tony gibbs freng consultant to paho judith harvey phd
TRANSCRIPT
1
Tony Gibbs FREng – Consultant to PAHO
& Judith Harvey PhD
Hospitals
Services and Functional
Units
Shape
RegulationsCodes
Oversight
2
Carbon Emissions
3
Introduction
Evidence that the Climate is Changing
4
Hurricane Ivan just before
striking Grenada
Central Pressure 956 mbar
Peak Gust Wind ~135 mph
“The most intense
hurricane ever recorded so
close to the equator in the
North Atlantic” – NHC
Introduction
Sustainable Outcome
NATURE
OF
BUILDING
SERVICES
FINISHES
AND
CHOICE OF
EQUIPMENT
STRUCTURAL
FORMS AND
MATERIALS
5
Multidisciplinary Team
Introduction
Adaptation vs Mitigation
Adjusting to the conditions which can not be changed. Examples of these are, rise in sea level and increase in
precipitation.
Adaptation
This is an attempt to reduce to harm to the environment by using appropriate strategies such as using energy
efficient equipment.
Mitigation
6
Introduction
7
Adaptation to the Rise in Temperature
Rising temperature will affect the behaviour of
materials, particularly those with high coefficients
of thermal expansion.
8
Adaptation to climate change
Engineering design considerations
movement at joints
Structural elements will expand and contract
Possible weakening of adhesive
Construction considerations
Ventilate the temporary works
Limit temperature rise of concrete
9
Adaptation to climate change
Keeping the Building Cool
10
Adaptation measures include:
Insulation
Walls
Glazing (double glazing)
Double roof
Fenestration
Using Windows, doors
Shading
Shade trees
Sunshades
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Changes
in the Frequency Of Precipitation
11
Due to the changing climate, the following can be expected:
Longer periods of dry weather
More frequent subsidence
More severe subsidence
To mitigate subsidence for new buildings the following can
be used:
Deep foundations
Ground improvement
Root pruning – (This must be carefully accessed so as to make
sure that heave is not caused as a result of removing trees)
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Changes
in the Frequency of Precipitation
12
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation To More Intense Precipitation
PROBLEM SOLUTIONLarge volume flow rates of storm water
from the roof
Auxiliary down pipes to prevent problems
due to blockage
Driving rain requires better water
proofing and shading of exposed
facades
Recessed windows and doors, and
separate hoods, rather than longer eaves
projections which compromise wind
resistance
Flooding – providing structural
solutions
Suspended ground floor elevated at least
1m above the predicted maximum flood
levels. (A ‘soft storey’ could be detrimental
in earthquake).
Piers, posts or columns embedded deeply
enough to withstand undermining by flood
waters
‘Door dams’, flood levees around the
building and non-return drainage valves as
temporary measures
13
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to More Intense Precipitation14
Adaptation to climate change
Effects of Rising Ground Water
PROBLEM SOLUTION
Rising groundwater affecting
buried pipes.
Anchor pipe against buoyant
forces.
Rising groundwater affecting
new and existing basement
Drainage system for ground
water
Measures for preventing rising
damp and for waterproofing of
the walls below ground
Rising groundwater affecting
slopes
Improve drainage behind
retaining walls, under
embankment and at the toe of
the slope.
15
Adaptation to climate change
Soils and Slopes – Importance of Drainage16
Drainage is important because:
Stability of slopes
Bearing capacity is reduced as soil becomes
submerged
Effective stress decreases as pore water
pressure increases.
Adaptation to climate change
Flooding – Drainage Solutions17
Critical facilities such as hospitals, should not be built in flood hazard areas.
STORM QUANTITY MEASURES TO ADOPT
More green and blue
spaces
(Green Roof)
Maximize the unpaved
areas to increase
percolation. For example
use “grass-crete”.
Planned storage and
overflow
(Rainwater tanks,
soakaways, ponds)
To reduce the load on the
collection system, plan the
direction of overflow and
provide for storage in the
system.
Adaptation to climate change
18
Adaptation to climate change
19
Adaptation to climate change
Better Quality and Lesser Quantity
• Grass swales
• French drains
20
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to the Changes in Wind Forces21
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Rising Sea Levels
22
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Rising Sea Levels
23
Solution:
Construct suspended ground floors.
Construct the building on an embankment.
Restrict the use of ground floors to
applications that do not impair the functions of
the ground floors.
Adaptation to climate change
24
Coastal Defense Structures
METHOD DESCRIPTION DRAWBACK
Sea Walls Solid, vertical structures –
acts as dikes to prevent
coastal flooding and wave
damage.
They reflect the wave
energy and as a result
can be affected by
scour/ erosion at the
base of the wall.
Designs with sloped or
curving sections can
reduce this problem.
Revetments Heavy stones are placed as
armour on the slope and
these dissipate the wave
energy.
