp electron chung vi cc nguyn t khc, trong cc hp cht chng c s oxi ha l +4,+2, v c th l -4 ty thuc vo m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt vi chng. 2. S bin i tnh cht ca cc n cht T cacbon n ch, tnh phi kim gim dn, tnh kim loi tng dn. Cacbon v silic l cc nguyn t phi kim, gemani va c tnh kim loi va c tnh phi kim, cn thic v ch l cc kim loi. Trong cng chu k, kh nng kt hp electron ca cacbon km hn nit v ca silic km hn photpho, nn cacbon v silic l nhng phi kim km hot ng hn nit v photpho 3. S bin i tnh cht ca cc hp cht Tt c cc nguyn t nhm cacbon u to c hp cht vi hiro c cng thc chung l cc hp cht hirua ny gim nhanh t Cc nguyn t nhm cacbon to vi oxi 2 loi oxit l +4. l cc oxit axit, cn cc oxit hp cht lng tnh. , trong . bn ca

c s oxi ha tng ng l +2 v

v cc hiroxit tng ng ca chng l cc

Ngoi kh nng to lin kt cng ha tr vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc, cc nguyn t cacbon cn c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch. Mch cacbon c th gm hng chc, hng trm nguyn t cacbon ( trong hp cht hu c).

B. Cacbon:

I. Tnh cht vt lCacbon to thnh mt s dng th hnh khc nhau v tnh cht vt l + Kim cng l cht tinh th khng mu, trong sut, khng dn in, dn nhit km, c khi lng ring l . Tinh th kim cng thuc loi nguyn t in hnh, trong mi nguyn t cacbon to 4 lin kt cng ha tr bn vi bn nguyn t cacbon ln cn nm trn cc nh ca hnh t din u. Mi nguyn t cacbon nh li lin kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon khc. di ca lin kt bng 0,154nm. Do cu trc ny nn kim cng l cht cng nht trong tt cc cht. + Than ch l tinh th mu xm en, c nh kim, dn in tt nhng km kim loi. Tinh th than ch c cu trc lp. Trong mt lp, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt theo kiu cng ha tr vi 3 nguyn t cacbon ln cn nm nh ca mt tam gic u. di ca lin kt bng 0,142nm. Khong cch gia hai nguyn t cacbon thuc hai lp ln cn nhau l 0,34nm. Cc lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu, nn cc lp d tch khi nhau. Khi vch than ch trn giy, n li vch en gm nhiu lp tinh th than ch. + Fuleren gm cc phn t . Phn t c cu trc hnh rng gm 32 mt vi 60 nh l 60 nguyn t cacbon. Fuleren c pht hin nm 1985. Than iu ch nhn to nh than cc, than g, than xng, than mui,... c gi chung l cacbon v nh hnh. Than g, than xng c cu to xp nn chng c kh nng hp th mnh cc cht kh v cht tan trong dung dch

II. Tnh cht ha hc ca cacbonTrong cc dng tn ti ca cacbon, cacbon v nh hnh hot ng hn c v mt ha hc. Tuy nhin, nhit thng cacbon kh tr, cn khi un nng n phn ng c vi nhiu cht. Trongcc hp cht ca cacbon vi nhng nguyn t c m in ln hn (O,Cl,F,S...), nguyn t cacbon c s oxi ha +2 hoc +4. Cn trong trng hp ca cacbon vi nhng nguyn t c m in nh hn ( hiro, kim loi), nguyn t cacbon c s oxi ha m. Do , trong cc phn ng cacbon th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ha. Tuy nhin, tnh kh vn l tnh cht ch yu ca cacbon. 1. Tnh kh ca cacbon a. Tc dng vi oxi Khi t cacbon trong khng kh, phn ng ta nhiu nhit:

nhit cao, cacbon li kh c

theo phn ng:

Do sn phm khi t cacbon trong khng kh, ngoi kh Cacbon khng tc dng trc tip vi clo, brom v iot b. Tc dng vi hp cht

cn c mt t kh

nhit cao, cacbon c th kh c nhiu oxit, phn ng vi nhiu cht oxi ha khc nh c...:

