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Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2

Census cycle ............................................................................................................................................ 2

PRE- ENUMERATION ................................................................................................................................ 3

Cartography ......................................................................................................................................... 3

GIS Software ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Data Representation ........................................................................................................................ 3

Data Capture ................................ ........................ ................................ ....................... ..................... 4

Satellite imagery .................................................................................................................................. 4

Training of Enumerators ...................................................................................................................... 4

Enumeration Phase.................................................................................................................................. 5

Data Collection process ........................... ............................ ....................... ............................... ........... 5

Hardware and Software ................................................................................................................... 5

Data Processing and Storage ................................................................................................................ 7

Data Storage ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Post Enumeration .................................................................................................................................... 9

National Population Register(NPR) .......................... ................................ ...................... ....................... 9

Data Retrieval .................................................................................................................................... 10

Impact of technology ............................................................................................................................. 10


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Introduction

A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling , evaluating , analyzing and

publishing disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time,

to all persons in a country or in a well delimited part of a country.

A Census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the

members of given population It is regularly occurring and official count of a particular

population .The census in our country is a statutory requirement under the provisions of the

Census act 1948. The history of census in India started in 1872. The Census India 2011 is the

15th

National Census since then.

Census is a comprehensive data which contains

y Demography

y Economic Activity

y Literacy and Education

y Housing and Household Amenities

y Urbanization

y Fertility and Mortality

y SC/ST

y Language, Religion & Migration

Extent of usage of Information system in Census 2011 depends on the cycle stage in which

census is working.

Census cycle

1. Pre- enumeration : Maps provide cartographic basis for the delineation of

enumeration area

2. Enumeration : Maps support data collection , monitoring

3. Post Enumeration : Maps male it easier to analyze, display and disseminate also will

support post census surveys


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PRE-ENUMERATION

Cartography

The Cartographic Division of the Census Commission is the largest producer of thematic

Maps in the country.

It utilizes the latest GIS software to produce digital Maps.

The latest addition in Census 2011 is the preparation of satellite imagery based digital

maps at the street and building level in 33 Capital Cities of the country.

Cartographic work serves two major functions:

1. It produces graphics on the screen or on paper that convey the results of analysis to the

people who make decisions about resources. Wall maps and other graphics can be

generated, allowing the viewer to visualize and thereby understand the results of analyses

or simulations of potential events. Web Map Servers facilitate distribution of generated

maps through web browsers using various implementations of web-based application

programming interfaces (AJAX, Java, Flash, etc.).

2. Other database information can be generated for further analysis or use.

GISSoftware

A geographic information system (GIS), geographical information system, or geospatial

information system is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that

are linked to location. GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database

technology.

This term describes any information system that integrates stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and

displays geographic information for informing decision making. GIS applications are tools that

allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit

data, maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the

science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems.

Data Representation

GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.) with

digital data determining the mixthere are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both

kinds of abstractions mapping references: raster images and vector


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Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard file-based structure of TIF, JPEG, etc. to

stored directly in a relational database management system (RDBMS)

Data Capture

Data captureentering information into the systemconsumes much of the time of GIS

practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in adigital format

A digitizer produces vector data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries from

a map. Scanning a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector

data.

Satellite imagery

Satellite imagery consists of photographs ofEarth or other planets made by means of artificial

satellites.

Satellite imagery is sometimes supplemented with aerial photography, which has higher

resolution, but is more expensive per square meter. Satellite imagery can be combined with

vector or raster data in a GIS provided that the imagery has been spatially rectified so that it will

properly align with other data sets.

This satellite are used for the purpose

y GeoEye

y Digital Globe

y Spot Image

y Rapideye

y Imagesat international

Training ofEnumerators

ELearning Modules on difficult concepts as training aids. This helps the enumerators understand

the process of data collection easily and minimize the error.


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Enumeration Phase

Data Collection process

In the Current 2011 census, the forms have been printed in 16 languages this time only reaffirmsthe fact it is indeed the largest such exercise in the world. The Intelligent Character Recognition

(ICR) technology that was pioneered by India during the 2001 census has been improvised to a

better version and is being utilized again for the scanning of census forms at high speed and

automatic interpretation of the data in the 2011 census .In 2011 Census the scanners used have

additional features like image enhancement, removing noises, and detection and auto correction

of images through its own software. The ICR used this time has better recognition features and

its workflow management capacity.

