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IST Integrated Project No 507023 – MAESTRO
D11-1.1
Training Report
Contractual Date of Delivery to the CEC: 31/12/2004
Actual Date of Delivery to the CEC: 03/01/2005
Author(s): G.E. Corazza, A. Vanelli-Coralli, C. Caini, L. Calandrino.
Participant(s): UoB
Workpackage: WP11
Est. person months: 6.5
Security: Pub.
Nature: R
Version: 3.0
Total number of pages: 86
Abstract:
This report describes the results of the MAESTRO activities achieved within the WP11 workpackage. The training strategy, including the selected audience, which was considered during the preparation and finalization of the training material are described. The main outcome has been a Tutorial on “Digital Multimedia Broad-casting” (DMB), that was delivered during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, on September 20, 2004. An updated and extended version of the Tutorial is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2004. Links to other IST-FP6 projects in related fields are also reported upon.
Keyword list: Training, S-DMB, DVB-H, Seminars, Cooperation, Exchange, Tutorial.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document contains deliverable D11-1 of the IST Integrated Project MAESTRO – Mobile Applications & sErvices based on Satellite and Terrestrial inteRwOrking (IST Integrated Project n° 507023).
The MAESTRO project aims at studying technical implementations of innovative mobile satellite systems concepts targeting close integration & interworking with 3G and Beyond 3G mobile terrestrial networks.
More precisely, MAESTRO is focused on Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB), which is an emerging technology for distributing multimedia contents to mobile terminals and handhelds. Therefore, the considered market segment is overlapping with that of 3GPP terrestrial MBMS (Multimedia Broadcasting and Multicasting Services). In fact, S-DMB is designed to be deployed in an adjacent spectrum allocation with respect to the terrestrial IMT-2000 band, and to exploit all the possible commonalities in terms of transmission standard and equipment hardware.
On the other hand, several other standards are being developed around the world for the distribution of multimedia contents in mobile systems. Terrestrial DMB solu-tions are also being built around the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) standard. Alternative satellite solutions are the Japanese-Korean MBSAT system, and the XM-Radio and the Sirius systems in the US.
It is therefore clear that there is a need to clarify the position of S-DMB with re-spect to all other alternative solutions, in order to grow the awareness of the indus-trial and scientific communities about the new role of the satellite component and its technical and economic viability. To this end, MAESTRO has enforced a train-ing programme which is described in this deliverable D11-1 – “Training Report”. The task is led by UoB and is indirectly supported by all MAESTRO partners.
Chapter �2 deals with the strategy defined for the MAESTRO training, and with the identification of the target audience. The most relevant categories have been iden-tified, and the major training objective has been selected to be a Tutorial on Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, to be delivered at major international conferences. Chapter �3 reports on of the Tutorial material. The objective of this Tutorial is to perform an in-depth overview of the different systems that provide or will provide DMB services, and to identify a position for S-DMB. For each system, a descrip-tion of the architecture, associated markets, and principal features is provided. Chapter �4 reports on the links between MAESTRO training and other IST projects, namely SatNEx and MoSSA, which are briefly described.
The major achievement within WP11 was the delivery of the MAESTRO S-DMB Tutorial during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, held on September 20 at ESA/ESTEC premises in Noordwijk (The Netherlands). The audience was com-
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posed by more than 60 attendees. An updated and extended version of the tutorial will be prepared in the second year of the MAESTRO project, and is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2005.
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COPYRIGHT © Copyright 2004 The MAESTRO Consortium consisting of :
Alcatel Space (ASP), France Motorola Toulouse SAS (MSPS), France LogicaCMG UK Limited (LOGICACMG), United Kingdom Agilent Technologies Belgium SA (AGILENT), Belgium Ascom Systec AG (ASC), Swiss University College London (UCL), United Kingdom Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UoB), Italy The University of Surrey (UNIS), United Kingdom Fraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V. (FHG/IIS), Germany Udcast (UDCAST), France Space Hellas SA (SPH), Greece Ercom Engineering Reseaux Communications (ERCOM), France AWE Communications GMBH (AWE), Germany GFI Consulting (GFIC), France SES Astra (SES), Luxembourg British Telecommunications PLC (BT), United Kingdom E-TF1 (E-TF1), France Bouygues Telecom (BYTL), France Alcatel CIT (A-CIT), France Alcatel SEL AG (ASEL), Germany
This document may not be copied, reproduced, or modified in whole or in part for any purpose without written permission from the MAESTRO Consortium. In addi-tion to such written permission to copy, reproduce, or modify this document in whole or part, an acknowledgement of the authors of the document and all appli-cable portions of the copyright notice must be clearly referenced.
All rights reserved.
This document may change without notice.
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DOCUMENT HISTORY Vers. Issue Date Content and changes 0.1 March 25, 2004 Table of Contents
0.2 September 15, 2004 Added training strategy section
1.0 December 23, 2004 Pre-Final version
1.2 January 3rd, 2005 Final version
3.0 January 3rd, 2005 Final version for delivery
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DOCUMENT AUTHORS
This document has been generated from contributions coming from most of the MAESTRO partners. The contributors are the following:
Partners company Contributors
UoB G.E. Corazza
A. Vanelli-Coralli
C. Caini
L. Calandrino
DOCUMENT APPROVERS
This document has been verified and approved by the following partners:
Partners company Approvers
UoB Giovanni E. Corazza
ASP
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 10
2 TRAINING STRATEGY........................................................................................................... 12
3 TRAINING MATERIAL............................................................................................................ 13
3.1 ASMS2004 TUTORIAL MATERIAL ....................................................................................... 13
4 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES ............................................................... 82
4.1 SATNEX ........................................................................................................................... 82 4.2 MOSSA............................................................................................................................ 84
5 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 86
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Members of the SatNEx Consortium ...................................................... 83
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: SatNEx Workpackage Breakdown Structure......................................... 84
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
ASMS-TF Advanced Satellite Mobile Systems Task Force
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting
DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
EC European Commission
ERA European Research Area
FP6 Sixth Framework Programme
GPRS General Packet Radio System
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
IST Information Society Technologies
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MoSSA ASMS-TF Specific Support Action
MSS Mobile Satellite Systems
SatNEx Satellite communications Network of Excellence
S-DMB Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
RAN Radio Access Networks
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
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1 INTRODUCTION The MAESTRO project will introduce a major paradigm shift in the way satellite and terrestrial networks interwork. In fact, MAESTRO is aimed at demonstrating that a satellite overlay network based on the service complement concept rather than on the usual geographic complement concept is instrumental for the success of both terrestrial and satellite 3G (and beyond) industries.
In particular, MAESTRO is focused on S-DMB, which is an emerging technology for distributing multimedia contents to mobile terminals and handhelds. Therefore, the considered market segment is overlapping with that of 3GPP terrestrial MBMS. In fact, S-DMB is designed to be deployed in an adjacent spectrum allocation with respect to the terrestrial IMT-2000 band, and to exploit all the possible commonal-ities in terms of transmission standard and equipment hardware. By distributing multimedia contents through S-DMB, the capacity for the terrestrial IMT-2000 cel-lular systems can be fully exploited for the high-valued point to point connections. In essence, close interworking between the terrestrial and the satellite component will produce profitable system architectures and business opportunities.
On the other hand, several other standards are being developed around the world for the distribution of multimedia contents in mobile systems. Notably, the DVB-H standard is undergoing several approval steps within the DVB forum. This is a modification of the DVB-T standard to address efficiently delivery to mobile termi-nals. At the same time, terrestrial DMB solutions are also being built around the DAB standard. Alternative satellite solutions are the Japanese-Korean MBSAT system, and the XM-Radio and the Sirius systems in the US. It is therefore clear that there is a need to clarify the position of S-DMB with respect to all other alter-native solutions. In other words, it is necessary:
1. to grow the awareness of the industrial and scientific communities about the new role of the satellite component and its technical and economic viability;
2. to enhance the competence of industrial and scientific staff about satellite based DMB systems;
3. to position S-DMB in the overall multimedia distribution market.
To this end, MAESTRO has enforced a training programme which includes:
the definition of a training strategy;
the production of high level technical, professional, scientific and educa-tional material;
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the organisation of short courses and tutorials on specific topics (e.g., MBMS services, MBMS technology, multicast protocols, physical layer is-sues, etc.).
All of these activities have been addressed in the first year of MAESTRO. Possible additional activities, that could also be part of the WP11 activities in the second year, are the following:
organisation of stages and exchanges for researchers and members of technical staff;
evaluation and possible use of e-learning tools.
In the following, the research strategy and the technical material prepared for the training purposes will be described.
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2 TRAINING STRATEGY The strategy defined for the MAESTRO training is essentially based on four steps:
1. identification of the strategic audience to be addressed;
2. submission of proposals for tutorials and short courses on MAESTRO re-lated topics (e.g., DMB services, DMB technology, multicast protocols, physical layer issues, etc.) to different bodies;
3. preparation of high level technical/professional/scientific educational mate-rial for MAESTRO training purposes;
4. creation and maintenance of links between MAESTRO and other FP6 pro-jects, such as Networks of Excellence in Satellite Communications and/or in Wireless Communications.
Regarding the audience the following categories have been identified and ad-dressed:
technical and scientific personnel involved in R&D activities;
technical and non-technical personnel involved in the regulatory and stan-dardization frameworks;
higher education students;
business-oriented managerial staff.
Regarding the preparation of the training material, chapter �3 deals with the Tutorial prepared during the first year. This material was delivered during the EMPS/ASMS 2004 conference, on September 20, 2004. The audience was a heterogeneous mix of more than 60 attendees, covering all of the above identified categories. An updated and extended version of the tutorial will be prepared in the second year of the MAESTRO project, and is planned to be delivered during the IST Mobile Summit 2005 conference, on June 19, 2004.
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3 TRAINING MATERIAL The objective of the DMB tutorial is to perform an overview of the different systems that provide or will provide DMB services, and to give a position for S-DMB. Under this respect, five different systems have been considered:
the XM radio deployed in the United States;
the Sirius system deployed in the United States;
the DVB-H system under development in the DVB forum framework;
the MBMS system under standardization within 3GPP;
the S-DMB system addressed by the MAESTRO project.
For each system, a description of the architecture, of the associated markets, and of the principal features has been provided.
