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International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development, social organization and acceptance of alternative energetic sources Chieti (Italy), 26th, 27th May 2011 Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano decommissioning Fabio Corbisiero and Anna Maria Zaccaria University of Naples “Federico II”

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Page 1: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues 

Sustainable Development, social organization and acceptance of alternative energetic sources Chieti (Italy), 26th, 27th May 2011 

Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano decommissioning 

Fabio Corbisiero and Anna Maria Zaccaria

University of Naples “Federico II”

Page 2: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Historical excursus1954 ‐ Eisenhower signs the Atomic Energy Act "Atoms for Peace“

1955 ‐ Conference in Geneva marks the start of the final nuclear engineering incivil

1956 ‐ Built at Sellafield (UK) the first commercial nuclear power station in the

world: Calder Hall

1957‐Birth of the International Atomic Energy Agency‐IAEA. Task: regular reportsof activity at the UN Security Council and UN General Assembly

’60s ‐ Achievements of the first generation nuclear reactors

’70s and ’80s ‐ Second generation of nuclear power ‐ Increased power and size ofreactors and power plants (Oil crisis of 1973).

France ranks among the largest producers.

1979 ‐ Three Mile Island

1986 ‐ Chernobyl

The reactors and nuclear power plants undergo a review, aimed at improving safety.

Planning and implementation of third‐generation reactors (EPR reactor inFrance).

Page 3: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,
Page 4: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

France: 19 nuclear power stations in operation ‐ 58 operating reactors (78% of imported energy in Italy)

Germany: 12 nuclear power plants in operation ‐ 17 operating reactors.

Great Britain: 9 nuclear power plants in operation – 19 operating reactors

Spain: 6 nuclear power stations in operation ‐ 8 operating reactors.

In 2010 the European Union produces 

27.8% of its overall electricity from nuclear power

Peculiar position of Italy:no active power but surrounded by a large number of nuclear 

reactors, which can pose risks.

Page 5: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Italian scenario

Page 6: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

1964 ‐ in Latina (Latium) the first nuclear power plant comes into operation

1964 ‐ nuclear power plant of Garigliano (Sessa Aurunca‐ Campania) comes into operation

1965 ‐ nuclear power plant of Trino (Piedmont) comes into operation

1981 ‐ nuclear power plant of Caorso (Emilia Romagna) comes into operation

1987 – referendum (to repeal the law): 

80% of voters were favorable to stopping the production of nuclear energy

1988‐90 ‐ Three still functioning nuclear plants close (Latina, Trino, Caorso)

Decommissioning starts Sessa Aurunca: already off for failures in 1978

SOGIN the only enterprise to decommission the four Italian nuclear power plants withina decade

Radioactive waste still in place

Page 7: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant

(Sessa Aurunca‐ Caserta)

Page 8: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,
Page 9: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

• june  1964 – comes into operation

• 1976 – water from Garigliano river reaches the plants underground where nuclear wast lies

Over 1million liter contaminated water into sea and fields 

Ill formed animals and children are born, abortions, leuckemia and cancer cases rise

“there was a Chernobyl in Italy too”(QEW Int.) 

Page 10: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,
Page 11: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

1978 – Garigliano nuclear plant stopped due to failure of one of the secondary steam generators.

1980 ‐ Irpinia earthquake: the Security Authority requiresmore maintenance and engineering work.

ENEL decides to stop the plant because of the high cost ofoperations.

1982 – CIPE (government) ultimately closes the plant

Decommissioning operations start (350 Ml euro)

By 2019: decommissioning and waste conditioning

Page 12: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Ministero dello Sviluppo economico

Ministero dell’Ambiente

Ministero dellaSalute

Ministero dell’Interno

Ministero del  

Lavoro

Ministero del 

WelfareRegione

Provincia

Comune

Prefettura

Autorità di bacino

Decommissioning: stakeholders

SOGINNuclear Plant Management Company

Private

PUBLIC

Page 13: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Radioactive legacy• 3,000 cubic meters of highly radioactive waste buried on

location

• 2005 ‐ Risk waste from other plants Municipality of SessaAurunca denies SOGIN for permission to build a “radioactivewarehouse”.

• Lack of a national warehouse for local recovery; 700 drumssealed in barrels of cement

• Difficulty of finding waste stored underground

• High costs to implement all operations

Green field is still too far!!!

