translete uas statitisti

7/25/2019 translete uas statitisti

1/161

UNIVERSITAT

ROVIRA Aku IRGILI VD EPARTAMENT D 'ECONOMIAbekerja karya

Kolosele!" #Dou$e%&s To DE TREALL DEL DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA (CREIP#$e%)!*e%&!+kas! ,era% ko%su$s! &erak-!r *ala$ a%al!s!s Pa&- S&ruk&ural. Sebua-A,l!kas! u%&ukA!r Me%))u%aka%Mar!a Llo,/a0!erDoku$e% Po%e *e &reball %123( 4526DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA ( CREIP 7aul&a& *'Eo%o$!a aku E$,resa

UNIVERSITATROVIRA Aku IRGILI V

DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA

Mar&!al.

De,ar&a$e%& *'Eo%o$!a CREIP 88819ee1ur01es:*e,ar&a$e%&s:eo%o$!a:,ubl!8881ur01a&:re!,;:!%*e456 Reus 6>456 Reus Tel1. ?>6 @@3B @>> Tel1. ?>6 @@3 @ @ E$a!l. re!,ur01a& 7a6 @@3 >55 4254E$a!l. s*eur01a&A*rear o$e%&ar!s al De,ar&a$e%& *'Eo%o$!a : CREIPFuku$ D!,s!&. T ( 2245 ( 4526ISSN e*!!" e% karya. 262 ( >>B4 ISSN e*!!" ele&r%!a. 2@BB ( 5B45DEPARTAMENT D'ECONOMIA ( CREIP 7aul&a& *'Eo%o$!a aku E$,resa

$e%)!*e%&!+kas! ,era% ko%su$s! &erak-!r *ala$ a%al!s!s Pa&- S&ruk&ural.Sebua- a,l!kas! u%&uk $e%))u%aka%Mar!a Llo, A!r HU%!0ers!&a& Ro0!ra aku V!r)!l! *a% CREIP 24 /a0!er Po%e(Al!9o%so HU%!0ers!&a& Ro0!ra aku V!r)!l!

Abs&rakko$,leks!&as *ar! *ala$ s!s&e$ eko%o$! ko%eks! -a%ya *a,a& a%*al &erer$!%

*ala$ ,e%el!&!a% aka*e$!s j!ka $e&o*e ya%) kua& ya%) *!)u%aka%1 Para ,e%el!&!&ela- *!)u%aka% A%al!s!s Pa&- S&ruk&ural HSPA u%&uk $e%a%)ka, &!*ak -a%ya-ubu%)a% *ala$ s!s&e$ ,ro*uks! &e&a,! ju)a ,e%yebara% ,e%)aru- ke salura%ya%) berbe*a &e%&a%) *a$,ak1 Na$u%= l!&era&ur SPA &ela- $e$ba&as! se%*!r!u%&uk $e%u%jukka% -ubu%)a% a%&ara sek&or ,ro*uks!= se$e%&ara ko%eks! a%&arasek&or !%! *a% ko%su$s! ak-!r &ela- $e%ar!k se*!k!& ,er-a&!a%1 U%&uk$e$,er&!$ba%)ka% salura% ya%) le%)ka, ya%) &erl!ba&= *ala$ karya !%! ka$!$e%)usulka% jala% s&ruk&ural $e&o*e ya%) $e%aku, sek&or e%*o)e%ously &!*ak-a%ya ,ro*uks! &e&a,! ju)a ko%su$s! ak-!r *ar! eko%o$!1 A,l!kas! e$,!r!kal &er*!r!*ar! ,e%))u%aa% a!r= *a% $e%)a%al!s!s ,e%yebara% *a$,ak ekso)e% keberba)a! salura% ko%su$s! a!r1 Fas!l%ya $e%u%jukka% ba-8a &a%))u%) ja8abu%&uk s&ress a!r a*ala- *!,er-!&u%)ka% u%&uk sek&or ya%) berbe*a *a%

&er)a%&u%) ,a*a -!,o&es!s *!)u%aka% u%&uk ,era% ya%) *!$a!%ka% ole- ko%su$s!


2/161

&erak-!r *ala$ $o*el1 Fal !%! $e%u%juka% ,e%&!%)%ya ko%su$e%' ke,u&usa% *!*ala$ ,e%e%&ua% *a$,ak ekolo)!1

Key8or*sA%al!s!s I%,u&(Ou&,u&= A%al!s!s Pa&- s&ruk&ural= Ko%su$s! Ak-!r= A!r $e%))u%aka%1

21 Pe%)e%ala%s!s&e$ eko%o$! *a,a& *!*e+%!s!ka% seba)a! sebua- jar!%)a% ya%) ru$!& *e%)a%bebera,a !%&er*e,e%*e%!es *! a%&ara a)e% *a% sek&or1 A%al!s!s Pa&- s&ruk&uralHSPA &ela- seba)!a% besar *!)u%aka% *! b!*a%) eko%o$! seba)a! ara u%&uk$e%era%)ka% ko$,leks!&as eko%o$!= -!erar-!ally !%! $e%)ura!ka% *a$,ak-ulu u&a$a ,ro*uk(,ro*uk a&au or)a%!sas!1Me%)!*e%&!+kas! berbeJa ra%&a! ,ro*uks! $e$ber!ka% ,e$a-a$a% ya%) leb!-*ala$ &e%&a%) jala% ya%) !%&eraks! *ala$ s!s&e$ eko%o$! ole- eks&rak se&ela%&ar(*asar -ubu%)a% !%*us&r! HSo%!s *a% Fe8!%)s= 2@@B Aro-e(Reyes= 455>7erre!ra e& al1= 455 *a% sek&or lus&er!%) ber*asarka% kesa$aa% a%&ara ,ro+l,ersa$bu%)a% $ereka HGara Mu!J= 452>1Sela!% !&u= *ala$ *ua *eka*e &erak-!r ,e%a$ba-a% aku% l!%)ku%)a% ke !%,u&

