tourism planning and development1.pptx

8/19/2019 TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT1.pptx

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TOURISM PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED BY:

HANZ MATSUO

ARCHANGEL LOPEZ


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CHAPTER 1 – TOURISMPLANNING

MEANING OF PLANNING

PLANNING IS THE PROCESS OF SETTING GOALS,SELECTING ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION TOACHIEVE THOSE GOALS, IMPLEMENTING THECHOSEN ALTERNATIVE AND EVALUATING THE

CHOICES TO FIND OUT IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL.PLANNING IS THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF ANYACTIVITY.


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THE NEED FOR TOURISM

PLANNING

IN TOURISM, SUCCESS IS NEITHER GUARANTEED NOR PERMANENT. MANY AREAS HAVE

EXPERIENCED TOURISM CYCLES WHICH START WITH FEW RICH VISITORS, PROCEED THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPANSION PROGRAMS, ATTAIN SATURATION, THEN GO INTO

DECLINE. IF AN EVENTUAL DECLINE IS TO BE AVOIDED, RESPONSIBLE PLANNING ANDMANAGEMENT ARE ESSENTIAL.

A TOURISM PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM CAN PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR AREAS INWHICH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTORS HAVE LITTLE OR NO EXPERIENCE ON

HOW TO DEVELOP THESE AREAS. THROUGH AN INTEGRATED TOURISM PLAN, THE VARIOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC

BENEFITS OF TOURISM CAN BE ACHIEVED.

A RESPONSIBLE TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ATTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONOBJECTIVES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS, FACILITIES, ANDINFRASTRUCTURES.

A CAREFUL TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE CULTURA CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES ANDPRODUCE SOCIOCULTURAL BENEFITS.

A GOOD TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS IN WHICH THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES FOR

TOURISM ARE MAINTANED, NOT DESTROYED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

THE RIGHT TYPE OF TOURISM PLAN CAN BE USED TO INVIGORATE POORLY DEVELOPED TOURISM DESTINATIONS.

CAREFUL PLANNING IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED TRAINING FACILITIES FOR THEEDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR PARTICULAR MANPOWER SKILLS AND ABILITIES.


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TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHESAND TECHNIQUES

• SYSTEMS APPROACH – REQUIRES THAT ADEQUATE INFORATION ABOUT THE SYSTEM IS

AVAILABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND ANALYZE IT. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED TO

COLLECT AND ANALYZE THIS DATA.

• COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH – ALL ASPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ARE

ANALYZED AND PLANNED ON A BROAD SCOPE.

• INTEGRATED APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED AND DEVELOPED AS AN INTEGRATED

SYSTEM WITHIN ITSELF AND INTEGRATED INTO THE OVERALL PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT

PATTERN OF THE AREA.• ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED, DEVELOPED

AND MANAGED IN SUCH A WAYTHAT THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ARE NOT

USED UP SO THAT THEY ARE AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUOUS AND PERMANENT USE IN THE

FUTURE. CARRYING CAPATICY ANALYSIS IS AN IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE USED IN THE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH.

• COMMUNITY APPROACH – PLANNING IS FOR THE RESIDENTS OF THE AREA. THE LOCAL

RESIDENTS SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLANNING OF

THE COMMUNITYS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ON THE TYPE OF

COMMUNITY THEY WANT TO LIVE IN.

• IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH – TOURISM PLAN, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE

EXPRESSED IN A PRACTICAL AND ACHIEVABLE MANNER.

• SYSTEMATIC APPROACH – TOURISM PLANNING IS BASED ON AN ORDERLY

ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES.


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LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING

INTERNATIONAL PLANNING THIS LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING INVOLVES INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORATION

SERVICES, THE MOVEMENT AND SCHEDULING OF THE TOURS OF TOURIST AMONGDIFFERENT COUNTRIES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS ANDFACILITIES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES AS WELL AS THE WORKING STRATEGIES

AND PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS OF MANY COUNTRIES. PLANNING AT THEINTERNATIONAL LEVEL USUALLY TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE WORLD TOURISMORGANIZATION !WTO" AND ITS REGIONAL COMMISIONS, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVILAVIATION ORGANIZATION !ICAO", THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTASSOCIATION !IATA", THE PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH PACIFC!TCSP", THE SUB#COMMITTEE ON TOURISM !SCOT" OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS !ASEAN", THE TOURISM COORDINATION UNIT !TCU" OF THESOUTHEAST AFRICA DECELOPMENT COORDINATION CONFERENCE !SADCC" AND

THE TOURISM COMMITTEE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR THE ECONOMICCOOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT !OEDC". THE MAIN INTERNATIONALORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION !WTO" WHICH HAS BEENAPPOINTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS AS THE AGENCY WHICH ENFORCES TOURISMRELATED PROJECTS SPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS.


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NATIONAL PLANNING

THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWINGCOMPONENTS:

• TOURISM POLICY

• INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

• A PHYSICAL STRUCTURE PLAN WHICH INCLUDES IMPORNTANT TOURISTATTRACTIONS, SELECTED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL

ENTRY POINTS, FACILITIES, AND SERVICES.• THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND QUALITY OF ACCOMMODATIO AND OTHER REQUIRED

TOURIST FACILITIES AND SERVICES.

• THE IMPORTANT TOUR ROUTES IN THE COUNTRY AND THEIR REGIONALCONNECTIONS.

• TOURISM ORGANIZATIONAL ENTITIES, LAWS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES.

• TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION.

• EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS.

• DESIGN STANDARDS AND FACILITY DEVELOPMENT.

• ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIO#CULTURAL ANALYSES.

• NATIONAL LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION METHODS INCLUDING THE SHORT#TERMDEVELOPMENT PLAN AND PROJECT SCHEDULING.


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REGIONAL PLANNING

THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS FOR ONE REGION OF A COUNTRY, USUALLYA STATE OR PROVINCE OR AN ISLAND. IT IS OFTEN DEVISED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK

OF AN EXISTING NATIONAL POLICY. REGIONAL PLANNING EMPHASIZES THE FOLLOWINGELEMENTS.

