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Topicality FileSamford Debate Institute 08 Galloway/Gramzinski Lab

Topicality Index (p. 1 of 2)

Topicality Index (p. 1 of 2) ..................................................................................................1*****Incentives Violations***** ........................................................................................3

**TRegulations Arent Incentives Shell (1/2)** .............................................................3TRegulations Arent Incentives Shell (2/2) .....................................................................4TRegulation arent incentives ..........................................................................................52ac T Front-Line: Permits Are Incentives ...........................................................................62ac T Front-Line: Permits Are Incentives ...........................................................................7T AFF: Permits are Topical .................................................................................................8Incentives Stimulate Actions ................................................................................................9TAFF: Regulations Are Incentives ...............................................................................10T-AFF: Carbon Tax is an Incentive ...................................................................................11T-AFF: Non-Tax Incentives Are Topical ..........................................................................12**TIncentives Arent Disincentives Shell (1/2)** .........................................................13

TIncentives Arent Disincentives Shell (2/2) .................................................................14Incentives Are Not Disincentives .......................................................................................15TAFF: Disincentives Can Be Incentives .......................................................................16Incentives are distinct from voluntary approaches ............................................................17*****Alternative Energy Violations***** ........................................................................18**TAlternative Energy: Fossil Fuel Cases Arent Topical (Shell)** ............................18TAlternative Energy: Fossil Fuel Cases Arent Topical ...............................................19Alternative Energy Means Non-Fossil Fuel Sources .........................................................20Alternative Energy Means Non-Fossil Fuel Sources .........................................................21T--Fossil Fuels Can Be Alternative Energy .......................................................................22Alternative Energy Isnt Energy Efficiency ......................................................................23

Alternative Energy Isnt Energy Efficiency .......................................................................24Energy Efficiency is Alternative Energy ............................................................................25Alternative Energy is Non-Traditional Energy ..................................................................26Federal Law Should Be Used to Define Alternative Energy .............................................27Alternative Energy is Renewable Energy ..........................................................................28Alternative Energy Isnt Renewable Energy ......................................................................29Wind is an alternative energy .............................................................................................30Solar Power is an Alternative Energy ................................................................................31Methanol is an alternative energy ......................................................................................32Biofuels are alternative energy ..........................................................................................33Alternative Means Non-Traditional ...................................................................................34

Alternative Energy Is Vague ..............................................................................................35Energy Means Power .........................................................................................................36**TConservation/Efficiency Isnt Topical (Shell)** .....................................................37**TNuclear Energy Is Not Topical (Shell)** ................................................................38Alternative Energy: Not Nuclear Energy ..........................................................................39Alternative Energy: Not Nuclear Energy ..........................................................................40TAFF: Nuclear Power is Topical ..................................................................................41*****Increase Violations***** .........................................................................................42

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**TIncrease Is Distinct From Create (Shell)** .............................................................42**TIncrease Means a Net Increase (Shell 1/1)** ..........................................................43Increase Means a Net Increase ...........................................................................................44Possible to Increase From Zero ..........................................................................................45Extending The Time on Funding Can Be an increase ........................................................46

******Substantially Violations******* ...........................................................................47**TSubstantial is Twenty Percent (Shell 1/1)** ............................................................47TSubstantial Must Be Given Meaning ...........................................................................48Substantially Means to a Large Degree .............................................................................49Substantial Means Having Substance ................................................................................50Substantially Means Strong ...............................................................................................51Substantial Means Large ....................................................................................................52Large Alternative Energy Incentives Exist Now (for Substantial Definitions) ............. ....53******Federal Government Isnt the States****** ..........................................................54TFederal Government Isnt the States (Shell) ...............................................................54TFederal Government Isnt the States ...........................................................................55

*****In Violations***** ...................................................................................................56**TCant Take International Action (Shell 1/1)** .........................................................56TIn means within extensions .........................................................................................57*****Federal Government Definitions***** ....................................................................58

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*****Incentives Violations*****

**TRegulations Arent Incentives Shell (1/2)**

A) Negative Interpretation:

1) A regulation mandates the use of alternative energy, wherean incentive gives inducements to comply with an increase:

Christina Harper, 2007 (J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School, BostonCollege International and Comparative Law Review, Spring, 2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed,Feb. 10, 2008).

Under traditional command-and-control (CAC) regulation, polluters are required tocomply with specified standards (the command) and the regulatory authority conducts stringentmonitoring and enforcement (the control). CAC regulation ensures that firms curb polluting practices. Moreover, CACregulation is source specific, meaning it requires every firm under its scope to reduce emissions. While many countrieshave had some form of CAC over the past few decades (especially with regard to air and water pollution), many

policymakers believe this approach is inflexible and inhibits innovative development by placing all the decision-makingpower in the hands of bureaucratic regulators. CAC regulation is also costly to administer because of the need for close

monitoring. 2. Economic Incentives Economic incentives (EIs),on the other hand, havebecome increasingly popular around the globe. The Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) has adopted a broad definition of EIs as "any instrument thatprovides continuous inducements, financial or otherwise, to encourageresponsible parties to reduce their release of pollutants or make their products lesspolluting." As such, EIs include tradable permit schemes and green taxes.

2) Economic incentives allow the ability of the company to say

no to the increase in alternative energythis is distinct from aregulation requiring polluters to adopt alternative energy.Christina Harper, 2007 (J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School, BostonCollege International and Comparative Law Review, Spring, 2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed,Feb. 10, 2008).

Traditional CAC regulation is source specific, requiring each polluter to reduceGHG emissions. Green taxation and emissions trading schemes, on the otherhand, provide economic incentives for polluters to reduce emissions but do notdemand that each polluter reduce emissions .

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TRegulations Arent Incentives Shell (2/2)

B) Violation: The plan is a regulation not an incentive.

C) Standards:1) Fair limits: Potentially thousands of cases can take an actionthat would require companies to use particular technologies,such as nuclear, bio-fuel, solar, geothermal, etc. Only bylimiting the Affirmative team to allowing an increase inincentives for increasing alternative energy stops a slipperyslope of cases mandating any technology imaginable.

2) Precision: The AFF conflates regulations and incentives, only

we preserve the precise meaning of incentives.D) T is a voter for fairness, clash & education

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TRegulation arent incentives

Direct regulations are distinct from economic incentives.

Winston Harrington, 2006 (Prof., Georgetown U. Public Policy Institute), THERFF READER IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE POLICY: SECONDEDITION, 06, 66. Environmental policies can rely more on direct regulation (thecommand-and-control or CAC approach) or, alternatively, on economic incentives forenvironmental protection.

Command and control requirements are not incentives:Christina Harper, 2007 (J.D. from the University of Southern California LawSchool, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Spring,2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed, Feb. 10, 2008).As such, governments have traditionally used CAC regulation to control emissions. CACregulation is effective in controlling emissions as it requires each polluter to reduce GHGemissions, for example, by forcing polluters to install scrubbers to industrial stacks to remove

pollutants. Unsurprisingly, this heavy-handed approach has proved unpopular with industry due toits inherent inflexibility. Green taxation and emissions trading schemes, on the other hand,provide economic incentives for polluters to reduce emissions. As such, these EIs do notdemand each polluter reduce emissions, but rather aim to reduce overall GHG emissions.