2. Tnh oxi ha ca cacbon a. Tc dng vi hiro Cacbon phn ng vi hiro nhit cao c cht xc tc, to thnh kh metan:

b. Tc dng vi kim loi nhit cao, cacbon phn ng vi mt s kim loi to thnh cacbua kim loi:

III. ng dngKim cng c dng lm trang sc, c dng ch to mi khoan, dao ct thy tinh v bt mi. Than ch c dng lm in cc, lm ni, chn ny chy cc hp kim chu nhit, ch to cht bi trn, lm bt ch en. Than cc c dng lm cht kh trong luyn kim luyn kim loi t qung. Than g c dng ch thuc n, thuc pho, cht hp th. Loi than c kh nng hp th mnh c gi l than hot tnh. Than ny c dng nhiu trong mt n phng c, trong cng nghip ha cht v trong y hc. Than mui c dng lm cht n khi lu ha cao su, sn xut mc in, xi nh giy...

IV. iu ch v trng thi t nhin1. Trng thi t nhin Trong t nhin, kim cng v than ch l cacbon t do gn nh tinh khit. Ngoi ra, cacbon cn c trong cc khong vt nh canxit ( vi, phn, hoa, chng u cha ), magiezit , olomit v l thnh phn chnh ca cc kim loi than m (than antraxit, than m, than nu, than bn...chng khc nhau v tui a cht v hm lng cacbon). Du m, kh t thin nhin l hn hp ca cc cht khc nhau cha cacbon, ch yu l hirocacbon. C th thc vt v ng vt cha nhiu hp cht ca cacbon. Nc ta c m than antraxit ln Qung Ninh, mt s m than nh Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung Nam... 2. iu ch Kim cng nhn to c iu ch t than ch, bng cch nung than ch atmotphe vi cht xc tc l st, crom, hay niken. Than ch nhn to c iu ch bng cch nung than cc , di p sut 50-100 nghn trong l in, khng c khng kh.

Than cc c iu ch bng cch nung than m khong

trong l cc khng c khng kh.

Than g c to nn khi t chy g trong iu kin thiu khng kh. Than mui c to nn khi nhit phn metan c xc tc:

Than m c khai thc trc tip t cc va than nm su khc nhau di mt t

C. Hp cht ca cacbon:I. Cacbon monooxit1. Cu to phn t trng thi c bn, nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t oxi u c 2 electron c thn phn lp 2p. Do , gia chng c th to thnh 2 lin kt cng ha tr. Ngoi ra, gia hai nguyn t cn hnh thnh mt lin kt cho nhn. Cng thc cu to ca phn t c biu din nh sau: Trong phn t 2. Tnh cht vt l Cacbon monooxit l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, hi nh hn khng kh, rt t tan trong nc, ha lng , ha rn , rt bn vi nhit v rt c 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Trong phn t Cacbon monooxit c lin kt 3 ging nit nn tng t vi nit, Cacbon monooxit rt km hot ng nhit thng v tr nn hot ng hn khi un nng. Cacbon monooxit l oxit trung tnh b. Cacbon monooxit l cht kh mnh chy c trong khng kh to thnh c dng lm nhin liu kh. - Khi c than hot tnh lm xc tc, , cho ngn la mu lam nht v ta nhiu nhit. V vy, , cacbon c s oxi ha l +2

kt hp vi Clo theo phn ng: (photgen)

- Kh

c th kh nhiu oxit kim loi nhit cao:

4. iu ch a. Trong cng nghip - Kh c sn xut bng cch cho hi nc i qua than nung :

Hn hp kh to thnh c gi l kh than t, cha trung bnh khong gn 44% nh

, cn li l cc kh khc

- Kh cn c sn xut trong cc l gas bng cch thi khng kh qua than nung . phn di ca l, cacbon chy bin thnh cacbonioxit. Khi i qua than nung , b kh thnh :

Hn hp kh thu c gi l kh l gas (kh than kh). Kh ny cha khong 25% v mt lng nh cc kh khc. Kh than t, kh l gas u c dng lm nhin liu kh b. Trong phng th nghim Cacbon monooxit c iu ch bng cch cho

, ngoi ra cn c

c vo axit fomic HCOOH v un nng:

II. Cacbon ioxit1. Cu to phn t Cng thc cu to ca Cc lin kt trong phn t phn t khng c cc. 2. Tnh cht vt l l cht kh khng mu, nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh, tan khng nhiu trong nc ( iu kin thng, 1 lt nc ha tan c 1 lt kh ) nhit thng, khi c nn di p sut 60atm, kh s ha lng. l lin kt cng ha tr c cc, nhng do c cu to thng nn l

Khi lnh t ngt , s ha thnh khi rn, trng gi l nc kh. Nc kh khng nng chy m thng hoa, nn c dng to mi trng lnh v kh, rt thun tin cho vic bo qun thc phm. 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Kh khng chy v khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht nn ngi ta dng n dp tt cc m chy. Tuy nhin, kim loi c tnh kh mnh, th d Mg,Al...c th chy c trong kh :

V vy ngi ta khng dng b. Kh

dp tt m chy magie hoc nhm.

l oxit axit, tc dng c vi oxit baz v baz to thnh mui cacbonat. to thnh dung dch axit cacbonic:

Khi tan trong nc, 4. iu ch

a. Trong phng th nghim Kh c iu ch bng cch cho dung dch axit clohiric tc dng vi vi:

b. Trong cng nghip Kh c to ra trong qu trnh t chy hon ton than thu nng lng, ngoi ra cn c thu hi trong qu trnh chuyn ha t kh thin nhin, cc sn phm du m... qu trnh nung vi, qu trnh ln men ru t glucoz.

III. Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonatAxit cacbonic l axit rt yu v km bn, ch tn ti c trong dung dch long, d b phn hy thnh . Trong dung dch, Axit cacbonic phn li theo 2 nc vi cc hng s phn li axit nh sau: v

Axit cacbonic to ra hai mui: mui cacbonat cha in Th d: v mui hirocacbonat cha ion

1. Tnh cht ca mui cacbonat a. Tnh tan Cc mui cacbonat trung ha ca kim loi kim ( tr ), amoni v cc mui hirocacbonat d tan trong nc ( tr hi t tan). Cc mui cacbonat trung ha ca nhng kim loi khc khng tan hoc t tan trong nc b. Tc dng vi axit Cc mui cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch axit, gii phng kh :

c. Tc dng vi dung dch kim Cc mui hirocacbonat d tc dng vi dung dch kim:

d. Phn ng nhit phn Cc mui cacbonat trung ha ca kim loi kim u bn vi nhit. Cc mui cacbonat trung ha ca kim loi khc, cng nh mui hirocacbonat, b nhit phn hy:

2. ng dng ca mt s mui cacbonat Canxi cacbonat nghnh cng nghip tinh khit l cht bt nh, mu trng, c dng lm cht n trong cao su v mt s

Natri cacbonat khan, cn gi l soa khan, l cht bt trng, tan nhiu trong nc. Khi kt tinh t dung dch n tch ra dng tinh th . Soa c dng trong cng nghip thy tinh, gm, bt git... Natri hirocacbonat l cht tinh th mu trng, hi t tan trong nc, c dng trong cng nghip thc phm. Trong y hc, natri hirocacbonat c dng lm thuc gim au d dy do tha axit

D. Silic v hp cht ca silic:I. Silic1. Tnh cht vt l Silic c cc dng th hnh: Silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh Silic tinh th c cu trc ging kim cng, mu xm, c nh kim, nng chy . Silic tinh th c tnh bn dn, nhit thng dn in thp nhng khi tng nhit th dn in tng ln. Silic v nh hnh l cht bt mu trng. 2. Tnh cht ha hc Cng ging nh cacbon, silic c cc s oxi ha -4,0,+2,+4; s oxi ha +2 t c trng i vi silic. Silic v nh hnh c kh nng phn ng cao hn silic tinh th.a. Tnh kh

Tc dng vi phi kim: Silic tc dng vi flo nhit thng, cn khi un nng c th tc dng vi phi kim khc:

(silic tetraflorua) (silic ioxit) Tc dng vi hp cht: Silic tc dng tng i mnh vi dung dch kim, gii phng hiro:

b. Tnh oxi ha nhit cao, silic tc dng vi cc kim loi nh (magie silixua) 3. Trng thi t nhin Silic l nguyn t ph bin th 2 sau oxi, chim gn 29,5% khi lng v tri t. Trong t nhin ch gp silic di dng cc hp cht, ch yu l ct , cc khong vt silicat v aluminosilicat nh : cao lanh ; xecpentin ; fenspat ... Silic cn c trong c th ng vt, thc vt vi lng nh v c vai tr ng k trong hat ng sng ca th gii hu sinh. 4. ng dng v iu ch Silic siu tinh khit l cht bn dn c dng trong k thut v tuyn v in t. Pin mt tri ch to t silic c kh nng chuyn nng lng nh sng mt tri thnh in nng, cung cp cho cc thit b trn tu v tr. Trong luyn kim, hp kim ferosilic c dng ch to thp chu nhit Trong phng th nghim, silic c iu ch bng cch t chy mt hn hp gm bt magie v ct nghin mn: to thnh hp cht silixua kim loi:

Trong cng nghip, silic c sn xut bng cch dng than cc kh silic ioxit trong l in nhit cao:

II. Hp cht ca silic1. Silic ioxit Silic ioxit l cht dng tinh th, nng chy khng tan trong nc. Tron t nhin, tinh th ch yu dng khong vt thch anh. Thch anh ch yu tn ti dng tinh th ln, khng mu, trong sut. Ct l c cha nhiu tp cht. Silic ioxit l oxit axit, tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy hoc cacbonat kim loi kim nng chy, to thnh silicat

Silic ioxit tan trong axit flohiric:

Da vo phn ng ny ngi ta dng dung dch 2. Axit silixic v mui silicat a. Axit silixic Axit silixic

khc ch v hnh trn thy tinh.

l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc, khi un nng d mt nc:

Khi sy kh, Axit silixic mt mt phn nc, to thnh mt vt liu xp l silicagen. Silicagen c dng ht m v hp th nhiu cht. Axit silixic l axit rt yu, yu hn c axit cacbonic nn d b kh y ra khi dung dch mu ca n:

b. mui silicat Axit silixic d tan trong dung dch kim, to thnh mui silicat. Ch c silicat kim loi kim tan c trong nc. Dung dch m c ca v c gi l thy tinh lng. Vi hoc g tm thy tinh lng s kh b chy. Thy tinh lng cn c dng ch to keo dn thy tinh v s. trong dung dch, silicat kim loi kim b phn hy mnh to ra mi trng kim:

E. Cng nghip silicat:I. Thy tinh1. Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca thy tinh Thy tinh thng thng c dng lm ca knh, chai l,...l hn hp ca natri silicat, canxi silicat v silic ioxit, c thnh phn gn ng vit di dng cc oxit l . Thy tinh loi ny c sn xut bng cch nu chy mt hn hp gm ct trng, vi v soa :

Thy tinh khng c cu trc tinh th m l cht v nh hnh, nn khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Khi un nng n mm dn ri mi chy, do c th to ra nhng vt v dng c c hnh dng nh mun. 2. Mt s loi thy tinh Ngoi loi thy tinh thng thng nu trn cn c mt s loi thy tinh khc vi thnh phn ha hc v cng dng khc nhau.

- Khi nu thy tinh, nu thay bng th c thy tinh kali c nhit ha mm v nhit nng chy cao hn. Thy tinh kali c dng lm dng c th nghim, lng knh, thu knh..... - Thy tinh cha nhiu ch oxit d nng chy v trong sut gi l thy tinh pha l - Thy tinh thch anh c sn xut bng cch nu chy silic ioxit tinh khit. Loi thy tinh ny c nhit ha mm cao, c h s n nhit rt nh nn khng b nt khi nng lnh t ngt. - Khi cho thm oxit ca mt s kim loi, thy tinh s c mu khc nhau, do to nn cc silicat c mu. Th d: crom III oxit cho thy tinh mu lc, coban oxit cho thy tinh mu xanh nc bin.

