1. IntroductionDhaka citys traffic system is considered to be one of the most chaotic ones in the world. The residents are compelled to undergo physical stress and suffer financial losses in terms of man-hours lost on working days. The media, both print and electronic, have been constantly highlighting the sufferings of the commuters in Dhaka city because of the nagging traffic problem. Yet no solution to the problem, apparently, is in sight, at least, in the short and medium terms, though a lot has been said and a big-enough programme, undertaken with the assistance from a multilateral lender to improve the traffic situation of the capital city in recent years.

Various attempts were taken by previous governments including special meeting with the agencies concerned to devise means to help reduce the intensity of traffic problem in Dhaka city. Some tangible improvements were assured within the shortest possible time. But, in fact nothing has happened with the traffic police remaining indifferent, in many cases, to their usual duty. The drivers of buses and trucks and the rickshaw-pullers continue to be as defiant as before. In the past politicians were often blamed partially for the chaotic traffic because of their alleged involvement in billion-taka toll collection from bus and truck owners and bus terminals. The advisers of the caretaker government were believed to be clean in this respect. Yet, there was no improvement in the traffic situation.

Due to traffic jam, we are suffering economically, physically and even mentally. So, we want to work on this vital issue to find out the causes and suggest some realistic possible solutions and their economical impact on the people of Dhaka city.

1.1 Origin of the ProjectThis Project is prepared on the basis of the course named Project Management. To complete this course it was required to prepare the Project. This project helps us to enhance our practical knowledge about project management and it also helps us to know about traffic system in Dhaka city. 1.2 ObjectivesBroad Objective:

Broad objective is to find out the possible causes of traffic jam in Dhaka City and to figure out the possible solutions.

Specific Objectives:

Objective and Scope of the study is limited to -1. To analyze all the possible causes of traffic jam in Dhaka city,2. To find out all possible solutions for the traffic jam in Dhaka city,3. Rank the problems and solutions according to their impacts and importance.4. To analyze the current condition of traffic management in Dhaka city.

1.3 ScopeEverything has a specific purpose and target. Behind doing this project, we also have our target. After doing this project, we hope that everyone will come to know that if they go to this same rules and regulation, they dont need to suffer anymore. In Dhaka city, peoples spend most of their time on the road because of the crazy jam. So, people of the Dhaka city wants to relief from this problem. In this study, scope of our project is totally clear. The people of Dhaka city whom are spending most of the time on the road, they are the scope of our project.

1.4 MethodologyPrimary Data: The data which we have collected by taking interview of the people is considered as primary data.Secondary Data: The data which we have received from different sources is considered as Secondary data.

1.5 LimitationsEvery attempt will be taken to obtain the meaningful & error free result but as nothing in this world is 100% perfect. We believe that there will still the chances for error because of the following limitations- In Dhaka city, there have too many transport but roads are not so much rather than transport. Roads are not well planned. Parking system is not available in every place. Traffic police are not willing to stop their corruption because of their low salary.

2. Organizational HistoryWe are part of Ministry of communication. Roads Division is one of the important Divisions in the Government under Ministry of Communication. Ministry of Communication comprises two Divisions, viz 1. Roads Division & 2. Bridges Division. Roads Division shoulders a vast task and plays a vital role in socio-economic development of our country. It governs the Departments/Organizations which are playing very important roles in building our new nation. These are :

(1) Roads & Highways Department (RHD),

(2) Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA),

(3) Bangladesh Road Transport corporation (BRTC) and

(4) Dhaka Transport co-ordination Authority (DTCA).