CAF style mandates are not incentives:Eban Goodstein, 2008 (Prof., Economics, Lewis & Clark College), ECONOMICS AND THEENVIRONMENT, 08, 406-407. Relative to an incentive-based approach like a gas-tax, the problem withCAFE or California's Clean Car mandates is the potential for a rebound effect: by reducing customers' gasbills, vehicle miles may increase. And technology-forcing of this kind does little to promote alternativefuels. For fuel switching, all of the major optionsbiofuels, electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cellsremain at a stage where they require federal R&D expenditures to bring down costs. One study suggeststhat cellulosic ethanol could achieve the scale economies needed for competitive pricing with expendituresof about $200 million a year for 10 yearsabout the cost of 2 to 3 days of U.S. oil imports.

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2ac T Front-Line: Permits Are Incentives

7) An incentive can be a carrot or a stick:

Odd-Helge Fjeldstad, 2006 (Dir., U4 Center at the Michelsen Institute), ANTI-CORRUPTION RESOURCE CENTER, 06. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://www.u4.no/document/glossary.cfm#incentives. Incentive : An incentive is aninducement or stimulus (the carrot or the stick), that encourages someone to dosomething. Incentive theory provides a conceptual framework for analysing the roleand potential of recruitment and promotion mechanisms, detection and penalties,and different wage systems in improving the efficiency of public agencies.

8) Reasonability: If there is no in-round abuse no reason to voteNEG on topicality.

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T AFF: Permits are Topical

We meet the counter-interpretation: Tradable permits areEconomic Incentives:

Christina Harper, 2007 (J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School, BostonCollege International and Comparative Law Review, Spring, 2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed,Feb. 10, 2008).Like permit trading schemes, taxes are economic incentives designed to change behavior. Greentaxes encourage a broad range of entities to take environmentally friendly measures through priceincentives.

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Incentives Stimulate Actions

An incentive is something that motivates or encouragessomeone:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 685. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Incentive: a thing thatmotivates or encourages one to do something; example: incentive to conserve;

An incentive moves someone to take action:

WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET,2007 Vol. 20A, 07, 76. Incentive: Incentive meant serving to encourage, rouse, ormove to action.

An incentive encourages a person to take action:

Carol-June Cassidy, 2008 (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICANENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 08, 439. Incentive: Something that encourages a person to dosomething.

Incentives are motivating influences:

COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 2006, 821. Incentive: A motivatinginfluence; stimulus.

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TAFF: Regulations Are Incentives

Incentives can be regulations:

Chris Park, 2007 (Dir., Graduate Studies, Lancaster U.), A DICTIONARY OFENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION, 07. 224. Incentive-based regulation Agovernment regulation (such as a tradable emissions allowance) that is designed toinduce changes in the behaviour of individuals or firms, in order to produceenvironmental, social, or economic benefits that would otherwise be prescribed bylegislation.

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T-AFF: Carbon Tax is an Incentive

A Carbon Tax is an incentiveChristina Harper, 2007 (J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School, Boston

College International and Comparative Law Review, Spring, 2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed,Feb. 10, 2008).From the human perspective, global climate change will have net negative impacts. 1 As such, policymakers must

implement climate change policies to mitigate these impacts to our Earth. Environmental or green taxation is onetool available to policymakers. Tax has the effect of encouraging a broad range of entities, throughprice incentives, to take measures to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs).

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T-AFF: Non-Tax Incentives Are Topical

Incentives can be non-tax incentives:

Larry Kreiser, 2006 (Prof., Accounting, Cleveland State U.), CRITICAL ISSUESIN ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION, VOL. III, 06, 466.

Besides tax incentives, governmental authorities can also use non-tax incentives tofoster solar power development. Some non-tax incentives include: DirectInvestment Incentives (Grants) governmental authorities provide grants wherecost sharing with investors facilitates the early development of solar power. Researchand Development Programs governmental authorities support R&D programs involving solar power

which engage in basic research, applied research, and cooperative research and testing. Green

Marketing/Pricing governmental authorities support voluntary programs where customers pay a

premium price to purchase solar power.

Subsidies are incentives:

Rinaldo Brau, 2006 (Prof., Economics, U. Cagliari), CRITICAL ISSUES INENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION, VOL. III, 06, 614-615. The easiest participationincentive is providing firms with a subsidy, which induces a downward shift of thesupply curve and, under some regularity conditions on the demand side, an increasein their profits. Other than monetary, the incentive may be 'in kind', with specificservices aimed at improving the abatement effort by the firm.

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**TIncentives Arent Disincentives Shell (1/2)**


1) An incentive is a reward for positive action:Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006 (online. Internet.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/incentive. Accessed May 9, 2008).

incentive noun 1. something that incites or tends to incite to action orgreater effort, as a reward offered for increased productivity.

2. The plan is a disincentive: a disincentive is something thatdiscourages or deters investment in a particular product.

Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006 (online. Internet.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/disincentive. Accessed May 9, 2008)

disincentive noun something that discourages or deters; deterrent: Highinterest rates and government regulations are disincentives to investment.

B) Violation: An incentive is distinct from a disincentive:disincentives try to discourage the use of a particular kind of

product by raising its price:Leticia M. Diaz, 2007 (dean and professor of law, barry university school of law,Catholic University Law Review, summer 2007. ONline. Lexis. accessed May

9, 2008).Commentators in the chemical industry offer various proposals to encourage theimplementation of inherently safer technology, including tax incentives and taxdisincentives.183 One commentatoradvocates a tax disincentive by applying anexcise tax to hazardous chemicals. 184 The increase in the cost of hazardousmaterials would be used in an attempt to balance the overall cost effect of usinginherently safer chemicals. 185

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http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/incentivehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/disincentivehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/incentivehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/disincentive


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TIncentives Arent Disincentives Shell (2/2)

C) Standards:

1) Fair limits: Potentially thousands of cases couldencourage dis-incentives to the use of fossil fuels,including any kind of taxation, regulation, or penalty

placed on fossil fuel use.

2) Bright line: Incentives for alternative energy are clearlyaffirmative ground, while the negative should have the rightto defend dis-incentives to the use of fossil fuel basedtechnologies.

3) Makes them extra-topical: Disincentives to use fossilfuels could encourage conservation or efficiency and notalternative energyextra-T is illegitimate because it provesthat resolutional action alone is insufficient to solve.

D) T is a voter for fairness, clash & education

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Incentives Are Not Disincentives

Carbon taxes are economic disincentives:Eben Albert-Knopp, 2007 (Vermont Law Review, Fall, 2007. Online. Lexis. Accessed May 9,2008).Carbon taxes have long been proposed as a means to reduce this country's dependence on fossilfuels. A carbon tax is a flat charge levied on the carbon content of fuels. This charge would be paidby producers, refiners, or directly by the consumer. The cost of fossil fuels would thereby increaseaccording to the amount of carbon released by the fuel when combusted. The result of such acharge is two-fold. First, the charge would create an economic disincentive to consume fossilfuels, pushing consumer behavior towards conservation and non-carbon alternatives.

Raising taxes is a disincentive not an incentive:

Peter Gillies, 2006 (Prof., Law, Macquarie U.), CRITICAL ISSUES INENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION, VOL. III, 06, 469. Broadly speaking,government initiatives have fallen into three categories: tax incentives, taxdisincentives, and subsidies, in the context of prompting producers and users tosource electricity from renewables.

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TAFF: Disincentives Can Be Incentives

Creating the fear of punishment can be an incentive:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISHLANGUAGE, 2006 4th Editon, 06, 647. 885. Incentive: Something, such as the fearof punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort.