Reflection of the waves
causes erosion rather
than deposition of sand
at the toe of the slope.
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Rising Sea Levels
25Protection of Coral Reefs
METHOD OF CREATION EFFECTSea grass beds Can help to anchor the beaches in place
Beach Nourishment If no other steps are taken regular
maintenance is needed to replenish the
natural loss of sand over time. This would
typically be a governmental responsibility.
Breakwater built parallel to the coastline Serves to reduce wave energy and
encourage deposition of and along the
coast. This will generally widen the beach
in the sheltered area, although it may have
an adverse effect on the width of the beach
elsewhere.
Groynes and Headlands at right angles
to the coastline
Trap sand and create or widen a beach.
The areas down drift of the headland can
be adversely affected unless measures are
taken to ensure that deposition continues in
these location.
Coastal wetlands and mangroves Slow down erosion and absorb flood
waters.
Adaptation to climate change
Planned retreat
One planning tool is the implementation of a
setback for construction. This tool prohibits
building within a certain distance of the
shoreline so as to accommodate for the rise in
sea levels.
26
Adaptation to climate change
Adaptation to Changes in Human Activities
27
• Reduction in the excessive use of potable water.
However, problems were created since the
sewers were mainly designed for gravity flow.
Solution – Design sewers for low flow facilities.
Adaptation to climate change
28
Planning and Procurement of
Sustainable Construction
29
Client Procurement issues:
• Type of construction method
• Materials
• Ease of Maintenance
• Waste disposal
• Designs
• Affordable
Mitigation of Climate Change
Mitigate Climate Change
30
Alternative ways to achieve
a sustainable outcome:
Focus on whole-life cost
Adopt a rating system
Follow a model
Mitigation of Climate Change
Reducing Embodied Carbon31
What is Embodied and Operational Carbon?
CARBON FOOTPRINT TYPE DETAIL
Embodied Carbon Deals with the carbon emissions
to manufacture the product. (eg
extraction and delivery)
Operational Carbon Deals with the carbon emissions
during the building’s operation
Mitigation of Climate Change
Reducing Embodied Carbon
32
EMBODIED
CARBON
ASSEMBLYTRANSPORTATIONEXTRACTION
Mitigation of Climate Change
Reducing Embodied Carbon33
MANAGEMENT
CARBON
PROJECT
MANAGERS
OFFICE
DECONSTRUCTION
CARBON
REMOVAL OF
THE BUILDING
RECOVERY OF
MATERIALS
Mitigation of Climate Change
Why Reduce
Embodied and Operational Carbon?
• Reduce carbon-dioxide emissions
• To mitigate climate change
34
Mitigation of Climate Change
How to Reduce
Embodied and Operational Carbon?
Mitigate climate change in buildings
35
ENERGY LOSS
VIA COOLING SYSTEM
Air Leakage from the building
envelope
Dissipation of waste heat
Operation in unoccupied
spaces
BUILDING SERVICES
Lighting
Hot water supply
Mitigation of Climate Change
Informed Specification of Materials
36
When sourcing materials, the following should be considered:
Full life cycle of material
Impact on the surrounding communities
Carbon Impact
Mitigation of Climate Change
Informed Specification of Materials
37
Mitigation of Climate Change
38
REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
Mitigation of Climate Change
REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE39
Reduce
Admixtures can be used to modify the properties of
concrete.
Reuse
The possibility of reusing the material should be taken into
consideration. Elements such as pre-cast concrete units,
foundations and masonry can all be reused.
Recycle
This depends on if the option is locally available.
Construction waste material can also be used as
replacement aggregate eg recycled concrete aggregate
(RCA), recycled aggregate (RA) and secondary aggregate
(SA).
Mitigation of Climate Change
Provision for Future Alterations40
• Structures should be built in such a manner that
would allow them to be functional over time.
• Make provisions for changes to the structure
over its lifespan:
Load
Span
Floor to ceiling height
Ease of Maintenance and durability
Blanket increased load allowance
Mitigation of Climate Change
Provision for Future Alterations41
Alterations could be triggered by:
• Operational changes in line with technology and trends in
health care
• Adaptation to climate change
• Deterioration of components and the need to replace them
Mitigation of Climate Change
Design for Deconstruction
42
This is facilitated if the structure has the following
characteristics:
• Easily separated
• Fixings should be simple and mechanical in
nature to facilitate disassembly
• Allows safe disassembly
Mitigation of Climate Change
Informed Construction Methods
and Site Practice
43
Greenhouse gases and toxic emissions are
generated from construction materials in the
following ways:
• Extraction
• Processing
• Transportation
Mitigation of Climate Change
The Role of the Contractor
44
To mitigate such emissions, the following
suggestions were made for the contractor:
Energy efficient site accommodation
Wise selection of equipment and tools for the job
Sustainable Goods and services
Green Construction methods and scheduling
Efficient Waste disposal
Mitigation of Climate Change
The Role of the Site Manager45
Some sustainable construction techniques are listed below:
1. Energy
a) It may be possible to use waste heat generated on site.
b) Monitor fuel consumption. Consider metering the use of fuels on
site.