3.1 ASMS2004 Tutorial material
DMBDMBDigital Multimedia BroadcastingDigital Multimedia Broadcasting
((Digital Mobile Broadcasting, Digital Mobile Broadcasting,
Digital Multicasting & Broadcasting)Digital Multicasting & Broadcasting)
Giovanni E. Corazza, Alessandro VanelliGiovanni E. Corazza, Alessandro Vanelli--CoralliCoralli
Noordwijk, September 20, 2004Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
ASMS2004 TutorialsASMS2004 Tutorials
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2EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
OutlineOutline
DMB opportunities and systems (30m)
DVB standards: DVB-T/H (45m)
Break (15m)
IMT2000 UMTS-MBMS (40m)
S-DMB (40m)
Conclusions (10m)
3EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
Maestro PartnersAlcatel Space (ASP), FranceMotorola Semiconducteurs SAS (MSPS), FranceLogicaCMG UK Limited (LOGICACMG), United KingdomAgilent Technologies Belgium SA (AGILENT), BelgiumAscom Systec AG (ASC), SwissUniversity College London (UCL), United KingdomAlma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UoB), ItalyUniversity of Surrey (UNIS), United KingdomFraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V. (FHG/IIS), GermanyUdcast (UDCAST), FranceSpace Hellas SA (SPH), GreeceErcom Engineering Reseaux Communications (ERCOM), FranceAWE Communications GMBH (AWE), GermanyGFI Consulting (GFIC), FranceSES Astra (SES), LuxembourgBritish Telecommunications PLC (BT), United KingdomE-TF1 (E-TF1), FranceBouygues Telecom (BYTL), FranceAlcatel CIT (A-CIT), FranceAlcatel SEL AG (ASEL), Germany
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DMB opportunities and systemsDMB opportunities and systems
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The DMBThe DMB opportunityopportunity
Digital multimedia broadcasting and multicasting to mobile terminals isrecognized around the world as one of the hottest market opportunities in the short termNews: September 12, 2004
The big five handset vendors, Nokia, NEC, Motorola, Siemens and Sony Ericsson, announced a co-operation deal to investigate mobile broadcast servicesThe most appealing broadcast service to the mobile handset is widely held to be TV, though the vendors say they will look at all multimedia entertainment Quoting Steffen Ring (Motorola): "Content is King, but mobility is Queen”
EC-FP6: Broadcast and Multicast Cluster (BMC) (Brussels, Sep. 21, 2004)ATHENA, B-BONE, BROADWAN, CAPANNINA, DAIDALOS, EPHOTON-ONE, MAESTRO, MCDN, MUSE, SATLIFE
Forecast for BM market in 2008:90 million users worldwide8 billion € of revenues
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DMB: DMB: convergenceconvergence of of differentdifferent worldsworlds
Live TVDriven
DMBDMBWeb-access
Driven
GamingDriven
TecnhologyDriven
BROADCASTINGBROADCASTINGPC
WO
RLD
PC W
OR
LDINTE
RN
ETIN
TER
NET
MOBILE MOBILE TELECOMsTELECOMs
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DMB DMB servicesservices: : realreal--timetime vsvs non non realreal--timetime
RT: real-time broadcast/multicast to mobile terminalLive TVLive music Information (news, traffic)Advertising WebcamsMultiplayer gamingEmergency messages
NRT: non-real time, content stored on terminal and consumed laterVideo on-demandMusic on-demandWebcastingWeb-browsingPersonalised contentVideo games
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DMB environments and terminalsDMB environments and terminals
EnvironmentsOutdoor pedestrian
e.g. killing time (bus stop, in line, etc)Context-aware information
Outdoor vehicular car, but also bus, train, airplane, shipInfotainment (info to driver, entertainment to passengers)
Indoorat home:download to PAN and consume in the eveningin the office: videoconference
TerminalsStorage capacityBatteryDisplayG/TCost
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Content for Mobile TVContent for Mobile TV
Existing TV content cannot be directly transported to mobile terminals“Mobile TV is not TV on the mobile”Content adaptation strategies are necessary
Small screensDetail-driven source codingContent trasducers
New content produced for mobile TVShort sequences (1 to 15 mins typical)
NAVSHP (Networked Audio Visual Systems and Home Platforms)New media technology platform for EC IST FP7Thomson, Alcatel, ST, Siemens, Nokia, Philips, IntelNew Media Council: next meeting Dec 2-3, 2004.
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DMB systemsDMB systems
Classification is difficult, due to large overlapCriteria
Coverage: terrestrial/satelliteTerminals: handset/vehicular Target service: audio/video/multimediaWorld region of operationIntegration with cellular networks In operation/plannedStandard/proprietary air interface
ExamplesDigital Audio Broadcasting (e.g. DAB, XM radio, Sirius)Digital Video Broadcasting (e.g. DVB-T, DVB-H)MBSATIMT2000 (e.g., UMTS-MBMS, S-DMB)…
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DABDAB
Standardized by ETSI in 1995Replacement for analog AM and FMMPEG2 audio layer IIEnhanced data servicesN x 24 ms Frames, DQPSK, OFDM 1/4 - rate Conv. Code, Interleaving, Puncturing4-Modes of OperationDeployed in >35 Countries around the world
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DARS systems: XM radioDARS systems: XM radio
DARS = Digital Audio Radio Service XM Satellite Radio (CONUS)
started in 2001A $1,5 billions program targeting vehicular market 100 Thematic radio channels, FM+ quality$10/month subscriptionReceivers price starting today from $120XM exceeded 1 million customers end of October 2003Constellation
2 GEO satellitesTerrestrial repeaters (˜1500)
Air interfaceQPSK TDMS-Band
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DARS systems: SiriusDARS systems: Sirius
Sirius (CONUS)Started 2002120 Thematic radio channels, FM+ quality$12.25/month subscription400K users end of June 2004Member of ASMS-TFConstellation:
3 HEO sat Terrestrial repeaters (˜ 90)
Air interface:Direct link: QPSK TDMTerrestrial repeater link: QPSK COFDMCoding: RS+ConvSat diversity
TDM OFDM
TDM
GroundRepeaters
SIRIUSSatellite
VSATSatellite
NationalBroadcast
Studio
RemoteUplink Site
MobileReceiver
TDM OFDM TDM
12.5 MHz
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MBSATMBSAT
MBSAT (Japan and Korea)opening 20041 GEO sat, 12 m antennaGap fillers25 MHz band at 2,6 GHz, 7 Mb/s capacityVehicular and pedestrian usage10 TV and 50 Radio broadcast programsTarget 20 Million customers in 2010400 to 600 $ receivers3 to 20$/month subscription
System Cost ˜800 M$Tens of thousands of terrestrial repeaters
Partnership: Toshiba, NTV, NTT, SKT, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Samsung,...Strong involvement of SKT in Korea to market the MBSAT system
Targeting video over cellphone with Samsung products
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DVB standardsDVB standards: DVB: DVB--T/HT/H
DVB-T has been standardized in 1997 and now deployed worldwideDVB-T adopts QAM-OFDMDVB-H is the evolution of DVB-T for broadcasting to mobile handsets
Targeting 2005 commercial product availability
Regulatory allocation for DVB-H Network is a big concern
Will require tremendous lobbying effort to grant VHF/UHF before 2010
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IMT2000: UMTSIMT2000: UMTS--MBMSMBMS
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast & Multicast Services ) is a specification of the UMTS network resource for simultaneous content (streaming and best-effort) delivery to groups of usersIn-band channels Use of broadcast bearers wherever relevant on a per cell basisUMTS includes W-CDMA FDD
SGSN
GGSN
RNC
SAI_1
shared bearers
MBMS Data
RNC
cell_1 cell_2 cell_3
nBnBnB
dedicated bearers
BM-SC
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IMT2000: SIMT2000: S--DMB DMB -- a hybrid 3G networka hybrid 3G network
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TheInternet
IP backbone
Billing VHESignalling Gateway
WAP Accounting
UMTS
Broadcast Networks(DAB, DVB-T)
Satellite FES
GSM / GPRS
Context-aware information
Centre
IP-based micro-mobility Wireless
LANs
ISP
SIP Proxy Server
Interworking: a 4G Interworking: a 4G objectiveobjective
DVB standardsDVB standards
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DVB Standards OverviewDVB Standards Overview
Point to multipoint transmission standards for large volume of information at high data rateInformation is mainly audio and video (MPEG2 format) but can also be files or other dataTransmission (FL)
Different transmission means have been standardizedDVB-S and S2 satellite channelDVB-T/H terrestrial channel (fixed and mobile terminal)DVB-C cable channelDVB-MS multipoint transmission system @ 10 GHz and aboveDVB-MC Multichannel Microwave Distribution System below 10 GHzDVB-MT Microwave terrestrial transmission
Interactivity (RL)Network independent tools ISO/OSI layer 2 and 3Network dependent tools ISO/OSI layer 1 and 2
DVB-RCC cable TV distribution systemsDVB-RCP ISDN, PSTNDVB-RCD DECTDVB-RCL Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS)DVB-RCG GSMDVB-RCCS Satellite Master Antenna TV (SMATV)DVB-RCS SatelliteDVB-RCT Digital TV including multiple access OFDMDVB-RCGPRS GPRS
Ad-hoc groupsDVB-UMTS
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DVB view on telecom/broadcast convergenceDVB view on telecom/broadcast convergence
Hybrid Networks are foreseen: interfaces and specifications for hybrid platforms will be given in 2005
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DETOUR: OFDM basicsDETOUR: OFDM basics
HistoryFirst developments: parallel modulation/FDM 50’s- 60’sCritical issue: complexity, solved with IFFT/FFT, VLSI technologyIn Europe DAB: mid 80’sDVB-T: early 90’sOFDM is one of the preferred techniques for 4G
Rationale for using OFDM in DVB-T/HRequirements:
High data rates: e.g. 6 Mbit/s (SDTV), 20 Mbit/s (HDTV)Mobile and fixed usersChannel impairments: multipath fading, co-channel interference, adjacent channel interference (PAL), impulsive noise
OFDM fits the requirements because it offers:High data rate transmission thanks to parallel processingMultipath resilience thanks to large sub-carrier symbol periodEnhanced block equalization through Guard time insertion
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OFDM basics (cont’d)OFDM basics (cont’d)
OFDM is a multicarrier technique, with orthogonal subcarriersThree approaches to obtain orthogonality:
1. Frequency separation (scarce spectrum efficiency)2. -3 dB superposition (flat spectrum, staggered I/Q modulation for orthogonality)3. Minimum frequency separation: 1/T (achieved by using the DFT over blocks of
length T = NTs)For the m-th block:
1
0
)2
exp()(1
)(N
k Nkjma
Nmb
SP1/NSC
IDFT P/SN/1
“0”
“0”
OFDM Modulator
1
0
)2exp()(1
)(N
sk fTkjmaN
mb
1 1
s
fT NT
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OFDM: system overviewOFDM: system overview
Symbol Sampling
OFDMDemodulator
I/Q SymbolMatched
Filter
SoftDemodulator
ChannelDecoder
RemoveCyclic Prefix
RemoveCyclic P.