An incentive can be a carrot or a stick:

Odd-Helge Fjeldstad, 2006 (Dir., U4 Center at the Michelsen Institute), ANTI-CORRUPTION RESOURCE CENTER, 06. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://www.u4.no/document/glossary.cfm#incentives. Incentive : An incentive is aninducement or stimulus (the carrot or the stick), that encourages someone to dosomething. Incentive theory provides a conceptual framework for analysing the roleand potential of recruitment and promotion mechanisms, detection and penalties,and different wage systems in improving the efficiency of public agencies.

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Incentives are distinct from voluntary approaches

Voluntary approaches arent incentives:Rinaldo Brau, 2006 (Prof., Economics, U. Cagliari), CRITICAL ISSUES IN

ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION, VOL. III, 06, 593. Environmental policy instruments areusually classified into three broad categories. The first category, which includes environmentaltaxes, subsidies and emission trading schemes, is that of economic instruments that provideeconomic agents with financial incentives to reduce environmental damage . The second categoryis that of regulatory instruments, which embraces traditional command-and-control policies suchas emission standards, whereby public authorities directly establish the environmentalperformance to be achieved, or the technologies to be used. The third category, which constitutesthe subject of this paper, is that of voluntary approaches (henceforth VAs), whereby firms makecommitments to improve their environmental performance beyond what required by the law.

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*****Alternative Energy Violations*****

**TAlternative Energy: Fossil Fuel Cases Arent

Topical (Shell)**


Alternative energy is energy from non-fossil fuel based sources:

Chris Park, 2007 (Dir., Graduate Studies, Lancaster U.), A DICTIONARY OFENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION, 07. 20. Alternative energy: Energy thatis produced from sources other than fossil fuels, which includes sources such ascompressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, or wind energy.

B) Violation: The AFF relies on fossil fuel based sources ofenergy not alternative energy.

C) Standards:

1) Fair Limits: Potentially thousands of cases can take an actioncreating incentives for fossil-fuel based energy, such as any taxcredit or subsidy to the oil or coal industry to produce clean-coal, new areas to drill oil, or non-traditional methods ofdiscovering oil such as oil shale.

2) Bright Line: The AFF conflates fossil fuel energy withalternative energy allowing them to defend big coal and big oilcrushing negative ground and destroying a bright line.


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TAlternative Energy: Fossil Fuel Cases Arent Topical

Alternative energy is non-petroleum energy:

Cutler Cleveland & Christopher Morris, 2006 (Dir., Center for Energy &Environmental Studies, Boston U./Chief Editor, Macmillan School DictionarySeries), DICTIONARY OF ENERGY, 06, 14. Alternative fuel: A non-petroleumenergy source used to power transportation vehicles, especially road vehicles, suchas ethanol or hydrogen. Thus, alternative fuel vehicle.

Fossil fuels represent traditional energy sources, not alternativeenergy sources

Kamaal R. Zaidi, 2007 (Albany Law Environmental Outlook Journal, 11 Alb. L.Envtl. Outlook 198. Online. Lexis. Accessed May 7, 2008).

Fossil fuels represent the traditional means of producing energy, but given the finitenessof this resource, the high levels of pollution it produces, and the rapid rise in consumption costs from fossil fuels such as

coal and natural gas, the advent of cheaper and more efficient wind energy tools like windturbines are proving to be an attractive alternative.

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Alternative Energy Means Non-Fossil Fuel Sources

Alternative energy sources are non-fossil fuel based:

Jerry Taylor & Peter VanDoren, 2006 (Research Analysts, Cato Institute),GLOBAL WARMING: OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS, 06, 166-167.

Ever since the energy crises of the 1970s, the U.S. government has promoted the useof "renewable energies"primarily wind, solar, biomass (burning wood and plantmaterial for power), and geothermal (tapping the hot steam or rock beneath theearth)as desirable substitutes forconventional fossil fuels.

Fossil fuels are not alternative energy sources:

Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 1.

Nearly 90 percent of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels. Because fossil fuelsare the main source, they are not alternative energy sources. Fossil fuels include

coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

Oil and gas are traditional energy sources, not alternativeenergy sources:

Andrea S. Miles, 2006 (Third-year student, University of Oklahoma College of Law AmericanIndian Law Review, 30 Am. Indian L. Rev. 461. Online. Lexis. Accessed April 28, 2008)The TERA is flexible and can be used in numerous energy projects, including traditional

endeavors like oil and gas exploration and electric power generation, alternative projects todevelop alternative energy such as wind and hydropower, and promoting emerging ventures such as oil shaledevelopment. 104

Fossil fuels are conventional power sources:Laura Thomas Gebert, 2007 (J.D. candidate, Barry University School of Law, Barry Law Review,Spring 2007, 8 Barry L. Rev. 149. Online. Lexis. Accessed, April 28, 2008).A. Negative Effects Associated with Conventional Power Generation In addition to the potential negativeeconomic impacts associated with dependence on petroleum-based energy sources, fossil fuel-based power plants have been linked to both environmental and health problems. 26

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Alternative Energy Means Non-Fossil Fuel Sources

Coal, oil, and natural gas are conventional energy sources, not

alternative energy:Darrin Gunkel, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, 06, 72. Ifusing conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas did not createpollution, there likely would be no debate about using alternative energy sources.But the unfortunate fact is that fossil-fuel use creates greenhouse gases that many scientists believe cause

global warming. To address the problem, many experts argue that nations should transition to clean,

renewable energy. Indeed, many consider alternative energy synonymous with cleanenergy.

Fossil fuels are conventional energy sources:Kamaal R. Zaidi, 2007 (Albany Law Environmental Outlook Journal, 11 Alb. L. Envtl. Outlook198. Online. Lexis. Accessed May 7, 2008).

Using wind energy instead ofconventional fossil fuels to power approximately 200 homes wouldleave around 900,000 kilograms of coal in the ground and reduce annual greenhouse emissions by2,000 tonnes. 52

Coal and natural gas are conventional energy sources:Kamaal R. Zaidi, 2007 (Albany Law Environmental Outlook Journal, 11 Alb. L. Envtl. Outlook198. Online. Lexis. Accessed May 7, 2008).Aside from entailing fewer deleterious effects on the environment, the application of wind energy in themarketplace is generally meant to compete against rising costs of energy supplied byconventional fossil fuels like coal or natural gas.

Carbon intensive energy sources are conventional energy

sources, not alternative energy sources.Kamaal R. Zaidi, 2007 (Albany Law Environmental Outlook Journal, 11 Alb. L. Envtl. Outlook198. Online. Lexis. Accessed May 7, 2008).These policies tend to push forward renewable energy and require electricity producers andsuppliers to reduce carbon emissions from conventional sources such as carbon-intensive powerplants (coal and natural gas) and promote carbon-free energy technologies such as wind, solar,biomass, geothermal and nuclear energy.

Gasoline and diesel oil are conventional fuels, not alternativeenergy sources.

Roy Nersesian, 2007 (Prof., Columbia U. Center for Energy and MarineTransportation), ENERGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: A COMPREHENSIVEGUIDE TO CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE SOURCES, 07, 216. TheU.S. Department of Energy defines alternative fuels as substantially nonpetroleummethods that enhance energy security and the environment. The list includesmethanol and ethanol fuels of at least 70 percent alcohol, compressed or liquefied naturalgas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, biofuels, and electricity,

including solar power. All are currently more costly than gasoline and diesel oil and, more importantly,

lack an infrastructure for serving customers. As Table 6.5 shows, the energy content ofalternative fuels is lower than gasoline and diesel oil, which means that motorvehicles that use alternative fuels will get lowermileage (miles per gallon) than thoserunning on gasoline diesel fuel.

