TOWN PLANNING

TRAFFIC DESIGN IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

A STUDY OF TRAFFIC CONDITION OF GUWAHATI, ASSAM

SUBMITTED BY:

PRERONA KAUSHIK IV YEAR, SECTION B,

B.ARCH, DIT, DEHRADUN INTRODUCTION

India has a road network of over 4,689,842 kilometers in 2013, the second largest road network in the world. At 0.66 km of roads per square kilometer of land, the quantitative density of India's road network is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China (0.16) or Brazil (0.20). However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are undergoing drastic improvement.

HISTORY OF ROAD NETWORKS By Indian independence in 1947, India inherited a poor road network infrastructure. Between 1947 and 1988, India witnessed no new major projects, poor maintenance. Predominantly all roads were single lane, most unpaved. India had no expressways, and less than 200 kilometers of 4-lane highways. In 1988, the National Highways Authority of India was established in India by an Act of Parliament. This autonomous entity came into existence on 15 June 1989. The Act empowered this entity to develop, maintain and manage India' road network through National Highways. However, even though the Authority was created in 1988, not much happened till India introduced widespread economic liberalization of the early 1990s. Since 1995, the authority has privatized road network development in India, and delivered by December 2011, over 70,000 kilometers of National Highways, of which 16,500 kilometers are 4-lane or 6-lane modern highways.

TRAFFIC DESIGN ELEMENTS Roads of various types exist under different terminologies like alley, boulevard, avenues, arterial roads, lane, collector road, street, etc. across the world. In India, the basic classification of roads is as under:

1. Arterial Roads 2. Sub Arterial Roads 3. Local Roads 4. Other Roads

1. ARTERIAL ROADS:

o Arterial Roads are the National Highways that connects cities, towns and villages.

o It is a high capacity urban road for carrying heavy traffic. o It is meant for fast moving traffic. o There should be minimum obstruction on the arterial roads. o Width of arterial roads is from 25-30 meters.

2. SUB ARTERIAL ROADS:

o These roads are not meant for heavy traffic. o Appearances vary depending on the specific area. o Traffic calming more used on sub arterial roads. o Width of sub arterial roads is 15-20 meters.

3. LOCAL ROADS:

o At the bottom of the hierarchy are local streets and roads. o Width of local road varies from 7-10 meters generally. But depending on

localities, it may be lesser.

4. OTHER ROADS:

o In the Indian Road System, all other roads are categorized under one group. These include bypass, outer ring road, inner ring road, expressway, etc.

TYPES OF ROAD NETWORK SYSTEMS There are a few widely used types of road systems. They are as follows:

1. RECTANGULAR OR GRID SYSTEM: The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron or rectangular system is a type of

city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. It is uniform and vehicles can travel speedily. In this type, there is minimum wastage of land.

2. RECTANGULAR-DIAGONAL GRID SYSTEM: This is an additional feature in the grid system of road network. Here, the

grid is connected by diagonal roads, for improvised road network. It decreases distance to be travelled.

3. CONCENTRIC OR RADIAL SYSTEM: In this type of pattern the network of roads is in the form of circles

emanating from the centre of the area. If one is side road is blocked then other side traffic can move. Vehicles face each other less than block pattern, hence reducing risk of

accidents. Prevents traffic from accessing local flow routes in the direction of the event

venue that operate in favor of egress traffic flow. Reduces congestion at the primary bottleneck location.

4. RECTANGULAR COMBINED WITH RADIAL SYSTEM: Change in direction, and because street patterns are the most enduring

physical element of any layout, it could potentially contribute to systematic site planning and, consequently, deserves a closer look. Though the network is entirely interconnected, north-south movement becomes circuitous, indirect, and inconvenient, making driving an unlikely choice and vividly illustrating that interconnectedness by itself is insufficient to facilitate movement.

Keep vehicular traffic safe with a high proportion of 3-way intersections.

5. IRREGULAR STREET SYSTEM:

These streets are developed as per the topography of an area, hence being formed as convenient and the topography suggests.