&ra*!s!o%al $o*el(ou&,u& &ela- $e$ber!ka% ,e%)e&a-ua% ber-ar)a &e%&a%)ko%sekue%s! ,roses ,ro*uks! ekolo)!1 L!&era&ur ,a*a e$!s! ,olu&a% a*ala- luas*a%= a%&ara la!%= &erak-!r *e%)a% &o&al e$!s! )as ru$a- kaa= > $e%)-!&u%)ba)a!$a%a ko$,os!s! &o&al e$!s! *a,a& *!$o*!+kas! ole- ,eruba-a% *ala$ 6ko$,o%e% ekso)e%= a&au $e%)a%al!sa &e$,oral ,eruba-a% *ala$ *a$,ak&erl!ba& *ala$ sebua- ,ers,ek&!9 ,ro*uks! ,e%u-1Dala$ bebera,a &a-u% &erak-!r= SPA &ela- $e%ja*! ala& ba%&u &erke$uka *ala$,e%el!&!a% ekolo)! ya%) se$ak!% *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e%)ukur $e%)al!r *! ke*uaekolo)! *a% *!ka!&ka%(ekolo)!s eko%o$!> L!-a&= a%&ara la!%= Le%Je% H4552 *a% Le%Je% e& al1 H455616 M!sal%ya= Kayu e& al1 H4553 *a% u&%ar *a% Llo, H4551 M!sal%ya= So%!s e& al1 H4553= Llo, H455 *a% kayu *a% Le%Je% H455@14

jar!%)a%1 A,l!kas! *ar! $e&o*e SPA *e%)a% !su(!su l!%)ku%)a% &ela- *!9okuska%,a*a $e%)!*e%&!+kas! *r!0er u&a$a *ar! e$!s! a&$os9era *e%)a% $e%)ura!ka%&o&al e$!s! )as eko%o$! ke ,ele%ya,a%%ya ,a&- ya%) &ak &erba&as *ala$ s!s&e$,ro*uks! HLe%Je%= 4554= 455 u&%ar e& al1= 4522 Skel&o% e& al1= 45221A%al!s!s Pa&- s&ruk&ural ju)a &ela- *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$,erk!raka% &er8uju*e%er)! s!s&e$ ,asoka% a!r HMo e& al1= 4522= u%&uk $e%)e$ba%)ka% -ulu le%)ka,e$!s! karbo% u%&uk &ujua% skr!%!%) HFua%) e& al1= 455@= u%&uk $e%)e%al! jaluru&a$a ,eruba-a% u%&uk jejak ekolo)! *a% ,er&u$bu-a% eko%o$! HMa&&!la= 4524=*a% u%&uk $e%e%&uka% &a%))u%)ja8ab -ulu *a% -!l!r *ala$ ,erusa-aa%,ela,ora% karbo% HGalle)o *a% Le%Je%= 455 Le%Je% *a% Murray= 45251

Mesk!,u% $e$a%) &!*ak *!%a+ka% ke)u%aa% *ar! a%al!s!s SPA *!lakuka% sejau-!%!= $e&o*e berleb!-(leb!-a% &e%&a%) &!*ak berar&! &ela- -ab!s1 Dala$ -al !%!=,e%)ura!a% *a$,ak l!%)ku%)a% ke jala% sek&oral ber!ku&%ya $e$,e%)aru-!seara &ra*!s!o%al &ela- &erba&as ,a*a a%al!s!s s!s&e$ ,ro*uks!= se*a%)ka%ko%sekue%s! l!%)ku%)a% ko%su$s! ak-!r &!*ak $e%ar!k ba%yak ,er-a&!a%,e%el!&!a%1 K!&a -arus !%)a&= %a$u%= ba-8a &eka%a% ,a*a ekos!s&e$ &!*ak&erba&as ,a*a ke)!a&a% ,ro*uks!= $e%)!%)a& ba-8a ko%su$s! s8as&a ke,u&usa%(ke,u&usa% ju)a $e%yebabka% kerusaka% l!%)ku%)a% ya%) -arus *!a$b!l k!ra j!ka&ujua%%ya a*ala- u%&uk $e%er$!%ka% kele%)ka,a% *ar! beba% l!%)ku%)a%1U%&uk $e%a%)ka, seluru- -a%%el &e%&a%) *a$,ak= al!ra% ,e%*a,a&a% $e$u&ar-arus be%ar(be%ar &erer$!% *ala$ $o*el ekolo)!(eko%o$! $a%a,u%1 I%,u&&ra*!s!o%al(ou&,u& asu$s!(asu$s!= %a$u%= ja%)a% &a$,!lka% se$ua $eka%!s$e

ya%) ke*ua *a$,ak eko%o$! *a% ekolo)!= kare%a $o*el ko%0e%s!o%al !%! -a%ya$e%u%jukka% *a$,ak ,ro*uks!1


3/161

Seba)a! &a$ba-a%= &e%&a%) a%al!s!s *a$,ak l!%)ku%)a% *ar! ak&!0!&as eko%o$!$e%)a%)ka& ,er&a%yaa% &e%&a%) ,er%ya&aa% &a%))u%) ja8ab u%&uk a)e%(a)e%ak!ba& se,er&! !&u1Seara lo)!s= ja8aba% u%&uk ,er&a%yaa% ,e%&!%) !%! ,erlu $e$,er&!$ba%)ka%se$ua a)e% eko%o$! *! bal!k *a$,ak l!%)ku%)a%1 Fa%ya *e%)a% $el!ba&ka%