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T--Fossil Fuels Can Be Alternative Energy

Broader definitions of alternative energy would allow certainfossil fuel sources to be topical.ChristopherSimon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY:POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FEASIBILITY, 07, 42. Taking a broader definition of"alternative energy," producer subsidies and tax incentive structures are used to encourage fossilfuel processing to explore gas fields for methane and propane, as well as more efficiently captureand use of coal field gases that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere misallocatedenergy resources.

Tar sands and oil shale are alternative energy sources.

Jay Inslee & Bracken Hendricks, 2008 (U.S. Rep., Washington & Sr. Fellow,Center for American Progress), APOLLO'S FIRE: IGNITING AMERICA'SCLEAN-ENERGY ECONOMY, 08, 261. Not all new energy technologies answer the nationalgoals of both energy independence and climate protection. Increasing our domestic use ofalternative fossil fuels by harvesting tar sands and oil shales, for example, would helpimprove our domestic energy security but would greatly worsen CO2 emissions.

Noncoventional oil sources are alternative energy.

J. Thomas Chesnutt, 2007 (Editor, Extension Tourism), ALTERNATIVE ENERGYSOURCES: OPTIONS FOR NOW AND THE FUTURE, Summer 07, 1. Theprimary alternative energy options under examination are combustible biofuels(gasoline and diesel); nonconventional oil derived from oil sands, shale, or bitumen;methanol; nuclear energy; and noncombustible fuel alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells.

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Alternative Energy Isnt Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is distinct from alternative fuel sources.Mona Hymel, 2006 (Professor of Law, University of Arizona, Loyola University Chicago Law

Journal, 38 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 43America's over-reliance on petroleum has led the federal government to invest in energy efficiencyprograms and the development of alternative fuel sources . Complacency during the 1980s and 1990s, theterrorist attack of 2001, the Iraq war, environmental problems associated with global climate change, and the recentdevastation to the Louisiana coast have led to heightened concerns for energy security, a vulnerable energy infrastructure,and the need to develop alternatives. 51 This section discusses existing, proposed, and expired tax incentives that targetrenewable and alternative energy sources.

Energy efficiency is not alternative energy

HunterLovins, 2006 (Journalist), ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 06, 37.

For several decades, more efficient use has been the biggest source of new energynot oil, gas, coal, or nuclear power. More efficient use of energy enabled Americans after the

1979 oil shock to cut oil consumption 15 percent in six years while the economy grew 16 percent. Theseefficiencies were achieved by more productive use of energy (better-insulated houses, better-designed

lights and electric motors, and cars that are safer, cleaner, more powerful, and get more miles per gallon).

By 2000, the energy service provided by that increased efficiency was 73 percent greater than total U.S.

oil consumption, five times domestic oil production, three times all oil imports, and 13 times Persian Gulf

oil imports. Since 1996, saved energy has been the nation's fastest-growing major"source" of energy.

Energy Conservation is not alternative energy

Greg Pahl, 2007 (Founder, Vermont Biofuels Association), THE CITIZEN-POWERED ENERGY HANDBOOK: COMMUNITY SOLUTIONS TO AGLOBAL CRISIS, 07, 287.

One final tool that all communities have at their disposal is conservation. Whileconservation is not a renewable energy strategy per se, it nevertheless is a crucialelement of the new energy economy we are about to create. Conservation is the leastexpensive and least harmful strategy we have available. As noted previously, it can be used to reduce our

consumption a wide range of resources, including but not limited to fossil fuels, electricity, and water.

Conservation also reduces the need to build costly new electrical-generation plants and other potentially

polluting sources of energy. These reductions can be achieved through a combination of initiatives

including the use of energy-efficient vehicles, appliances, building materials, and other technologies

coupled with imaginative thinking about living better with less. Given the amount of waste in our society,

especially in North America, living better with less would be an easy strategy for most people to adopt,

except for those at the very bottom of the economic spectrum.

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Alternative Energy Isnt Energy Efficiency

Energy-saving devices are distinct from alternative energy.

Sam Bodman, 2006 (U.S. Secretary of Energy), OIL: OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS,06, 144-145. There are parts of the [2005 Energy] bill that will come online in thenext few months, including tax credits for consumers who install energy-savingwindows and insulation, solar-powered water heaters, or energy efficient air conditioners or furnaces intheir homes; as well as tax credits for consumers who purchase hybrid gasoline-electric cars. In the medium time range, the bill promotes the greater use ofrenewable fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, which we expect can play a part inreducing our dependence on imported petroleum.

Energy efficiency is distinct from alternative fuel sources.Mona Hymel, 2006 (Professor of Law, University of Arizona, Loyola University Chicago LawJournal, 38 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 43America's over-reliance on petroleum has led the federal government to invest in energyefficiencyprograms and the development of alternative fuel sources. Complacency during the 1980s

and 1990s, the terrorist attack of 2001, the Iraq war, environmental problems associated with global climate change, andthe recent devastation to the Louisiana coast have led to heightened concerns for energy security, a vulnerable energy

infrastructure, and the need to develop alternatives. 51 This section discusses existing, proposed, and expiredtax incentives that target renewable and alternative energy sources.

Efficiency is distinct from alternative energy:Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 337.While scientists and engineers search for alternatives to fossil fuels that are clean, abundant, safe,and inexpensive, other important alternatives are available to businesses, governments, and otherenergy consumers: finding ways to reduce energy use and using energy more wisely andefficiently. For the foreseeable future, solar power, wind energy, and other alternatives are likely tofunction mainly as supplements to fossil fuels.

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Energy Efficiency is Alternative Energy

Energy efficiency is topical:

Darrin Gunkel, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, 06, 18.In exploring the question of whether or not alternative energy sources shouldreplace conventional energy, many experts are now stressing that such a transitionwould not be required if Americans learned to conserve the energy they have. Or, tolook at it another way, if Americans could capture the energy lost in production andconsumptionwhich some refer to as alternative energythey would not need toexplore new energy sources. Indeed, many energy experts consider energyefficiency a kind of vast alternative energy supply, waiting to be tapped. Some

power plants, for example, are beginning to recapture energy that would otherwise be wasted in the form

of escaped heat, and selling it. Energy efficiency not only reduces fuel costs but can increase profits as

well. Furthermore, advocates argue that efficiency is the best way to meet growing demand, eliminating

the need to build new power plants or to drill or mine for new fossil fuels. According to researchers at the

Rocky Mountain Institute in Snowmass, Colorado, the technology exists today to cut energy consumption

by 75 percent or more. A report from the U.S. Department of Energy asserts that mandating energy-

efficient appliances will save American consumers $150 billion by the year 2050.

Energy efficiency can be considered alternative energy:Dan Chiras, 2006 (Prof., Engineering, Colorado College), THE HOMEOWNERS GUIDE TORENEWABLE ENERGY, 06, 259. First and foremost among alternatives is energy conservation:using what we need (the frugality principle) and using it efficiently. Energy conservation is to ourenergy future what the emergency room is to medicine. It can save us from crashing.

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Alternative Energy is Non-Traditional Energy

Alternative energy is non-traditional energy.27. Francesca Broadbent, 2007 (Editor), RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE, 07.Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 from http://www.rtcc.org/2007/html/glossary.html. Alternative energy -energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric,wind).

Alternative energy is energy that is not popularly used.

28. Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008 GLOSSARY OFENVIRONMENTAL TERMS, 08. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp. alternative energy - energy that is notpopularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy(as opposed to fossil fuels).

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Federal Law Should Be Used to Define AlternativeEnergy

Governmental sources define alternative energy as energy notderived from fossil fuels.