II. gm gm l vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st v cao lanh. Ty theo cng dng ngi ta phn bit gm xy dng, vt liu chu la, gm k thut, v gm dn dng. 1. Gch v ngi Gch v ngi thuc loi gm xy dng. Phi liu sn xut chng gm t st loi thng v mt t ct c nho vi nc thnh khi do, sau to hnh sy kh v nung s c gch v ngi. Sau khi nung, chng thng c mu gy nn bi st oxit trong t st. 2. Gch chu la Gch chu la thng c dng lt l cao, l luyn thp, l thy tinh...C 2 loi l: gch inat v gch samt. Phi liu ch to gch inat gm 93-96% , 4-7% v t st; nhit nung khong . Gch inat chu c nhit khong Phi liu ch to gch samt gm bt samt chn vi t st v nc. Sau khi ng khun v sy kh, vt liu c nung . Bt samt l t st c nung nhit rt cao ri nghin nh. 3. Snh, s v men a. t st sau khi un nng nhit th bin thnh snh. Snh l vt liu cng, g ku, c mu nu hoc xm. c bng v lp bo v khng thm nc, ngi ta to mt lp men mng mt ngoi ca snh. b. S l vt liu cng, xp c mu trng, g ku. Phi liu sn xut s gm cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh v mt s oxit kim loi. s c nung hai ln, ln u , sau trng men v trang tr ri nung ln 2 . S c nhiu loi: s dn dng, s k thut. S k thut c dng ch to cc vt liu cch in, t in, buzi nh la, cc dng c th nghim c. Men c thnh phn chnh ging s, nhng d nng chy hn. Men c ph ln b mt sn phm, sau nung nhit thch hp bin thnh mt lp thy tinh che kn b mt sn phm. Lng gm s Bt Trng, cc nh my s Hi Dng, ng Nai,.. l nhng c s sn xut gm s ni ting.

III. Xi mng1. Thnh phn ha hc v phong php sn xut a. Xi mng thuc loi vt liu dnh, c dng trong xy dng. Quan trng v thng dng nht l xi mng Pooclng. l cht bt min, mu lc xm, thnh phn chnh gm canxi silicat v canxi aluminat: hoc hoc hoc .

b. Xi mng Pooclng c sn xut bng cch nghin nh vi, trn vi t st c nhiu v mt t qung st bng phng php kh hoc phng php t, ri nung hn hp trong l quay hoc l ng . Sau khi nung, thu c mt hn hp mu xm gi l clanhke. ngui ri nghin clanhke vi mt s cht ph gia thnh bt mn, s c xi mng. 2. Qu trnh ng cng xi mng Trong xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng. Qu trnh ng cng ca xi mng ch yu da vo s kt hp ca cc hp cht c trong xi mng vi nc, to nn nhng tinh th hirat an xen vo vi nhau thnh khi cng v bn.

Hin nay ngi ta cn sn xut cc loi xi mng c nhng tnh nng khc nhau: xi mng chu axit, xi mng chu nc bin... nc ta c nhiu nh my xi mng ln nh nh my xi mng Hi Phng, Hong Thch, Bm Sn, Chinfon, Hong Mai, H Tin...

F. Bi tp:I- T lun: 1- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho theo s sau a) NaHCO3 Na2CO3 b) Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 c) CO2 C CO CO2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3 )2 CO2 d) NH3 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaOH NaHCO3 e)Silic dioxit Natri silicat axit silixic Silic dioxit Silic 2- Trong phng TN ngi ta iu ch kh CO2 t vi v axit HCl.Kh CO2 bay ra lun ln hi nc v kh HCl .Lm th no thu c CO2 nguyn cht? 3- a) Vit 6 phng trnh phn ng khc nhau c th iu ch kh CO2. b) Ti sao khi sc kh CO2 vo nc vi trong li thy kt ta trng(dd tr nn c),nhng nu tip tc sc kh CO2 vo dd th kt ta li tan?(dd trong sut). 4- Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn cha cc kh CO,CO2,SO2,N2,NH3. 5- Hy phn bit cc cht sau a) Bt NaCl,Na2CO3,Na2SO4,BaCO3 (ch dng 1 ho cht v nc) b) Dung dch NaHCO3,NaHSO4 ,Na2SO4 ,NH4 HCO3 ,Ba(HCO3 )2 ,Mg(HCO3 )2 (ch dng nhit phn v chnh cc ho cht trn). c) Vit phng trnh ho hc(nu c) di dng phn t v ion rt gn khi cho Na2CO3 ln lt tc dng dd BaCl2,dd FeCl3,dd AlCl3,dd HNO3. 6- C 5 bnh mt nhn,mi bnh ng mt trong cc dung dch sau : NaHSO4,KHCO3,Mg(HCO3 )2 ,Na2SO3 ,Ba(HCO3 )2 Trnh by cch nhn bit tng dd ch dng thm cch un nng. 7- Lm th no nhn bit tng kh CO2,CO,H2,H2S trong hn hp ca chng? 8- a) Ch dng mt ho cht phn bit cc dung dch sau Na2CO3,Na2SO4,Na2SiO3,Na2S. b) Khng dng ho cht no khc phn bit cc dd sau NaHCO3,CaCl2,Na2CO3,Ca(HCO3)2 9- Ch c nc v kh CO2 c th phn bit c 5 cht bt trng sau y khng? NaCl,Na2SO4,BaCO3, Na2SO3,BaSO4.Nu c ,hy trnh by cch phn bit. 10- C 4 dd,mi dd ch cha mt ion dng v mt ion m.Tng s cc loi ion trong c 4 dd l Ba2+ ,Cl ,Mg2+ ,Pb2+ ,CO2 ,NO ,Na+ ,SO2 3 3 4 Bn dd l 4 dd no?Nu cch nhn bit tng dd.