6. IRREGULAR STREET SYSTEM COMBINED WITH RECTANGULAR

SYSTEM

ASSAM Assam is a state of India in the north-eastern region. Its capital is Dispur, located within the municipal area of Guwahati city. Located south of the eastern Himalayas, Assam comprises the Brahmaputra and the Barak river valleys along with the Karbi Anglong and the North Cachar Hills with an area of 30,285 square miles (78,438 km). Assam is surrounded by six of the other Seven Sister States: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura. Geographically Assam and these states are connected to the rest of India via a narrow strip of land in West Bengal called the Siliguri Corridor.

Assam shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh; and cultures, peoples and climate with South-East Asia.

DATA SHEET:

Country India

Region Northeast India

Established 1912 (Assam Province - British

India), 15 August 1947; 66 years

ago(Assam - Independent India)

Capital Dispur

Largest city

Largest metro

Guwahati

Districts 27

Government[*]

Body Government of Assam

Governor J B Patnaik

Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi (INC)

Legislature Unicameral (126 seats)

Parliamentary

constituency

14

High Court Gauhati High Court

Area

Total 78,550 km2 (30,330 sq mi)

Area rank 16th

Population (2011)

Total 31,169,272

Rank 14th

Density 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)

Time zone IST (UTC+06:30)

ISO 3166 code IN-AS

Literacy 73.18% (26th)[1]

Official languages Assamese (Asamiya),

Bengali (in Barak Valley),

Bodo (in Bodoland)

There are TWO STATE HIGHWAYS in Assam SH-1 & SH-2.

AS

SH

No

Name District Total

length

SH

1 Dhodar Ali Golaghat, Jorhat, Sibsagar,Dibrugarh 210.10 km

SH

2

Bongaigaon North-Salmara

Abhayapuri Langla Jania Barpeta

Mukalmua Kalitakuchi Amingaon

North-Guwahati

Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari,Kamrup 161.00 km

GUWAHATI, ASSAM

Guwahati (Assamese: ), Pragjyotishpura ( ) and Durjaya ( ) in

ancient Assam (Kamrup),Gauhati in the modern era is an ancient urban area,

largest city of Assam and northeastern India. It is one of the fastest developing cities in

India and is a major city in Eastern India, often referred as Gateway of North Eastern

Region of the country.

Dispur, the capital of the Indian state of Assam, is in the city and is the seat of

the Government of Assam.

The city is between the banks of the Brahmaputra river and the foothills of

the Shillong plateau, with LGB International Airport to the west and the town

of Narengi to the east. It is gradually being expanded as North Guwahati to the

northern bank of the Brahmaputra. The Guwahati Municipal Corporation, the city's

local government, administers an area of 216 km, while the Guwahati Metropolitan

Development Authority, the planning and development administers an area of

254 km.

Guwahati is the major commercial and educational hub of North-East India and is

home to institutions such as the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati and other

premier institutions like Gauhati University and Cotton College. The city is a major

center for cultural activities and sports in the North Eastern region and for the

administrative and political activities of Assam. The city is an important regional hub

for transportation.

CLIMATE

Guwahati has a humid subtropical climate, falling just short of a tropical savanna climate.

The lowest temperature ever recorded was 5.4C on January 7, 1983.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Guwahati's 'urban form' is somewhat

like a starfish. With a core in the

central areas, the city has tentacles

extending in the form of growth

corridors towards south, east and west.

In past few years, areas in Southern

Guwahati as Ganeshguri, Beltola,

Panjabari, Jatia, Kahilipara, etc., began

forming as southern sub- center

surrounding the capital complex

at Dispur, principally depending on the

GS Road corridor.

The core area consists of the old city with Pan Bazaar, Paltan Bazaar, Fancy Bazaar and Uzan

Bazaar, each one facilitating unique urban activities. While Paltan Bazaar is the hub for

transportation and hotels, Pan Bazaar is centered around education, administrative, cultural

activities, offices and restaurants. Fancy Bazaar is the hub for retail and wholesale commercial

activities, and Uzan Bazaar mainly contains administrative, retail and residential areas. With

these bustling areas, the city core is a busy and lively part of the Guwahati. Ulubari, Lachit

Nagar, Chandmari and Zoo Road (R.G. Baruah Road), which have a mix of retail-commercial

and residential areas, can be considered an additional part of the core.