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Page 15: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

T‐Lab

Environmental and 

Urban SociologyDipartimento di Sociologia

Napoli Federico II

Renewable energy

Photovoltaic energy

Eolic Parks

(Bisaccia AV)

Nuclear energy

Decommissioning

(Sessa Aurunca CE)

Garbagemanagement  plans

Processing and recycling (NA)

Garbage recycling

Incinerator of Acerra(NA)

Page 16: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

T‐Lab

FRAMEWORK

Sustainabilitydevelopment

(Anand and Sen 2000; Partridge2005)

Citizen Participation

and  Accountability

(Olson 1983; Tarrow 1996; Bobbio and Zeppetella1999)

Network governance

(Bogason and Zolner, 2006)

Policy Implications

( March e Olsen,1988; Neveu 2000; Lewanski

1997, 2004)

Policy Network 

(Giuliani 1996; Osti 2002)

Page 17: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Fieldwork

Aims

• Explore the impact of decommissioning :• on the social representation of environmental risk• On the social perception of external diseconomy• On the policy action

Methodology

• Fieldwork (stakeholders and citizens)• QEW interviews• Survey• Direct Observation

Page 18: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Datain progress

Page 19: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Sample

Genere %

Maschio 53

Femmina 47

Totale 100

Titolo di studio %

Fino a Licenza media 12

Diploma superiore 63

Laurea 25

Totale 100

Età %giovani 37

adulti 63

Totale 100

Page 20: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Awareness of nuclear risk

sa che esiste un sito nucleare nel suo territorio? %

si 100

Totale 100

sa quali sono i rischi e i vantaggi della presenza di questo sito nucleare? %

si 95,7

no 4,3

Totale 100

è favorevole o contrario all'eventualità che venga ripristinata la centrale del garigliano? %

incerto 4,3

abbastanza favorevole 5,7

poco favorevole 21,4

per niente favorevole 68,6

Totale 100

Page 21: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Adavantages and disadvantages (in the past)

Quali sono stati i vantaggi derivati dalla presenza della centrale del Garigliano, durante gli anni del suo funzionamento? %

risparmio in bolletta 7,1%

nessuno 8,6%

aumento valore case 10%

non so 14,3%

alti profitti per alberghi commercianti 18,6%

interesse dei media e dei politici 22,9%

riqualificazione del territorio 30%

posti di lavoro 90%

Quali sono stati gli svantaggi derivati dalla presenza della centrale del Garigliano, durante gli anni del suo funzionamento? %

animali malformati 2,9%

terre contaminate 7,1%

piene del fiume 8,6%

licenziamenti 8,6%

ha prodotto poca energia 12,9%

non so 12,9%

molti guasti 25,7%

nessuno 45,7%

Page 22: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Adavantages and disadvantages (at the moment)

Attualmente quali sono i vantaggi della presenza di una centrale nucleare in fase di smantellamento nel suo comune? %

interesse dei media 0,3%

costo basso delle case/terreni 4,0%

nessuno 95,7%

Attualmente quali sono glisvantaggi della presenza di unacentrale nucleare in fase dismantellamento nel suocomune? %

terrorismo 1,4%

non so 1,4%

nessuno 1,4%

non dà lavoro 2,9%

costoso 4,3%

criminalità organizzata 8,6%

chiusura aziende alimentari e allevamenti 10,0%

terre e fiume contaminati 14,3%

emigrazione e abbandono terre 17,1%

calamità naturali 20,0%

calo valore case/terre 27,1%

malattie uomo/animali 31,4%

scorie e struttura decadente 37,1%

calo genuinità e vendita prodotti alimentari 65,7%

Page 23: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Risk perceptioncon quale frequenza consuma 

acqua del rubinetto %

spesso 2,9

sempre 5,7

raramente 18,5

mai 73,0

Totale 100

per quale motivo non cunsuma acqua del rubinetto %

preferisco acqua confezionata per motivi legati alla salute 10,9

altro 15,6

preferisco acqua confezionata perchè mi piace di più 31,3

ho paura che sia contaminata 42,2

Totale 100

indichi se, nelle zone limitrofe la centrale nucleare in fase di smantellamento conosce casi di persone che hanno sofferto di qualche tipo di malattia %

si 60

no 40

Totale 100

Page 24: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Protest actions

27,3

32,7

25,5

14,5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Poco elevata Elevata Abbastanza elevata

Molto elevata

Intensity

0 20 40

Per niente efficaci

Poco efficaci

Efficaci

Abbastanza efficaci

Molto efficaci

18,2

30,9

34,5

14,5

1,8

Effectiveness

Page 25: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Opinion about Referendum and Government  plans

51,448,6

si

no

è  conoscenza del referendum del 12 e 13 giugno?

conosce la posizione dell'attuale governo su tale questione?

92,9

7,1

l' attauale governo è favorevole

non so

Page 26: Towards a Social History of Nuclear Plants: Garigliano ... Convegno/Corbisiero_Zaccaria... · International Conference Social Aspects of Energetic Issues Sustainable Development,

Further research steps

Survey (citizen, opinion leaders, stakeholders, public actors

Decommissioning social network

Local context “re-appropriation”

Green field : empty box?