• REGIONAL POLICY

• REGIONAL ENTRY POINTS AND TRANSPORATION FACILITIES AND SERVICES

• KINDS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND THEIR LOCATIONS

• THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND LOCATION OF TOURIST ACCOMMODATION AND OTHER TOURIST FACILITIES, AND SERVICES

• LOCATION OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS INCLUDING RESORT AREAS

• SOCIO#CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND IMPACT ANALYSES

• EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE REGIONAL LEVEL

• MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND PROMOTION

•

ORGANIZATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES• IMPLEMENTATION METHODS WHICH INCLUDE PROJECT PLANS AND REGIONAL ZONING

REGULATIONS

THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS MORE SPECIFIC THAN THE NATIONAL

PLANNING LEVEL


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TYPES OF TOURISM

PLANNINGLAND USE PLANNING

• TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS SELECTED AS TOURIST RESORTS, RESORT TOWNS, TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND URBAN TOURISM IMPOSE LAND USE PLANS.

FACILITY SITE PLANNING

• SITE PLANNING IS PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS HOTELS,COMMERCIAL CENTERS, AND VISITOR FACILITIES. THE ACTUAL LOCATION OF

BUILDINGS, RECREATION AREAS, STREETS, WALKWAYS, PARKING, LANDSCAPINGAREAS, AND OTHER LAND USES ARE SHOWN IN MAPS.

FACILITY DESIGN

• DESIGNS FOR LANDSCAPING, ARCHITECTURE, INFRASTRUCTURE, ANDENGINEERING MUST BE PREPARED FOR RESORTS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS,ATTRACTIONS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES, INFORMATION ANDCULTURAL CENTERS, VISITOR FACILITIES AT NATIONAL PARKS AND OTHER TOURIST

FACILITIES.SPECIAL STUDIES

• SPECIAL STUDIES ON TOURISM ARE OFTEN UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THE NEEDS OF THE AREA. THESE STUDIES PERTAIN TO ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO#CULTURAL,ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSES, MARKETING ANALYSIS AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS.


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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

IF A TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IS TOSUCCEED, A STRUCTURAL PROCESS SHOULD BEESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE FOR CONTROLS OVEREXPENSES AND PROTECTION FOR THE PEOPLE,

CUSTOME, FUNDS, LAND AND OTHER RESOURCESINVOLVED.

A $% STEP PROJECT STRUCTURE FOR TOURISM

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IS SUGGESTED.


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• ACQUIRE UNDERSTANDING – THE FIRST STEP IN TOURISM PLANNING IS EDUCATION. PERSONS WHO WILL

MAKE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECISION MUST ACQUIRE THE UNDERSTANDINGNECESSARY TO PORTRAY A FRAMEWORK FOR THEIR DECISIONS.

• PRELIMINARY POSITION STATEMENT – THE RESPONSIBLE GROUP SHOULD DEVELOP A FORMAL STATEMENT OF

INTEREST. THIS WOULD SHOW THE OBJECTIVES THEY WOULD LIKE TO OBTAINAND THE RESULT THEY WISH TO ACHIEVE. ALSO IMPORTANT ARE FORMAL

STATEMENTS REGARDING RESTRICTIONS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.

• COMMITMENT FOR TOURISM STUDY – THERE SHOULD BE AN INTENSIVE STUDY WHICH ESTABLISHES FEASIBILITY AND

SERVES AS A BASIS FOR ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF THISCOMMITMENT IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE IS A TENDENCY TO SHORTEN

AND MINIMIZE THIS ACTIVITI AND ITS IMPORTANCE. SUCH TENDENCY SHOULD BECONTROLLED AND SUPPRESSED.


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• MARKET AND RESOURCES ANALYSIS – THIS ACTIVITY GATHERS AND CORRALATES DATA ON THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE

DESTINATION OR PROSPECTIVE MARKET AND THE SHARE THAT MARKET ISEXPECTED TO GAIN. THIS ACTIVITY ALS ODETERMINES WHAT PERCENTAGE OF

THE TOTAL MARKET ANY DESTINATION WILL ATTRACT SUCH AS:• CULTURAL

• ENVIRONMENTAL

• RECREATIONAL

• GUEST FACILITIES

• TRANSPORTATION

• SUPPORT INDUSTRIES

• LAND AVAILABILITY

• AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE LABOR

• CAPITAL

• GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES

•

CONCEPTUAL PLANNING – THIS ACTIVITY USES THE RESULTS OF THE MARKET FORECAST TO ESTABLISH THE

IMAGE AND IDENTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT AREA. THIS IS DONE AT ANOVERALL, COMPREHENSIVE BUT NON#TECHNICAL LEVEL. THIS INVOLES AGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE AREA SHOULD LOOK LIKE AND HOW ITWILL FUNCTION AFTER DEVELOPMENT HAS TAKEN PLACE.


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• PLAN APPROVAL – THIS IS A RECOGNITION OF THE NECESSITY OF THE PLAN. AFTER A THOROUGH REVIEW OF

THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN, THE RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKERS SHOULD MAKE A DECISION

ON WHETHER THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS SHOULD PROCEED TO THE MASTER PLAN.

• MASTER PLANNING – MASTER PLANNING INVOLVES EXPENSES OF TIME AND MONEY WHICH ARE $% TIMES

MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES. THE REASON FOR THIS IS BECAUSE A

MASTER PLAN IS MORE DETAILED AND FREQUENT CHANGES TAKE PLACE BECAUSE OF THE

NATURE OF COOPERATION REQUIRED BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.

• FINAL COMMITMENT – AFTER THE COMPLETION OF A MASTER PLAN, MANY COMMITMENTS ARE NEEDE. THE

GOVERNMENT MUST PLEDGE LEGISLATION POLICIES, FUNDS, AND PROGRAMS TO

ENCOURAGE TOURISM. BANKERS AND OTHER INVESTORS MUST PLEDGE MONEY. PRIVATE

AND PUBLIC SECTOR AGENCIES MUST PLEDGE THE BUILDING OF HOTELS AND OTHER

FACILITIES.• STAGED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

– IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES FILL THE GAP BETWEEN ACCEPTED DEVELOPMENT PLANS

AND THE CREATION OF AN OPERATIONAL, INTEGRATED TOURISM INDUSTRY. THE DIFFERENTELEMENTS MUST BE COORDINATED. CONTINUOUS PLANNING IS NEEDED BECAUSE

TOURISM ITS ELEMENTS TEND TO BE DYNAMIC.


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• EVALUATION AND DIRECTION – ESTABLISHED OPERATIONS MUST BE MONITORED TO ASSURE CONTINUING

QUALITY OF SERVICES AND OPERATION SUCCESS. MECHANISMS MUST BE

ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK ON TOURISM VOLUMES ANDLEVELS OF SATISFACTION PROVIDED. SUCH PROGRAMS WILL PREVENT THE

DECLINE OF RESORTS, ATTRACTIONS, OR DESTINATIONS.