The most important corridor is along the Guwahati-Shillong (GS) Road towards the south

(almost 15 km from the city-center). The GS Road is an important commercial area with retail,

wholesale and offices developed along the main road; it is a densely built residential area in the

inner parts. The capital complex of Assam at Dispur is in this corridor. This corridor has

facilitated the growth of a southern city sub-center at Ganeshguri, along with other residential

areas to the south developed during the past few decades.

The corridor extending towards the west (around 30 km from the city-center) contains a

railroad linking Guwahati and other parts of the North Eastern Region east of Guwahati to rest

of western Assam and India. The corridor links residential and historically important areas

such as Nilachal Hill (Kamakhya), Pandu, and Maligaon (headquarters of Northeast Frontier

Railways) before it separates into two: one towards North Guwahati and the other continuing

west towards Guwahati Airport via the University of Gauhati (Jalukbari). There are many river

ports/jetties along this corridor.

Rush Hour at Guwahati Club

The third major corridor extends towards the east (around 15 km from the city-center)

linking Noonmati (Guwahati Oil Refinery -IOC Ltd.) and Narengi, and has facilitated residential

growth along it.

Highway NH 37, which encircles the city's southern parts and links the southern corridor in

Noumile to the western corridor in Jalukbari is currently supporting rapid development.

Similarly, the VIP Road linking Zoo Road with the eastern corridor and recently completed

Hengerabari-Narengi Road are also supporting massive residential development to the east.

GOVERNANCE:

Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the local body responsible for governing, developing

and managing the city. GMC is further divided into 60 municipal wards. Guwahati

Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) is an agency responsible for planning and

development of the greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area, which is revising the Guwahati Master

Plan and Building Bylaws. Guwahati Development Department, a special department of the

Government of Assam, has been recently formed for Guwahati's overall development.

Guwahati consists of four assembly constituencies: Jalukbari, Dispur, Gauhati East and

Gauhati West, all of which are part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency).

DEMOGRAPHY:

Guwahati is one of the most rapidly growing cities in India. The city's population grew from

just 200,000 in 1971 to more than 500,000 in 1991. In the census of 2001 the city's

population was found to be 808,021. By 2012, it is estimated that Guwahati will boast more

than a 1.6 million residents

In 2001, males constituted 55 percent and females at 45 percent of Guwahati's residents. It

was found that 10 percent of the population is under 6 years of age. Guwahati has an average

literacy rate of 78 percent, with male literacy at 81 and female literacy at 74 percent. The

Major religion followed is Hinduism.

ECONOMY:

The gross domestic product of Guwahati metro was estimated at $1 billion in 2010. As a river

port, Guwahati has traditionally been an important administrative and trading center.

Separate income estimates are not yet available as city-level income estimation is not a

traditional practice in India, and is not practiced in a systematic and continual manner.

However, by looking at the agglomeration of activities and employment patterns it can be easily

understandable that the city contributes a lion's share of the state's income.

The major economic activities are trade and commerce, transportation and services. Guwahati

is the most important trade hub in the North Eastern Region. It is a major wholesale

distribution center, a marketing hub, and also a retail hub of the region.

INFRASTRUCTURE:

Although being a medium sized city, ranking around 50th (in terms of population) in India, the

city's quality of life is comparatively higher. A recent survey (2006) by a popular Indian

magazine - Outlook (Money) ranked Guwahati 16th among all the major and medium sized

Indian cities.

The city provides competitive residential and working environments with beautiful landscapes,

pleasant climate, modern shopping areas, modern apartments and bungalows, and

considerably good social infrastructure. Yet infrastructure in the city still requires extensive

attention, which can increase and revolutionize the city's reputation, investment environment,

and overall growth pattern.

ROADS:

There are two highways connecting Guwahati to the rest of India.