2.1 Mission & VisionThe principal motto of this Division is to ensure improvement of socio-economic condition of the people of our country through formulating policies regarding roads, road transports through construction, development, expansion and maintenance of environment-friendly and friendly integrated roads transportation.Though the responsibilities of Roads Division are very tremendous, the figure of personnel of this Division is not so high. Only a total of 157 (one hundred fifty seven) officers and staff are shouldering the giant responsibility of carrying out the activities and functions of the Division. As the demand of the people of our country for service-oriented and environment-friendly roads network are increasing day by day, the personnel of the Division and its agencies are also playing a pivotal role in fulfilling the demand of the valued people of our country.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Traffic jam can be considered as one of the serious global problems for both developing and under developed countries. Traffic congested areas, especially in the urban areas traffic jams are an annoying and harmful problem to the residents and travelers. It is the consequence of discrepancy between transportation demand and supply. For the developing countries increases in urban population are creating pressure on the existing transportation system for which, traffic problem has already become a part of urban transportation system. In general, the development of transportation systems shaped the socio-economic benefit for any country. However, at the same time, this development is responsible for polluting the environment. Moreover numerous industrial activities are causing irrevocable damage to the environment.

Md. Asadullah Khan has described the scenario of traffic jam in Dhaka city in Daily Star with the title When shall we get rid of Dhaka city traffic jam? published on October 20, 2007 (Khan, 2007). According to him with a huge fleet of cars, buses and all other types of vehicles gridlocked near a rail gate or road intersection sometimes even for 30 minutes at a stretch, Dhaka city's traffic congestion problem has assumed an alarming proportion. People are afraid to get out of their houses because the journey from home to office or business centre takes away the vital hours that he could devote to his work. Other than being late in the offices, work places or on any scheduled appointments, mental disgust, exhaustion and loss of effective man hours is a colossal drain on the resources of the whole country. The road scene in Dhaka is something awesome especially at important crossings like Bishwa Road, Mohakhali-Tejgaon, Panthapath-Bijoy Sarani, Sonargaon Hotel crossing linking Tejgaon Industrial area and Farmgate crossing, Hatirpool, New Market, Gulistan, Bangladesh Bank and Hatkhola crossing near the Ittefaq office.

Md. Masud Karim (1997) found that limited resources, invested for the development of transport facilities, such as infrastructure and vehicles, coupled with the rapid rise in transport demand, existence of a huge number of non-motorized vehicles on roads, lack of application of adequate and proper traffic management schemes are producing severe transport problems in almost all the urban areas of Bangladesh. Worsening situation of traffic congestion in the streets and sufferings of the inhabitants from vehicle emissions demand extensive research in this field.

According to Nasrin Khandoker and Jonathan Rouse (2004), Congestion in Dhaka has been a growing problem during the last 15 years. In around 1992, the Government of Bangladesh completed a study called 'The Greater Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Transport Study', funded by the United Nations Development Program. The study recommended an immediate action plan and a long-term strategy to improve transport infrastructure in the Greater Metropolitan area of Dhaka. In response to this, the Government sought assistance from the World Bank to help fund the Dhaka Urban Transport Project (DUTP). Now being implemented, project objectives include addressing urgent policy issues, infrastructure development, capacity building and resettlement of displaced people. Efficient urban management, cost recovery, community participation and involvement of the private sector were identified as the key tools for providing efficient, affordable and sustainable transport (Kazi, 2003).

To find out some innovative solutions, Shuichi and Hironao (2003) have shown in their study that by improving traffic signalling strategies can improve the traffic situation of the street cars. According to them, their proposed signalling strategy improves the traffic situation of the street cars. Same signalling system can be implemented in Dhaka City to improve our traffic system.

Syed Saiful Alam Shovan (2008) has shown interesting findings on fuel consumption and environmental impact of rickshaw banning in Dhaka City. Most trips in Dhaka are short in distance, usually one to five kilometres. These trips are perfect of Rickshaws. Rickshaws are cheap and popular mode of transport over short distances. Rickshaws are safe, environmentally friendly and do not rely on fossil fuels. In Dhaka alone, Rickshaw pullers combine to earn 20 million taka a month. Rickshaws are ideal for urban settings because they can transport a relatively large number of passengers while taking up a small portion of the road. In 1998 the data showed that Rickshaws took up 38% of road space while transporting 54% of passengers in Dhaka. The private cars on the other hand, took up 34% of road space while only transporting 9% of the population (DUTP, 1998). This data does not include the parking space on roads that cars take up in Dhaka. If included this would further raise the amount of space taken up by private cars. Every year the Rickshaw saves Bangladesh 100 billion taka in environmental damage. The government makes many efforts to reduce traffic congestion in Dhaka but with no success. Blaming Rickshaws for traffic congestion and subsequently banning them from major roads has not had the desired effect. Traffic is still as bad now as it was before the Rickshaws were banned on major roads.