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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A

TOURISM DESTINATIONS

• THE MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS ARE:$. MARKET ANALYSIS

'. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES

A. VISITOR ATTRACTIONSB. CULTURE

C. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE

D. TRANSPORTATION

E. SUPPORT SERVICES

F. VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS

(. MARKETING

). ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS&. ENVIRONMENT

*. SOCIAL IMPACTS


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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING ATOURISM DESTINATIONS

• MARKETING ANALYSIS – MARKET ANALYSIS REQUIRESA THOROUGH STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT TRENDS, TRAVELER

PROFILES, TRAVELER PERFORMANCES AND HABITS, MARKET POSITION, AND DESTINATION

IMAGES.

• ASSESMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES

– VISITOR ATTRACTIONS – THE SUCCESS OF A DESTINATION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON ITS POWER

TO ATTRACT VISITORS BUT ALSO ON ITS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN THEM.

–CULTURE – DESTINATION PLANNING ENCOURAGES THE INCLUSION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN

TOURISM.

– MANPOWER – IN DESTINATION PLANNING, AN ADEQUATELY TRAINED LABOR FORCE ISREQUIRED.

– INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE – THE TERM INFRASTRUCTURE REFERS TO ALL

UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE CONSTRUCTION OF A REGION. SUPER STRUCTURE ARE THE

CAILITIES AND SERVICES THAT ARE ABOVE THE GROUND SUCH AS HOTELS, RESORTS,RESTAURANTS, SHOPPING CENTERS, AIRORT BUILDINGS, MUSEUMS, STORES AND SIMILAR

STRUCTURES. – TRANSPORTATION – A STUDY OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE TRANSPORTATION NEEDS SUCH

AIR, HIGHWAYS, RAIL AND WATER IS NECESSARY IN THE MOVEMENT.

– SUPPORT SERVICES – THEY INCLUDE SERVICES SUCH AS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

FACILITIES, POLICE STATION, FIRE PROTECTION, RETAIL SHOPS, SPORTS FACILITIES, GAMING,FESTIVALS , PHARMACIES, HANDICRAFT FACILITIES, BOOKSTORES, DEPARTMENT STORES ANDOTHERS.


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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING ATOURISM DESTINATIONS

• MARKETING – MARKETING IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A TARGER, CHOOSING STRATEGIES TO REACH THE

MARET, ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES, COORDINATING THE EFFORTS OF THOSE INVOLVED INPROMOTING THE DESTINATION AND EVALUATING SUCCESS AND FAILURES.

• ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – IT INVOLVES A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS

SUCH AS FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CASH FLOW, AVAILABLE CAPITAL AND INTEREST RATES.

• ENVIRONMENT – THE AIM OF TOURISM PLANNING IS TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE AREA

WITHOUT DESTROYING THEM AND TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE AREA.

• SOCIAL IMPACT – DEVELOPERS OF A TOURIST DESTINATION SHOULD CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF TOURISM

GROWTH ON THE LOCAL POPULATION. TOO MUCH CONTACT BETWEEN THE RESIDENT

POPULATION AND VISITORS CAN LEAD TO INTERNAL TROUBLE.


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STAGES OF DESTINATION

DEVELOPMENT

• STAGE $ – INCEPTION – DISCOVERY – DURING THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, A FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST VISIT THE AREA. THESE

ARE ALL THE ALLOCENTRIC TYPES OF TOURIST. SOME OF THEM DECIDE TO STAY IN THE AREA

AND BECOME EXPATRIATES. DURING STAGE, TOURISTS ARE GENERALLY WELCOMED BY THERESIDENTS.

• STAGE ' – GROWTH – LOCAL RESPONSE AND INTIATIVE – FOR STAGE ', THE NUMBER OF TOURIST INCREASES. THE AREA HAS DEVELOPED A GOOD

REPUTATION BY THE WORD OF MOUTH. ALTHOUGH TOURISM IS GROWING, THE FACILITIES ANDSERVICES ARE OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE RESIDENTS. THE INCREASED INTERACTIONBETWEEN TOURIST AND RESIDENTS RESULT IN A DESIRE OF RESIDENTS FOR BETTER

EDUCATION, INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD, TREND EQUALITY, AND A

CHANGE OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES.

• STAGE ( – MATURITY – INSTITUTIONALIZATION – MATURITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS AND THE

FORMALIZATION OF SERVICES, ITINERARIES, AND ROLES. THERE IS A LOSS OF LOCAL DECISION#

MAKING AND CONTROL IN THE TOURIST INDUSTRY. DURING THE MATURITY –INSTITUTIONALIZATION STAGE FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES ARE STANDARDIZED WHICH RESULTIN GREATER EFFICIENCY.

• STAGE ) – DECLINE – SATURATION AND ALIENATION – IN THE FINAL STAGE, THE DESTINATION HAS BECOME SATURATED. THE RESIDENTS HAVE

BECOME DISILLUSIONED BECAUSE TOURISM HAS NOT PRODUCED ALL THE BENEFITS THEYEXPECTED.


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CHAPTER 2 – TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – THE FOLLOWING ARE THE AIMS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

• PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR RAISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE PEOPLE THROUGH THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM

• DEVELOP THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDE RECREATION FACILITIES FOR TOURISTSAND LOCAL RESIDENTS.

•

ESTABLISH TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE TOURIST CENTERS AND RESORTS THATARE SUITABLE TO THE PURPOSES OF THESE AREAS.

• PROVIDE A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM THAT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CULTURAL,SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE OF THE

HOST COUNTRY OR DESTINATION.

• HINDRANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLY – TO CHANGE POTENTIAL SUPPLY TO ACTUAL SUPPLY, THE FIRST

OBSTACLE IS THE LACK OF TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS ROUTES TO THE TOURIST CENTER. SECOND IS THE LACK OF ACCOMMODATION. THE THIRS IS INADEQUATE FINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH ASWATER SUPPLE, SANITATION, POWER SUPPLY. THE LAST IS THE LACK OFSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONNEL.


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THE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM

ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROMOTION OF TOURISM IN THE COUNTRY AND FOR THE FORMULATION OF A TOURISTPROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT, IT HAS ALSO RESPONSIBILITIES WITHREGARD TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION. A BASIC ISSUE WHICH THEGOVERNMENT WILL HAVE TO DETERMINE IS THE DIVISION OFRESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.