U.S. Department of the Interior, 2007 OFFSHORE MINERALSMANAGEMENT, Oct. 24, 07. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://www.mms.gov/offshore/RenewableEnergy/Definitions.htm. Alternativeenergy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typicallyused interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass,wave and tidal energy.

The federal government defines alternative fuels as coming frommultiple sources.

Christopher Simon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALFEASIBILITY, 07, 42. The federal definition of alternative fuel is found in Title 42,chapter 77 6374 of the U.S. Code: The term "alternative fuel" means methanol,denatured ethanol, and other alcohols; mixtures containing 85 percent or more (orsuch other percentage, but not less than 70 percent, as determined by the Secretary, by rule, to provide for

requirements relating to cold start, safety, or vehicle functions) by volume of methanol, denatured

ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas; hydrogen;

coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials; electricity

(including electricity from solar energy); and any other fuel the Secretary determines, by rule, is

substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantial

environmental benefits.

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Alternative Energy is Renewable Energy

Alternative energy has the distinction of being renewable

energy.Emma Carlson Berne, 2008 (Journalist), GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATECHANGE, 08, 21. Alternative sources of energy include solar power, wind power,landfill gas, geothermal power, biomass power, hydrogen and fuel cells, andhydropower, though this list is far from inclusive. All of these sources share thedistinction of being renewablemeaning that they do not rely on a finite sourceand most are either noncarbon emitting or produce only a small amount of carbon.

Alternative energy is renewable energy.

Greg Pilon, 2006 (President of Nelson Education, Ltd.), OUR ENVIRONMENT:GLOSSARY, 06. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://environment.nelson.com/0176169040/glossary.html. A lternative energy.Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass,which create less environmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer analternative to nonrenewable resources.

Alternative energy does not use natural resources.J. Thomas Chesnutt, 2007 (Editor, Extension Tourism), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES:OPTIONS FOR NOW AND THE FUTURE, Summer 07, 1. In recent years, economic andenvironmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels have driven the search for alternativeenergy sources. Alternative energy is energy derived from sources that do not use natural resourcesor harm the environment.

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Alternative Energy Isnt Renewable Energy

Alternative fuels are not necessarily renewable fuels

Barbara Boxer, 2007 (U.S. Senator, California), SENATORS PERSPECTIVES ONGLOBAL WARMING, Senate Hearing, Jan. 30, 07, 78. Senator, I also thank youfor making the distinction between alternative fuels and renewable fuels becausewhen the President talks about alternatives, we dont know that they are clean. Wedont know that they will necessarily help us with the greenhouse gas emissions. Sothere are lots of things we have to be wary of.

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Wind is an alternative energy

Wind is an alternative energy:Karen Povey, 2007 (Journalist), ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 07, 55-56. One of themost common forms of alternative energy is wind power. In some respects, wind isactually a form of solar energy. As the sun shines down, it heats the atmosphere and the earth'ssurface. However, variation in land formations, vegetation, and bodies of water causes uneven heating

around the planet. Air in some areas, such as at the equator, warms quickly As this warm air expands and

rises, cooler air rushes in to replace it. The warmed air eventually cools and sinks back to the earth. This

movement of warm and cool air combined with the rotational force of the earth creates wind.

Wind is a form of alternative energy:

Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 84. As of early2006, the closest thing to an alternative-energy "revolution" is what is happening in

wind power: large windmills have been the cheapest, mostly rapidly-growing sourceof new electricity worldwide since the early 2000s.

Wind and solar are alternative energies:

Paul Roberts, 2006 (Journalist), ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 06, 44. And whatabout solar and wind? As it turns out, the two most famous alternative energytechnologies together generate less than half a percent of the planet's energy. Here's adepressing fact: The entire output of every solar photovoltaic (PV) cell currently installed worldwide

about 2,000 megawatts totalis less than the output of just two conventional, coal-fired power plants.

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Solar Power is an Alternative Energy

Solar, energy, and wind are alternative energy sources:

Sarah Levete, 1997 (Journalist), SOLAR POWER, 97, 26. Many people prefer touse energy sources that do not harm the natural world. These are often calledalternative energy sources. Solar energy, wind energy, and water energy arealternative energy sources.

Hydroelectric, wind, and solar are alternative energy sources.

Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 380.

Many alternative or renewable energy sources, especially hydroelectric power,wind, and solar power, are already providing important amounts of energy or arecapable of providing significant amounts of energy in the near future.

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Methanol is an alternative energy

Methanol is topical:

George Olah, 2006 (Prof., Hydrocarbon Institute at the University of SouthernCalifornia & Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry), BEYOND OIL AND GAS: THEMETHANOL ECONOMY, 06, 181. Resistance to the widespread introduction ofmethanol by special interest groups (some of which favor agricultural ethanol), energy securityissues, governmental energy and emission policies and other political considerations also play an

important role. With diminishing oil and gas reserves, a new realization for the need offinding alternative solutions is finally achieving a foothold, and the future ofmethanol as a transportation fuel is entering a new period.

Methanol is an alternative fuel:

Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 52. Many peoplebelieve methanol has potential as a fuel. Federal and state governments have passedlaws encouraging the development ofalternative fuels such as methanol.

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Biofuels are alternative energy

Biofuels are alternative energy:

Sally Morgan, 2007 (Journalist), FROM WINDMILS TO HYDROGEN FUELCELLS: DISCOVERING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 07, 46.

A huge potential source of alternative energy is biopower (power from plants).Plants can harness the sun's energy because their leaves contain a green pigmentcalled chlorophyll. This pigment enables plants to use light to combine carbondioxide and water in order to make sugars. The plants use these sugars to fuel theirgrowth and reproduction. People have cut down trees and used their wood as anenergy source for thousands of years. But there are other plants that could be just asuseful. Technology is making it possible for us to access this type of energy.

Biofuels are a form of alternative energy.J. Thomas Chesnutt, 2007 (Editor, Extension Tourism), ALTERNATIVE ENERGYSOURCES: OPTIONS FOR NOW AND THE FUTURE, Summer 07, 1. Biofuels, suchas ethanol and biodiesel, are alternative fuel options that feature blends of traditionalfuels with various nontraditional alternatives. In the case of ethanol, the mixture is madefrom up to 85 percent nontraditional sources such as corn, grasses, sugar cane andanimal wastes blended with gasoline.

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Alternative Means Non-Traditional

Alternative means non-traditional:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISHLANGUAGE, 2006 4th Editon, 06, 54. Alternative: Existing outside traditional orestablished institutions or systems.

Alternative means different than usual:

Carol-June Cassidy, 2008 (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICANENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 08, 22. Alternative: Something that is different, esp. from whatis usual; a choice.

Alternative means unconventional:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 36. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Alternative: of or relatingto behavior that is considered unconventional and is often seen as a challenge totraditional norms.

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Alternative Energy Is Vague

Alternative Energy is a vague term:

Christopher Simon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALFEASIBILITY, 07, 41. What is alternative energy'? Simply put, it is not a unifiedconcept. The lack of clarity and consistency in definition, however, provides anopportunity for individuals and groups considering alternative energy sources fortheir communities, states, or nation. The lack of rigidity in definition reflects thelikelihood that perspectives on alternative energy will be more likely related to asearch process focusing on energy alternatives.

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Energy Means Power

Energy means the capacity for work:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 4th Editon,06, 591. Energy: The capacity for work or vigorous activity.

Energy means the capacity for action:

Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGEDICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 471. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Energy: potentialforces; inherent power; capacity for vigorous action.

Energy means strength or power exerted:

Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGE

DICITONARY, 4

TH

EDITION, 06, 471. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Energy: strength orpower efficiently exerted.