se$ua ak&or(ak&or ya%) &erl!ba& *a,a& $e$ber!ka% -as!l(-as!l ,e%el!&!a%l!%)ku%)a% ya%) uku, akura& u%&uk He+s!e% la%)ka-(la%)ka- korek&!9 *!ra%a%)*a% *!&era,ka%1D! *ala$ karya !%!= u%&uk $e%a%)ka, kele%)ka,a% &e%&a%) *a$,ak= ka$!$e%)usulka% jala% s&ruk&ural:,eluru-a% ya%) $e%aku, sek&or e%*o)e%ously&!*ak -a%ya ,ro*uks! &e&a,! ju)a ko%su$s! ak-!r *ar! eko%o$!1 Perluasa% !%!$e%)u%)ka, *a$,ak la%)su%) *a% &!*ak la%)su%) ,a*a sek&or= se,er&! s,ako%0e%s!o%al &!*ak= &e&a,! !a ju)a $e%u%jukka% *!e&uska% *a$,ak *ar!ke,u&usa% ko%su$s! ,a*a l!%)ku%)a%1 Pe%)aru- !%! *a&a%) *ar! -ubu%)a% a%&ara,er$!%&aa% baru= ,e%!%)ka&a% ber!ku&%ya *ala$ ,erluasa% ,ro*uks! ,e%*a,a&a%=ya%) $e%)-as!lka% ,er$!%&aa% baru= *a% se&erus%ya1 Pe%a$ba-a% e9ek ya%)*!!%*uks! ole- ,er)! sela%)ka- leb!- jau- *ar! !%,u& ya%) $e$ba&as! asu$s!(

ou&,u& ber*asarka% ,a*a )a)asa% ba-8a ra%&a! ,e%!,&aa% ,e%*a,a&a% ( *a%beba% l!%)ku%)a% ya%) bersa%)ku&a% ( a*ala- &erba&as ,a*a s!s&e$ ,ro*uks!1Dala$ a,l!kas! e$,!r!s= ya%) $e$9okuska% *!r! ,a*a ,e%))u%aa% a!r= a*ala-u%&uk 8!laya- Ca&alo%!a S,a%yol= u$u$%ya 8!laya- Me*!&era%!a *! $a%a su$ber*aya a!r sa%)a& &erba&as *a% a*a 3 a*ala- ke&!*akse!$ba%)a% ,er$a%e% a%&arake&erse*!aa% a!r *a% kebu&u-a% a!r1

3 Ca&alo%!a $e$!l!k! area ,er$ukaa% ke!l *ar! >4=555 k!lo$e&er ,erse)!= ya%)k!ra(k!ra 23 *ar! Se,a%yol seba)a! seluru-= *a% !a &ela- a&as =55=555 8ar)a%e)ara1 Ca&alo%!a a*ala- 8!laya- ya%) sa%)a& %e)ara ya%) $e8ak!l! sek!&ar 45*ar! &o&al PD S,a%yol1 Sek!&ar 25(45 ko%su$s! a!r a*ala- u%&uk *aera-,erko&aa% a&au !%*us&r!al $e%))u%aka%= *a% s!sa(s!sa B5(@5 *!)u%aka% *ala$,er&a%!a% HACA= 455B1 Ca&alo%!a $e%)ala$! kekura%)a% a!r seara berkala=ya%) *!,erburuk ole- ke,a*a&a% ,o,ulas! *a% ak&!0!&as eko%o$!1eks&e%s! k!&a *ar! $e&o*e SPA= *e%)a% $e%a$ba-ka% e9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole-ko%su$s! &er-a*a, ,e%*a,a&a% $eka%!s$e &ra%s$!s!= a*ala- k-usus%ya rele0a%*ala$ -al ,e%))u%aa% a!r1 Dala$ kea*aa% &er&e%&u= $e&o*e ya%) *!la,orka%*ala$ karya !%! *a,a& *!l!-a& seba)a! sebua- &!&!k baru u%&uk $e%e%&uka% ke*ua&a%))u%) ja8ab -ulu *a% -!l!r= k-usus%ya j!ka k!&a !%)a& ba-8a !a $e$ber!ka%,e$a-a$a% ya%) leb!- &e,a& &e%&a%) sek&or ya%) e9ek&!9 $e$bua& s&ress a!r*ala$ ekos!s&e$ k!&a *a% salura% ya%) berbe*a ya%) $e%yebabka% s&res1 T!*ak*!ra)uka% la)!= $e&o*e ya%) ko$,re-e%s!9 u%&uk $e%*e&eks! *a$,ak sek&oral,a*a su$ber *aya a!r= ba!k seara la%)su%) $au,u% &!*ak la%)su%) &e&a,! ju)a

,a*a !%*u&!0ely ou,le*= a*alasa%)a& $e$ba%&u *! $e$bua&keb!jaka% $a%aje$e% a!r leb!- e9ek&!91Seleb!-%ya *ar! karya !%! *!a&ur seba)a! ber!ku&1 a)!a% 4 $e%era%)ka% *a%,erluasa% A%al!s!s Pa&- S&ruk&ural *e%)a% $e$bua& ko%su$s! ak-!r= e%*o)e%us*a% la,ora% ba)!a% > sebua- a,l!kas! e$,!r!s a!r u%&uk $e%))u%aka% *ala$a-asa Ca&ala% eko%o$!1 Ak-!r%ya= sebua- ba)!a% kes!$,ula% berak-!r karya1A%al!s!s Pa&- S&ruk&ural $e&o*olo)! *eo$,oses !%,u& &o&al(ou&,u& e9ek $ul&!,l!erke *a$,ak *a&a%) *ar! se&!a, la,!sa% *ar! ,ro*uks! *ala$ ra%&a! ,asoka% ya%)le%)ka,1 Me&o*e !%!= ya%) &ela- ba%yak *!9okuska% ,a*a s!s&e$ ,ro*uks!= ju)abole- *!,erluaska% u%&uk $el!,u&! a%al!s!s bersa$a *ar! ke*ua ke)!a&a% ,ro*uks!*a% ko%su$s! s8as&a ke,u&usa%(ke,u&usa%1I%,u& ko%0e%s!o%al $o*el(ou&,u& $e%)asu$s!ka% ba-8a ,er$!%&aa% ko%su$s!