11- Khi cho hn hp KOHv KHCO3 tc dng vi dd HCl d,to thnh 23,35g cht rn khan thu c khi c cn dd sau phn ng v 4,48 lt kh(kc).Xc nh % ca hn hp ban u. 12- Khi nung mt hn hp Na2CO3.10H2O v NaHCO3 thu c 2,24 lt CO2(kc) v 31,8g rn.Xc nh % ca mi mui ban u. 13- Ho tan hon ton 3,5g hn hp gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3 vo nc ri chia dd thnh 2 phn: Phn 1: cho tc dng dd HCl 3,65% cho n khi khng cn kh bay ra th thu c 0,224 lt kh(kc). Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi nc vi trong d,thu c 2g kt ta. Tnh: a) Khi lng dd HCl 3,65% phn ng b) Khi lng mi mui trong hn hp u. 14- Dng kh CO kh 16g Fe2O3 ngi ta thu c sn phm kh.Dn ton b sn phm kh vo 99,12ml dd KOH 20%(D = 1,17g/ml).Hy tnh th tch kh CO dng(kc) v khi lng mui sinh ra. 15- Ho tan a gam hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 vo nc c 400ml dd A.Cho t t vo dd trn 100ml HCl 1,5M,thu c dd B v thot ra 1,008 lt kh(kc).Cho dd B phn ng vi mt lng d Ba(OH)2 thu c 29,55g kt ta.Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc cht trong dd. 16- Sc t t V lt CO2(kc) vo 100ml dd Ba(OH)2 1M,sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 15,76g kt ta.Lc b kt ta,un nng dd nc lc thu thm c m gam kt ta.Tnh V v m. 17- Dn t t V lt kh CO qua m gam bt oxit ca mt kim loi n phn ng hon ton thu c 3,2g kim loi v hn hp kh.Hn hp kh thu c dn qua dd Ca(OH)2 d thy c 5,0g kt ta v c 2,24 lt kh thot ra.Xc nh oxit kim loi v %CO phn ng(cc kh o kc). 18- Xc nh nng C% ca dd NaHCO3,bit rng khi un nng n khi khng cn kh thot ra thu c dd c nng 5,83%(b qua lng hi nc mt i khi un nng dd). 19- Tin hnh nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp CaCO3 v MgCO3 thy khi lng phn rn cn li bng na khi lng ban u.Xc nh % khi lng ca hn hp v tnh th tch kh CO2(kc) c th ho tan hon ton 7,04g hn hp trn trong nc. 20- Dn lung kh oxi qua than nng thu c hn hp kh A gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi H2 l 18 Dn hn hp kh ny t t qua ng s cha 20g CuO un nng.Kh thot ra c dn vo dd Ca(OH)2 d thu c 12g kt ta.em hn hp trong ng s ho tan trng dd HCl d thy c 3,2g rn khng tan Xc nh s mol mi kh trong hn hp A sau khi lm kh. 21- Dn hi nc qua than nng thu c hn hp kh v hi nc,lm kh hn hp thu c 8,96 lt hn hp A(kc).Dn hn hp A qua nc vi trong d thy c 10g kt ta.Xc nh t khi hi ca A so vi H2. 22- Cho rt t t dd cha x mol HCl vo dd cha y mol Na2CO3 thu c dd A.Trong dd A cha nhng ion g? bao nhiu mol?(b qua cc phn ng thu phn) 23- Cho t t dd cha x mol BaCl2 vo dd cha y mol Na2CO3 thu c dd A v kt ta B.Trong dd A cha nhng ion g?bao nhiu mol ? v pH ca dd A l bao nhiu? 24- C 2 dd A v B:dd A cha 0,25mol Na2CO3 v 0,5mol NaHCO3; dd B ca 0,8mol HCl.Gi s tin hnh cc th nghim sau: a) Cho rt t t n ht dd A vo dd B. b) Cho rt t t n ht dd B vo dd A c) Trn nhanh 2 dd A v dd B. Tnh th tch kh CO2 thot ra trong mi trng hp(xem CO2 tan trong nc khng ng k). 25- Cho 0,1 mol FeCl3 tc dng ht vi Na2CO3(dd) d thu c cht kh v kt ta.Ly kt ta em nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn.Xc nh m. 26. Ha tan 9,875 gam mt mui hirocacbonat (mui A) vo nc v cho tc dng vi 1 lng va , ri em c cn th thu c 8,25 gam mt mui sunfat trung ha khan. a) Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn mui. b) Trong mt bnh kn dung dch 5,6 lt cha ( , 0,5 atm) v m gam mui A (th tch khng ng k). Nung nng bnh ti thy mui A b phn hy ht v p sut trong bnh t 1,86 atm. Tnh khi lng m. 27. Cho mt th tch khng kh (cha 20% oxi v 80% nit v th tch) cn thit i qua bt than t nng, thu c kh than A ch cha cacbon oxit v nit. Trn kh than ny vi mt lng khng kh gp 2 ln lng cn thit t chy cacbon oxit, ta c hn hp kh B. t chy hn hp kh B, thu c hn hp kh C trong nit chim 79,21% v th tch. 1. Tnh hiu sut phn ng t chy cacbon oxit.