THERE ARE FIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THEGOVERNMENT IN ASSISTING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE ARE:

– BASIC MAREKET RESEARCH INTO FUTURE TOURISM DEMAND

– THE PUBLICITY PROMOTING THE COUNTRY AND ITS TOURIST ASSESTS AND CREATING THECONDITIONS OF GOODWILL, INTEREST, EASE OF ENTRY ET. WHICH WILL NOT ONLU ATTRACT

TOURIST BUT MAKE SURE THAT THEY WILL GO AWAY WITH A GOOD IMPRESSION AND WISH TORETURN

– THE REGULATION AND CONTROL OF THE VARIOUS SERVICES WHICH CONSTITUTE THEINDUSTRY THE SUCCESS OF WHICH WILL DEPENDE ON THE MUTUAL COOPERATION ANDCONFIDENCE BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.

– THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

– MAKING ARRANGEMENTS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR TOURISM PROMOTION WITH OTHERGOVERNMENTS


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GOVERNMENT REGUALTION ANDASSISTANCE

THE GOVERNMENT CAN DO MUCH TO CREATE A FAVORABLE CLIMATE FOR INVESTMENTBY A PRUDENT SYSTEM OF REGULATION. THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FIRST CONSULT

THE INDUSTRY BEFORE MAKING THE REGULATIONS SINCE THE REGULATORY SYSTEMCAN ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT ONLY IF IT HAS THE CONFIDENCE OF THE INDUSTRY.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INCENTIVES: – SUBSIDIES – IT IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVE FROM THE INVESTORS POINT OF VIEW. IT IS A MEANS OF

INITIATING INVESTMENT IN A NEW DEVELOPMENT AREA.

–

CREDITS – THE GOVERNMENT ECOURAGES TOURISM INVESTMENT BY PROVIDING SPECIAL CREDITS FORINVESTMENT IN AREAS DECLARED TO BE OF NATIONAL TOURIST INTEREST.• GUARANTEED CREDITS: INTEREST REBATES – THE GOVERNMENT MAY GUARANTEE CREDITS OBTAINED THROUGH NORMAL BANKING

ARRANGEMENTS

• TECHINICAL ADVICE – THE STAFF OF THE CREDIT INSTITUTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO GUIDE THE INVESTOR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT.

– PREFERENTIAL RATES OF INTEREST – THE GOVERNMENT MAY OFFER CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AT LOWER THAN MARKET RATES OF INTEREST.

– SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR LAND PURCHASE – THIS IS A STRONG INCENTIVE TO TOURIST DEVELOPMENTESPECIALLY IN NEW TOURIST AREAS.

– FISCAL AIDS – MOST GOVERNMENTS RECOGNIZE TOURISM AS AN EXPORT INDUSTRY AND GIVE IT THE SAME

CONCESSIONARY ARRANGEMENT AS OTHER EXPORT INDUSTRIES.

– RELIEFS ON OPERATING COSTS - THE GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE TOURISM INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVE BYOFFERING SPECIAL CONCESSIONS AT THE OPERATING STAGE IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE PROFITABILITY OF THE

PROJECT.

– RECRUITING AND TRAINING EMPLOYEES – A VERY IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT IS TO HELP INRECRUITING EMPLOYEES. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH AN EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.


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CHAPTER 3 – THEORIES INTOURISM DEVELOPMENT

THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISTDESTINATIONS, HOW THEY HAVE EMERGED, GROWN, AND INSOME CASES DECLINED. CHRISTALLER, A GERMANGEOGRAPHER AND PLANNER, PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE IN $+*(, INWHICH HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WAS A PROCESS OF

CONTINUOS DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST AREAS.CHRISTALLERS IDEAS ON HOW TOURIST AREAS DEVELOP CAN BE

SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS – DESTINATIONS DEVELOP AND CHANGE OVER TIME.

– THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISITORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES.

– THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE CHANGES OVER TIME.

–

THE IMPACTS ON THE DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME. – THE INVOLVEMENT OF LOCALS IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVERTIME.

– NEW CYCLES INVOLVING NEW TOURIST DESTINATIONS WILL OCCUR.


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THEORIES IN TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

IN $+(, STANLEY PLOG, AN AMERICAN RESEARCHER, DEVELOPED A THEORY THAT THE POPULARITY OF A DESTINATION IS RELATED TO THE INHERENTPERSONALITIES OF TRAVELERS. HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRAVELERS CANBE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES, ASPSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. PSYCHOCENTRICS LIKE TO VISIT

FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENTS OR CULTURE. ALLOCENTRICS, ON THE OTHEREXTREME, HAVE AS TRONG NEED FOR NEW AND VARIED EXPERIENCES.

MAJORITY OF TOURIST ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO A MIDPOINT BETWEEN THEPSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. THESE ARE THE MIDCENTRICS. THEMIDCENTRIC PERSONALITY COMPRISES THE MASS MARKET FOR TRAVEL.MIDCENTRICS ARE NOT ADVENTUROUS BUT THEY ARE NOT AFRAID TO TRY

NEW EXPERIENCES SO LONG THAT THESE ARE NOT TOO CHALLENGING.


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THEORIES IN TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

COHEN IN $+', DEVELOPED A THEORY WHICH IS RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOROF TOURISTS. HE CLASSIFIED THE TYPOLOGY INTO FOUR NAMELY-

– ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST – THESE TOURIST TRAVEL IN GROUPS.

– INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST – EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OFCONTROL OVER HIS TIME AND ITINERARY AND IS NOT BOUND TO A GROUP.

– EXPLORERS – SUCH TOURIST ARRANGE THEIR OWN TRIP.

– DRIFTERS – THESE TOURIST AVOID CONTACT WITH OTHER TOURISTS.

DOXEY IN $+&, PROPOSED A THEORY CALLED IRRITATION INDEX OR INSHORT IRRIDEX. THE THEORY SUGGEST THAT OVER TIME, AS THE LOCALSBECOME MORE HOSTILE TO VISITORS, THE NUMBER OF VISITORS WILL NOTCONTINUE TO GROW AT THE SAME PREVIOUS RATE AND MAY ACTUALLYDECLINE.

–

EUPHORIA – VISITORS ARE WELCOME AND THERE IS LITTLE PLANNING – APATHY – VISITORS ARE TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND CONTACT BECOMES FORMAL

– ANNOYANCE – SATURATION IS APPROACHED AND THE LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE MISGIVINGS.