a*ala- ekso)e%us *a%= ole- kare%a%ya= se$ua ,eruba-a% ya%) $u%)k!% *ala$0ar!abel !%! *!)a$barka% seba)a! keju&a% ekso)e% ya%) $e$,e%)aru-! ou&,u&


4/161

sek&oral= se$e%&ara &ra%s$!s! ber!ku&%ya *ar! Le%Je% *a% Murray H4525$e%ya&aka% ba-8a &a%))u%) ja8ab u%&uk e$!s! )as ru$a- kaa *!,aka!bersa$a ole- ,ro*use% *a% ko%su$e% ke*ua1 Mel!-a& ,ro*uks! -!l!r= se%*!r!$e$u%)k!%ka% e$!s!1 Te&a,! $el!-a& ke -ulu= ,er$!%&aa% &erak-!r e$!s! le$e%$elalu! ,ro*uks! bara%)(bara%) ko%su$s!1

ou&,u& baru u%&uk ,e%*a,a&a% baru *a% ko%su$s! baru *a% se&erus%ya a*ala-*!aba!ka%1 I%,u& u$u$ !%!(ou&,u& a%*a!a% $e%)e%a!= ole- kare%a !&u= ,er)!ko%su$s! &er-a*a, ,al!%) *asar &eor! eko%o$! kare%a se$ua ,e%*a,a&a%$eka%!s$e ,e%!,&aa% -a%ya $e%)a%))a, ,ro*uks!1 Ke%ya&aa%%ya= ko%su$e%$e%*a,a&ka% ,e%)-as!la% u%&uk ke!sla$a% $ereka *ar! &e%a)a kerja *a% $o*al*a%= ,a*a saa& ya%) sa$a= $ereka $e%)-ab!ska% !%o$e ,a*a bara%) *a% jasa1Pe%!%)ka&a% ,ro*uks!= ,e%!%)ka&a% ,e%*a,a&a% ber!ku&%ya *a% $e%!%)ka&ka%ko%su$s! *! ak-!r ( se$ua ya%) *!salurka% ke seluru- s!s&e$ eko%o$! ( *a,a&*!a$b!l k!ra j!ka !%,u&($o*el ou&,u& selesa! *e%)a% $e%))erakka% kk ke,u&usa%(ke,u&usa% *ar! Hak-!r ekso)e%us ,er$!%&aa% ,a*a !%,u&(ou&,u& $a&r!


5/161

*ar! ora%)(ora%) ya%) &erka!& *e%)a% ko%eks! Hko%su$s! 4 1 De%)a% $e%)a$b!l,erbeJaa% !%! ke

= k!&a *a,a& $e%ul!s aku%.5 A A2 ???? *e%)a% 4

A 5 5 5 ???

? u 5 1

*!0!s! !%! bebera,a koe+s!e% sa-a$ *! ko%ju%)s! *e%)a% ser! *aya $e$u%)k!%ka%k!&a u%&uk eks,a%s! $e$be*aka% jala% ya%) &ak &erba&as &e%&a%) *a$,ak *ala$,e%a$ba- &o&al= seba)a! ber!ku&.QQQQsaya(((( Sebua- ((((2 QQQQsaya(((( HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 ((((24 > Aku???? HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 ???? HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 ???? HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 ????111 4 4 > 4 4 > AKU???? HA2 ???? DENGAN 4 ???? HA2 ???? 4A2A 4 ????DENGAN 4 ???? HA2 ???? >A2 SEUAF 4 ???? >A2A 4 ???? DENGAN 4

???? 111 H4eks,res! !%! $e%u%jukka% ,a*a ra%&a! ya%) *!ak&!9ka% b!la a*a al!ra% ekso)e%u%&uk ko%su$s! *a% ,ro*uks!= *a% $eru,aka% la%ju&a% *ar! s,a &ra*!s!o%al

,e%)ura!a%1 Ca&a&a% ba-8a ,erbe*aa% a%&ara $e&o*e SPA ya%) *!usulka% *a%@ &ra*!s!o%al $e%a%))a,!.QSaya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4(2 ( QSaya ( Sebua-2(2 4 > 4 > Aku ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? 111 ( HAKU? HA2 ? HA2 ? HA2 ? 111 4 4 4 > 4 ? H4A2A 4 ? SEUAF 4 ? H>A2A 4 ? >A2A 4 ? SEUAF 4 ? 1111 H>I%! $e%u%jukka% *a$,ak ya%) *!&a$ba-ka% $as!%)($as!%) *ar! la,!sa% ya%)&ak &erba&as ole- ,e%*eka&a% ya%) *!,erluas1 Da$,ak baru !%! a*ala- ora%)(ora%) ya%) *a&a%) &e%&a%) *ar!4 > ke,u&usa% ko%su$s! s8as&a H A 4 = sebua-4 = sebua-4 = 111 *a% -ubu%)a% *!a%&ara sek&or *a%

4 4 ko%su$s! s8as&a H4A2A 4 =>A2 sebua- 4=>A2A 4 = 1111 Ra%)ku$a% *ar!seluru- !s&!la-(!s&!la- !%! *ala$H> ,ersa$aa% $eres,o%s= sebe%ar%ya= *e%)a% e9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- ya%)$e%a%)ka, salura% ,e%*a,a&a% baru*!&a$ba-ka% ole- $e&o*e SPA ya%) leb!- luas1Mo*el ya%) *!jelaska% *ala$ eks,res! H2 *a,a& $e%)uba- aku% u%&uk u%&uk a!rya%)*!)u%aka% ole- a)e% eko%o$!1 Mar! k!&a *e+%e seba)a! $a&r!ks *!a)o%al,e%))u%aa% a!r ,er u%!&ou&,u& *ala$ ke)!a&a%(ke)!a&a% *a% ko%su$e%1 Dala$ -al !%! $a&r!