2. Tnh nhit lng to ra khi t chy ton 1 mol cacbon oxit l .

kh B (o ktc), bit rng lng nhit to ra khi t chy hon

3. Tnh % th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp kh C. 4. Tnh t khi ca hn hp kh C so vi kh than A. 28. Cho lt hn hp X gm ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 29. Cho V lt v o thu c v (ktc) i chm qua 5 lt dung dch kt ta. Tnh t khi hi ca hn hp X so vi hiro. hp th hon ton vo kt ta. Tm V lt? dung dch hn hp phn

v

30. Mt hn hp cacbua nhm khng tinh khit v cho vo nc sinh ra th tch hn hp kh . t chy hon ton th tch hn hp ny cn 1 lng c cng th tch ( cng k ) sn phm thu c cho td vi c d thu c 10g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cacbua nhm v c 10% tp cht. ban u. Bit trong cacbua nhm

II- Cu hi trc nghim: 1- Kim cng v than ch l cc dng: A- ng hnh ca cacbon B- ng v ca cacbon C- th hnh ca cacbon D- ng phn ca cacbon 2- Trong nhm IVA,theo chiu tng ca THN,theo chiu t C n Pb,nhn nh no sau y sai A- m in gim dn B- Tnh phi kim gim dn,tnh kim loi tng dn C- Bn knh nguyn t gim dn D- S oxi ho cao nht l +4 3- Trong nhm IVA,nhng nguyn t no ch th hin tnh kh trng thi n cht: A- C,Si B- Si,Sn C- Sn,Pb D- C,Pb 4- Trong cc phn ng no sau y,phn ng no sai t0 A- 3CO + Fe2O3 3CO2 + 2Fe B- CO + Cl 2 COCl2 t t B- 3CO + Al 2O3 3CO2 + 2Fe D- 2CO + O2 2CO2 5- Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO2(kc)vo dd nc vi trong c cha 0,25 mol Ca(OH)2.Sn phm mui thu c sau phn ng gm: A- Ch c CaCO3 B- Ch c Ca(HCO3)2 C- C CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 D- Khng c c 2 cht CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 6- Hp th hon ton V lt CO2(kc) vo dd nc vi trong c cha 0,05 mol Ca(OH)2 thu c 2g kt ta.Gi tr ca V l: A- 0,448 lt B- 1,792 lt C- 1,680 lt D- A hoc B ng 7- Cho dy bin i ho hc sau: CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3 )2 CaCO3 CO2 iu nhn nh no sau y ng: A- C 2 phn ng oxi ho- kh B- C 3 phn ng oxi ho- kh C- C 1 phn ng oxi ho- kh D- Khong c phn ng oxi ho- kh 8- Trong phn t CO2,nguyn t C trng thi lai ho A- sp B- sp2 C- sp3 D- Khng trng thi lai ho. 9- Kh CO2 iu ch trong phng TN thng ln kh HCl. loi b HCl ra khi hn hp,ta dng A- Dung dch NaHCO3 bo ho B- Dung dch Na2CO3 bo ho C- Dung dch NaOH c D- Dung dch H2SO4 c 10- phng nhim c CO,l kh khng mu,khng mi,rt c ngi ta dng cht hp th l A- ng(II) oxit v mangan oxit B- ng(II) oxit v magie oxit C- ng(II) oxit v than hot tnh D- than hot tnh 11- Cho 2,44g hn hp NaCO3 v K2CO3 tc dng hon ton vi dd BaCl2 2M.Sau phn ng thu c 3,94g kt ta.Th tch dd BaCl2 2M ti thiu l A- 0,01 lt B- 0,02 lt C- 0,015 lt D- 0,03 lt0 0