Recently there is a study in Brazil of environmental impact due to automobiles (Fioravante et al, 2009). Due to demographic changes that have been occurred, the article projects the number and composition of households of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) by household size and marital status and age of reference person, using a multidimensional model developed by Yi (1991) that considers the interdependence between demographic events. However the ambient impact did not occur with the same intensity, because some old vehicles were substituted by new ones that have lower emission of pollutants.

So, according to the knowledge reviews that we have covered here, actually are showing that due to lack of effective planning and proper focusing on the issues of traffic jam in Dhaka city, it has become a mammoth problem now a days. Adequate research and some alternative solutions might give us some hope and light to solve the traffic problem in Dhaka city.

3.1 Findings or problems1. Where do you live?

Figure 1: Living Places for people In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 34% people live in Mirpur. In Dhanmondi it is 18%. In Mohammadpur it is 8%. In Shyamoly it is 6%. In Shahbag it is 4%. In Mohakhali it is 2%. And in Hasnabad it is only 1%. So according to our sample results by analyzing the above information we can say that most of the people live in Mirpur. 2. By which transport you go to your destination?

Figure 2: Transportation uses by the people to go to their destinationIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 38% people use Bus to go to their destination. 36% people use private car to go to their destination. 6% people use CNG and 20% people use Rickshaw to go to their destination. So according to our sample results we can say that most of the people use Bus to go to their destination. 3. Do you think that traffic congestion can lead to serious issue?

Figure 3: Response for traffic congestionIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 88% people respond positively or say yes about the traffic congestion which can lead to serious issue. Only 12% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic congestion can lead to a serious issue.4. Is traffic congestion in your area happen in daily life?

Figure 4: Response for happening traffic congestion in daily life.In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 96% people respond positively or say yes about the traffic congestion which has happened in their daily life. Only 12% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic congestion is happened in most of the peoples daily life.5. Do you think it is a major problem in Bangladesh?

Figure 5: Response for the major problem of traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 90% people respond positively or believe that traffic congestion is a major problem in Bangladesh. Only 12% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic congestion is a major problem in Bangladesh.6. Have you ever struck in traffic for more than an hour?

Figure 6: Response for striking in traffic for more than an hourIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 72% people respond positively that they have struck in traffic for more than an hour. Only 28% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that most of the people have struck in traffic more than an hour. 7. Have you found an alternative way to avoid the traffic?

Figure 7: Response for finding an alternative way to avoid the trafficIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 70% people respond positively that they have found an alternative way to avoid the traffic. Only 30% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that most of the people have found an alternative way to avoid the traffic. And we think that because of this traffic congestion is created in a large scale. 8. What causes the traffic congestion in places near you?

Figure 8: Causes for traffic congestionIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 48% people respond that because of traffic congestion overpopulated problems is created. 38% people respond that because of traffic congestion disobeying the traffic problems is created. 10% respond on unorganized traffic lights and 4% didnt say anything about it. So according to our sample results we can say that because of traffic congestion many problems are created but among of them the most important problem is overpopulation. 9. On which time you face in huge traffic jam?

Figure 9: Time for facing in huge traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 50% people respond that in 7-10 A.M they face on huge traffic jam. 38% people respond that in 10-1 P.M they face in huge traffic jam. 10% respond on 7-10 P.M and 2% people respond on others. So according to our sample results we can say that in 7-10 A.M huge traffic jam is created in Dhaka city.