6/161

seba)a! al&er%a&!9= ,er u%!& $o%e&er ko%su$s! ak-!r *ala$ aku% ko%su$e%1 u)a*ala$$a&r!< = u%sur(u%sur *! luar *!a)o%al u&a$a a*ala- %ull1 a*!= ju$la-,e%))u%aa% a!r ya%) &erka!& ke sebua- &!%)ka& ekso)e% ,er$!%&aa% ak-!r *a,a&*!-!&u%) seba)a!.

((((2 J HI(((( Sebua- y = H6

@ *ala$ ,e%*eka&a% &ra*!s!o%al sebua- 4 a*alasa$a *e%)a% %ol1

B

*! $a%a J a*ala- sebua- kolo$ 0e&or *ar! a!r +s!k *!ko%su$s! ole- sek&or *a%ko%su$e%((((2 *a% HI(((( Sebua- a*ala- $a&r!ks He ? HA2 ? A4 ? HA2 ? A4 ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? 111 4 4 > 4 4 > ???? HA2 ???? DENGAN 4 ???? HA2 ???? 4A2A 4 ???? DENGAN 4 ???? HA2 ???? >A2 SEUAF 4 ???? >A2A 4 ???? DENGAN4 ???? 111 = H*! $a%a se&!a, !s&!la- *! sa$,!%) $e%u%jukka% *a$,ak a!r *! se&!a, la,!sa%&erb!%a%ya sal!%) &ak &erba&as -ubu%)a%1 Eks,res! !%! $e%u%jukka% ba-8a=se&ela- sebua- keju&a% ,e%*a,a&a% a8al= e9ek $ul&!,l!er ya%) *!,!u *ar! *a%ke*ua *a$,ak la,!sa% ber!ku& saa&la,!sa% ,er&a$a $e%u%jukka% *a$,ak ,a*a ko%su$s! a!r ya%) *!sebabka% ole-keju&a% ekso)e% a8al1Sala- sa&u as,ek ya%) $e%ar!k *ar! a%al!s!s su$ber *aya a!r a*ala- *!s&r!bus! a!r*! a%&ara ,e%))u%a a&au= *e%)a% ka&a la!%= ya%) rela&!9 ,e%&!%)%ya a)e%&s *ala$ke&e%&ua% ko%su$s! a!r $ereka1 Dala$ a,a ya%) ber!ku&= e


7/161

r QQQQsaya ((((2 e'(((( HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 y((((2 QQQ QSaya(((( HA2 ???? *e%)a% 4 y> Q ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? 111y e'

4 HA2 ? sebua- 4 ? (2 Q saya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4 yQy ? Q y ? e' e' y(2 Q saya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4 y? ? 111 e'4 HA2 ? sebua- 4 y(2 Q saya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4 y e' yr2 ?r4 ?r> ?r61111 H3HA2 ? sebua- 4(2 Q saya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4> Q HA2 ? sebua- 4 y(2 Q saya ( HA2 ? sebua- 4

*! $a%a e' a*ala- sebua- bar!s kesa&ua% 0e&or *a% r a*ala- sebua- kolo$0e&or *ar! a!r rela&!9 ko%su$s! 22 a&au *!s&r!bus! a!r1 Eks,res! H3 $e$ba)!*!s&r!bus! a!r ke *ala$ ,a&- ya%) &ak &erba&as ya%) &erl!ba& *! *ala$ a!r$e%))u%aka%= *e%)a% $e%u%jukka% bera,a ba%yak &!a, ,a&- berko%&r!bus! ke,os!s! rela&!9 aku%(*ala$ ke&e%&ua% a!r= $ereka $e$aka%1 De%)a% ka&a la!%=0e&or r &er*!r! *ar! *!s&r!bus! a!r ya%) *!ka!&ka% *e%)a% se&!a, la,!sa% ya%) &ak&erba&as ya%) $e%jelaska% ko%su$s! a!r *ala$ eko%o$!1>1 A!r u%&uk a,l!kas! $e%))u%aka% *! Ca&alo%!a$e$a%) *!ke&a-u! ba-8a &eka%a% ,a*a su$ber *aya a!r &a8ar a*ala-$e%!%)ka&ka% *! seluru- *u%!a1a*ala- ya%) *a,a& *!)u%aka% u%&uk $a%us!a HUNEP= 455B1 Kela%)kaa% a!r &ela-$e$,e%)aru-! -a$,!r se&!a, be%ua *a% 65 ora%) *! ,la%e& k!&a -!*u, *!ba8a- a!r ko%*!s! $e%eka%ka%1 Perk!raa% $era$alka% ba-8a s!&uas! -a%ya aka%$e%*a,a&ka% leb!- buruk H7AO= 45221 Teka%a% ,a*a su$ber *aya a!r *a&a%)*ar! berba)a! su$ber1 Sa&u a*ala- ,er&u$bu-a% ,o,ulas! *! 2 > &o&al 0olu$ea!r *! bu$! a*ala- &e%&a%) 2=6 $!lyar k$ = &e&a,! -a%ya sek!&ar

22 a&a&a% ba-8a ju$la- ko$,o%e% *ala$ 0e&or r a*alasa$a *e%)a% sala-sa&u1ko%ju%)s! *e%)a% ,er&u$bu-a% eko%o$!= ,e$ba%)u%a% eko%o$! kare%a berar&!ba-8a 24 *ar! &e,u%) ka%j! s-!9& *!e& $aka%a% ya%) berbas!s *a)!%) *a% susu1