SP1/N DFT
P/SNSC/1
Soft Demodulator
OFDM Demodulator
Source Bits
Const.Mapping
OFDM Modulator
ChannelCoding
CyclicPrefix
Pulse Shaping
SP1/NSC
IDFT P/SN/1
Const.Mapping
CyclicPrefix
“0”
“0”
OFDM Modulator
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OFDM spectrumOFDM spectrum
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e -
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26EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
Guard time insertionGuard time insertion
A Guard time is introduced at the end of each OFDM symbol for protection against multipath.The Guard time is “cyclically extended” to avoid Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) - integer # of cycles in the symbol interval.Guard Time > Multipath Delay Spread, to guarantee zero ISI & ICIGuard Time > Differential cell delay in single frequency networks
Cyclic prefix length
Time
Original N Samples
Added Prefix
27EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
OFDM: sensitiveness to non linear distortionOFDM: sensitiveness to non linear distortion
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
In-Phase OFDM signal
PD
F
16QAM - set 1
In-Phase OFDM signalGauss(0, 1/2)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.916QAM - set 1
Normalized Envelope
PD
F
OFDM envelope pdf OFDM envelope cdfAM-PM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Input Power [dB]
Pha
se d
isto
rtio
n [d
eg]
AM-AM
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Input Power [dB]
Out
put P
ower
[dB
]
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OFDM: nonOFDM: non--linear distortion (cont’d)linear distortion (cont’d)
SolutionsPeak to average ratio (PAR) reduction
Clipping– Out of band emission
Precoding– Complexity – Spectrum efficiency reduction
Selective mapping– Complexity increase– Spectrum efficiency reduction
Predistortion techniques
DVBDVB--T/HT/H
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DVBDVB--H System overview (1)H System overview (1)
ObjectivesBroadcast transmission to mobile handheld terminals of datagrams (IP or other datagrams) pertaining to multimedia services, file downloading services, etc
ConstraintsLimited power supply (small terminals)Varying transmission conditions (mobile terminals)
Systems specificationDVB-H = DVB-T +
4K OFDM modeEnhanced interleaving for native DVB-T 2K and 4K modesTime slicingEnhanced signallingPacket coding: MPE-FEC5MHz bandwidth
Reference documentsEN 300 744: Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T), Appendix G and H specific for DVB-HEN 301 192: Link LayerEN 300 468: Service InformationTS 101 191: Single Frequency Network
31EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/T/HH System overview (2)System overview (2)
4 bandwidth modes: 5, 6, 7, and 8 MHz3 OFDM modes: 2K, 4K, 8K3 modulation formats:
4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM
Hierarchical and non-hierarchical transmissionNon-hierarchical: constant error protectionHierarchical: higher protection for basic information, lower protection for additional information
Bit-wise and symbol-wise interleavingConcatenated channel coding
Inner code: convolutional code with 4 coding rates: 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8Outer code: RS code
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DVBDVB--T/H network layoutT/H network layout
4 kinds of frequency networks can be deployedLarge area SFN (Single Frequency Network) :
Many high power repeaters with large transmitter space– large delays large guard time required
– Challenging transmitter synchronization
Regional SFN:Few high power repeaters with large transmitter space
– Large delays large guard time required
– Simpler transmitter synchronization
MFN (Multi Frequency Network) with dense SFN around each MFN transmitter:Medium power SFM transmitter with medium transmitter spacing
SFN gap fillersLow power SFN transmitter with small spacing to fill gaps in coverage
– Small delays small guard time required
33EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: frame formatT/H: frame format
1 OFDM symbol (Ts) = data part (Tu)+guard interval (TG)Guard time can be 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32 of the data partThe data part contains
Info dataPilot symbols (power boosted)1 TPS bit (Transmission Parameter Signalling), DBPSK modulated
– 68 TPS bits refer to an OFDM frame and are transmitted over one frame.– This requires batch processing at the receiver
68 OFDM symbols = 1 frame (TF)4 frames = 1 superframeEvery superframe conveys an integer number of MPEG2 packetsTPS bits
1 initialization bit16 synchronization bits37 information bits14 redundancy bits, BCH (67,53, t=2)
DVB-H TPS bits contain info on 4K mode, in-depth interleaver, Time slicing, MPE-FEC
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DVBDVB--T/H: functional block diagramT/H: functional block diagram
35EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: MPEGT/H: MPEG--22
MPEG-2 transport multiplex packet:188 byte: 1 synch word + payload
MPEG-2 transport multiplex packet:188 byte: 1 synch word + payload
Sync1 byte
MPEG-2 transport MUX data 187 bytes
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DVBDVB--T/H: RS outer codingT/H: RS outer coding
RS (204, 188, t=8)RS (204, 188, t=8)
37EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: outer interleavingT/H: outer interleaving
Convolutional interleaving (Forney approach)
INTERLEAVING DEPTH = 12 BYTES
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DVBDVB--T/H: inner T/H: inner convolutionalconvolutional codingcoding
Convolutional codes: •Mother code rate 1/2, 64 states
•G1= 171oct, G2=133oct•Punctured codes at rates
•2/3•3/4•5/6•7/8
•This is the same code used by DVB-S
Convolutional codes: •Mother code rate 1/2, 64 states
•G1= 171oct, G2=133oct•Punctured codes at rates
•2/3•3/4•5/6•7/8
•This is the same code used by DVB-S
39EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: T/H: demuxdemux and inner interleavingand inner interleaving
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DVBDVB--T/H: nonT/H: non--hierarchical transmissionhierarchical transmission
Non-hierarchical transmissionDemultiplexing of input stream into:
2 output streams for QPSK4 output streams for 16-QAM6 output streams for 64 QAM
41EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: hierarchical transmissionT/H: hierarchical transmission
Hierarchical transmission
•Demultiplexing of high priority input stream into:
2 output streams
•Demultiplexing of low priority input stream into
2 output streams for 16-QAM4 output streams for 64-QAM
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DVBDVB--T/H: bit interleavingT/H: bit interleaving
Bit-wise block interleaver 126 bits/block•6 different interleaver sequences (I0….I5)
43EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: symbol interleavingT/H: symbol interleaving
symbol-wise interleaver
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DVBDVB--T/H: QAM constellationsT/H: QAM constellations
-10,-10
-8,-8
-6,-6
-4,-4
4,4
6,6
8,8
10,10
-10,-8
-8,-6
-6,-4
-4,4
4,6
6,8
8,10
10,-10
-10,-6
-8,-4
-6,4
-4,6
4,8
6,10
8,-10
10,-8
-10,-4
-8,4
-6,6
-4,8
4,10
6,-10
8,-8
10,-6
-10,4
-8,6
-6,8
-4,10
4,-10
6,-8
8,-6
10,-4
-10,6
-8,8
-6,10
-4,-10
4,-8
6,-6
8,-4
10,4
-10,8
-8,10
-6,-10
-4,-8
4,-6
6,-4
8,4
10,6
-10,10
-8,-10
-6,-8
-4,-6
4,-4
6,4
8,6
10,8
Uniform, v=1 Non-uniform, v=2 Non-uniform, v=4
-8,-8
-6,-6
-4,-4
-2,-2
2,2
4,4
6,6
8,8
-8,-6
-6,-4
-4,-2
-2,2
2,4
4,6
6,8
8,-8
-8,-4
-6,-2
-4,2
-2,4
2,6
4,8
6,-8
8,-6
-8,-2
-6,2
-4,4
-2,6
2,8
4,-8
6,-6
8,-4
-8,2
-6,4
-4,6
-2,8
2,-8
4,-6
6,-4
8,-2
-8,4
-6,6
-4,8
-2,-8
2,-6
4,-4
6,-2
8,2
-8,6
-6,8
-4,-8
-2,-6
2,-4
4,-2
6,2
8,4
-8,8
-6,-8
-4,-6
-2,-4
2,-2
4,2
6,4
8,6
-7,-7
-5,-5
-3,-3
-1,-1
1,1
3,3
5,5
7,7
-7,-5
-5,-3
-3,-1
-1,1
1,3
3,5
5,7
7,-7
-7,-3
-5,-1
-3,1
-1,3
1,5
3,7
5,-7
7,-5
-7,-1
-5,1
-3,3
-1,5
1,7
3,-7
5,-5
7,-3
-7,1
-5,3
-3,5
-1,7
1,-7
3,-5
5,-3
7,-1
-7,3
-5,5
-3,7
-1,-7
1,-5
3,-3
5,-1
7,1
-7,5
-5,7
-3,-7
-1,-5
1,-3
3,-1
5,1
7,3
-7,7
-5,-7
-3,-5
-1,-3
1,-1
3,1
5,3
7,5
4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM
45EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: pilot and TPS insertionT/H: pilot and TPS insertion
symbol 3
symbol 1
symbol 2
symbol 0
symbol 67
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
frequency
time
Pilot carriers
Data and signalling carriers1 OFDM symbol
1 OFDM carrier
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DVBDVB--T/H: OFDM multiplexT/H: OFDM multiplex
IFFT:2K4K8K
47EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H: guard intervalT/H: guard interval
Add 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32 of the OFDM symbol length
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DVBDVB--T/H: OFDM parametersT/H: OFDM parameters
Bandwidth allocation MHz 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
N. of data carriersN. of pilot carriers
0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.111433.6 1194.7 1024.0 896.0 716.8 597.3 512.0 448.0 358.4 298.7 256.0 224.0
0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.40 1.67 1.95 2.23 2.79 3.35 3.91 4.464.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61
Symbol duration [us] 1/4 Tu 1792.0 1493.3 1280.0 1120.0 896.0 746.7 640.0 560.0 448.0 373.3 320.0 280.01/8 Tu 1612.8 1344.0 1152.0 1008.0 806.4 672.0 576.0 504.0 403.2 336.0 288.0 252.01/16 Tu 1523.2 1269.3 1088.0 952.0 761.6 634.7 544.0 476.0 380.8 317.3 272.0 238.01/32 Tu 1478.4 1232.0 1056.0 924.0 739.2 616.0 528.0 462.0 369.6 308.0 264.0 231.0
Frame ms 1/4 Tu 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.2 60.9 50.8 43.5 38.1 30.5 25.4 21.8 19.01/8 Tu 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.5 54.8 45.7 39.2 34.3 27.4 22.8 19.6 17.11/16 Tu 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.7 51.8 43.2 37.0 32.4 25.9 21.6 18.5 16.21/32 Tu 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8 50.3 41.9 35.9 31.4 25.1 20.9 18.0 15.7
Super frame ms 1/4 Tu 487.4 406.2 348.2 304.6 243.7 203.1 174.1 152.3 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.21/8 Tu 438.7 365.6 313.3 274.2 219.3 182.8 156.7 137.1 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.51/16 Tu 414.3 345.3 295.9 258.9 207.2 172.6 148.0 129.5 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.71/32 Tu 402.1 335.1 287.2 251.3 201.1 167.6 143.6 125.7 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8