One is NH-31, from Guwahati to Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal and other is National

Highway 37 from Goalpara in Assam to Dimapur in Nagaland traverses the entire length of

Assam and connects Guwahati with almost all the major cities of Assam including the cities

of Jorhat, Dibrugarh and Bongaigaon. NH-37 is 'Wide Two

Lane' from Numaligarh to Nagaon and 'Four Lane' from Nagaon to Guwahati. It is also known

as Assam Trunk Road (A.T. Road). Length is 740 kms. NH-31 is 1125 kms long. Starts from

Jharkhand and ends at Arunachal Pradesh, via Guwahati.

Guwahati is very well connected with adjoining regions via bus services. Three nodal points,

Adabari, Paltan Bazar and ISBT Guwahati, provide bus services to towns and cities in Assam

and adjoining states. "Night supers", or buses that run overnight, and luxury coaches, are very

popular.

The Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) located at the outskirts, provides connectivity with other

regions of the Northeast with regular buses for major cities and tourist destinations of the

neighboring states.

STREETS AND ROADS IN GUWAHATI

Lack of sufficient road space is a major problem. The length of surfaced road within the city is

presently at 218 km (ARSAC). The major corridor roads suffer from insufficient right of way,

illegal construction methods, and improper planning and design. The roads in the residential

neighborhoods are extremely narrow (lack of proper regulations) causing problems related to

both traffic and infrastructure installations. Cul-de-sacs are neither planned nor designed

properly.

The main road network of the Guwahati Metropolitan Area (GMA) spread over 216.79 sq. km

as per the master plan is 171.3 km, which is further divided into arterial and sub-arterial

roads of 42.3 km and 54.3 km respectively with the remaining 74.7 km accounted for by

collector and rural roads.

Guwahati has a good public transit system. The government agency - Assam State Transport

Corporation (ASTC) and many private operators provide a considerably good city-bus system. It

requires further modernization and integration with city planning and management initiatives.

Guwahati is the first city in the North-east where low-floored buses were introduced.

A metro rail project has also been planned to arrest the chaotic traffic conditions on the

streets.

Apart from city buses, trekker services, which are soft-top multi-utility vehicles with a sitting

capacity of 8-10, provide public transport facilities along major roads in the city. They are

popular among people for fast travel, although these vehicles are usually overloaded with

passengers and tend to go very fast causing frequent accidents. Rickshaws are also available

from all major places and serves only around the city or some times between some localities

only at a considerable price.

In brief, the major components of Guwahati's urban structure are:

The core or the 'city center' with Pan Bazaar, Paltan Bazaar, Fancy Bazaar and Uzan

Bazaar

The extended core with Chandmari, Zoo Road, Noonmati and Ulubari

The north-southeast Guwahati-Shillong (GS) Road Corridor

The southern sub-center of Ganeshguri

The western corridor towards Kamakhya, Jalukbari and LGBI Airport and

The eastern corridor towards Noonmati and Narengi

SOME MAJOR ROADS/STREETS IN GUWAHATI:

1. FANCY BAZAAR: Fancy Bazaar is a locality in Guwahati, surrounded by localities

of Pan Bazaar, Lakhtakia with the airport at Borjhar and Railway Station at Paltan Bazaar nearby. Fancy Bazaar is busy commercial area as central location of various commercial enterprises.

The roads are not very wide. Footpaths are built along the sides. It has a variety of road profiles, which is a mixture of streets with two way, one way or simply pedestrian allowances. It is a very crowded street. Marketplace area with residences above the shops. Vendors sit on the footpaths. Some areas have vehicle allowances on both sides of the street. Some roads are so narrow that only handcarts or two wheelers are allowed. There is a Sikh Temple, a Mosque, a four star hotel The Dynasty, hotel Kuber Ratna, Central Jail among others in Fancy Bazaar.

2. ULUBARI: Ulubari is a locality in center of Guwahati, surrounded by localities of Bhangagarh and Paltan Bazaar. This area is known for sports facilities and markets dealings with all type of sports goods. Nehru multipurpose stadium is located here which hosts international cricket and football matches.

3. GANESHGURI:

Ganeshguri (Assamese: ) is locality in Guwahati, Assam, is named after Ganesh

Temple located in its southern part.

Situated in capital complex of

Guwahati city, it is a major

commercial area within the city.