10. On which time you face in low traffic jam?

Figure 10: Time for facing in low traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 28% people respond that in 6-10 A.M they face in low traffic jam. 30% people respond that in 10-1 P.M they face in low traffic jam. 18% respond on 6-10 P.M and 24% people respond on others. So according to our sample results we can say that in 6-10 P.M low traffic jam is created in Dhaka city. 11. Do you think unregistered vehicle should be eliminated?

Figure 11: Response for eliminating unregistered vehicleIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 94% people respond positively that unregistered vehicle should be eliminated. Only 06% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that unregistered vehicle should be eliminated. And we think that if the government takes this step then that will be the vital point for reducing traffic congestion. 12. Do you think traffic jam waste your valuable time?

Figure 12: Response for wasting valuable time due to traffic jam. In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 92% people respond positively that traffic jam waste their valuable time. Only 08% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic jam waste the valuable time of the people. And we think that to get rid from the traffic jam, better traffic control system is important. 13. Do you concentrate properly in your driving because of traffic jam?

Figure 13: Response for concentrating in driving because of traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 40% people respond positively they can concentrate properly in their driving because of traffic jam. But about 48% people respond negatively about it and they say that they cant concentrate properly in their driving because of traffic jam. And 12% people nothing say anything about it. So according to our sample results we can say that most of the people cant concentrate properly in their driving because of traffic jam.14. What is your average time to reach your destiny?

Figure 14: Response of average time to reach the destiny In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 32% people respond that their average time is 32% to reach to their destiny. 20% people respond that their average time is 1 hour to reach to their destiny. But 38% people respond that their average time is 1-2 hour to reach to their destiny. And only 10% people respond on more than 1-2 hours. So according to our sample results we can say that the average time to reach to their destiny is about 1-2 hours.

15. What kinds of problems do you face for the sake of traffic jam?

Figure 15: Response in facing different problems due to traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 50% people respond that their main problem is they cant reach their destination in time because of traffic jam. 16% people respond that because of traffic jam they suffer from Tensioning and sweating problem. 2% people respond that they suffer from sound problem. And only 2% people respond that they have no problem. And 30% people dont respond. So according to our sample results we can say that because of traffic jam most people cant reach their destination in a correct time.16. In which areas traffic jam created a lot? Please mention?

Figure 16: Areas where traffic jam created a lotIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 22% people respond that in Framgate traffic jam created a lot. 20% people respond that in Mirpur traffic jam created a lot. 12% people respond on Paltan. 10% people respond on Dhanmondi, Gulistan and Motijheel. 8% people respond on Shahbag. And only 4% people respond that in Uttara traffic jam created a lot. So according to our sample results we can say that in Framgate, Mirpur and Paltan traffic jam created a lot. 17. Are you satisfied with the current traffic control system?

Figure 17: Response for satisfying with the current traffic control system.In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents only 08% people respond positively that they are satisfied with the current traffic control system. But about 92% people respond that they arent satisfied with the current traffic control system. So according to our sample results we can say that most of the people are dissatisfied with the current traffic control system. So to satisfy the people a proper traffic control system is important.

18. Lack of parking place also creates traffic jam. What is opinion about it?

Figure 18: Response for the lack of parking places which creates traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 76% people respond that they are fully agreed that lack of parking place also creates traffic jam. 20% people are agreed with it. And only 4% people are in neither agree nor disagree condition. And no people are fully disagreed with it. So according to our sample results we can say that lack of parking place are also responsible for traffic jam.19. Do you think traffic police are also responsible to make a traffic jam?

Figure 19: Response about traffic police for making traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 78% people respond positively that traffic police are responsible to make a traffic jam. And only 22% people respond that traffic police arent responsible to make a traffic jam. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic police are also responsible to make a traffic jam.20. The traffic jam has a great impact in our economy. What is opinion about it?

