tools for gender and livelihood analysis
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011.TRANSCRIPT
Tools for Livelihood and Gender Analysis
Jemimah NjukiTeam Leader: Poverty, Gender and Impact
FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011
A ‘short’ list of tools we could discuss…•Agroecosystems Analysis (AEA), Beneficiary Assessment (BA), Development Education Leadership Teams (DELTA), Diagnosis and Design (D&D), Diagnostico Rural Participativo (DRP), Farmer Participatory Research (FPR), Groupe de Recherche et d’Appui pour l’Auto-promotion Paysanne (GRAAP), Methode Active de Recherche et de Planification Participative (MARP), Participatory Analysis and Learning Methods (PALM), Participatory Action Research (PAR), Participatory Research Methodology (PRM), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal and Planning (PRAP), Participatory Technology Development (PTD), Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA), Planning for Real, Process Documentation, Rapid Appraisal (RA), Rapid Assessment for Agricultural Knowledge Systems (RAAKS), Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP), Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT), Rapid Catchment Analysis (RCA), Rapid Ethnographic Assessment (REA), Rapid Food Security Assessment (RFSA), Rapid Multi-perspective Appraisal (RMA), Rapid Organisational Assessment (ROA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Samuhik Brahman (Joint Trek), Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), Story Methodology (SM), Theatre for Development, Training for Transformation, Visualisation in Participatory Programmes (VIPP), Results based management (RBM), Community action plan (CAP), Strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threatsanalysis (SWOT), Force Field Analysis (FFA), Participatory Monitoring and evaluation (PM&E), Process Monitoring (ProM), Participatory Market Research (PMR); Market Opportunity identification (MOI); Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI), Participatory Market Chain Analysis (PMCA)
More is not necessarily better!
Selecting Methods and Tools for data collection
1. Type of information needed2. Degree of participation of stakeholders in
the design, collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of data and findings
3. End use and user of the data (Who will use the data, and for what purpose, relevance of information to different audiences)
4. Level of data accuracy and reliability of findings, type and scale of analysis required
5. Ease of application and requisites for implementation: does the tool require some training, equipment, and special expertise?
6. Scale of application/area coverage (hierarchical levels: plots, farms, farmer/households, groups, communities, micro-watershed
7. Frequency of monitoring and evaluation (Time demand for data collection and analysis)
8. Cost effectiveness (logistics, materials, equipment
9. Feedback: necessity to provide quick feedback to stakeholders
Selective methods…………
Qualitative approaches• Provides interpretive power
– What as well as why• Exploring topics less amenable to survey questions• Express local voice and perceptions
• Qualitative methods are effective at capturing these issues because
– Elaboration, and sometimes several tries and lengthy follow-up and probing, are needed to convey the questions adequately and understand answers
– People do not always tell the truth the first time: Getting candid information often requires time, trust, rapport, triangulation, observation
• Discover unanticipated issues
• Solicit local solutions to problems
Quantitative approaches
• Identifies stratification strategy• Provides community and household
characteristics for sampling• Identifies issues for investigation• Triangulation, confirmation, contradiction• Determines prevalence of qualitative
findings in wider population• Reveals representation of qualitative
sample
Some misconceptions about qualitative approaches
• It is easy to do and cheap, and anyone can do it. “If you can talk to farmers, you can use qualitative approaches
and tools”
• With qualitative tools, all you need is to document the results. No analysis is needed—
”just write up the report, its basic stuff”
• “You don’t need a research design! Just talk to a few farmers and do a few focus group discussions”
• A lack of understanding of the tools and approaches“We are using a PRA tool”
Different types of toolsMapping tools PRA tools Interviews Ethnographic