2. Water
a) Use rainwater or grey water on site where possible.
3. Waste
a) Collect and sort waste for recycling and re-use.
b) Re-use formwork as much as possible.
4. Carbon
a) Monitor and set targets for the site carbon footprint. To this end,
adopt a rating system (e.g. LEED green building rating) providing
guidance on sustainable measures that can be adopted during
construction.
Mitigation of Climate Change
46
In summary, these guidelines focused on:
1. assisting Engineers, Architects, Site Managers and Contractors
2. hospitals that:
a) adapt to climate change
b) mitigate climate change
47
TONY GIBBS FREng
Tony Gibbs is a civil engineer specializing in structures and practising
in the Caribbean and elsewhere. He did his undergraduate studies at
The Queen's University of Belfast (BSc Civil Engineering, 1961) and
he was a Commonwealth Scholar at The University of Leeds. He is a
native of Grenada and a citizen of Barbados.
Mr Gibbs was Past Vice President of The Institution of Structural Engineers (HQ in UK). He was
Director of the American Association for Wind Engineering; Member of The International
Codification Forum of The International Association for Wind Engineering; Member of the
Scientific Planning Group on Natural Hazard Risk Reduction of the International Science Council
(Latin America and Caribbean); Member of the Governing Board of the Global Earthquake
Model representing the IStructE. He is currently Secretary General of the Council of Caribbean
Engineering Organisations.
Mr Gibbs has devoted much of his time to the particular problems related to the structural
design of hospitals in areas subject to hurricanes and earthquakes. In 1991 he received the
International Award "For (his) Very Significant Contributions to Hurricane Loss Reduction and
Hurricane Safety in the Caribbean" at the US National Hurricane Conference. Mr Gibbs received
the UN-ISDR Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction in 2007. In 2010 he was named as a
Caribbean Icon in Science, Technology & Innovation by the National Institute of Higher
Education, Research, Science and Technology (Trinidad & Tobago). In 2012 Tony Gibbs became
the first person in the Caribbean to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
SMART Hospitals Phase II Project
Bibliography, July 10, 2015# Reference Description
1 International Green Construction Code by the International Code Council and
American Society of Heating
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Vitrium Systems Inc. 2012.
References the
International Energy Conservation Code by the International Code Council. 2009.
A building code style document giving guidelines
for climate change resistant construction
2 Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings except low rise
residential buildings ANSI /
ASHRAE / USGBC / IES Standard 189.1-2011 by ASHRAE and US Green Building
Council. 2011.
Guidance on achieving green buildings in line
with LEED principles
3 Design for future climate – opportunities for adaptation in the built environment by Bill
Gething. Technology
Strategy Board.
General guidance on adaptation measures
4 Manual of tropical housing and building: climatic design by OH Koenigsberger, et al.
Universities Press. February 1975
A timeless textbook on tropical architecture
5 Building for a Sustainable future: construction without depletion. London: IStructE,
Nov 1999.
General guidance on sustainable construction. A
good overview
6 Prince Charles ICE and Halcrow Sustainability Lecture (1st February 2012) Good introduction to the topic of building for
climate change resilience
7 Energy efficiency guidelines for office buildings in tropical climates. European
Commission & Organisation
of American States. March 2013.
Case studies and a clear description of
Architectural measures that can improve energy
efficiency
8 Jamaican energy efficiency code: volume 2 of the Jamaica national building code
(1994)
Caribbean document with guidance on energy
efficiency
9 A short guide to embodied carbon in building structures. London: IStructE, August
2011
Introduces and explains the concept of embodied
carbon
10 Methodology to calculate the embodied carbon of materials. London: RICS, 2012 Explains how carbon can be priced and its value
as a commodity that can be conserved (saved)
and traded
11 Carbon: reducing the footprint of the construction process, an action plan to reduce
carbon emissions,
prepared by Joan Ko on behalf of the strategic forum for construction and the carbon
trust Report 006. July 2010.
Measures that constructors can take on site to
reduce their energy input and carbon dioxide
emissions
SMART Hospitals Phase II Project
Bibliography, July 10, 2015
# Reference Description
12 Green Guide v2.2 Operations. December 2008.
Retrieved July 18, 2012, http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2.operations.php.
The Complete Green Guide for
Health Care
13 Green Guide v2.2 Overview. December 2008.
Retrieved July 18, 2012, http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2overview.php.