Figure 20: Response of the impact of traffic jam in our economyIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 48% people respond that they are fully agreed that traffic jam has a great impact in our economy. 44% people are agreed with it. And only 4% people are in neither agree nor disagree condition. And only 4% people are fully disagreed with it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic jam has a great impact in our economy.21. Do you think that can be solved?

Figure 21: Response for solving the traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 84% people respond positively that traffic jam problem can be solved. And only 16% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that if the government and all the people of our country work together then traffic jam problem can be solved.22. Do you think only by establishing a better traffic control system, traffic jam can be removed?

Figure 22: Response for establishing a better traffic system to solve the traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 60% people respond positively that traffic jam can be removed by establishing better traffic control system. And 40% people respond negatively about it. They said that besides making a proper traffic control system other step must be taken by the government. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic control system is a vital issue to remove the traffic jam but other necessary step must be taken to remove the traffic jam.23. Can BRTA play a vital role?

Figure 23: Response of BRTA to minimize the traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 92% people respond positively that BRTA needs to play a vital role to reduce the traffic jam. And only 08% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that if BRTA works effectively and efficiently to reduce the traffic jam then this problem can be reduced.24. To reduce the traffic jam, whats step should be taken you think?

Figure 24: Response for taking step to reduce the traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 34% people respond that to reduce the traffic jam the government can make over bridges. 20% people respond that to reduce the traffic jam different area for different vehicles are needed. 32% people respond on Proper traffic systems. And 14% people respond on others. So according to our sample results we can say that all the steps are needed to reduce the traffic jam in Dhaka city. 25. What is your opinion regarding to this main issue (traffic congestion)?

Figure 25: Response about traffic congestionIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 30% people respond that the govt. should do something to remove the traffic jam from the Dhaka city. 16% people respond that its impossible to fix and 46% people respond that people should obey the traffic rules and start to think for others rather than themselves. And only 08% people respond that it will decrease by itself. So according to our sample results we can say that the most important is if the people should obey the traffic rules then traffic congestion can be minimized.26. For removing traffic jam what do you think about public awareness?

Figure 26: Response about public awarenessIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 96% people respond that for removing traffic jam public awareness should be increased. Only 2% people said that public awareness should be decreased. And 2% people comment on dont know. So according to our sample results we can say that public awareness should be increased.27. Everybody should work for reducing the traffic jam. What is opinion about it?

Figure 27: Response to work together for reducing the traffic jamIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 64% people respond that they are fully agreed that everybody should work for reducing the traffic jam. 30% people are agreed with it. And only 6% people are in neither agree nor disagree condition. And no people are fully disagreed with it. So according to our sample results we can say that everybody should work for reducing the traffic jam.28. Do you think traffic police honesty is important?

Figure 28: Response about traffic police honestyIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 98% people respond positively that Traffic police honesty is important. And only 02% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that traffic police honesty is important to reduce the traffic jam.29. Do you think government can take step to make the traffic police honest?

Figure 29: Response about Govt. step to make traffic police honestIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 90% people respond positively that the government can take step to make the traffic police honest. And only 10% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that the government can take step to make the traffic police honest.30. Do you think Bangladesh Govt. can provide us better traffic control system?

Figure 30: Response to provide us better traffic control system by the Govt.In the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 62% people respond positively that the government can provide us better traffic control system. And 38% people respond negatively about it. So according to our sample results we can say that if the government take the necessary step then it is possible for the Bangladesh government to provide us better traffic control system.31. If yes, please explain how?

Figure 31: Response how the Govt. can provide us a better traffic systemIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 12% people respond that if the government increase the traffic police salary and other facilities then the government can provide us better traffic control system. 8% people respond on over bridge. 4% people respond on using one car rules. 14% people respond on proper traffic rules. 4% people respond on traffic police training. And among the 50 respondents 20% people respond nothing. So according to our sample result we can say that if the government make over bridges, increase the traffic police salary and proper training, introducing the proper traffic rules the government can provide us better traffic control system. 32. If no, please explain why?