Assam State Secretariat Buildings

are located here. Ganeshguri is one

of the major commercial areas of

Guwahati city. Market consists

mainly of various segments such as

garments, crockeries, home decor,

music stores, medical stores, sweet

stores, groceries, automobile

showroom etc. Various restaurants

have been opened up in the area

serving various cuisines. Several

important establishments such

as Guwahati Tea Auction Centre,

Ambarish Hotel etc. are located here

4. MALIGAON: Maligaon (Assamese: ) is a locality in Guwahati; reachable by air through Guwahati Airport. It is home to the Kamakhya Junction railway station, the second railway station serving Guwahati. Maligaon is surrounded by localities of Pandu, Adabari and Kamakhya. The headquarters of North East Frontier Railways and Railway stadium is located here. It can also be called a railway men area as more than 80% of the area covers railway quarters.

5. G.S.ROAD:

The Guwahati-Shillong Road (G.S.Road) is one of the most important stretch of road in Guwahati. It is the commercial hub of Guwahati. The city centre is an upcoming project there. It is a long corridor connecting Guwahati to

Shillong. It is linked to Zoo Road, Bhangagarh, Rajgarh Road, Ganeshguri and other such important localities via by lanes. It is a very busy road

containing many important places. And it is one of those roads which houses the maximum revenue earning places in Guwahati.

6. CHANDMARI: Chandmari (Assamese: ) is one of the oldest locality of Guwahati, Assam, India. Situated towards the eastern side of the city. It is home to All India Radio, Guwahati centre and a couple of academic instiutions such as Holy Childs Convent, Bhaskar Bidyapith Higher Secondary School, Gauhati Commerce College, Assam Engineering Institute to name a few. Many high schools and degree colleges are set up in this area adding to its educational atmosphere.

This part of city is also known for its recreational facilities. Bohag Bihu (Rongali Bihu) is regularly organized since 1961 at the A.E.I. playground which is also known as Chandmari Bihutoli by Pub Guwahati Bihu Sanmilan. Durga Puja is also regularly celebrated at Chandmari by the Chandmari Sarbajanin Durga Puja Commitee. The neighboring residential areas around Chandmari are Milonpur, Nizarapar, Bamunimaidam, Kannachal, Pub-Sarania, Bhaskar Nagar etc. This area has one of the oldest movie theatres 'Anuradha' showing national and international movies.

GENERAL TRAFFIC CONDITION OF THE CITY: The number of cars on Guwahatis streets has increased exponentially in the last few years. More and more cars are being added. Prices are falling. New models are on the way. Many families now have two cars. Some probably have more. Add to it also the innumerable number of cars that pour into Guwahatis streets from the nearby towns and cities, considering it is the Gateway To The North-East. Having a car was once seen as a sign of upward mobility. Now a days having one is a liability. The distance that could be covered in ten minutes requires thirty due to the increasing amount of traffic in the city. The roads of the city arent wide and adequate enough to hold that much traffic population. There are daily reports of accidents. Traffic jams are a rule rather than an exception. There is also the agony of no parking spaces. Add to it the frequent inconveniences due to the visit of VIPs.

Some areas like Dispur, Chandmari, Silpukhuri, G.S. Road, Guwahati Club, etc. are so crowded, especially in the evening time when offices are over, that people would have to wait an extra forty-five to sixty minutes in the jam on any normal day. Add to it anything over the top, it may increase exponentially. Also there is major water logging problem in Guwahati. A little bit rainfall and there goes the streets all water logged and traffic jams cropping up. On such occasions, one would have to add 2-4 hours easily to the normal amount of time that wouldve required to travel. Also lack of parking spaces create a lot of havoc, as people park their cars on the side of the road, however busy road it be. Sometimes if people had to just get down from the car to get something, they would just park the car beside the road. This adds to the congestion in traffic condition of the city as the roads are barely that wide enough.

TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT MEASURES: The Authorities have been trying to improve the traffic condition of the city by taking several different means. Firstly, they have employed Traffic Police to stop people from parking their cars just anywhere. And even at places where it is still allowed, they have started charging for parking; so that people who really need to park their cars would stop. The City was introduced to the concept of Interceptor Vans. Certain traffic congestion issues are being addresses. For example, at ULUBARI, the junction where the flyover starts, earlier, the road was a simple crossroad; which created more traffic because this new system allowed the traffic to flow in a particular direction and also broadened the width. GUWAHATI METRO The Guwahati metro is a rapid transit proposed for the city of Guwahati, Assam. The total system consists of 3 corridors covering a distance of 44.2 kms. Three corridors have been planned by GMDA. Corridor 1: Airport to Narengi via Jalukbari, Bharalumukh, Fancy Bazar, Chandmari, Noonmati connecting eastern and western part of the city with a length of 32.4 km. Corridor 2: Paltan Bazar - Khanapara via, Ulubari, Bhangagarh, Ganeshguri and Dispur connecting central area with south eastern part of the city with a length of 11.8 km. Corridor 3: Khanapara-Basistha-Lokhra-Jalukbari

BRTS GUWAHATI Given that Guwahati is a relatively low-rise, sprawling city, it was assessed that the BRTS, apart from being far more economical, is also adequate to meet the traffic levels expected. The Government of Assam envisaged the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) for Guwahati in three phases: Phase I: East-West corridor from Jalukbari to Chandmari (approx 20 km) Phase II: North-South corridor from Judges Field to Khanapara (approx 15 km) Phase III: a) Extension of the East-West corridor from Jalukbari to the Airport, via University, b) Jalukbari to Khanapara along the bypass, c) Judges field to North Guwahati via the new bridge being proposed, and d) Chandmari to Khanapara via Zoo Narengi road, zoo road and Ganeshguri. Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) initiated the process for the preparation of a Detail Project Report (DPR) for the Guwahati BRTS.

The newly developed road at guwahati club

PARKING SPACES The GMDA has proposed to develop 90 roadside parking slots in the city. Also, the Assam State Transport Corporation (ASTC) parking unit, which is a four-storeyed multi-level parking has been recently inaugurated within the busy streets of Paltan Bazaar. This can accommodate 150 cars as of now. Expansion programs are also in place. Prior to this there were also parking lots in Lakhtakia, Pan bazaar (near Cotton College); but this was the first major project. Also proposals for such buildings in the Bhangagarh, Rajgarh, Ganeshguri, Fancy Bazaar and Silpukhuri areas are proposed.

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES IN GUWAHATI

1. Traffic Signals 2. Traffic Signs 3. Traffic Marking 4. Pedestrian Barriers

The above mentioned means are the major traffic control devices to put a leash on the reckless traffic of the city. 1. Traffic Signals: As common knowledge, the RED, YELLOW and GREEN lights at major signals and crossing are provided. 2. Traffic Signs: Traffic signs control the flow of traffic, warn people of hazards ahead, guide to destination, and inform of roadway services. Traffic signs are intentionally color coded to assist the operator. Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. They are of three types: MANDATORY-

Give way

No entry

Horn prohibited

No parking

No stopping

Compulsory sound horn

Speed limit

Keep left

Keep right

CAUTIONARY/WARNING

Right hand curve

Left hand curve

Narrow bridge sign

Narrow road sign

School

Roadwork

INFORMATORY-

3. Traffic Markings: Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information. They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses. Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardize such markings across borders.

4. Pedestrian Barriers:

A pedestrian barrier is designed to keep people or vehicles from (in most cases unintentionally) straying

into dangerous or off-limits areas, i.e. the main roads with very high traffic specially.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://transportationengineering2012onwards.blogspot.in/2013/08/irc-classification-of-roadshighways-in.html

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Guwahati-police-get-four-speed-interceptor-vehicles/articleshow/20451238.cms

www.wikipedia.org http://www.enggpedia.com/civil-engineering-encyclopedia/dictionary/highway-

a-transportation/1600-road-patterns-types-a-importance http://spacing.ca/toronto/2013/01/22/is-a-grid-the-most-efficient-street-layout/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan#Benefits_and_criticisms www.gluedideas.com www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=apr3009/letter www.umtc.co.in/preparation-of-dpr-guwahati-brts-2/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati_Metro http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/GMC-proposes-94-roadside-

parking-lots/articleshow/11662286.cms