Teka%a% *ar! su$ber la!% ,eruba-a% !kl!$ )lobal= ya%) *!,erk!raka% aka%$e%!%)ka& 9rekue%s! *a% keser!usa% ba%j!r *a% keker!%)a%= *a% ju)a ekos!s&e$$e%))a%))u se-!%))a kual!&as a!r *a,a& *!,er&a-a%ka% Ha&es e& al1= 455B1Dala$ ko%&eks !%! kela%)kaa% a!r ya%) se$ak!% $e%!%)ka&= ,er&a%!a% b!asa%ya$e%u%juk ke seba)a! sek&or ya%) $e%))u%aka% a!r *ala$ ju$la- besar1 S&a&!s&!k$e%u%jukka% ba-8a 5 *ar! ko%su$&!9 *!)u%aka% u%&uk !r!)as! a!r= se*a%)ka%45 aka% ,a*a$ u%&uk !%*us&r! *a% -a%ya 25 u%&uk KK HDR= 45241 Dar!buk&! !%!= $aka b!asa%ya $e%yara%ka% ba-8a a!r u%&uk ,er&a%!a% -arusSyur)a8! *!susu% se$ula u%&uk sek&or la!% *e%)a% %!la! leb!- &!%))! *!&a$ba-ka%ole- $e$,erke%alka% !%s&ru$e% eko%o$! *ala$ ,e%)elolaa% a!r *a%$e$ber!ka% !%se%&!9 u%&uk $e%y!$,a% a!r1 Mesk!,u% ko%se%sus u$u$ !%!= !aaka% $e%ar!k u%&uk $e%!%jau s!&uas! !%!1 Ka*a%)(ka*a%) ,er&a%yaa%(

,er&a%yaa% baru u%&uk $asala-($asala- la$a *a,a& $e%)-as!lka% ,e%)e&a-ua%baru ya%) *a,a& *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e%e$uka% solus!1


8/161

Dala$ ba)!a% !%!= ka$! $e%era,ka% $o*el SPA *!,erluas ke $asala- a!r *!Ca&alo%!a *a% k!&a $e$ba%*!%)ka% -as!l *e%)a% ora%)(ora%) ya%) *!,erole-*e%)a% $e%))u%aka% $e&o*e s,a &ra*!s!o%al1A,l!kas! e$,!r!kal $e%))u%aka% !%9or$as! re)!o%al ya%) ber!s! ke*ua 0ar!abeleko%o$! *a% 2> a!r $e%))u%aka% *a&a1

Per&a$a= k!&a $e$,er&!$ba%)ka% ,erbe*aa%(,erbe*aa% a%&ara ke*ua $e&o*e*ala$ ke&e%&ua% *!s&r!bus! a!r *a% ke,e%&!%)a%%ya *ala$ ra%&a! ya%) berbe*aHl!-a& eks,res! H3 *ar! $o*el1D!s&r!bus! a!r $e%ye*!aka% 8a8asa% ya%) leb!- *ala$ ke rele0a%s! sek&or *a%ke)!a&a% u%&uk &o&al24 Me%uru& DR H4524= ,ro*uks! *a)!%) $e$erluka% B(25 kal! leb!- ba%yaka!r *ar! ,ro*uks! b!j!r!%12>!%9or$as! eko%o$! *!ko$,!las! ke sebua- Aku%&a%s! Sos!al Ma&r!< u%&uka-asa Ca&ala% eko%o$!1 I%9or$as! a!r *!ko$,!las! ke sebua- 0e&or *ar! a!rsek&oral $e%))u%aka% Hl!-a& Llo, H452> u%&uk r!%!a%%ya1,e%))u%aa% a!r1 Tabel 2 $e%u%jukka% *!s&r!bus! a!r $el!%&as! berba)a! sek&or *!seluru- la,!sa% *ala$ ke*ua(*ua $e&o*e &ra*!s!o%al *a% e6 &o&al ju$la- la,!sa% layer la!% la,!sa%la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa%24=2 ,er&a%!a% 64=@ 2>=@ => sebesar B=3 B6= @= >>= 2>=625=3 2>=@ B2=4Pe&er%aka% 5=2 2=3 5=6 5=> 5=> 4= 5=2 2=> 5=> 5=> 5=6 4=Ika% 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5

Te%a)a 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=6 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k5=4K!$!a 2= 5=3 5=> 5=2 5=6 4=B 2=4 5= %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 4=2a$, Lo)a$ ,erala&a% l!s&r!k %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=2 5=6 %a!k 5=45=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=>O&o$ob!l 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=55=2,ro*uks! $aka%a% 5= 5=2 5=2 5=5 5= 2=> 5=6 5=2 5=2 5=2 5=25=B

Teks&!l 5= 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=> 2=5 5=6 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=3Karya 5=> %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=B %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 5=55=5 5=!%*us&r! la!% 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=55=25=> Ko%s&ruks! 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=2 5= %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=55=6Co$$ere 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=> 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=55=2 &ra%s,or&as! 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=6 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5%a!k 5=47!%a%e 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 5=> 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=2

Laya%a% La!% 2=5 5=6 %a!k 5=4 5=2 2=6 >=5 5=B 5=> %a!k 5=4 5=2%a!k 5=4 2=3


9/161

laya%a% ,ubl!k 2=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 2=5 5=B 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5Ko%su$s! 5=B 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 6=6 2=3 212 2=>B=6&o&al 2=@ 63=6 2=4 =@ 24=3 255 26=2 65=@ 23=> 24= 23=>255