– ANTAGONISM – OPEN EXPRESSION OF IRRITATION AND PLANNING IS REMEDIAL, YETPROMOTION IS INCREASED TO OFFSET THE DETERIORATING REPUTATION OF THE RESORT.


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THEORIES IN TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

BUTLER, A GEOGRAPHER, DEVELOPED HIS THEORY OR MODEL WHICH WAS BUILTON THE IDEAS OF CHRISTALLER, PLOG, COHEN AND DOXCY. BUTLERS THEORYAPPEARED IN $+% IN WHICH HE, NOT ONLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT HIS THEORYWAS BASED ON EARLIER THEORIES BUT HE ALSO INDICATED THAT IT WASBASED ON THE BUSINESS CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE.

IN $+, BUTLER RECONSIDERED HIS MODEL. HE SHOWED THAT DESPITE SOMECRITICISMS, AFTER ALMOST '% YEARS, THERE WAS MUCH SUPPORT FOR HISORIGINAL MODEL. HE SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTSCONFIRMED THA VALIDITY OF HIS ORIGINAL THEORY:

– THE KEY CONCEPT IS DYNAMISM

– THERE IS A COMMON PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS

– THERE ARE LIMITS TO GROWTH

– THERE ARE TRIGGERS OR FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT CHANGE IN A DESTINATION

– MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR

– LONG#TERM VIEW. THERE IS A NEED TO LOOK AHEAD FOR &% YEARS, NOT & YEARS, TO AVOID THE FAILURESSUGGESTED BY THE MODEL

– SPATIAK COMPONENT. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT TOURIST WILL GO ELSEWHERE AS THE DESTINATIONDECLINES

– UNIVERSAL APPLICABILITY. THE MODEL APPLIES TO ALL DESTINATIONS


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THEORIES IN TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

EXPLORATION – FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST, VISITING SITES WITH NO PUBLIC FACILITIES

– VISITORS ATTRACTED TO THE RESORT BY A NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURE

– SPECFIC VISITOR TYPE OF A SELECT NATURE

INVOLVEMENT – LIMITED INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE DEVELOPING TOURISM INDUSTRY LEADS TO THE PROVISION OF

BASIC SERVICES

– INCREASED ADVERTISING INDUCES A DEFINABLE PATTERN OF SEASONAL VARIATION

– DEFINITE MARKET AREA BEGINS TO EMERGE

DEVELOPMENT – DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL TOURIST FACILITIES AND INCREASED PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS

– GREATER CONTROL OF THE TOURIST TRADE BY OUTSIDERS

– NUMBER OF TOURIST AT PEAK PERIODS FAR OUTWEIGHS THE SIZE OF THE RESIDENT POPULAION

CONSOLIDATION – TOURISM HAS BECOME A MAJOR PART OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY

– A WELL#DELINIATED BUSINESS DISTRICT HAS TAKEN SHAPE

– SOME OF THE OLDER DETERIORATING FACILITIES ARE PERCIEVED AS SECOND RATE

– LOCAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO EXTEND THE TOURIST SEASON

STAGNATION – PEAK NUMBERS OF TOURIST AND CAPACITY LEVELS ARE REACHED

– THE RESORT HAS A WELL ESTABLISHED IMAGE, BUT IS NO LONGER IN FASHION

– THE ACCOMODATION STOCK IS GRADUALLY ERODED AND PROPERTY TUROVER RATES ARE HIGH

POST#STAGNATION – FIVE POSSIBILITIES, REFLECTING A RANGE OF OPTIONS THAT MAY BE FOLLOWED, DEPENDING PARTLY ON THE SUCCESS OF

LOCAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS.


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CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – ONE OF THE STRONGEST MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL AT THE PRESENT TIME

IS INTEREST IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS THE HERITAGE,ARTS, HISTORY, LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS AND CULTURE OF PEOPLE IN OTHERCOUNTRIES. AN IMPORTANT ATTRACTION IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTMAY BE A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE, AN IMPRESSIVE MOUNTAIN, AND THE

LOVELY FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE AREA AND AN ATTRACTIVE FOREST.

MEANING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MEANS ACHIEVING QUALITY GROWTH IN A MANNER

THAT DOES NOT DEPLETE THE NATURAL AND BUILT EVIRONMENTS ANDPRESERVES THE CULTURE, HISTORY, AND HERITAGE OF THE LOCALCOMMUNITY. THE WORD ENVIRONTMENT INCLUDES THE NATURAL

HABITATS, BUILT SCTRUCTURES, CULTURE, HERITAGE, HISTORY, ANDSOCIAL INTERACTIONS.

– THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS TO BALANCE THE NUMBER OFVISITORS WITH THE CAPACITY OF THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER THAT ALLOWS THE GREATEST INTERACTION AND ENJOYMENT WITH THELEAST DESTRUCTION.


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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

FRAMEOR!

IN THE BEGINNING OF LIFE AND IT WILL BE UNTIL THE END, PEOPLE ARE UNITEDWITH NATURE. THIS IS THE BEGINNING TRIAD OF TIME, PEOPLE, AND NATURE,

THE INTERGRITY OF CREATION. DRAWING FROM THE FILIPINOS MYTHICALPAST OF MALAKAS AND MAGANDA OR THE BIBLICAL STORY OF ADAM ANDEVE, IT IS SECOND NATURE TO THE FILIPINO TO SEE THE OTHER PERSON AS A/FELLOW HUMAN BEING0 !KAPWA TAO". HENCE THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY

AND PARTNERSHIP IS NOTHING NEW TO THE FILIPINO. THIS IS THE CONCEPT THAT IS AT THE HEART OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE P1232442567.