Hardware and Software

The application of technology in Data collection in census 2011 involves various instruments

Plotter& Printer

A plotter is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics .Plotter are used primarily in

technical drawing and CAD applications , where they have the advantage of working on very

large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. This is used to print maps and other related

images to printed. These produce the schedules and manual required during the census data

collection . The Schedules to be developed is of very high quality which requires a high quality

plotters and printers. Image below shows the plotter being used in Census 2011 and production

of schedules in progress .


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Servers

ServerHardware installedfor data processing activities- : HPProLiant DL380G6 Quad Core

Base Servers

IT resources at 15 data Centres

y 36 Microsoft Windows 2008R2 servers,

y SQLServer -2008,

y Windows 7 Professional Clients,

The services of a System Integrator were utilized at 15 Data Centres for scanning operations

and data file creation. All the required softwares& MIS tools are developed by the officers of

Data Processing Division, ORGI, and New Delhi

Fingerprint reader

Census 2011 is now implementing biometric fingerprint reader for periodic count of population.

Biometric fingerprint reader is based on authenticating the individuals by recognizing the finger

touch for having reliable security. Due to the electronic storage of the data, the biometric system

will be able to store the details of huge population on India.

Every Individual including the homeless will be fingerprinted and photographed and based on

the data national IDs would be created . The biometric data will then be stored electronically in

the computer database.

Iris scanner:

This will be included if need arise for an Iris scan. Iris scan is done to ensure more security and

have more information for each individual. There is still doubt whether to include it or not.

Photo Camera:

Photograph of each citizen is being taken forUnique Identification project for preparing IDs.


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Data Processing and Storage

Data processing starts as the collection work is finished. The data is processed to bedigitalized and stored in the server. Image shows the steps involved in data processing

Scanners

Scanners are used to convert the filled forms and schedules in to digital image form for furtherscanning. This forms are fed through batch by batch.

The scanner used in the census 2011 process is KodakHigh Speed Scanners

Recognition stations: - This stage images are automatically recognized using field by field

character concept. The technology involved in recognition is Intelligent Character Recording

ICR technology

Intelligent character Recognition software converts hand printed characters to a machine

readable format .This ability to recognize hand written characters makes it very suitable and apt

for the data procession activities involved in a census and helps in saving time and increase

accuracy.The software is actually based on the science of neural networks .It is termed intelligent

because it is able to tackle the variation

Tiling and completion:- In this stage, unrecognized character are are corrected by operators

manually. This is done when ICR fails to recognize the charaters. This is very tedious task and

takes lot of time.


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Quality control and exception:- supervisor handle the exceptional cases and quality measures.

The data entered should be in standard manner and without any loss in quality.

Export station : The data are send as ASCII file to the Network server to be stored for

controlling and monitoring..

Data Storage

Following storage device has been installed in 15 Data Centers in India for data processingactivities

HPStorage Works EVA6400, Capacity 10/100 TB


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PostEnumeration

National Population Register(NPR)

The National Population Register would have the data of every person enumerated during

the Census operations irrespective of age. It would also have the biometric data and UID

Number of every person of age 15 years and above. National Identity Cards will be given

in a phased manner to all usual residents by the Office of the Registrar General and

Census Commissioner, India.

The figure shows the process of NPR formation along with technology involved in each

step.

Once the NPR final database is created, the same will be sent to UIDA for de-duplication

and generation ofUID Number

For maintenance and continuous updating of the NPR database, it is proposed to set up

NPR Centres, one in each tehsil / block

The changes in names, addresses, new entry through birth, deletion by death etc. will be

undertaken in the NPR Centres


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Data Retrieval

Information stored in the database is retrieved by different departments of Government. Census 2011

information will be used several purposes

1. Maps generated during the Pre- Enumeration process is available to be used by various agency.

2. Identity cars generated during the NPR(UID) process will serve as base for all personal

Information based requirement.

3. It is available in the site http://Censusindia.gov.in

Figure shows how data is being retrieved

Impact of technology

Impact of the technology in Indian Census

1.Compilation of basic population data whichwas done manual basis is totally computerized

2. Entire census data belonging to more than one billion population could be computerized using

ICR(Intelligent Character Recogintion) based form processing technology

3. Images of all the census schedules are available electronically and can recalled back for

further processing at any point of time in future.

4.The scanned data images could be used to generate further analysis need for policy

formulation.

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