Tabel 2 $e%)u%)ka,ka% ,erbe*aa% ya%) $e%ar!k a%&ara *ua kera%)ka &ersebu&.,era% ya%) *!$a!%ka% ole- la,!sa% ya%) berbe*a1 La,!sa% a8al a*ala- kura%),e%&!%) *ala$ *!e&uska% *a$,ak ko%su$s! ak-!r seba)a! ele$e% *ar! ,roses$ul&!,l!er Hsaya1 e1 Dala$ $o*el *!,erluas= se$e%&ara ,era% ya%) *!$a!%ka%ole- la,!sa% *ar! ke&erkeju&a% a8al leb!- &!%))! *!ba%*!%)ka% *e%)a% s,a&ra*!s!o%al1 Fas!l !%! ,a%))!la% ke ,er&a%yaa%(,er&a%yaa% &e%&a%) -as!lko%0e%s!o%al ber*asarka% ,a*a )a)asa% ba-8a la,!sa% a8al $e$!l!k! ,e%)aru-ya%) leb!- &!%))! *ala$ ke&e%&ua% *a$,ak ya%) &erl!ba&1

ka&a(ka&a la!%= saa& !%! *!a$b!l k!ra ko%su$s! *ala$ $ul&!,l!er e9ek ,roses$e%)u%)s!

ke la,!sa% ya%) &er,e%!l *ar! *a$,ak a8al1Tabel 2 ju)a $e%u%jukka% sa&u la)! ,erbe*aa% $e%*asar a%&ara $e&o*e&ra*!s!o%al *a% e6 TOTAL la,!sa% la,!sa% ke la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa%la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% 63= 24=6 ,er&a%!a% 2=6 >= 4=B 6@5= 63= 24= 2=B6=4 6=3 6@>=B Pe&er%aka% 45=> 23=2 42=2 =5 %a!k >=B 33=6 45=> 23=> 42=3 =3 =@5=5 5=2 5=B Me$a%!%) 3@= 5=> 5=> 2= 5=5 5=3 2=> 2=5 2= 6=6 5=3 e%er)! %a!k 5=4%a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 5=> 2=6 5=3 5=6 5= 5=3 2=6 >= K!$!a 4= 5=@ 4=> 212 5=@ =@ 4=

2=61s 2=@ 4=B


10/161

Lo)a$ 22=B a$, ,erala&a% l!s&r!k %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 5= 5=6 5=6 2= %a!k 5=4 5=B2=4 2=> 4=> =BO&o$ob!l %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 5=3 5= 5=3 4=2 %a!k 5=4 5= 2=> 2=6 4=B 3=>2=> @3=@ ,ro*uks! $aka%a% $e%a,a! 2=B @=B 2>2=2 *e%)a% 2=> @=6 2B= 25=BB=5

2=B 3= 6=4 Teks&!l 2>3=2 4=2 2= 23= 2=B = =5 >=6 6=> 44=2Karya 2=3 4= 2=> 5=B 5= 3=@ 2=3 seba%yak >=> 4=4 4=5 seba%yak >=> 24=6!%*us&r! la!%%ya %a!k 5=4 6= 2=3 2=5 5=B =6 4=6 4=2 B=> %a!k 5=4 >=4Ko%s&ruks! 2>=6 5=3 5=@ 2=4 5=B 5=B 6=> 5=3 4=> 4=3 4=B 6= 2>=5Co$$ere %a!k 5=4 =6 *e%)a% 2= 2=4 2> = %a!k 5=4 3=6 3= seba%yak >=> 6=>5=6 5=> Tra%s,or& 45=B 5=6 5=6 5=6 2=B 5=6 2=5 2=4 2= 4=B 3=B7!%a%e 5= %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 %a!k 5=4 2=> 5= 2=B 2= 4=2 >=5 @=5Laya%a% La!% 212 5= 5=B 5= 5=6 >= 212 4=4 4=2 4=> >=6 22=5 laya%a% ,ubl!k 6=42= 5= 5=6 5=> =5 6=4 6= 4= >=3 6=Ko%su$s! 2@=> 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 =5 6=6 =6 >=4 6=6 43=6&o&al 6@4= 26@= 6=2 4B=6 4=B 3=3 6@@=3 23@=4 @3=3 >=> 33=@ BB=

Ga$bar 2 $e%))a$barka% ,erbe*aa% kua%&!&a&!9 *ala$ e9ek ,e$b!asa% s!%ar*e%)a% bebera,a!%9or$as! sek&oral )abu%)a%1 Se,er&! *a,a& *!l!-a&= b!la *!ajak e9ek ,a*a$eka%!s$e ,e%!,&aa% ,e%*a,a&a% *!,er-!&u%)ka%= e9ek ,e$b!asa% s!%ar$e%!%)ka&ka% ,al!%) *ala$ !%*us&r! H461 *a% k-usus%ya *ala$ laya%a% H*!a&as 26= se$e%&ara *! ,er&a%!a% ,erbe*aa%(,erbe*aa% !%! jau- leb!- ke!lH2=1 Per!laku sek&oral as!$e&r!s !%! *!jelaska% ole- ,e%)aru- berbe*a *ar!ke,u&usa% ko%su$s! ak-!r ,a*a sek&or *a% $e%yara%ka% ba-8a a!r sek&orals&ress -arus *!&a9s!r se$ula ke&!ka *a$,ak a!r $e%er$!%ka% ,era%a% ya%)*!$a!%ka% ole- ko%su$s! &erak-!r *ala$ &ra%s$!s! ak!ba& ekolo)!1

> Ga$bar 21 Ko%su$s! a!r ya%) *!bua& ole- e9ek ,e$b!asa% s!%ar H-$ 1

355 B=6 3=@55655>55 446=> 2B5=4 455255 33=@ 4=5 43=6 5=5 5 sek&or u&a$a sek&or seku%*er sek&or &ers!er$e&o*e s,a &ra*!s!o%al ru$a- &a%))a E ber!s! ,erse%&ase e9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- ya%) *!-as!lka%

*ala$ ,roses ,e$b!asa% s!%ar= *a% &ela- *!,erole- *e%)a% $e%)-!&u%)


11/161

,erbe*aa% *! a%&ara *ua 2 ,e%a$ba- $o*el($o*el *! se&!a, sek&or *a% *!se&!a, ra%&a! ber!ku&%ya *ar! 26 *a$,ak1*ar! &o&al H Ga$bar 41 E9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- *!-as!lka% ole- e9ek ,e$b!asa%s!%ar255