12- Cho 2,44g hn hp NaCO3 v K2CO3 tc dng hon ton vi dd BaCl2.Sau phn ng thu c3,94g kt ta.Lc tch kt ta,c cn dd nc lc thu c m gam mui clorua.Gi tr ca m l: A- 2,66g B- 22,6g C- 26,6g D- 6,26g 13- Nhn nh no sau y v mui cacbonat l ng: Tt c mui cacbonat u A- tan trong nc B- b nhit phn to ra oxit kim loi v cacbon dioxit C- b nhit phn tr mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim D- khng tan trong nc 14- Cho m gam hn hp mui cacbonat tc dng ht vi dd HCl thu c 6,72 lt kh CO2(kc) v 32,3g mui clorua.Gi tr ca m l: A- 27g B- 28g C- 29g D- 30g 15- Cho 3,45g hn hp mui natri cacbonat v kali cacbonat tc dng ht vi dd HCl thu c V lt CO2 (kc) v 3,12g mui clorua.Gi tr ca V l : A- 6,72 lt B- 3,36 lt C- 0,67 lt D- 0,672 lt 16- Hin tng xy ra khi trn dd Na2CO3 vi dd FeCl3 l A- Xut hin kt ta mu nu B- C bt kh thot ra khi dd C- Xut hin kt ta mu lc nht D- A v B ng 17- (TSH-A/07) Cho t t dd cha a mol HCl vo dd cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi khuy u,thu c V lt kh(kc) v dd X.Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dd X thy c xut hin kt ta.Biu thc lin h gia V vi a v b l : A- V = 22,4(a-b) B- V = 11,2(a-b) C- V = 11,2(a+b) D- V = 22,4(a+b) 18- (TSH-A/07)Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO2(kc) vo 2,5 lt dd Ba(OH)2 nng a mol/lt,thu c 15,76g kt ta .Gi tr ca a l A- 0,032 B- 0.048 C- 0,06 D- 0,04 19- Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau y,phn ng no sai A- SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O B- SiO2 + 4HCl SiCl4 + 2H2Ot t C- SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO D- SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO 20- Mt hn hp kh gm CO v N2 c t khi so vi H2 l 14.Nu thm 20% th tch kh N2 vo hn hp th t khi so vi H2 ca hn hp mi s thay i nh th no? A- Khng thay i B- Gim C- Tng D- Khng xc nh 21- kh hon ton hn hp FeO,CuO cn 4,48 lt H2(kc).Nu cng kh hon ton hn hp bng CO th lng CO2 thu c khi cho qua dd nc vi trong d to ra bao nhiu gam kt ta? A- 1,0g B- 2,0g C- 20g D- 10g 22- Hp th hon ton a mol kh CO2 vo dd cha b mol Ca(OH)2 th thu c hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2.Quan h gia a v b l A- a>b B- a