Energy could refer to a persons physical or mental powers:Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGE DICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07,456. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Energy: The strength and vitality required for sustained physical ormental activity; a feeling of possessing such strength and vitality; force or vigor of expression; apersons physical and mental powers, typically as applied to a particular task or activity.

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**TConservation/Efficiency Isnt Topical (Shell)**


1) Alternative energy is energy produced from sources not inwidespread use at the moment.

Australian Foundation for Science, 2008 NOVA SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, Aug.06. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 from http://www.science.org.au/nova/005/005glo.htm.Alternative energy sources. Energy sources different from those in widespread useat the moment (which are referred to as conventional). Alternative energy usuallyincludes solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric and geothermal energy.

2) Energy conservation is distinct from alternative energy.Hermann Scheer, 2007 (Member of the German Bundestag), ENERGY AUTONOMY: THEECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CASE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY, 07,197. The oft-cited statement, 'the greatest energy source is energy conservation', is wrong on twocounts: first, energy conservation is not an energy source but instead simply reduces the demandfor energy; and second, with nonrenewable energy the potential for energy conservation is alwayssmaller than the amount of non-renewable energy's total consumption, since there is no such thingas a perpetual motion machine. 'Negawatt instead of megawatt' is how another slogan goes. In other words, try toavoid using energy as much as possible. Well into the 1990s, environmental organizations and institutes issued energy

policy recommendations in which renewable energy was not even mentioned as an active option.

B) Violation: The plan increases conservation or efficiency, notalternative energy.

C) Standards:

1) Fair ground: The AFF attempts to avoid disads and solvencyanswers specific to alternative energyonly requiring them todefend alternative energy and not merely conservation causes adebate on the merits of alternative energy.

2) Precision: The AFF. conflates conservation with alternativeenergy allowing them to defend big coal or big oilour evidencedraws a clean distinction between those terms.


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**TNuclear Energy Is Not Topical (Shell)**


1) The federal governments definition of alternative energyexcludes nuclear power:

ChristopherSimon, 2007 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,AND SOCIAL FEASIBILITY, 07, 39. The federal definition of alternative energy is

best summarized by Title 26, Chapter 70, Paragraph 7701 of the Revised U.S. Code: The termalternative energy facility means a facility for producting electrical or thermalenergy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, ornuclear power.

2) Federal law should be the definitive source for whatconstitutes alternative energy:

Christopher Simon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALFEASIBILITY, 07, 41-42. Federal law is fairly definitive when it comes toalternative fuels. Alternative fuel issues are often tied directly to their primary use:transportation. Federal fuels policies bring together issues related to stored energy sources andmanagement, transportation infrastructure, and environmental quality regulations as well as federal

monies to state and local governments.

B) Violation: the plan uses nuclear power.

C) Standards:

1) Resolutional context: The neg interpretation refers to the waythe federal government defines alternative energy. As thefederal government is the agent providing the increase, the neginterpretation best preserves resolutional context.

2) Limits: The affirmative interp allows all different kinds ofnuclear energy including light water reactors, high temperaturegas reactors and breeder reactors to be topicalcreating aslippery slope.


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Alternative Energy: Not Nuclear Energy

Alternative energy excludes nuclear and hydroelectric power.

Michael L. McKinney, 2007 (Professor, Environmental Science, U. Tennessee),ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS, 4TH EDITION,07, 601. Alternative energy sources: Energy sources, such as solar power, windpower, and so forth, that are alternatives to the fossil fuels, nuclear power, andlarge-scale hydroelectric power.

Nuclear is not an alternative energy source.

Christopher Simon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALFEASIBILITY, 07, 56. Alternative energy is a widely supported option, which,unlike nuclear power, is seen as both "green" and safe . Another conclusion that could bedrawn from the 91 percent level of support found in the 2001 study is that the public sees these sources of

energy as viable energy options. Despite the previous conclusion regarding postSeptember 11 concerns

about energy safety, it is apparent in more recent studies that the public remains focused on alternative

energy as important for the long-term protection of global climate health.

Alternative energy does not include coal, oil, and nuclearenergy.

New Alternatives Fund, 2004. Retrieved Feb. 20, 08 fromhttp://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html. AlternativeEnergy includes three main groups: Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal,Biomass), Fuel Cells & Hydrogen, Energy Conservation and Enabling Technologies.Alternative energy, saves natural resources, is environmentally superior to conventional coal and oil.

Wind, flowing water, energy conservation and geothermal heating are ancient but now employ new

advanced technology. Technologies such as solar cells, hydrogen and fuel cells and ocean energy are

relatively new. All of the technologies operate. The present cost effectiveness of some of the newest

technologies varies. Alternative Energy does not include: Coal, Oil, Atomic energy.

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Alternative Energy: Not Nuclear Energy

Alternative energy does not include nuclear.

Christopher Simon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIALFEASIBILITY, 07, 39-40. The federal definition of alternative energy is bestsummarized by Title 26, chapter 79, 7701 of the revised U.S. Code: "the term'alternative energy facility' means a facility for producing electrical or thermalenergy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, ornuclear power." The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of taxcredits to "alternative energy facilities," which meet certain standards as defined in Title 26,chapter 1, 48 "Energy Credit." Tax credits are one method by which the federal government encourages

the private sector to make certain economic choices; in the case of energy policy, this definition of

alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternative energy will be defined by those

individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (and benefit) by adopting a particular

definition of alternative energy.

Alternative energy is energy from any source other than fossil

fuels and nuclear power.Neil Schlager, 2006 (Journalist), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, 06, 380.

Most sources of "alternative" energywhich usually means energy from any sourceother than fossil fuels and nuclear fissiondepend on obvious, natural sources ofenergy. The sun bathes Earth with light, which can either be turned into electricity orused directly for light or heat. The wind and rivers are loaded with kinetic energy(the energy of matter in motion). Tides raise and lower the sea, and hold apotentially useable source of energy.

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TAFF: Nuclear Power is Topical

Nuclear energy is an alternative energy source:Joann Jovinelly, 2008 (Journalist), OIL: THE ECONOMICS OF FUEL, 08, 44. Oneof the most talked about alternative energy sources is nuclear energy, which isalready used around the world to produce electricity. This is especially true in countriessuch as France, where it powers roughly 77 percent of the nation's total electricity, and Belgium, where

56 percent of electrical power is derived from nuclear generators. In America, only about 20 percent of

all electrical power is currently generated by atomic reactors.

Nuclear power is an alternative source of energy:

PatrickMoore, 2006 (Chief Scientist, GreenSpirit & Co-Founder of GreenPeace),ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, 06, 76-77.

Indeed, nuclear power is already a proven alternative to fossil fuels. The UnitedStates relies on nuclear power for some 20 percent of its electricity production, andproduces nearly one-third of global nuclear energy. Despite its current limited supply,nuclear energy now provides the vast majority (76.2 percent) of the U.S.'s emission-free generation.

(Others include hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, biomass, and solar.) In 2002, the use of nuclear energy

helped the U.S. avoid the release of 189.5 million tons of carbon into the air, if this electricity had been

produced by coal. In fact, the electric sector's carbon emissions would have been 29 percent higher

without nuclear power.

Nuclear is an alternative energy form:ChristopherSimon, 2007 (Prof., Political Science, U. Nevada, Reno), ALTERNATIVE ENERGY:POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FEASIBILITY, 07, 41. At the federal level, the expansion ofnuclear energy policy has been proposed as a form of alternative energy, replacing the use of hydrocarbons

to produce electrical or thermal energy.