The Complete Green Guide for
Health Care
14 Caribsave. Retrieved July 26, 2012, from Caribsave.org: http://caribsave.org/assets/files/
CCCRA%20Final%20Documents/FINAL%20Summary%20Document%20CCCRA%20-%20
St.%20Vincent%20&%20the%20Grenadines.pdf.
Caribsave report on St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
15 Practice Greenhealth, P. 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012
http://practicegreenhealth.org/topics/chemicals/integrated-pest-management.
Integrated Pest Management.
16 Health Care Without: Green Purchasing. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from:
http://noharm.org/all_regions/issues/purchasing/.
Green purchasing.
17 Health Care Without Harm Waste Management. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from:
http://noharm.org/global/issues/waste/.
Waste Management
18 Green Guide v2.2 Design and Construction. January 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2012, from Green
Guide for Health Care: http://www.gghc.org/tools.2.2.design.php.
Green Guide v2.2 Design and
Construction.
19 Green Guide for Health Care June 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2012 from:
http://www.gghc.org/tools.technical.php.
Technical Briefs.
20 World Health Organization, 2012. Health-care Waste Management. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs281/en/index.html
Health care Waste Management
21 UN/GEF Global Health care Waste Project:
http://www.gefmedwaste.org/downloads/ALTERNATIVE%20HEALTHCARE%20WASTE%20MANAGEME
NT%20TREATMENT%20TECHNOLOGIES.pdf.
Alternative Health-care Waste
Management treatment
technologies
SMART Hospitals Phase II Project
Bibliography, July 10, 2015
# Reference Description
22 Material Safety Data Sheets: http://www.msds.com/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008
http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/Disinfection_Sterilization/toc.html.
Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in
Health Care Facilities
23 The Zero Waste Alliance: http://www.zerowaste.org/.
Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals
http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/topics/waste.shtml.
A Guide to Achieving your Sustainability Goals:
Waste
24 Unites States Environmental Agency
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/hpguide.html.
Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health
Professionals.
25 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/
naturalventilation.php.
Natural Ventilation:
26 GREENGUARD Environmental Institute
http://www.greenguard.org/en/index.aspx.
Description of GREENGUARD Environmental
Institute
27 GreenSeal http://www.greenseal.org/. Description of GreenSeal
28 Green Label and Green Label Plus http://www.carpet-rug.org/about-cri/cri-
signatureprograms.cfm.
Description of the Green Label and Green Label
Plus testing programs.
29 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php. Energy Efficient Lighting
30 Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/electriclighting.php. Electric Lighting Controls
31 Guidelines for Vulnerability Reduction in the Design of New Health Facilities – PAHO –
2004
Publication on the new vision of the conception
and construction of public health infrastructure.
32 Sustainable Construction: Designing for the Future – PAHO (Tony Gibbs and Judith
Harvey)
A practical guide in mitigation of and adaptation to
climate change for hospital administrators, health
disaster coordinators, health facility designers,
engineers, constructors and maintenance staff
SMART Hospitals Phase II Project
Bibliography, July 10, 2015
# Reference Description
33 Mitigation – PAHO (Jose Grases, Tony Gibbs, James Williams, Jean Luc Poncelet)
– 1992
Disaster mitigation guidelines for hospitals
and other healthcare facilities in the
Caribbean
34 Design Manual for Health Services Facilities in the caribbean with particular
reference to Natural Hazards and other Low-frequency Events – Tony Gibbs for
PAHO – 2003
General guide for all persons involved with
the design and procurement of capital
projects in the health sector
35 Protecting New Health Facilities from Natural Disasters – PAHO – 2003 Guidelines for the promotion of disaster
mitigation
36 Principles of Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – PAHO – 2000 Aimed at national and local authorities, hospital
administrators, officials and staff, and other
human resources connected in significant ways
to health facilities
37 Disaster Mitigation for Health Facilities – PAHO (David Taylor and Tony Gibbs) –
2000
Guidelines for vulnerability appraisal and
reduction in the Caribbean
38 Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – Seismic Effects – PAHO – 2001 CD with training material
39 Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities – Wind Effects – PAHO (Tony Gibbs and
Daniel Comarazamy) – 2001
CD with training material
40 Strengthening Building Codes for Health Facilities in the Caribbean – PAHO (Tony
Gibbs et al)
CD
41 Hospital Vulnerability Assessments in the Caribbean and Comparison of Building
Codes – PAHO (Tony Gibbs et al)
CD
42 Virtual Journey through a Safe Hospital – PAHO – 2009 CD
43 Hospital Safety Index – PAHO – 2008 Guide for evaluators, evaluation forms for safe
hospitals and mathematical tool (CD and hard
copy)
~ Arnl:ric.mee.Il(~cof Hca.lthca.rcEx\.'CULh :s
American Hospital Association
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