Figure 32: Response why the Govt. cant provide us a better traffic systemIn the above chart it is clearly figured out that among the 50 respondents about 12% people respond that the government isnt aware about it and so they cant provide us better traffic control system. 16% people respond on corruption. And among the 50 respondents 10% people respond nothing. So according to our sample result we can say that if the government isnt aware about traffic jam and if they involve in corruption then the government cant provide us better traffic control system. 3.2 Analysis of the findings or problemsAccording to our sample results after getting all the findings or problems we can say that most people are using bus for going to their destination. Most of the people respond that they face in huge traffic jam in their daily life. They are also aware about it and they said that because of traffic jam overpopulation, disobeying the traffic and unorganized traffic lights problems are created. And because of traffic jam the most problem they faced are they cant reach their destination in time. In Dhaka city traffic jam mostly created in Framgate, Dhanmondi, Motijheel, Paltan, Gulistan, Mirpur, Shahbag, Jatrabari and others. They also respond that to remove the traffic jam not only the government but also all the people of the country should work together. They also respond that lack of parking facilities also cause to create trafiic jam. The government needs to take necessary step about it. And they also said that traffic police honesty is important and BRTA also can play a vital role to minimize the traffic jam. And they also respond that to remove the traffic jam from the Dhaka city the government must increase the salary of the traffic police and the government must arrange a special training for the traffic police to reduce the traffic jam and the government should make a lot over bridge and the government should arrange different area for different vehicles. And above all the people must need to follow the rules and regulations to reduce the traffic jam in Dhaka city. 3.3 Steps to reduce the traffic jam After analyzing the above findings or problems we can say that the following steps can be taken to reduce the traffic jam To make a lot of over bridge for people and transportation. To appoint a lot of traffic police. To arrange proper training for traffic police and to provide them better salary. To arrange the proper parking place. To arrange the different area for different vehicles. BRTA needs to provide accurate services to the people in getting driving license, vehicle registration, fitness certificate and transport related tax payment in the shortest period of time. Above all the people should abide by the rules and regulations of the traffic and they should co-operate with the government about this issue.

4. Proposed goalThe ultimate goal is to improve our traffic control system and also solve this crazy jam in Dhaka city to help the people to go their destination in right time. 4.1 Target CustomersUser Group:All types of transport driver.Functional Group:We designed our project functional group into two parts. Because to do our traffic system into a better position, first we wants to make traffic control system, for this work we wants to take help from the BUET students. Because they still working on inventing a better traffic control system. And our second part is to increase consciousness not only the traffic police but also the driver and also the passenger.

REFERENCESBangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (1981) Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, ministry of Planning, government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (1991) Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, ministry of Planning, government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2001) Urban area report of Bangladesh, 1991, vol-1, Ministry of Planning, government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.[Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTC), 2010Habid, K.M.N. (2000). Evaluation of Planning Options to Alleviate Traffic Congestion and Resulting Air Pollution in Dhaka City. Thesis paper.http://www.newagebd.com/2013/july/25/met.htmhttp://www.sosarsenic.net/english/environment/rickshaw.html#1K.D.A. (2008). Report on by pass road (Phase-ii), Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh.Karim, M. M. (1997). Traffic Pollution in Bangladesh & Metropolitan Dhaka a Preliminary Investigation. 90thAnnual Meeting of A&WMA, Toronto, Canada.Kazi, N. (2003). A brief note on the Dhaka A Transport Project. Unpublished Phase-I project report.Khan, M. A. (2007). When shall we get rid of Dhaka city traffic jam? Bitter Truth. The Daily Star, Bangladesh.Khandoker, N., & Rouse, J. (2004). Urban development and livelihoods of the poor in Dhaka. 30th WEDCInternational Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR.Rahman, Mushfiqur. (2003). "Compressed Natural Gas" in Islam, Sirajul. Banglapedia: National encyclopediaof Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved fromhttp://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0326.htm.Shovan, S. S. A. (2008). Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impact of Rickshaw Bans in Dhaka. Voice ofSouth: Online Platform for South Asian Rural Community.Shuichi, M., & Hironao, K. (2003). A Study on the Traffic Impacts in City Traffic Consideration of the Value ofTime about Streetcar. Journal of Nippon Kikai Gakkai Kotsu, Butsuryu Bumon Taikai Koen Ronbunshu(Japan), 12, 403-406.Statistical Pocket Book. (2008). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.Ullah, A. H. J. (2001). Dhakas hopeless traffic jams stop everything but the clock! The Dhaka Diary.Dey, A. R., Kabir. N., & Efroymson. D. (2002). Noise Pollution: Research and Action, Work for a BetterBangladesh.Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (2005). Dhaka: Asian Highway Handbook. UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications.