BECAUSE OF THIS UNITY WITH NATURE AND THIS CONCEPT OF EQUALITY ANDPARTNERSHIP, EVEN FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CAN BE ONE IN OWNING UP THEACCOUNTABILITY TO BE STEWARDS OF THE FUTURE: – AS A WAY OF GIVING GLORY TO THE CREATOR

– AS A WAY OF VALUING HUMAN LIFE AND THE LEGACY OF OUR FOREFATHERS, AND

–

OUT OF RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON• WHAT EVERY TOURISM MASTER PLANNER OR PRACTICIONER SHOULD KEEP

TOPMOST IN THEIR MIND WHEN THINKING CUSTOMER FOCUS IS: – /IF YOU WANT TOURIST TO FIND YOUR CITY8PROVINCE8MUNICIPALITY8BARANGAY ATTRACTIVE,

THE RESIDENTS MUST FIRST FIND IT ATTRACTIVE0


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CURRENT TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLETOURISM

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER MAGAZINE CREATED IN '%%' THE WORLD LEGACYAWARDS TO RECOGNIZE OUTSTANDING BUSINESSES,ORGANIZATIONS AND PLACES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED VERYMUCH IN PROMOTING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER IN ITS MARCH ISSUE '%%).PUBLISHED CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICHWORLDWIDE TOURISM DESTINATIONS FOLLOW THE BESTPRACTICES IN A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESECRITERIA ARE THE FOLLOWING:

• ENVIRONTMENT AND ECOLOGICAL QUALITY

• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRITY

• CONDITION OF ANY HISTORIC BUILDING AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE• AESTHETIC APPEAL

• QUALITY OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT

• OVERALL OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE


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GLOBAL IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLETOURISM

GLOBALLY, THE INTEREST OF TOURIST IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM HAS

GROWN TREMENDOUSLY SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE '$ST CENTURY.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM POLICY IN THE WORLD TODAY IS A POSITIVEAPPROACH WHICH AIMS TO MAINTAIN QUALITY TOURISM PRODUCTS

IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE GROWING DOMESTIC ANDINTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TOURISMEXPERIENCE. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISTS PUBLISHED IN THE PARKSCANADA VACATION PLANNER:

• ENJOY OUR DIVERSE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND HELP US TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE IT.

• ASSIST IN OUR CONSERVATION EFFORTS THROUGH THE EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES INCLUDING

ENERGY AND WATER.• EXPERIENCE THE FRIENDLINESS OF OUR PEOPLE AND THE WELCOMING SPIRIT OF OUR COMMUNITIES.

• AVOID ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY THREATEN WILDLIFE OR PLANT POPULATION OR WHICH MAYPOTENTIALLY DAMAGING TO OUR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.

• SELECT TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WHICH DEMONSTRATE SOCIAL, CULTURAL ANDENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY.


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THE BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTH THE NATURAL AND BUILTENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANTE FACTORS FOR ECONOMICGROWTH, UNSPOILED NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, WELL#MAINTAINEDHISTORIC SITES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE EVENTS CAN PRODUCEECONOMIC AND QUALITY OF LIFE BENEFITS. SATISFIED VISITORS

ARE LIKELY AND CAN SURELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMICGROWTH OF TOURISM TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY.

THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SUCCESSFUL SUSTAINABLE TOURISMMANAGEMENT INCLUDE DEVELOPING NEW BUSINESSES,EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES, INCREASING INCOME,MARKETING NEW PRODUCTS, IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE,

ENCOURAGING DIVERSIFICATION, INTEGRATING THE LOCALECONOMY AND SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES WITH OTHER SERVICESAND PRODUCTS, PROMOTING COMMUNITY PRIDE AND HIGHERQUALITY OF LIFE TO THE LOCAL POPULATION.

CHAPTER " THE !EY PLAYERS IN


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CHAPTER " – THE !EY PLAYERS INTOURISM PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENTTOURISTS

– TOURIST ARE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE PLANNING ANG MANAGEMENT OF

TOURISM. UNFORTUNATELY, TOURIST ARE OFTEN REGARDED AS THE MAJORCAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS OF TOURISM. SINCE THEY ARE /OUTSIDERS,0 THEY

ARE USUALLY BLAMED BY THE /INSIDERS0 OR THE LOCAL RESIDENTS FOR THENEGATIVE CONCESQUENCES OF TOURISM

THE HOST COMMUNITY – APPROPRIATE TERMS GIVEN TO THE HOST COMMUNITY ARE LOCAL COMMUNITY,

RESIDENT COMMUNITY, OR DESTINATION COMMUNITY. THE HOST COMMUNITY ISHETEROGENOUS BECAUSE IT IS MADE UP OF LONG#TERM INDIGENOUS

RESIDENTS AS WELL AS DOMESTICE AND INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS.SWASBROOKE SUGGESTED THAT A HOST COMMUNITY IS DIVIDED INTO:

• ELITES AND THE REST OF THE POPULATION

• INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS AND IMMIGRANTS

• THOSE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN TOURISM AND THOSE NOT INVOLVED• PROPERTY OWNERS AND PROPERTY RENTERS

• YOUNGER PEOPLE AND OLDER PEOPLE

• EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES, SELF#EMPLOYED

• THOSE WITH PRIVATE CARS, THOSE RELYING ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT

• AFFLUENT AND LESS WELL#OFF RESIDENTS

• MAJORITY COMMUNITYES8MINORITY COMMUNITIES


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THE !EY PLAYERS IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE USUALLY THE PUBLIC SECTOR OF TOURISM. THEY ARE

NON#PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE FUNDED FROM THE TAXES PAID BY THECITIZENS. THE PRINCIPLAL REASONS FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SECTORIN TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:

• THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS MANDATED TO REPRESENT THE WHOLE POPULATION AND NOT ONLY ONE SET OF

STAKEHOLDERS OR INTEREST GROUP.

• THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS INTENDED TO BE IMPARTIAL, WITHOUT PARTICULAR VESTED OR COMMERCIAL INTEREST.

• THE PUBLIC SECTOR CAN TAKE A LONGER#TERM VIEW OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.

THE TOURISM INDUSTRY – THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE BECAUSE IT IS COMPLEX AND HAS

MANY DIMENSIONS. THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS OFTEN BLAMED FOR CAUSINGDAMAGES TO DESTINATIONS AND SHOWING UNWILLINGNESS TO BE INVOLVED INPLANNING FOR LONG#TERM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITYOF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE

PROBLEMS.• THE TOURISM INDUSTRY HAS BEEN BLAMED FOR:

– BEING MAINLY CONCERNED WITH SHORT#TERM PROFIT, RATHER THAN LONG#TERM SUSTAINABILITY

– EXPLOITING THE ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL POPULATION RATHER THAN CONSERVING THEM

– BEING RELATIVELY FICKLE AND SHOWING LITTLE COMMITMENT TO PARTICULAR DESTINATIONS

– NOT DOING ENOUGH TO RAISE TOURIST AWARENESS OF ISSUES SUCH AS SUSTAINABILITY

– GETTING ON THE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE WHEN IT WILL PRODUCE GOOD PUBLICITY

– BEING INCREASINGLY OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY LARGE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS WHO HAVE LITTLE REGARD FORINDIVIDUAL DESTINATIONS


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CHAPTER # – TOURISM IMPACTS

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OR TOURISM – THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM CANNOT BE ONLY POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL

BUT ALSO NEGATIVE OR DETRIMENTAL. THE FOLLOWING ARE USUALLYREGARDED AS POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM.