N. of MPEG2 blocks/superframe
204840968192
8K 4K 2K
173468
Carrier Spacing KHzDuration Tu usFundamental period usN. of signalling carriers
34096817
3516048701
3024
2525041008
N. of carriers
with guard time
N. of active carriers 17051512176
Bandwidth MHz
49EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--T/H OFDM parameter trade offsT/H OFDM parameter trade offs
Large guard time Higher robustness to delay, i.e. larger cells allowedLarge carrier spacing Higher robustness to Doppler, i.e., higher speeds allowed8K is good for large cells, but sensible to high speeds2K is good for high speeds, but does not tolerate large delays4K is a tradeoff
Bandwidth allocation MHz 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
N. of data carriersN. of pilot carriers
0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.111433.6 1194.7 1024.0 896.0 716.8 597.3 512.0 448.0 358.4 298.7 256.0 224.0
0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.40 1.67 1.95 2.23 2.79 3.35 3.91 4.464.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61
Symbol duration [us] 1/4 Tu 1792.0 1493.3 1280.0 1120.0 896.0 746.7 640.0 560.0 448.0 373.3 320.0 280.01/8 Tu 1612.8 1344.0 1152.0 1008.0 806.4 672.0 576.0 504.0 403.2 336.0 288.0 252.01/16 Tu 1523.2 1269.3 1088.0 952.0 761.6 634.7 544.0 476.0 380.8 317.3 272.0 238.01/32 Tu 1478.4 1232.0 1056.0 924.0 739.2 616.0 528.0 462.0 369.6 308.0 264.0 231.0
Frame ms 1/4 Tu 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.2 60.9 50.8 43.5 38.1 30.5 25.4 21.8 19.01/8 Tu 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.5 54.8 45.7 39.2 34.3 27.4 22.8 19.6 17.11/16 Tu 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.7 51.8 43.2 37.0 32.4 25.9 21.6 18.5 16.21/32 Tu 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8 50.3 41.9 35.9 31.4 25.1 20.9 18.0 15.7
Super frame ms 1/4 Tu 487.4 406.2 348.2 304.6 243.7 203.1 174.1 152.3 121.9 101.5 87.0 76.21/8 Tu 438.7 365.6 313.3 274.2 219.3 182.8 156.7 137.1 109.7 91.4 78.3 68.51/16 Tu 414.3 345.3 295.9 258.9 207.2 172.6 148.0 129.5 103.6 86.3 74.0 64.71/32 Tu 402.1 335.1 287.2 251.3 201.1 167.6 143.6 125.7 100.5 83.8 71.8 62.8
N. of MPEG2 blocks/superframe
204840968192
8K 4K 2K
173468
Carrier Spacing KHzDuration Tu usFundamental period usN. of signalling carriers
34096817
3516048701
3024
2525041008
N. of carriers
with guard time
N. of active carriers 17051512176
Bandwidth MHz
Increasing guard time
Increasing carrier spacing
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1/2 2/3 5/6 7/8
1/4 0.62 0.83 1.04 1.09
1/8 0.69 0.92 1.15 1.21
1/16 0.73 0.98 1.22 1.281/32 0.75 1.01 1.26 1.32
1/4 1.24 1.66 2.07 2.181/8 1.38 1.84 2.30 2.421/16 1.46 1.95 2.44 2.561/32 1.51 2.01 2.51 2.641/4 1.87 2.49 3.11 3.271/8 2.07 2.76 3.46 3.631/16 2.20 2.93 3.66 3.841/32 2.26 3.02 3.77 3.96
16-QAM
64-QAM
bit/s/Hz
4-QAM
Code rateModulation Guard time
DVBDVB--T/H Spectral efficiencyT/H Spectral efficiency
Spectral efficiency is independent from the bandwidth (5,6,7, or 8MHz) and the OFDM mode (2K, 4K, or 8K) adopted
51EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DVBDVB--H: time slicingH: time slicing
Implementation of time slicing is mandatory for DVB-HData sent in bursts
higher data rate per bursteach burst contains information on next burst to be decoded
Between burstsreception is switched off for power saving orneighbor cells are monitored for cell handover
Advantages:power consumption reduction seamless service handovercell handover
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DVBDVB--H MPEH MPE--FECFEC
Implementation of MPE-FEC is optional for DVB-H
FEC is applied on datagrams
25% overhead
Reed Solomon code RS(255,191,64)
It could give sufficient protection up to 8K/64-QAM modality for a high speed terminal without antenna diversity
New proposal for packet FEC on Sep. 17, 2004
IMTIMT--20002000UMTS: MBMSUMTS: MBMS
Operator Specific Services
Multimedia Services - QoS handling
- Service Provisioning - Subscription Handling
- Efficient routing - Activation - Multicast area Control
Service synchronisation
User-initiated activation
Multicast Capable UTRAN GERAN
M ulticast Subscription
Group
Multicast Data Stream
IP Network
Movie/Music Streaming
Live web casting
TV news/sports/ Advertising
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54EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
Multimedia Broadcast/Multimedia Broadcast/MulicastMulicast Service (MBMS) Service (MBMS) in UMTS networksin UMTS networks
MBMS ObjectiveEfficient delivery of downlink point to multipoint services in UMTS networksTarget: light video and audio clips
MBMS FeaturesBroadcast or Multicast mode (joining sessions)Mode selection between p-t-p vs. p-t-m (few vs. many users in a cell)Selective vs. soft combining (a single RLC entity performs re-ordering)
MBMS servicesMBMS Streaming User Service (RT services)
continuous transmission of data and the immediate play-out via the display and/or the loudspeaker (multimedia data only).Session triggered by the user
MBMS Download User Service (NRT services)error-free transmission of files via the unidirectional MBMS Bearer Services. Download Content is stored in the local files-system of the user equipment. Download triggered by network as users are registered to the service
55EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
MBMS: Multicast and broadcast modesMBMS: Multicast and broadcast modes
Subscription
Joining
Service announcement
Data transfer
Leaving
MBMS notification
Session start
Session Stop
Service announcement
Data transfer
MBMS notification
Session Start
Session Stop
Multicast modeBroadcast mode
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UTRA radio protocols UTRA radio protocols
L1
Uu interface
L3
L2
Physical Layer
Logical channels
C-plane signalling u-plane information
Transportchannels
Nt DCGC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
PDCPPDCP
BMC
RRC
MAC
Physicalchannels
Access
Stratum
AIR
57EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
MBMS standardization overviewMBMS standardization overview
Ses
sion
S
tart
/ S
top
RTP Stream(s)
file
MC-Relay&
Source Authentication
Unicast or Multicast trafficMulticast traffic
MBMS Bearer Service
Control
User Registration &Authentication
Post-DeliveryProcessing
Server
http
User Authentication (e.g. BM-SC)
& Service Membership(SA4 work?)
BM-SC
MBMS Bearer (see Data Transfer in 23.246)
User Plane
Ctrl Plane
Interactive Bearer
MB
MS
Bea
rer
Ser
vice
R
ecei
ver
Page
UD
P/IP
FE
C
MB
MS
Use
r S
ervi
ce R
ece
iver
http
RTP Stream(s)
file
SDP-Info IGMP Join / leave
App
licat
ion
(e.g
. ex
istin
g m
edia
pla
yer)
and
S
erv
ice
En
able
r (e
.g. O
MA
)
SA4 SA2 & SA3
SA4 SA2 & SA3 SA2 SA4
SA3 SA4
Unicast traffic
MBMS UserService
DiscoverySMS/(CBS)/MMS
MBMS Bearer
Interactive Bearer Pull-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. http
Push-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. SAP/SDP; FLUTE
List of servicesto select
Selection of Service
Ua interface: http-digest (see 33.220)
(Note, key management not agreed in SA3 yet)
Derivation of Password
Shared Secret (http-digest-AKA)
Optional
FE
C
FE
C
Optional
FE
C
Multicast traffic
MB
MS
Use
r S
ervi
ce
Act
ivat
ion
/ D
eact
ivat
ion
TransmissionControl
MBMS User Service Transmitter
Optional
Dat
a T
rans
port
Network ProviderClient
(Only in MBMS Multicast Mode)
(Only in MBMS Multicast Mode)
Service Activation/ Deactivation
MB
MS
Ser
vice
D
isco
very
Phases
Trigger
Defaults Bearer (see Service Activation
Procedure in 23.246)
Service Provider
Envelope information including META Information like an <application tag>(incl. Multicast/Broadcast Mode)
MBMS BS Context(activation / deactivation)
MBMS UE & BS Context(creation / deletion)
Ses
sion
S
tart
/ S
top
RTP Stream(s)
file
MC-Relay&
Source Authentication
Unicast or Multicast trafficMulticast traffic
MBMS Bearer Service
Control
User Registration &Authentication
Post-DeliveryProcessing
Server
http
User Authentication (e.g. BM-SC)
& Service Membership(SA4 work?)
BM-SC
MBMS Bearer (see Data Transfer in 23.246)
User Plane
Ctrl Plane
Interactive Bearer
MB
MS
Bea
rer
Ser
vice
R
ecei
ver
Page
UD
P/IP
FE
C
MB
MS
Use
r S
ervi
ce R
ece
iver
http
RTP Stream(s)
file
SDP-Info IGMP Join / leave
App
licat
ion
(e.g
. ex
istin
g m
edia
pla
yer)
and
S
erv
ice
En
able
r (e
.g. O
MA
)
SA4 SA2 & SA3
SA4 SA2 & SA3 SA2 SA4
SA3 SA4
Unicast traffic
MBMS UserService
DiscoverySMS/(CBS)/MMS
MBMS Bearer
Interactive Bearer Pull-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. http
Push-base (e.g. via a Portal)e.g. SAP/SDP; FLUTE
List of servicesto select
Selection of Service
Ua interface: http-digest (see 33.220)
(Note, key management not agreed in SA3 yet)
Derivation of Password
Shared Secret (http-digest-AKA)
Optional
FE
C
FE
C
Optional
FE
C
Multicast traffic
MB
MS
Use
r S
ervi
ce
Act
ivat
ion
/ D
eact
ivat
ion
TransmissionControl
MBMS User Service Transmitter
Optional
Dat
a T
rans
port
Network ProviderClient
(Only in MBMS Multicast Mode)
(Only in MBMS Multicast Mode)
Service Activation/ Deactivation
MB
MS
Ser
vice
D
isco
very
Phases
Trigger
Defaults Bearer (see Service Activation
Procedure in 23.246)
Service Provider
Envelope information including META Information like an <application tag>(incl. Multicast/Broadcast Mode)
MBMS BS Context(activation / deactivation)
MBMS UE & BS Context(creation / deletion)
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UMTS terminology: UMTS terminology: Logical, Transport and Physical channelsLogical, Transport and Physical channels
Logical channels: services offered by the MAC to upper layersdefined by what type of information is transferred;
Transport channels: services offered by the physical layer to upper layerdefined by how and with what characteristics information is transferred
Physical channels: means of transport channel transmissiondefined by the carrier frequency, scrambling code, channelization code, time start & stop (giving a duration) and, on the uplink, relative phase (I or Q).
59EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
UMTS terminology:UMTS terminology: L1L1 generalgeneral featuresfeatures
Physical layer offersinformation transfer services to MAC and higher layers by means of transport channel mapped onto physical channelsFrequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization;Power controlMeasurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.)RF processing
Downlink and UplinkCommon channels
addressed UEs are identified through inband identificationDedicated channel
addressed UEs are identified by the physical channel, i.e. code and frequency.
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UMTS: L1 UMTS: L1 MappingMapping of of TransportTransport ontoonto PhysicalPhysical ChannelsChannels
BCH (Brodacast)Transport Channels Physical Channels
FACH (Forward Access)
PCH (Paging)
RACH (Random Access)DCH (Dedicated)
DSCH (Downlink Shared)
CPCH (Common Packet)
Primary Common Control Physical (PCCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical (SCCPCH)
Physical Random Access (PRACH)Dedicated Physical Data (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control (DPCCH)
Physical Downlink Shared (PDSCH)
Synchronization (SCH)
Physical Common Packet (PCPCH)
Common Pilot (CPICH)
Acquisition Indicator (AICH)
Paging Indicator (PICH)
…
61EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
UMTS: UMTS: frameframe structurestructure
The transmission is continuous but organized in
frames (1 frame = 15 slots = 10 ms)
slots (1 slot = 2560 chips= 0.666 ms)
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 14
Frame
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UMTS: UMTS: DownDownlink Modulation and spreadinglink Modulation and spreading
•Modulation– QPSKScrambling code – Used to separate base stations– Gold complex sequences– Length
– 10 ms (38400 chips) = 1 frame
•Modulation– QPSKScrambling code – Used to separate base stations– Gold complex sequences– Length
– 10 ms (38400 chips) = 1 frame
S/P +
ComplexScrambling
code
Channel Code
J
•Channel codes:– used to separate channels and
connections to different users– Rc=3.84 Mcps (Tc=260 ns)– OVSF
• SF4 -> 4 chip/bit 0.96 Mbits• SF8 -> 8 chip/bit 0.48 Mbits• …• SF512
•Channel codes:– used to separate channels and
connections to different users– Rc=3.84 Mcps (Tc=260 ns)– OVSF
• SF4 -> 4 chip/bit 0.96 Mbits• SF8 -> 8 chip/bit 0.48 Mbits• …• SF512
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UMTS: UMTS: OrthogonalOrthogonal VariableVariable SpreadingSpreading FactorFactor CodesCodes
C1,1=(1)
C2,1=(1,1)
C2,2=(1,-1)
C4,1=(1,1,1,1)
C4,2=(1,1,-1,-1)
C4,1=(1,-1,1,-1)
C4,2=(1,-1,-1, 1)
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF4
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UMTS: UMTS: CodingCoding and and InterleavingInterleaving
CodingConvolutional codes: code rate 1/2 or 1/3Turbo codes: code rate 1/3
InterleavingDepth: 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms (1,2, 4, or 8 frames)
xk
xk
zk
Turbo codeinternal interleaver
x’k
z’k
D
DDD
DD
Input
OutputInput
Output
x’k
1st constituent encoder
2nd constituent encoder
Structure of rate 1/3 3GPP Turbo coder
65EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
UMTS: UMTS: Common DL physical channelsCommon DL physical channels
Fixed symbol sequence CPICH
PCCPCH
SCCPCH
Tx OFF data
dataTFCI
256 chips
data PDSCH
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MBMS channelsMBMS channels
MBMS services are provided through the following channels
Logical channels
MCCH p-t-m Control Channel
MTCH MBMS p-t-m Traffic Channel
Indicator channels
MICH MBMS notification Indicator Channel
Transport channels
FACH Forward Access Channel
Physical channel
SCCPCH Secondary
Common Control Physical Channel
Mapping
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MBMS: operationMBMS: operation
UEs are informed about new MBMS sessions by a Notification Indicator (NI) set on the MICH (˜ PICH)When UE sees NI for MBMS service it has joined, it reads the MBMS Control Channel (MCCH/FACH/sCCPCH)MBMS provided either by PTP or PTM
based on RNC counting, with some thresholds
In PTM-case, MCCH will inform user about transmission on the MBMS Transport Channel (MTCH/FACH/sCCPCH)
Modification period
MICH Repetition period
MCCH
Modification period
PTM transmissions can be received by UEs in RRC-connected mode, as well as in RRC-Idle modeThe UE shall support Selection Combining for PTM transmissions
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MBMS mapping: options (I)MBMS mapping: options (I)
3GPP TSG RAN1 #38bis: Seoul, Korea, 20-24 September, 2004Source: PanasonicTitle: Multiplexing options for MBMSAgenda Item: 5.2Document for: Discussion and decision
PCCH DTCH MTCH
FACH
S-CCPCH S-CCPCH
R99 FACH
MBMS FACH
PCCH DTCH MTCH
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
PCH PCH
Multiplexing options of MTCH traffic and R99 normal traffic
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MBMS mapping: options (II)MBMS mapping: options (II)
MCCHMTCH
FACH
S-CCPCH 1S-CCPCH
FACH FACH
MCCH MTCH
Scenario 2Scenario 1
FACH
S-CCPCH
Multiplexing options between MTCHs and MCCH
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MBMS mapping: options (III)MBMS mapping: options (III)
Multiplexing options for MTCHs
MTCH1 MTCH2
FACH
S-CCPCH S-CCPCH
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
FACH
MTCH3 MTCH1 MTCH2 MTCH3
FACH FACH
TFCI (scheduling + TF)
S-CCPCH
Scenario 3
FACH
MTCH1 MTCH2 MTCH3
FACH FACH
MSCH (scheduling) + TFCI (TF)
MSCH
FACH
71EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
MBMS: Soft or Selective combiningMBMS: Soft or Selective combining
The network simulcasts PtM MBMS contents on the S-CCPCH, and the UE receives and decodes the MBMS data from multiple radio links, simultaneously.
Combing of MBMS services received from different S-CCPCH can be performed:
at RLC based on CRC results Selective combining
Prior to FEC decoding Soft combining
Impact on buffers, processing, and mex allowed delay is non-trivial
Cell/ Sector 1
RAKE RAKE
Channel Decoding
Selective Combining(at RLC based onCRC result and
sequence number)
Channel Decoding
Cell/ Sector 2
UETo application layer
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MBMS: transmission mode selectionMBMS: transmission mode selection
ObjectiveSelection of the most efficient transmission mode
Transmission modesp-t-p transmission (multicast mode only):
used to transfer MBMS specific control/user plane information as well as dedicated control/user plane information between the network and one UE in RRC Connected Mode
p-t-m transmission (broadcast and multicast mode):used to transfer MBMS specific control/user plane information between the network and several UEs in RRC Connected or Idle Mode
Counting/ re-counting procedure:the mechanism by which the UTRAN can prompt users interested in a given service to become RRC connected to count them
Mode Selection:operator dependent, typically based a "threshold" related to the UE number (counting procedure) that have activated particular MBMS services in a cell.
73EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DETOUR: Multicast protocolsDETOUR: Multicast protocols
Several multicast protocols have been defined for the InternetMore work is under wayAttributes of a multicast protocol
EfficiencyThroughput to final users: average, percentilesTraffic load on the network
Scalability Ease of growth in the number of users without network congestion
ReliabilityPacket loss probability per userTarget: total (stubborn)/partial (best effort)With/without retransmission
LatencyAverage delay in delivering
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Multicast protocols examplesMulticast protocols examples
General-Purpose Reliable Multicast ProtocolsXpress Transport Protocol (XTP)Single Connector Emulator (SCE) Resilient Multicast Support for Continuous-Media applications (STORM)
Specialized Reliable Multicast ProtocolsScalable Reliable Multicast (SRM) Multicast Dissemination Protocol (MDP)Multicast Transport Protocol (MTP)
Tree-based schemes (scalability)Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP)Tree-based Multicast Transport Protocol (TMTP)
Router-assisted protocols (efficiency)Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)Light-weight Multicast Services (LMS)
75EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
SRM BasicsSRM Basics
Scalable Reliable Multicast, 1996 by S. Floyd, V. Jacobson et al.
Simple design, NAK based
Minimum reliable multicast requirements
Data will eventually arrive at destination
No guarantee on the order of packet arrival
No congestion control
Reliability on an end-to-end basis
Retransmission of the lost data involves all the nodes which belong
to the group.
MC Protocols
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
MC Protocols
Regular data flow
SRM ExampleSRM Example
77EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
X packetloss
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)
SRM ExampleSRM Example
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
NAK
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)
SRM ExampleSRM Example
79EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5
SRM ExampleSRM Example
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5NAK propagation to source, redundant traffic to E1 & E2
SRM ExampleSRM Example
81EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss detect, one NAK timer reaches zero (E4)NAK forwarding, NAK emission is suppressed at E3 & E5NAK propagation to source, redundant traffic to E1 & E2Retransmission of packet, redundant traffic (E1 & E2)
SRM ExampleSRM Example
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Pragmatic General Multicast, Speakman et al., 2001
Minimum reliable multicast requirements (as SRM)Data will eventually arrive at destination
No guarantee on the order of packet arrival
No congestion control
Router assisted
Three kinds of messagesSession (SPM – source path messages)
Original Data (ODATA)
Repair Data (RDATA)
Retransmission only involves the nodes which have actually lost data!
MC Protocols PGM BasicsPGM Basics
83EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
Regular data flow
PGM ExamplePGM Example
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
X packetloss
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)
PGM ExamplePGM Example
85EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
NAK
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)
PGM ExamplePGM Example
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
NCF
MC Protocols
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKs
PGM ExamplePGM Example
87EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKsIncoming NAK confirmed (R1, R2), NAK forwarded to source
PGM ExamplePGM Example
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R1
R2
E3
E2
E5E4
from source
E1
Regular data flowPacket loss (R1-R2)Loss timer reaching zero, NAK sent (E4)R2 forwards NAK and confirms with NCF, E3 & E4 also send out NAKsIncoming NAK confirmed (R1, R2), NAK forwarded to sourceNCF and repair packet from source, no redundant traffic (E1 & E2)
PGM ExamplePGM Example
89EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
SRM/PGM ComparisonSRM/PGM Comparison
SRMSimple, lightweigtGeneral Public Licensed source codeEnd-to-endIncreased latency to counter implosionTraffic redundancy
PGMHeavyweight management (multiple routers state under control)No public source code, proprietary implementation based on RFC End-to-endNeeds new router implementationNo traffic redundancy
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Sim. Results DesignatedDesignated LocalLocal RepairerRepairer
SatelliteSatelliteEarthEarthGatewayGateway
ISPISP
SatelliteSatelliteNodesNodes
TerrestrialTerrestrialNodesNodes
DesignatedDesignatedLocalLocalRepairerRepairer
91EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
DesignatedDesignated LocalLocal RepairerRepairer
Any ODATA packet arriving from the sender should be stored by the DLR in a local buffer.