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*****Increase Violations*****

**TIncrease Is Distinct From Create (Shell)**


1) Increase is distinct from create:WORDS AND PHRASES, 1960, 381. Increased, as used in Wests Ann.Cal. Const. art.12, 11, providing that the stock and bonded indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased without the consent

of the person holding the larger amount of the stock, does not include or apply to the firstcreation of bonded indebtedness. To give it such meaning would be to inject into theprovision the word create.

2) There are multiple kinds of alternative energy incentiveswhich can be increased, however the affirmative chooses to

change energy incentive policy.Laura Egendorf, 2006 (Journalist), ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 06, 14.Though alternative energy has become more popular in recent years, it is not close to replacing oil and other fossil

fuels. As of 2005, alternative fuels still make up barely 1 percent of U.S. energy use and face problems expanding.

As was the case during the Industrial Revolution, cost and practicality remain issues. The government,however, is again encouraging consumers to use energy alternatives; theEnergy Policy Act of 2005 authorized tax incentives for building residentialsolar power systems, purchasing alternative-fuel cars, and using renewableelectricity sources such as wind and biomass. As President George W. Bush explained whenhe signed the bill into law, "By developing these innovative technologies, we can keep the lights running while

protecting the environment and using energy produced right here at home."'

B) Violation: The plan creates a new incentive program, and

doesnt provide more money for an existing incentive program.C) Standards:

1) Fair limits: Allowing for any action that creates newalternative energy incentives allows the affirmative to establishany kind of new incentive program for any new kind oftechnology, making the topic virtually limitless.

2) Precision: We preserve the fundamental distinction between

increase and create while the negative conflates these terms.D) T is a voter for fairness, clash & education

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**TIncrease Means a Net Increase (Shell 1/1)**

A) Negative interpretation:

1) Increase means a net increase not merely an increase in a particulartype of alternative energy at the expense of another type

WORDS AND PHRASES, 2007 CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARYPAMPHLET, Vol. 20A, 07, 309. Increase: Term increase as used in statute givingthe Energy Commission modification jurisdiction over any alteration, replacement,or improvement of equipment that results in increase of 50 megawatts or more inelectric generating capacity of existing thermal power plant, refers to net increasein power plants total generating capacity in deciding whether there has been therequisite 50-megawatt increase as a result of new units being incorporated into the plant. Department of Water & Power v. Energy Resources Conservation &Development Com., 3 Cal.Rptr.2d 289, 2 Cal.App.4th 206.

2) The United States already budgets for multiple types of alternativeenergymandating a single type of alternative energy could merely trade-off with existing energy sources.

Samuel Bodman, 2007 (Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy), PROPOSED BUDGET FORFISCAL YEAR 2008 FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Sen. Energy & Natural ResourcesHrg., Feb. 7, 07, 9.The FY 2008 budget for AEI includes funding for the advancement of renewable energytechnologies such as biomass, wind, and solar energy, as well as hydrogen research anddevelopment. Also, AEIs diverse energy portfolio includes accelerating the development of cleancoal technology including building a near-zero atmospheric emissions coal plant known asFutureGen. AEI also includes funding for nuclear energy technologies, including the Global Nuclear EnergyPartnership, and basic science research that supports developments in many of the aforementioned technologies as well as

fusion energy research.

B) Violation: The aff. plan merely trades-off with existing types ofalternative energy.

C) Standards:

1) Division of ground: The aff interp allows them to trade-off with otherforms of alternative energy instead of defending a net increasepotentiallyvoiding negative disads to increased alternative energy consumption.

2) Bright Line: The AFF interpretation risks blurring themeaning of increase with trade-offonly we preserve the brightline.


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Increase Means a Net Increase

Increase means a net increaseWORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET, 2007 Vol. 20A,

07, 76. Increase: Within insurance companys superintendents employment contract, increasemeant net increase in premiums generated by agent calculated by subtracting lapses orpremiums lost on policies previously issued. Lanier v. Trans-World Life Ins. Co., 258 So.2d 103.

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Possible to Increase From Zero

One can increase from zero:WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET,2007Vol. 20A, 07, 76. Increase: Salary change of from zero to $12,000 and $1,200annually for mayor and councilmen respectively was an increase in salary and notmerely the fixing of salary. King v. Herron, 243 S.E.2d36, 241 Ga. 5.

Changes can be increases:

National Economic Council, 2006 ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 06, 164-165. Since 2001, the[Bush] Administration has spent nearly $10 billion to develop cleaner, cheaper, and more reliablealternative energy sources. As a result, America is on the verge of breakthroughs in advancedenergy technologies that could transform the way we produce and use energy. To build on this

progress, the President's Advanced Energy Initiative provides for a 22% increase in funding forclean-energy technology research at the Department of Energy in two vital areas: 1. Changing theway we fuel our vehicles. We can improve our energy security through greater use of technologiesthat reduce oil use by improving efficiency, expansion of alternative fuels from homegrownbiomass, and development of fuel cells that use hydrogen from domestic feedstocks. 2. Changingthe way we power our homes and businesses. We can address high costs of natural gas andelectricity by generating more electricity from clean coal, advanced nuclear power, and renewableresources such as solar and wind.

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Extending The Time on Funding Can Be an increase

Extending the length of time on funding can be an increase:

WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET,2007 Vol. 20A, 07, 76. Increase: A durational modification of child support is asmuch an increase as a monetary modification. State ex rel. Jarvela v. Burke, 678N.W.2d 68.

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******Substantially Violations*******

**TSubstantial is Twenty Percent (Shell 1/1)**


1) Substantially means at least twenty percentWords & Phrases, 1967, 758. Substantial number of tenants engaged inproduction of goods for commerce means that at least 20 per cent of thebuilding be occupied by tenants so engaged. Ullo vs. Smith, D.C.N.Y., 62 F. Supp. 757, 760.

2) Substantially must be measured in comparison to the

entirety of the surrounding circumstances:Words & Phrases, 1967, 759. Substantial is a relative term, the meaningof which is to be gauged by all the circumstances surrounding the transaction,in reference to which the expression has been used. It imports a considerableamount or value in opposition to that which is inconsequential or small.

B) Violation: The Bush administration has spent $10 billiondeveloping alternative energy sourcesthe plan must be atleast a $2 billion increase to be a substantial increase inalternative energy incentives.

National Economic Council, 2006 ENERGY ALTERNATIVES, 06, 164-165.

Since 2001, the [Bush] Administration has spent nearly $10 billion to developcleaner, cheaper, and more reliable alternative energy sources. As a result,America is on the verge of breakthroughs in advanced energy technologies thatcould transform the way we produce and use energy.

C) Standards:

1) Fair limits: Potentially thousands of cases could increase theincentives for alternative energy by a tiny amountthe plancould deal with any tiny subset of alternative energy or a smalldollar amount for an unproven and esoteric technology.

2) Bright line: Our interpretation creates a clean line betweenwhat is topical and what is non-topical.


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TSubstantial Must Be Given Meaning

Substantially must have meaning in the resolution:Corpus Juris Secundum, 1983, 765. Substantially. A relative and elastic

term which should be interpreted in accordance with the context in which it isused. While it must be employed with care and discrimination, it must,nevertheless, be given effect.

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Substantially Means to a Large Degree

Substantial means large in size or value:

Carol-June Cassidy, 2008 (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH,2nd Ed., 08, 873. Substantial: Large in size, value, or importance.

Substantial means to a large degree:

Carol-June Cassidy, 2008 (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICANENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 08, 873. Substantially: To a large degree.

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Substantial Means Having Substance

Substantial means having substance:Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGEDICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 1428. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Subsantial: of orhaving substance.