•

CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS• CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUES

• GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT

• CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM ARE THE

FOLLOWING:•

INFLATION• OPPORTUNITY COSTS

• OVER#DEPENDENCE ON TOURISM


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TOURISM IMPACTS

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – A DISCUSSION OF THE SOCIO#CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM WIL

LREQUIRE A DISCUSSION OF THE MEANING OF TERMS SOCIETY ANDCULTURE. SOCIETY IS CONCERNED WITH THE PEOPLE IN GOUROS,

THEIR INTERACTION, THEIR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR. CULTURE ISABOUT THE SOCIAL INTERACTION OF PEOPL, THEIR SOCIAL RELATIONS

AND MATERIAL ARTIFACTS

– CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:• HANDICRAFTS

• LANGUAGE

• TRADITIONS

• GASTRONOMY

• ART AND MUSIC

• HISTORY OF THE TOURIST AREA

• TYPES OF WORK ENGAGED IN BY THE LOCAL RESIDENTS

• ARCHITECTURE

• RELIGION

• EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

• DRESS

• LEISURE ACTIVITIES


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TOURISM IMPACTS

POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE BENEFICIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:

• CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT

• CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

• RENEWAL OF CULTURAL PRIDE

• CROSS#CULTURAL EXCHANGE

NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE SOCIO#CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE:

• OVERCROWDING AND LOSS OF AMENITIES FOR RESIDENTS

• OVER COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS

• DEMONSTRATION EFFECT

• ACCULTURATION


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TOURISM IMPACTS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – THE ENVIRONMENT IS RECOGNIZED AS THE MAJOR RESOURCE FOR TOURISM.

TOURISM DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT IS AMAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION. THERE IS MUTUAL DEPENDENCE BETWEENT TOURISMAND ENVIRONMENT WHICH HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS SYMBIOTIC.

– THE TERM ENVIRONMENT REFERS TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IS WHAT EXIST IN NATURE SUCH AS

CLIMATE AND WEATHER, THE LAND AND ITS SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY,WATER FEATURES, FLORA, FAUNA AND ECOLOGY SYSTEMS. THE BUILTENVIRONMENT CONSISTSOF MAN#MADE PHYSICAL FEATURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS,

INFRASTRUCTURE, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTOTORIC SITES.

POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:

• CONSERVATION OF IMPORTANT NATURAL AREAS

• CONSERVATION OF ARCHAELOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES

• IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

• ENHANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT

• IMPROVEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE

• INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS


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TOURISM IMPACTS

NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – THE FOLLOWING ARE THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:• WATER POLLUTION

• AIR POLLUTION

• NOISE POLLUTION

• VISUAL POLLUTION

• WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS

• ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION

• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD

• DAMAGE TO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES

• LAND USE PROBLEMS


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CHAPTER $ – COLLABORATION AND

PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM

MEANING OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP – DIFFERENT TERMS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE COLLABORATION. THESE INCLUDE COALITION,

FORUMS, ALLIANCES, TASK FORCES. COLLABORATION OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF INDEPENDENTSTAKEHOLDERS OF A PROBLEM DOMAIN ENGAGE IN A INTERACTIVE PROCESS, USING SHAREDRULES, NORMS AND STRUCTURES TO ACT OR DECIDE ON ISSUES RELATED TO THAT DOMAIN.

– A PARTNERSHIP IS AN ON#GOING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN TWO OR MORE PARTIES

CHARACTERIZED BY DURABILITY OVER TIME, INCLUSIVENESS, COOPERATION AND FLEXIBILITY.

– COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS CAN HAVE MANY FORMS. THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN

PARTNERSHIP MAY VARY FROM VERY FORMAL TO VERY INFORMAL.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP

– THE INVOLVEMENT OF A WIDE RANGE STAKEHOLDER WHO ARE IN THE BESTPOSITION TO INTRODUCE CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT.

– THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF TORISM DECISION MAKING MAY BE REALIZED WITH THE

INVOLVEMENT OF MANY STAKEHOLDERS.

– INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS MAY INCREASE THE SOCIAL

ACCEPTANCE OF POLICIES. – THE PARTIES WHO ARE DIRECTYLE AFFECTED BY THE ISSUES MAY BRING THEIR

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND OTHER CAPACITIES TO THE POLICY#MAKING PROCESS.

– A CREATIVE SYNERGY MAY RESULT FROM WORKING TOGETHER, LEADING TOGREATER INNOVATION AND EFFECTIVENESS.


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COLLABORATION ANDPARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION ANDPARTNERSHIPS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND

PARTNERSHIPS:• COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS MAY BE UNDER#RESOURCED IN RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL

STAFF TIME, LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES.• INVOLVING A RANGE OF STOCKHOLDERS IN POLICY#MAKING MAY BE COSTLY AND TIME#CONSUMING.

• THE COMPLEXITY OF ENGAGING DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN POLICY#MAKING MAKES IT DIFFICULT TOINVOLVE THEM EQUALLY.

• THE VESTED INTERESTS AND ESTABLISHED PRACTICES OF THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED INCOLLABORATIVE WORKING MAY BLOCK INNOVATION.

• THE NEED TO DEVELOP CONSENSUS AND THE NEED TO DISCLOSE NEW IDEAS IN ADVANCE OF THEIRINTRODUCTION MIGHT DISCOURAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT.

• THERE MAY BE FRAGMENTATION IN DECISION MAKING AND REDUCED CONTROL OVER IMPLEMENTATION

• THE POWER OF SOME PARTNERSHIPS MAY BE TOO GREAT, LEADING TO THE CREATION OF CARTELS.

• SOME COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS MAY OUTLIVE THEIR USEFULLNESS, WITH THEIR BUREUCRACIESSEEKING TO EXTEND THEIR LIVES UNRESONABLY.