The DLR examines every NACK reaching the node
If the requested packet is in the DLR local buffer, it does not forward the NACK to the sender and provides the repair data itself
If the requested packet is not in the local buffer it forwards the NACK to the sender.
The repair packet is never sent directly after reception of the NACK to allow slower NACKs to reach the node and thus minimizing network traffic
SRM, PGM, and DLR are all based on the use of a return channel
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IETF work on multicast protocolsIETF work on multicast protocols
IETF Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Working Group
NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast protocol (NORM)
Uses negative acknowledgments for reliability
TRee-based ACKnowledgement protocols (TRACK)
Uses a tree for controlling feedback and repairs.
Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC)
Uses forward error-correction (FEC) techniques and does not
require any feedback
93EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
MBMS: streaming evolutionMBMS: streaming evolution
Evolution of 3GPP Packet Switched Streaming
As in Release 5MBMS Download (M)DRM (O)SRTP(O)
As in Release 4Progressive Download (O)RTP/RTCPData Transport
As in Release 4H.263 P0 L45 (O)MPEG-4 VSP L 0b (0)H.264 Full Baseline (O)
As in Release 4H.263 P0L10 (M), P3L10 (O)MPEG-4 VSP L0 (O)
Video Codecs
Additional RTSP & SDP level signalling (O)
QoE Protocol (O)RTCP extentions (O)
As in Release 4NONE (only if network provied QoS)
QoS
As in Release 4Media Alternatives in SDPMetadata signalling in SDP (O)
MBMS - FLUTE
As in Release 4RTSP (M)SDP (M)HTTP (O)
Session Establishment
As in Release 53GPP Rate Adaptation (O)
Annex.G (video only)NONERate Control
As in Release 5Different 3GP file profiles (server,
MMS, progr. downloadable, generic)(O)
DRM (O)
As in Release 4ISO Base Format Conformance
(M)Timed-text (O)
3GPP File Format (.3gp).amr
Media File Format
As in Release 4AMR-WB+ or AACPlus (O)
As in Release 4AMR-NB & WB (M)MPEG-4 AAC LC, LTP (O)
Audio & Speech Codecs
UAProfUAProf NONECapability Exchange
Release 6Release 5Release 4
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MBMS: Multicast protocolsMBMS: Multicast protocols
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
IETF RFC 1889
Designed for real-time data streaming such as audio, video or
simulation data
Resource reservation and quality-of-service not addressed
No mechanism to recover losses
Session-identifier field and timestamps help grouping and
synchronizing different streams such as audio and video tracks
Typically run over User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
95EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
MBMS: Multicast protocolsMBMS: Multicast protocols
FLUTE, File Delivery for Unicast Transport
IETF internet draft
Suited for unidirectional multicast file delivery but can be used also
for unicast delivery
Doesn’t require return link
Makes use of FEC packet layer coding
Works with all types of networks, including LANs, WANs, Intranets,
the Internet, asymmetric networks, wireless networks, and satellite
networks
Runs on Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) IETF RFC 3450 and
Layered Coding Transport (LCT) IETF RFC 3451
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Packet Packet LayerLayer CodingCoding: : CodingCoding at at datadata link/IP link/IP LayerLayer
Take a fixed number of k packets and form a group *
1 2 k+1k... k+h...
1 2 k+1k... k+h...
channel coding
h redundancy packetsk data packets
Physical layer
Data Link/IP layer
transmission
n packets (group)
* Harald Ernst, DLR Surrey, 6. July 2004
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MBMS: activation perspectiveMBMS: activation perspective
Freezing target for the first version of MBMS is Release 6 (end of
2004)
Practical implementation expected about 3 years later (end of 2007)
First functional MBMS-enabled terminals: third quarter 2008
From 2008 on the service should be fully operational
An estimated total of 30% of terminals and networks should support
MBMS by 2010
In-band transmission remains a problem
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SS--DMBDMB
99EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
SS--UMTS vs. TUMTS vs. T--UMTS MBMSUMTS MBMS
Some simple algebra to quantify the advantage in using a satellite coverage:
Hp: rS-UMTS = 270 km, rT-UMTS = 10 km
Every RNC controls 37 nodes B (4 tiers)
19 RNCs in the area of coverage (703 cells)
Assume the ISP is co-located with the central RNC (best case for T-UMTS)
The ratio of backbone legs needed to connect RNCs and nodes B in T-UMTS wrt S-
UMTS is around 1600
Spectrum use, processing in RNCs and nodes B follow accordingly
The advantage of MBMS is applicable only for multiple active users within a cell
On the other hand, interactivity needs efficiency in the return link
The advantage of integration is completely visible!
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The SThe S--DMB ConceptDMB Concept
3G handset2G/3G dual mode
2G/3G Mobile Network
2G/3G Base
station
Content providers
Hub basedon 3G equipment
ContentNetwork
High powerGeo-stationary satellite
Interactive link in IMT2000 mobile terrestrial band
MBMS Broadcast/Multicast Service Centre
Example of umbrella cells coverageover Europe
Satellite distribution link in IMT2000 mobile satellite band
3G Air interface
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3 - SECURITY SERVICES•Population alert andawareness•Network dependability•Ubiquitous coverage
SS--DMB: extended range of services and applicationsDMB: extended range of services and applications
1 - MULTIMEDIA SERVICES• Mobile TV• Interactive broadcast• Content delivery
2 - VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS•Telematics•Entertainment
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2G/3G HANDSETwith extended
frequency agility in Satellite IMT2000 band
512 Mbytes Memory card
with integrated DRM
Terrestrial repeaters integrated in 3G base stations for dense urban area coverage
STORE
REPLAY
PUSH
SELECT
SS--DMB: key design principlesDMB: key design principles
Satellite IMT2000 FDD European allocationTerrestrial IMT2000 FDD European allocationTerrestrial IMT2000 TDD European allocation
1900 1980 2010 2170 2200 MHz1920 21102025
Hybrid satellite/terrestrial architecture: Global coverage for Outdoor & Indoor usageLow cost impact on 3G handheld terminal
Satellite frequencies are adjacent to IMT2000 terrestrial onesSatellite waveform compliant to 3GPP UTRA FDD WCDMA standardHigh reception margin, hence no form factor impact
Concurrent evolution with 3GPP architecture
103EMPS/ASMS 2004 Conference – ESTEC Noordwijk, September 20, 2004
High power GEO satellite to accommodate 3G handheld High power GEO satellite to accommodate 3G handheld terminal RF characteristicsterminal RF characteristics
Satellite & Payload characteristics15 years LifetimeLaunch mass: up to 5900 KgP/L DC power consumption: 12 kWUp to 6 beams per satelliteEIRP (EOC): up to 76 dBW/beam over 1°
IMT2000 Satellite bandTX/RX AntennaØ 10-12 m
Ka bandTX AntennaØ < 1.5 m
Ka bandRX AntennaØ < 1.2 m
Mirror or subreflectorExample of 0.9-1° Beams
Satellite flexibilityCoverage (beam selection and beam size)Power sharing among active beamsTransparent architecture towards 3GPP air interface (e.g. W-CDMA & Beyond 3G waveform)
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SS--DMB enabling features in 3G user equipmentDMB enabling features in 3G user equipment
3GPP & OMA featuresHW: Local memory storageSW
MBMS (including Power saving management)Streaming service and related codecsDigital Right ManagementService discovery, service protection, electronic service guide, etc...
SDMB specificHW: Radio frequency agility extension to IMT2000 satellite bandSW
Reliable transport protocol (File FEC, Interleaving, Carrousel)Dual operation mode: SDMB reception while attached to UMTS or GSM networkSDMB Service management
1900 1980 2010 2170 2200 MHz1920 21102025
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Umbrella cell per spot beam1 carrier, 2 codes
The terminal rake receiver combines the Satellite & terrestrial repeaterssignals as echos of the same signal
Coveragehole
Coveragehole
Terrestrial repeaters: gap filler coveragesame carrier, same codes
Hybrid & cost effective satellite/terrestrial architectureHybrid & cost effective satellite/terrestrial architectureto achieve a Single Frequency Network outdoor & indoorto achieve a Single Frequency Network outdoor & indoor
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SS--DMB impact on UMTS architecture & interfacesDMB impact on UMTS architecture & interfaces
SGSNUu
Iu
Gr
Ga
Gi
HLR BM-SC
Gi Gi
CGF
Gi
GGSNGn
Contentprovider
MulticastBroadcast
SourceMulticastBroadcast
Source
BGUTRAN
CSE
Gmb
OSASCS
Contentprovider
UE
Um
Iu/Gb
GERAN
PDN(e.g. Internet)
BM-SC+Uu*
Gmb*
SDMB space segment
HubTerrestrialrepeaters
Satellite
UE+
3GPPnetwork
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SS--DMB impact on terminalDMB impact on terminal
RxWCDMA
TxWCDMA
RxGSM
TxGSM
UMTS stackGSM/GPRS/EDGE
stack
Middleware (mobile broadcast +Transport+ packet coding + dual mode mngmt)
Radio
3G terminal (UMTS/GSM)
Applications/MMI (ESG, user profile)
S-DMB impactSoftware
Hardware
Rx WCDMA sharedUMTS or S-DMB(exclusive mode)
OS
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SS--DMB ChannelsDMB Channels
WCDMA channels relevant to SDMB
LogicalChannels
MAC
TransportChannels
PHY
PhysicalChannels
DCH DSCH FACH BCH
DTCH DCCH MTCH BCCH
S-CCPCH P-CCPCH CPICH
SCH
PDSCHDPCCHDPDCH
AICH AP-AICH