toolsParticipatory impact diagrams
Diffusion Maps
Before and After resource /asset maps
Social network analysis
Transect Walks
Trend lines
Venn diagrams
Seasonal calendars
Focus Group Discussions
Community meetings
Ranking /Rating/Scoring
Community surveys
Semi-structured interviews
Unstructured d interviews
Key informant interviews
Organizational assessment
Case studies
Innovation Histories
Life Histories
Personal diaries
Mapping Tools
Resource/ asset maps
• From Katosi
Resource /Asset Maps
Before After
Integrating gender in the resource maps
• Two main ways:– Drawing resource maps with men and
women separately
– Using cards /symbols to indicate what resources men and women have access to, ownership of and control over
Calendars / trend lines
CurrentProducto Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov DicCaféYucaMaizFrijolCaña P.PollosHortalizasFrutales
Five Years AgoProducto Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
CaféYucaMaizFrijolCaña P.PollosHortalizasFrutales
AvailableAverageScarce
Food Availability Calendar in El Jardin
Gender in Calendars
• Seasonal calendars to indicate activities and use of symbols for who does what activities
• They can be a good way of determining who does what
• Can indicate periods of busy activity /less busy activities during the year and the most appropriate period for project interventions
• Information can also be used to target activities such as training
• Can be drawn separately by men and women
Time allocation calendars
Daily Activity Calendars
• Useful for showing daily time allocation between men and women
• Can be a useful discussion starter for time reallocation, the role of men and women in the household, farm and market
Institutional / Venn diagrams
Name of stakeholder
Type of stakeholder
Their interests /stake
Potential role
Potential impacts on them
Categories of Stakeholders
• Primary stakeholders: the direct beneficiaries or target of the intervention.
• Secondary stakeholders: indirect beneficiaries can be both important and influential; they may be directly involved in the project and are integral to success.
• Supporting stakeholders. These are generally institutional stakeholders, such as NGOs, government research and extension services
• External Stakeholders: Donors
Institutional /Venn diagrams
• Useful for stakeholder analysis
• Mapping of different stakeholders and their interrelationships
• Can be used for both internal and external stakeholders
Network Analysis
• Set of integrated techniques to depict relations among actors and to analyze the social structures that emerge from the recurrence of these relations
• Conducted by collecting relational data organized in matrix form.
• Actors are depicted as nodes, and their relations as lines among pairs of nodes
Network Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• Can be done individually or in groups
• Data /information can be quantified (UCINET)
• Can be done through visual tools (Venn diagrams) or short questionnaire survey
Disadvantages
• Limited to evaluation of interactions
• Requires multiple software (UCINET for analysis, Netdraw for network maps)
Participatory Impact Diagramming
friend
DENGORE
Sister’shusband
Mhaber
Brother
WOLENCHETI
TOWN
MAP LEGEND
Methods of Seed Dissemination
Gift (3kg or less)
Gift (3kg or more)
Exchange
Sale
Neighboring Village
brother
mother brother
friend
friend
Wife’s father
DONI
10 km
6 km
MERKO
4 km
MekanajoNeighbor-
struggling widow
MOME
Mekanajo/Mhaber
7 km
Mekanajo
75 km
Iddir
neighbor
Appendix 3b. Technology Diffusion / Social Network Mapping: Simplified Sample from Worka Village
IddirIddir
Mekanajo/Mhaber
Technology dissemination mapping
PID and Diffusion Maps
• Mainly used for assessing impacts and diffusion of information and technologies
• Diffusion maps can be used in initial analysis to inform what dissemination approaches are most appropriate for different technologies or information
• PID can be sued before interventions to discuss potential impacts /benefits
Pictures; Before and after/ with and without
Mapping tools
Advantages• Can be used with groups
that have low literacy levels
• Very engaging • Easy visual presentation• Can provide massive
amounts of information that combine qualitative as well as simple numbers
• Can be done on paper or on the ground
Disadvantages
• Requires close facilitation• Time consuming• Can be dominated by those
that can write (who holds the pen /chalk, stick?)