CHAPTER % THE FUTURE OF


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CHAPTER % – THE FUTURE OFTOURISM PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENTTHE IMPACT OF GLOBAL ARMING ON TOURISM

– THE MAJOR CHALLENGE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM IN THE NEXT FIFTY

YEARS IS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING. IN '%%, IT WAS ACCEPTED BYSEVERAL SCIENTIST THAT GLOBAL WARMING IS OCCURRING. THE INCREASE IN

EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS HAVE BEENATTRIBUTED TO GLOBAL WARMING. A MAJOR GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF GLOBAL

WARMING IS THE MELTING OF BOTH POLAR ICE CAPS. THE GLOBAL EFFECT WILLBE A RISE IN SEA LEVEL. IF THIS OCCURS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT LOW#LYINGCOUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND NATIONS WILL BE FLOODED. THIS MAY RESULT IN

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF COASTAL TOURISM IN THESE PARTS OF THE WORLD.

THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON TOURISM – IN THE EARLY PART OF THE '$ST CENTURY, OTHER TOURISM DESTINATIONS

SUFFERED FROM LOCAL PROBLEMS WHICH AFFECT TOURIST ARRIVALS. THESE

INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS SUCH AS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,STORMS AND FLOODING. AIRLINE DISRUPTIONS CAUSED BY STORMS RESULT INDELAYS AND CANCELLATIONS IN WEATHER AFFECTED LOCATIONS. IN ADDITION,

AFFECTED AIRLINES SUFFER NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT BECAUSE DELAYSAND GROUNDINGS CAUSE AIRPLANES TO BE MISALLOCATED FOR THE START OF

THE NEXT ROUND OF FLIGHTS.


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THE FUTURE OF TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

THE IMPACT OF HEALTH ISSUES ON TOURISM – FEAR OF DISEASE REDUCES TRAVEL DEMAND. MOST TRAVELERS AVOID AREAS

THAT HAVE HIGH HEALTH RISKS. DISEASES SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO TRAVEL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH AVIATION. REPORTS RELEASED BY HARVARD

RESEARCHERS SHOW THAT THE BIRD FLU VIRUS SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TOINTERNATIONAL TOURISM, ESPECIALLY AIR TRAVEL.

IMPACT OF TERRORIST ATTAC!S ON TOURISM – THE BOMBING OF WORLD TRADE CENTER IN NEW YORK ON SEPTEMBER $$, '%%$

HAD A LONG#TERM EFFECT ON THE GLOBAL TOURISM INDUSTRY. TERRORISTATTACKS ARE BEING VIEWED AS PART OF GLOBAL, NOT A LOCAL THREAT. IN

UNITED STATES, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ONPOTENTIAL AND REAL TRAVELERS. THE IMPACTS OF SEPTEMBER $$, '%%$ HAVE

CONTINUED EVEN AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT. THE BANKCRUPTCY

OF AMERICAN AIRLINES IN '%%' HAS BEEN LINKED CLOSELY TO THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS SINCE THE TERRORIST ATTACKS. THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE AUTUMN

OF '%%$ WAS ATTRIBUTED PARTLY TO THE RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF USVISITORS WHO VISITED BRITAIN IN THE AUTUMN OF '%%$ COMPARED TO

PREVIOUS YEARS.


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THE FUTURE OF TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

THE BALI TERRORIST ATTACK ON TOURIST CALLS INTO QUESTION WHETHER TOURISM WILL CONTINUE TO EXPAND IN TERMS OF VISITOR ARRIVALSAND AT THE SAME TIME SPREAD TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT ISAPPROPRIATE TO ASSUME THAT THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WILLCONTINUE TO INCREASE ON A GLOBAL SCALE IN THE FUTURE IN SPITEOF SIGNIFICANT HINDRANCES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. IF TOURISM

REACHES ALMOST ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT CAREFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ARE ADOPTEDAND APPLIED. IN THE PAST, RECENT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HASBEEN REGARDED AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THEFUTURE, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR WILL BE MOREACTIVELY INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND MANAGING TOURISM.

THE SUCCESS OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE '$ST

CENTURY IN PROMOTING THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM WILLDEPEND NOT ONLY ON STRUCTURES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALSBUT IN THE POLITICAL WILL THAT IT IS POSSIBLE AND DESIRABLE TOPLAN AND DEVELOP TOURISM.

CHAPTER & INFORMATION


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CHAPTER & – INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY AND TOURISM

PLANNING DEVELOPMENT

TOURISM IS A COMPLICATED WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY ANDINFORMATION IS ITS ANIMATING FORCE. INFORMATION ABOUT THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS IMPORTANT TO HELP THE CUSTOMER IN

MAKING CHOICES. SINCE THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS INTANGIBLE,SELLING THE PRODUCT REQUIRES DESCRIPTION BY THE TRAVEL TRADE. ELECTRONIC FORMS OF MESSAGES ABOUT TOURISMPRODUCTS HAVE MORE ADVANTAGES THAN PRINTED SOURCES.ELECTRONIC FORMS ARE MORE UP#TO#DATE, MORE VISUAL ANDMORE COLORFUL. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE

INTERNET, CAN PROVIDE TOUR OPERATORS AND TOURISMPROVIDERS ACCESS TO LARGE NUMBERS OF POTENTIALCUSTOMERS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND


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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ANDTOURISM PLANNING

DEVELOPMENTGEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 'GIS(

– IN THE PAST, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OR IT WAS NOT USED EXTENSIVELY IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. IN THE EARLY $++%S, DESTINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM!DMS" WAS APPLIED TO TOURISM DESTINATIONS. THIS INVOLVED THE COORDINATION ANDDELIVERY OF THE DESTINATION TOURISM PRODUCT.

– IN NEW ZEALAND, GIS WERE USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACT!RDA" WHICH WAS INTRODUCED IN $++$. GIS HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN NEW ZEALAND IN THEFOLLOWING AREAS:

• CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.• HELPING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS.

• ASSISTING WITH DECISIONS ON PLANNING PERMISSION.

MACADAMS CONDUCTED A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF GIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HIS INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT GIS HAD AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF:

• THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS

• QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

• THE USE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

• INTERVIEWING LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES AND LOCAL PEOPLE• INTERPRETING SITES USING THE RESULT OF VISITOR SUREVEYS

• FEASBILITY STUDIES FOR A TOURIST FACILITY

• STRATEGY PROGRAMSN INCLUDING AN ACTION PLAN

• TRAFFIC MODELLING FROM HIGHWAY ENGINEERS DATA

• WILDLIFE DATA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN LOCAL AREAS

• INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT IN HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS

• POLICY STUDIES


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THAT)S ALL THAN! YOU*


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tourism planning and development1.pptx

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