Substantial means material:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISHLANGUAGE, 2006 4th Editon, 06, 1727. Substantial: Of, relating to, or havingsubstance; material.

Substantial means real, not imaginary:

Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGEDICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 1428. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Subsantial: real;actual; true; not imaginary.

Substantial means real and tangible:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 1369. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Substantial: Real andtangible rather than imaginary.

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Substantially Means Strong

Substantial means strong or firm:Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGEDICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 1428. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Subsantial:strong; solid; firm; stout.

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Substantial Means Large

Substantial means considerable or ample:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISHLANGUAGE, 4th Editon, 2006, 1727. Substantial: Considerable in importance,value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.

Substantial means ample or large:

Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGEDICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 1428. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Subsantial:considerable; ample; large.

Substantial means of considerable worth or value:

Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGE

DICITONARY, 4TH EDITION, 06, 1428. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) Subsantial: ofconsiderable worth or value.

Substantial means to a great or significant extent:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 1369. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Substantially: to a greator significant extent.

Substantial means of considerable importance or worth:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGE

DICTIONARY, 2nd

Ed., 07, 1369. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Substantial: ofconsiderable importance; size; or worth

14) Substantial means important or worthwhile (96)

Substantial means to a considerable or large degree:

WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET,2007, Vol. 40B, 07, 95. The term substantially in the ADA means considerable orto a large degree. Heiko v. Colombo Savings Bank.

Substantial means important or worthwhile:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 1369. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Substantial: Important inmaterial or social terms

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Large Alternative Energy Incentives Exist Now (forSubstantial Definitions)

Billions of dollars of alternative energy incentives exist now:Samuel Bodman, 2007 (Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy), PROPOSED BUDGET FORFISCAL YEAR 2008 FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Sen. Energy & Natural ResourcesHrg., Feb. 7, 07, 9. At a request of $2.7 billion, $557 million above the FY 2007 budget request of$2.1 billion, the Presidents Advanced Energy Initiative (AEI) will continue to support cleanenergy technology breakthroughs that will help improve our energy security throughdiversification and could help to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The FY 2008 budget forAEI includes funding for the advancement of renewable energy technologies such as biomass,wind, and solar energy, as well as hydrogen research and development. Also, AEIs diverse energyportfolio includes accelerating the development of clean coal technology including building anear-zero atmospheric emissions coal plant known as FutureGen. AEI also includes funding fornuclear energy technologies, including the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, and basic scienceresearch that supports developments in many of the aforementioned technologies as well as fusion

energy research.

Three percent of the current energy mix comes from renewableenergy:

PeterTertzakian, 2006 (Chief Energy Economist, ARC Financial Corporation), ATHOUSAND BARRELS A SECOND: THE COMING OIL BREAK POINT, 06,172. The water molecule, H20, contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. Thewater molecule is very stable and stubbornly strong and requires a lot of electricityto break, in a process called electrolysis. Of course we know how to generateelectricity, but that gets us back to our existing energy mix for electrical power,which in the United States is 51 percent coal, 3 percent oil, 16 percent natural gas, 7percent hydroelectric, 3 percent renewables, and 20 percent nuclear. In other words,

our quest to make hydrogen a new wonder fuel brings us full circle back to our mixof existing fuels. In fact, despite all the industry pronouncements, hydrogen does notexist by itself on Earth. In order to liberate it, energy that we're trying to avoid usingmust be expended before hydrogen can generate electricity. In other words,hydrogen is not a new energy source at all, but actually an intermediary energycarrier that slots nicely into our existing supply chains.

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******Federal Government Isnt the States******

TFederal Government Isnt the States (Shell)

A) Negative Interpretation

1) The federal government is the central government of the US:Elizabeth Jewell, 2001 (Editor), OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY, 01, 620. Federal:Of, relating to, or denoting the central government of the United States.

2) The federal government is not referring to the states:Henry Black, 1990 (Ed.),Blacks Law Dictionary, 90, 695.Federal government. The government of the United States of America, asdistinguished from the governments of the several states.

B) Violation: the plan uses the states

C) Standards:

1) Predictability: By requiring the AFF team to defend actionfrom the central government it prevents the NEG from having toresearch every state or locality in the United States.

2) Precision: The affirmative interpretation blurs the meaning of

a federal form of government (one that has divided powers) withthe federal governmentreferring to the central government inWashington, D.C. The negative interpretation best preserves

precision of the terms meaning.


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TFederal Government Isnt the States

Federal means relating to the central government not the states:Elizabeth Jewell, 2001 (Editor), OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY, 01, 620. Federal:

Of, relating to, or denoting the central government as distinguished from the separate unitsconstituting a federation.

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*****In Violations*****

**TCant Take International Action (Shell 1/1)**


1) In means within

Words & Phrases, 1967, 16.The word in in its most usual significance and popular usemeans inclosed or surrounded by limits as in a room.

2) United States means the 50 states and the District of

Columbia.CORPUS JURIS SECUNDUM, 1953, 8.In a territorial or geographic sense, the term United States as used in theConstitution with respect to the provision that duties shall be uniformthroughout the United States, includes the states whose people united to formthe Constitution, and such as have since been added to the union on an equalitywith them, as well as the District of Columbia, but not unorganized territorialpossessions.

B) Violation: The plan takes an international action.

C) Negative Interpretation

1) Precision: In means only in a given area. Allowing the AFF to gobeyond the scope of the US causes the AFF to violate the standard that theplan must be enclosed by US territory.

2) Best limits: The AFF justifies plans that give energy incentives abroadto any nation on the planetonly our interp prevents a massive explosionof the topic.

3) Extra-topicality is illegitimate:

a) Going beyond the scope of the resolution proves the resolution isinsufficient to solvejustifying a neg. ballot.

b) Severance is illegit: the damage has been done. We shouldnt have torun and win an argument to get them back to square one.


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TIn means within extensions

In means within or inside of:Words & Phrases, 1967, 16.

Webster defines in to mean within, inside of . It is held that where, by theterms of a mortgage, it is payable in one year from date, it can be paid atany time during the year.

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*****Federal Government Definitions*****

Interstate compacts can be the federal government:Michael Agnes, 2006 (Editor-In-Chief), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD COLLEGE DICITONARY,4TH EDITION, 06, 519-520. (Cleveland, OH: Wiley) federal: of or formed by a compact;designating or of a union of states, groups, etc. in which each member agrees to subordinate itsgovernmental power to that of the central authority in certain specified common affairs.

A government with divided powers is a federal government:

Bryan Garner, 2006 (Editor-in-chief), BLACKS LAW DICTIONARY, 3rd

Paperback Edition, 06, 283. Federal: Of or relating to a system of associatedgovernments with a vertical division of governments into national and regionalcomponents having difference responsibilities.

A government with independent states is a federal government:

Christine Lindberg, 2007 (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGEDICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07, 501-502. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Federal: Having orrelating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remainindependent in internal affairs.

A federal government has divided but overlappingresponsibilities

Susan Ellis, 2006 Wild, (Editor), WEBSTERS NEW WORLD LAWDICTIONARY, 06, 141. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley) Federal: Pertaining to a system ofgovernment such as that adopted in the United States, in which a nationalgovernment oversees a federal of local governments, with distinctly designed butoverlapping responsibilities.

A federal government has states give up some power to afederal authority

Carol-June Cassidy, 2008 (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICANENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 08, 308. Federal: A system of government in which states uniteand give up some of their powers to a central authority.

The federal government is a union where states give up somepower:

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISHLANGUAGE 2006 4th Edit 06 647 F d l Of l ti t b i f f

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