CSICH CD/CA-ICH
PCCH
PCH
MCCH
MICH
WCDMA channels relevant to SDMB
LogicalChannels
MAC
TransportChannels
PHY
PhysicalChannels
DCH DSCH FACH BCH
DTCH DCCH MTCH BCCH
S-CCPCH P-CCPCH CPICH
SCH
PDSCHDPCCHDPDCH
AICH AP-AICH
CSICH CD/CA-ICH
PCCH
PCH
MCCH
MICH
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SDMB operations & power saving schemeSDMB operations & power saving scheme
PICH UMTS DRX cycle
Incoming call indicationUMTS or GSM mode: idle mode
Terminal switches between UMTS or GSM and SDMB signal (priority to cellular operation)
Reception of Service i+1/Ch1
Service i/Ch1 Service i+1/Ch1
TimeService information
MICH MBMS DRX cycle
MCCH
MTCH1
MTCH2 Service j+1/Ch2
New MBMS service indication
Service j/Ch2
SDMB mode: a background activity
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SS--DMB: Frequency conversion IMRDMB: Frequency conversion IMR
RNS
FFSS
Frequencyconversionrepeater
Node B
Node B
RNC
UEGateway
Uu
Iub
Iu
Uu
Uu
S-DMBserver
FFSS
FMSS
FMSS
IFmod(Uu)
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SS--DMB: OnDMB: On--channel IMRchannel IMR
RNS
S-DMBserver
On-channelrepeater
Node B
Node B
RNC
UEGateway
Uu
Iub
Iu
Uu
Uu
FMSS
FFSS
FMSS
FMSS
(Uu)
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SS--DMB: IMR characteristicsDMB: IMR characteristics
Rx antenna dish 20-30 cm
Ka band
RF filter
Power Amplifier
* RF cable to Node B antenna(Signal is 3GPP TS 25.106 compliantin IMT2000 satellite band)
Low Noise Block
CellularModem
Frequency conversion terrestrial repeaterBlock architecture
O&M controller
Rx Antenna
Tx antenna
Tx antenna
Repeater
On the rooftop
Typical installation in tri-sectorised site
Site sharing with2G/3G base station site* cost effective* environment friendly
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SS--DMB IMR DMB IMR propagationpropagation channelchannel
IMRs give extended coverage at a pricePros:
Higher received signal level, diversity
Cons:
“Artificial” multipath, large delay spread
On-going research activity Evaluation of power delay profiles characteristics
Channel modeling
Impact on Rake receiver design
ReferenceIMR
IMR 1
IMR 2IMR 6
IMR 5
IMR 4
IMR 3
UE
North
IMR cellular layout
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Power Delay Profile in BrusselsPower Delay Profile in Brussels
Challenging Rake receiver design:
Very large number of pathsLarge delay spreadAbsence of power controlDelay spread depends upon:
LatitudeRelative position
Power Delay ProfileNorm. Dist.=0.5 Lat=51° north
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Delay (Tc)
P (
dB)
Sat
Ref IMR
IMR1
IMR2
IMR3
IMR4
IMR5
IMR6
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: SmallSmall block vs. block vs. LargeLarge block block codescodes
Small block codesAdvantages
Perfect codes (=0)
Efficient for small files
Disadvantages
High complexity in encoding/deconding (matrix inversion, vector products)
Weak against bursty error (depends on interleaving)
Not efficient for large files
High/medium level of overhead due to FEC headers
Large block codesAdvantages
Low complexity in encoding/deconding (Xoring)
Robust against bursty errors(depends on interleaving)
Efficient for large files
Low level of overhead due toFEC headers
Disadvantages
Not perfect codes (>0)
Not efficient for small files
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Small block codesSmall block codes
The original file must bepartitioned into small blocksParity packets can recover erasures only in their FEC blockLosses for different blocks are supposed to be independentSuccess when all blocks are decoded (entire file success decoding)k=MaxBlockSizem=L/MaxBlockSizen=k/rateEncoded packets could be interleaved to avoid bursty error
m
jnjnjS
n
knjppP
111block Small
FEC header
Original File (L packets)
Block #1k original packets
FEC Block #1Rate=k/n
FEC Block #2 FEC Block #m
Received File (L packets)
Encod
ingD
ecodin
g
Block #2k original packets
Block #mk original packets
Redundancy
Pa
rtitionin
g
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Large block codesLarge block codes
The original file could beallocated in only one blockAll the parity packets can recover erasuresThe code is not perfect thus a small inefficiency () has to betaken into account Success when one block isdecoded(entire file success decoding)k=Ln=k/rate0 (n-k)/kEncoded packets could beinterleaved to avoid bursty error
n
knj
jnjnjS ppP
1)1(
11block Large
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Results (1)Results (1)
Probability of success vs. PERPS
Small Block (k=100, analytical)PS
Large Block (k=10000, analytical)PS
LDGM (k=10000, simulation)
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
PER
Psu
cces
s Bin_K100, rate=9/10
Bin_K100, rate=3/4
Bin_K100, rate=2/3
Bin_K100, rate=1/2
Bin_K10000, rate=9/10
Bin_K10000, rate=3/4
Bin_K10000, rate=2/3
Bin_K10000, rate=1/2
LDGM_K10000, rate=9/10
LDGM_K10000, rate=3/4
LDGM_K10000, rate=2/3
LDGM_K10000, rate=1/2
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Results (2)Results (2)
LDGM Encoding/Deconding speed
LDGM Inefficiency1
10
100
1000
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
Rate
En
codi
ng/D
eco
din
g sp
ee
d (
Mb
ps)
EncSpeed(Mbps)
DecSpeed(Mbps)
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
0.5 0.667 0.75 0.9
Rate
Inef
ficie
ncy e
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Packet Layer CodingPacket Layer Coding:: Results (3)Results (3)
Perfect codes (e.g. RS) are compared with LDGM codes varying the size of the transferred file in the range of [128, 20000] packets
Perfect codes are (128,192) block codes with ideal decoding and adopting a binomial statistical model for errors on packets
LDGM encodes the entire fileinto one block with rate 2/3
Losses are uniformly distributed
The figure reports the maximum allowable PER which assures the 90% of successes of the file transfer
For rate 2/3, the crossing point corresponds to a file size of approximately 1200 kbytes. 0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
File size (KB)
Max
allo
wa
ble
PE
R
RS
LDGM
+17.52%
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Packet coding: indicationsPacket coding: indications
Small block codes (e.g. Reed Solomon) suffer the partitioning problem
Large block codes (e.g. LDGM) has an inefficiency factor greater than
zero
Considering big files, large block codes overcome small block codes
For large block codes the inefficiency and the encoding/decoding speed
depend on the characteristics of the adopted code
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3GPP: OFDM extension3GPP: OFDM extension
3GPP: TR25.892 “Feasibility Study of OFDM for UTRAN enhancement”3GPP Study item started in 2002Preliminary conclusion of the study presented at RAN#24, June 2-4, 2004
Main conclusions:Feasibility:
No indications that OFDM is not feasible for UMTS downlink. Further study required on channel estimation, RRM, inter-cell interference, etc
Performance:Basic OFDM scheme performs better than HSDPA with a Rake rec., for time dispersive channels. Advantage decreases for advanced receiver structure and for channel with moderate time dispersion.
Complexity:Incremental complexity impact on (multi-mode) UE complexity. Modifications to existing Node B design (amount of modification likely to be manufacturer dependent)Advanced HSDPA receiver for HSDPA (rel. 5) more complex than the OFDM detector. Terminal complexity depends on introduction of advanced receivers in the UE
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SS--DMB: OFDM extensionDMB: OFDM extension
TR25.892 represents a reference for S-DMB-OFDM activity
A work item has been opened in ETSI-SES S-UMTS, “Evaluation of OFDM as a satellite radio interface”
OFDM air interface definition
OFDM performance analysis
OFDM feasibility in S-UMTS
System design constraints
Impact on satellite transponder
Impact on ground segment, including terminals
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3GPP TR 25.892 3GPP TR 25.892 setssets
Parameters Set 1 Set 2
TTI duration (msec) 2 2
FFT size (points) 512 1024
OFDM sampling rate (Msamples/sec) 7.68 6.528
Ratio of OFDM sampling rate to UMTS chip rate 2 17/10
Guard time interval (cyclic prefix) (samples/ìsec) 56 / 7.29 57 / 7.42
64/9.803
Subcarrier separation (kHz) 15 6.375
# of OFDM symbols per TTI 27 12
OFDM symbol duration (ìsec) 73.96/74.09 166.67
# of useful subcarriers per OFDM symbol 299 705
OFDM bandwidth (MHz) 4.485 4.495
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InstantaneousInstantaneous power in OFDM signalpower in OFDM signal
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Inst
anta
neou
s P
ower
16QAM - set 1
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3GPP TR 25.892: PAR3GPP TR 25.892: PAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
PAR (dB)
Sam
ple
Clip
ping
Fre
quen
cy
OFDM Set 1OFDM Set 2WCDMA Test Model 5 with 8 HS-PDSCHs
PAR Threshold (dB)
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Possible countermeasuresPossible countermeasures
At the TX side:Pre-coding techniques
Sub-carrier allocation strategies
Pre-distortion techniques
On-boardAmplification characteristics
IBO/OBO
At the RX side:Equalization
Iterative detection
Joint pre-distortion and equalization
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Predistortion TechniquesPredistortion TechniquesProposed ArchitectureProposed Architecture
LUT PredistortionGain Based PredistortionLinear in power indexing
Denser entries for higher input values
HPA ModelingExtended Saleh Model
4 parameters
LUTLinear in Amplitude Linear in Power
Denserfor higher input values
PhaseAmplitude
#0#0
#1#1
......