APPENDIXSurvey Questions On Traffic System in Dhaka cityA project study will be conducted by us to get clear and concise ideas for making a proper traffic system in Dhaka city. A survey will be conducted for the study. Your response and co-operation will enable to attain the objective of the study. This survey will take 5-10 minutes. You have been selected at random and I guarantee that your identity will be held in confidence and the answers you provide will remain totally anonymous. You can refuse to answer any of the questions.1. Where do you live?

2. By which transport you go to your destination? Bus. Private car. CNG. Rickshaw.3. Do you think that traffic congestion can lead to serious issue? Yes No 4. Is Traffic Congestion in your area happen in daily life? Yes No5. Do you think it is a major problem in Bangladesh? Yes No 6. Have you ever stuck in traffic for more than an hour? Yes No 7. Have you found an alternative way to avoid the traffic? Yes No 8. What causes the traffic congestion in places near you? Overpopulated. Disobeying the traffic. Unorganized Traffic lights.9. On which time you face in huge traffic jam? 7-10 A.M 10-1 A.M 7-10 P.M Others10. On which time you face in low traffic jam? 6-10 A.M 10-1 A.M 6-10 P.M Others11. Do you think unregistered vehicles should be eliminated? Yes No12. Do you think traffic jam waste your valuable time? Yes No13. Do you concentrate properly in your driving because of traffic jam? Yes. No.14. What is your average time to reach your destiny? 30 minutes. 1 hour. 1-2 hour. More than 1-2 hour.15. What kinds of problems do you face for the sake of traffic jam?

16. In which areas traffic jam created a lot? Please mention?

17. Are you satisfied with the current traffic control system? Yes. No.

18. Lack of parking place also creates traffic jam. What is your opinion about it?

Fully Agree. Agree. Neither agrees nor disagrees. Fully disagree.19. Do you think traffic police are also responsible to make a traffic jam? Yes No20. The traffic jam has a great impact in our economy. What is your opinion about it? Fully Agree. Agree. Neither agrees nor disagrees. Fully disagree.21. Do you think that can be solved? Yes No22. Do you think only by establishing a better traffic control system, traffic jam can be removed? Yes. No.23. Can BRTA play a vital role?

Yes No24. To reduce the traffic jam, whats step should be taken you think? Making over bridge. Different area for different vehicles. Proper traffic system. Other.25. What is your opinion regarding to this main issue (traffic congestion) The government should do something about it. It's impossible to fix. People should obey the traffic and start to think for others rather than themselves. It will decrease by itself from time to time.

26. For removing traffic jam what do you think about public awareness? To be increased. To be decreased. Dont know.27. Everybody should work for reducing the traffic jam. What is opinion about it? Fully Agree. Agree. Neither agrees nor disagrees. Fully disagree.28. Do you think, Traffic police honesty is important?

Yes No

29. Do you think, government can take step to make the traffic police honest?

Yes No30. Do you think Bangladesh Govt. can provide us better traffic control system? Yes. No.31. If yes, please explain how?

32. If no, Please explain why?

Thank You for your Cooperation.

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