Prioritizing /Preference Tools
Scoring /Ranking /Rating methods• Useful for identifying important
traits / criteria for organising issues, items by preference
• Used mainly for technology evaluation, ranking of priority options e.g priority household income options, asset preferences
• Can be used to compare preferences across groups e.g men and women
• Useful for understanding key livelihood priorities
Ranking Priority Assets for Men and Women
Ranking, Rating, Scoring
• Ranking: Gives ordered preference
• Rating: Assigns a qualitative value of preference
• Scoring: Assigns a quantitative value
Scoring /ranking /Rating methods
Advantages
• Can be used with symbols and counters especially with groups with low literacy levels
• Can be done individually or in groups
• Allows for group contribution of list to be ranked /rated and the criteria to use
• Can be easily quantified
Disadvantages• Takes time especially when
community groups identify their own lists and criteria for evaluation
Focus Group Discussions: Description• A group discussion of approximately 6 - 12 persons guided by a
facilitator, during which group members talk freely and spontaneously about a certain topic.
• Its purpose is to obtain in-depth information on concepts, perceptions and ideas of a group
• Can be useful to: – Focus research and develop relevant research hypotheses by
exploring in greater depth the problem to be investigated and its possible causes
– Formulate appropriate questions for more structured, larger scale surveys
– Help understand and solve unexpected problems in interventions– Explore controversial topics
FGDs; Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages• Cost- and time-efficient—
cover more people• Can be a safe space for
discussion of sensitive issues• Early identification of
important issues• Discussions trigger ideas,
recollections, opinions
Disadvantages
• Less time to explore and probe
• Inability to triangulate data on individuals/households
• Louder and quieter voices, peer pressure
• No very appropriate for sensitive topics
Page 34
FGDs Analysis: Analysis• Text Analysis
– QDA Miner– Relational themes– Identifying Key themes in FGDs.docx
Semi-structured interviews; Description
• Conducted with a fairly open framework which allow for focused, conversational, two-way communication
• Starts with more general questions or topics. Followed by more specific probing questions
• Not all questions are designed and phrased ahead of time
• Uses an interview guide rather than a set of questions• Used to:
– Obtain specific quantitative and qualitative information from a sample of the population
– Obtain general information relevant to specific issues, (ie: to probe for what is not known)
– Gain a range of insights on specific issues
Semi-structured interviews: Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages• Depth and detail• Rapport• Analytic power: Ability to
relate data to other data at individual, household, and community levels
• No peer pressure
Disadvantages• More time consuming and
costly, so smaller sample sizes
• No trigger and interaction effects of group
Page 37
Analysis• Three stages of analysis
– During and post interview analysis (“follow your nose!”
– Field analysis– Formal analysis
• Communication– Language– Technical expertise
Questionnaire surveys
• Two main types:– Household surveys and individual surveys
• Used to collect more detailed data at household and individual level
• Results subjected to analytical rigour• Sampling procedures, for randomness,
representation etc
Gender in questionnaire surveys
• Disaggregating questions by gender;– Not only male and female headed
households– Intra-household: men and women within
male and female headed households• Asking questions to both men and
women in households;– e.g on Assets, income, Food security
Field implementation issues
• Sample selection– For groups, sample
stratification based on key variables such as gender, socio-economic status
• Representation– For semi-structured and case
study interviews, representation of key interest groups
• Triangulation– Most qualitative tools not
enough by themselves, use of other tools for triangulation
Field implementation issues• Physical set up
– For group discussions, sitting arrangements, venues can influence discussion outcomes
• Discussion guides /interview guides– Semi-structured or unstructured
guides with key issues /questions
• Skills– Good facilitation skills required for
qualitative data collection– Analytic skills
• Recording /documentation
P.Sanginga CIAT-CRS Feb2005
Questions /Discussions
Group Activity
Group Activity 1• Using the Hakuna Matata Case study: Assume you are
the community facilitators in this community and you want to starts a project– Identify all the stakeholders at the external level– Identify the different stakeholders within the
community– For each stakeholder group, identify some of their
constraints to participate (if any)– Briefly describe the strategies that you would use
to ensure their participation
Group Activity
Group Activity 2• Using the Hakuna Matata case study• Indentify an issue you would like to
explore further using one of the tools• Use the tool and fill in the relevant
information / findings