#NT-1#NT-1
#NT-1#NT-1
Uniform
12
a
aA [rad] 12
2
p
p
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3GPP TR 25.892 reference simulation scenarios3GPP TR 25.892 reference simulation scenarios
Modulation Code Rate Information Bit Payload
24-bit CRC Addition
Code Block Segmentation
R=1/3 Turbo Encoding
Rate Matching
QPSK 1/3 4800 4824 1×4824 14484 14400 QPSK ½ 7200 7224 2×3612 21696 14400 QPSK 2/3 9600 9624 2×4812 28896 14400 QPSK ¾ 10800 10824 3×3608 32508 14400 QPSK 4/5 11520 11544 3×3848 34668 14400 16QAM 1/3 9600 9624 2×4812 28896 28800 16QAM ½ 14400 14424 3×4808 43308 28800 16QAM 2/3 19200 19224 4×4806 57720 28800 16QAM ¾ 21601 21625 5×4325 64935 28800 16QAM 4/5 23041 23065 5×4613 69255 28800
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OFDM performance in non linear channelsOFDM performance in non linear channels
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
Eb/N0 [dB]
PER
AWGN (WCDMA)
AWGN (Set1)
AWGN (Set2)
IBO=3dB (Set1)
IBO=3dB (Set2)
IBO=2dB (Set1)
IBO=2dB (Set2)
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Replace
Upgrade
Add
SGSN
GGSN
Terrestrial repeaters
HLR
Experimental 3G BM-SC
MSC
Satellite emulator based on 3G Node B
Hub emulator based on RNC emulator
2.5 GNetwork
Integrated SDMB/GPRS handsets
Content source
Multimedia contents
SDMBPropagation
channelemulator
Validation of architecture & performanceTrials in 2005 in Paris
SS--DMB test bed based on DMB test bed based on MoDiSMoDiS platformplatform
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MoDiSMoDiS Trial: Monaco July/Sept 2004Trial: Monaco July/Sept 2004
SatelliteEmulator
Terrestrialrepeater
Terrestrialrepeater
3
2
1
Proof of S-DMB concept: W-CDMA efficiency in broadcast mode with hybrid satellite/terrestrial transmissionMeasurement campaign for system cost & performances assessmentService demonstration:
Real time streaming, download, peer to peer
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SS--DMB: field test (MODIS)DMB: field test (MODIS)
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Planned growth of the SPlanned growth of the S--DMB systemDMB system
Spot beam capacity can be progressively improved up to 10Mb/s along with mobile content usage
Increased number of Terrestrial repeatersAdditional satellitesFull 30 MHz allocationUse of Beyond 3G waveform
Also direct satellite return link for Voice and messaging services for telematicsand public safety
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
AC
HIE
VAB
LE B
ITR
ATE
PER
SPO
T B
EAM
64-128 Kb/S384-768 Kb/S
768 - 2200 Kb/S 5 - 10 Mb/S(dependingon availablespectrum)
MBMSin
cellularnetwork
SDMB:Single satelliteconfiguration
SDMB:Multi-satelliteconfiguration
SDMB: B3G waveform
ConclusionsConclusions
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Positioning of systemsPositioning of systems
It is very difficult to predict the success of one solution over another. Several aspects must be considered:Architecture/technical
Service continuity over nation wide coverage in line with today's coverage for mobile voice communicationsEfficiency and throughput. Broadcast capacity in line with the traffic associated to the content/service adapted to mobile environmentLow impact on terminal autonomySecurity and DRM issues, preventing virus attacks to personal data and allowing protection against unauthorised content sharing
Business/MarketFair share agreement between mobile operators and broadcasters regarding services revenues and respective rolesLow traffic fees ideally comparable to Internet levelsLow cost impact on cellular handset (need to subsidize)Cost of IMR development and deployment
RegulatoryHarmonised spectrum over several countries allowing critical market size
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4 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES MAESTRO WP11 has maintained links with other IST projects such as SatNEx and MoSSA. In particular, with the Network of Excellence SatNEX a discussion on the training strategy has been conducted, within SatNEX WP3000 line devoted to “Spreading of Excellence”. Within that discussion, it was decided to organize the MAESTRO tutorial along with a SatNEx tutorial in the ASMS 2004 Conference. The SatNEx tutorial was identified as “Broadband Satellite Communications”, and took the morning session, while the MAESTRO tutorial took the afternoon session. In turn, the ASMS 2004 Conference was organized by the Advanced Satellite Mo-bile Systems Task Force with the support of the IST MoSSA Specific Support Ac-tion, in particular of WP200 of that project. In the following, a brief description of the two IST projects related to MAESTRO is given.
4.1 SatNEx
The SatNEx project officially began its activities at the start of 2004 with a two-year contract from the EC under the IST-FP6 Thematic Area.
One of the major aims of SatNEx is to fix the fragmentation in satellite communica-tions research by bringing together leading European academic research organi-sations in a durable way. The creation of the Network aims to establish critical mass and allow access to a range of expertise currently distributed across Europe. In this respect, mobility is an important aspect of SatNEx’s work, with academic staff and research students being encouraged to move between institutions to al-low access to specialised research equipment and to facilitate research integra-tion. Of course, SatNEx is not just about mobility. A key goal of SatNEx is the es-tablishment of a common communications platform that will exploit satellite com-munications technology to link all partners’ sites. This platform will provide SatNEx partners with a range of different opportunities for day-to-day communications, research and training. The ability to deliver interactive satellite communications lectures over a satellite link is a feature of SatNEx that is likely to be developed over the coming years.
The SatNEx consortium is made up of twenty-two partners from nine European countries, as listed in Table 1. The consortium comprises a well-balanced mix of academic institutions and research organisations, where two of the latter also have the small and medium enterprise status. Partners from industry are integrated into SatNEx via the Advisory Board. SatNEx is co-ordinated and managed by the Insti-tute of Communications and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).
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Table 1: Members of the SatNEx Consortium
Partner Country
German Aerospace Center (DLR) Germany
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece
University of Bradford UK
Budapest University of Technology and Economics Hungary
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales France
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni Italy
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung Germany
Groupe des Ecoles des Télécommunications France
Institute of Communication and Computer Systems of NTUA Greece
National Observatory of Athens Greece
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologia dell’Informazione “Alessandro Faedo” Italy
Jožef Stefan Institute Slovenia
Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Germany
Office National d’Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales / TeSA
France
Institut für Kommunikationsnetze und Satellitenkommunikation, TU Graz Austria
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Spain
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Spain
The University of Surrey UK
The University Court of the University of Aberdeen UK
University of Bologna Italy
Università Degli Studi Di Roma “Tor Vergata” Italy
Universidad De Vigo Spain
There are several avenues that are currently being explored, including:
the hosting of a satellite communications Summer School from 2005 on-wards;
the provision of dedicated short-courses that address specific topics that are pertinent to the satellite community, to facilitate CPD and promote life-long learning activities;
the presentation of tutorial sessions at major satellite communications con-ferences;
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the development of innovative ways of learning, in particular the application of distance-learning techniques and e-learning technologies;
the publication in an international journal of a series of tutorial papers and technical notes.
Figure 1 shows the workpackage (WP) breakdown structure of the Joint Pro-gramme of Activities (JPA).
Advisory BoardAdvisory Board
WP 3000 Spreading
of Excellence
WP 3000 Spreading
of Excellence
WP 1000 Integrating Activities
WP 1000 Integrating Activities
WP 2000Jointly
Executed Research
WP 2000Jointly
Executed Research
ManagementCommittee
ManagementCommittee
AssemblyAssembly
WP 2100Research Strategy
& Visions
WP 2100Research Strategy
& Visions
WP 4000 Network
Management
WP 4000 Network
Management
WP 4100Overall Coordinationof the Joint Activities
WP 4100Overall Coordinationof the Joint Activities
WP 4200Project Admin &
Controlling
WP 4200Project Admin &
Controlling
Steering BoardSteering Board
WP 2200System Studies
WP 2200System Studies
WP 2300NetworkingWP 2300
Networking
WP 2400Access
WP 2400Access
WP 2500Research Trials
WP 2500Research Trials
CoordinatorCoordinator
WP 3100Training
WP 3100Training
WP 3200Dissemination &
Knowledge Transfer
WP 3200Dissemination &
Knowledge Transfer
WP 3300Standardisation
& Regulation
WP 3300Standardisation
& Regulation
WP 1100Research Coordination
WP 1100Research Coordination
WP 1200Integrated Research
Tools & Testbeds
WP 1200Integrated Research
Tools & Testbeds
WP 1300Communication
& Collaboration Platform
WP 1300Communication
& Collaboration Platform
WP 1400Personnel Exchange
WP 1400Personnel Exchange
WP 1500Integrated Management
of Knowledge& IPR
WP 1500Integrated Management
of Knowledge& IPR
Advisory BoardAdvisory Board
WP 3000 Spreading
of Excellence
WP 3000 Spreading
of Excellence
WP 1000 Integrating Activities
WP 1000 Integrating Activities
WP 2000Jointly
Executed Research
WP 2000Jointly
Executed Research
ManagementCommittee
ManagementCommittee
AssemblyAssembly
WP 2100Research Strategy
& Visions
WP 2100Research Strategy
& Visions
WP 4000 Network
Management
WP 4000 Network
Management
WP 4100Overall Coordinationof the Joint Activities
WP 4100Overall Coordinationof the Joint Activities
WP 4200Project Admin &
Controlling
WP 4200Project Admin &
Controlling
Steering BoardSteering Board
WP 2200System Studies
WP 2200System Studies
WP 2300NetworkingWP 2300
Networking
WP 2400Access
WP 2400Access
WP 2500Research Trials
WP 2500Research Trials
CoordinatorCoordinator
WP 3100Training
WP 3100Training
WP 3200Dissemination &
Knowledge Transfer
WP 3200Dissemination &
Knowledge Transfer
WP 3300Standardisation
& Regulation
WP 3300Standardisation
& Regulation
WP 1100Research Coordination
WP 1100Research Coordination
WP 1200Integrated Research
Tools & Testbeds
WP 1200Integrated Research
Tools & Testbeds
WP 1300Communication
& Collaboration Platform
WP 1300Communication
& Collaboration Platform
WP 1400Personnel Exchange
WP 1400Personnel Exchange
WP 1500Integrated Management
of Knowledge& IPR
WP 1500Integrated Management
of Knowledge& IPR
Figure 1: SatNEx Workpackage Breakdown Structure
Details of the training opportunities offered by SatNEx, together with other on-going activities can be found at the SatNEx website: http://www.satnex.org.
4.2 MoSSA
The MoSSA project aims to contribute to the implementation of activities of the FP6, the analysis and dissemination of results and to the preparation of future ac-tivities with a view to enable the ERA to define and achieve the RTD strategic ob-jectives as far as satellites are concerned. In particular, MoSSA aims at supporting directly and indirectly the ASMS-TF.
The ASMS-TF is an independent, industry-led body, committed to the successful introduction and development of advanced (including 3G and beyond) satellite mobile communications systems and services. The TF was formed in March 2001, at the initiative of EC and ESA. Some of the goals of the TF are to coordinate on-
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going and future R&D efforts and to provide inputs to entities like the EC and ESA in support of future MSS development.
With the upcoming market need to have more content distribution in multimedia networks, as well as to have ubiquitous content access, it is very likely that the satellite role will largely increase, thanks to its unique technical features. There-fore, it is necessary that satellite specifics be considered in the earliest stage of the design of the next generation European TLC networks. However, the Euro-pean industrial satellite community is relatively small, compared with the terrestrial one. Therefore, it needs to be active as an integrated body, in order to be most capable of providing inputs to future network design and markets (hence the crea-tion of ASMS-TF), and also to foster a relationship with the “rest of the world”, in-cluding the FP6.
MoSSA promotes the following support actions:
the dissemination, transfer, exploitation, assessment and broad take up of past and present FP results, by using the experience of the TF members, traditionally fully engaged in RTD activities related to ASMS systems;
a close coordination with other appropriate fora
the contribution to strategic objectives, notably regarding the ERA
the support of future community RTD activities.
The objective of this project is therefore to build on the existing satellite community assembled within the ASMS-TF to co-ordinate the relationship with the “rest of the world”, in particular within FP6.
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5 CONCLUSIONS In this deliverable, we have outlined the main outcomes of the activity carried out within WP11 in the MAESTRO project, devoted to training students and profes-sionals to the new paradigm of digital multimedia broadcasting by satellite.
The major element in the WP11 training strategy, which has also been turned into the major achievement obtained in the course of year 1 of the project, has been identified to be the preparation of material for Tutorials on DMB. The Tutorial in-cludes notions about both the S-DMB system foreseen by MAESTRO and alterna-tive distribution networks, with the aim of determining and presenting the correct positioning for the satellite solution.
The Tutorial was delivered to a broad audience at the ASMS2004 conference on September 20, 2004.
In the second year of MAESTRO WP11, updated versions of the tutorial are going to be produced and delivered. The IST Mobile Summit 2005 in Dresden will offer the first opportunity to present them.