B535 sek&or ,er)urua% &!%))!65 sek&or seku%*er45 sek&or u&a$a5 layer(2 la,!sa% ke(4 layer > layer 6 Seleb!-%ya *ar! la,!sa% sek&or u&a$a5=5 =5 @=6 @=5 B=sek&or seku%*er 5=5 65= 63=4 6=2 66=2Sek&or Ters!er 5=5 4= 66=6 6=@ = 6=6 ,erbe*aa% sek&oral *ala$ e9ek,e$b!asa% s!%ar $e%))a$barka% ke)u%aa% $e%yelesa!ka% al!ra% s!rkularH,e%*a,a&a% *e%)a% $e%a$ba-ka% ko%su$s! ak-!r1 Se$e%&ara ,er&a%!a%la%)su%) $e$aka% a!r *ala$ s!s&e$ ,ro*uks!= ya%) $e$ber!ka% ko%&r!bus!&er-a*a, la%)su%) *a% &!*ak la%)su%) &!%))! *!9us! e9ek= !%*us&r! *a% laya%a%

&!*ak seara la%)su%) $e%))u%aka% be)!&u ba%yak a!r *a% *a$,ak $ereka,a*a a!r *! seba)!a% besar ya%) *!,a%arka% ole- *!e&uska% ,e%)aru-,er$!%&aa% ko%su$s! ak-!r1Dala$ ke&e%&ua% berba)a! la,!sa% &erl!ba&= !a -arus $e%u%jukka% ba-8a,e%&!%)%ya *!e&uska% e9ek ,a*a *!9us! ,e%a$ba- -a$,!r sa$a *ala$ se$ua&e&a, ,a*a ra%&a! *!a%al!s!s *a% u%&uk se$ua sek&or ,ro*uks!1

26 a&a&a% ba-8a *!e&uska% ak!ba& ya%) se&ara *e%)a% ,re$ul&!,l!a&!o%bereks,res! H> ole- $a&r!< bebera,a koe+s!e% a!r1*ar! &o&al H Tabel >1 E9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- *!-as!lka% ole- e9ek ,e$b!asa%s!%ar

layer(2 %*4 layer r*> ke layer6 layer la,!sa% La!%255 255 255 255 5 2B=B 2>=3 26=@ @=@ TOTAL 5 @= k) B=sebesar B=3 =2 laya%a% ,ubl!k 5 25= B=@ @=5 3=@ Laya%a% La!% 56=@ =6 => = 7!%a%e 5 B= B=5 B=2 => &ra%s,or&as! 5 @=5@=6 @=4 @=> Co$$ere 5 =4 = =6 =3 Pe$ba%)u%a% 5 =3=5 =B 3=4 !%*us&r! la!% 5 =6 =@ =B 3=> Karya 5 >=2 6=6= 3=@ Teks&!l 5 >=6 6=6 6=4 =4 ,ro*uks! $aka%a% 5 6=4 6=6=> 6=6 O&o$ob!l 5 >=6 6=2 >=@ 6= a$, Lo)a$ ,erala&a% l!s&r!k5 2=6 4=5 2=@ 4= K!$!a 5 >=3 >=2 >=4 4=B Te%a)a 5 2=4 >=24= =5 Ika% 5 4=4 >=4 >=5 6=> Pe&er%aka% 5 Per&a%!a%

Tabel 6 *a% Ga$bar > $e$ba%*!%)ka% $e&o*e &ra*!s!o%al *a% e


12/161

&o&al *a$,ak a!r1 Me%ar!k ju)a u%&uk $e%u%jukka% ba-8a ,era&usa% !%! bers!9a&sek&oral ,e%&!%) &e&a, s&ab!l $elalu! la,!sa% ya%) berbe*a(be*a1 4

> TAEL 61 Vs e6 ke(2 La!% %*4 r* ke>6 &o&al ju$la- la,!sa% layer la!% la,!sa%la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa% la,!sa%63= 2>@=6 3@=4 ,er&a%!a% 43=6 2@=6 25=B 63= 26>=6 B6=5 6=B = B=6Pe&er%aka% 45=> 6=6 4= 5=@ 5= 4B=B 45=> 6=6 4= 2= 2=B >5=BIka% 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=3 5=6 e%er)! %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=22=> 5=3 5=6 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 2=6 K!$!a 4= 2=3 5= 5=> %a!k 5=4 =3 4= 2=3 5=B 5=65= 3=5a$, Lo)a$ ,erala&a% l!s&r!k %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5= %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=45=2 5=5 5=2 5=3O&o$ob!l %a!k 5=4 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=>,ro*uks! $aka%a% 2=> 5=B 5=> 5=2 5=2 4=3 2=> 5=@ 5= 5=> 5=> >=4

Teks&!l 2=B 5=3 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 4= 2=B 5=3 5=> 5=2 5=21sKarya 2=3 5=3 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 4=3 2=3 5=3 5=> 5=2 %a!k 5=4 4=B!%*us&r! la!%%ya %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=6 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=Pe$ba%)u%a% 5=3 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=@ 5=3 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=2 5=@Co$$ere %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=> %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 5=2 5=2 5=5=6 Tra%s,or& %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 5=B 5=6 %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 5=2 5=@5= Keua%)a% %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=5 5=5 2=5 5= %a!k 5=4 5=2 5=2 5=2 212Laya%a% La!% 212 2=5 5= %a!k 5=4 5=21s 212 2=4 5=@ 5= 5= 6=> laya%a% ,ubl!k 6=45=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 6=4 6=4 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5Ko%su$s! 6=4 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 =5 3=> 6=2 =5 2=5 >=&o&al 6@4= 26@= 6=2 4B=6 4=B 3=3 6@@=3 23@=4 @3=3 >=> 33=@ BB=

,erba%*!%)a% ,a*a *ua $o*el $e%)u%)ka,ka% ba-8a $e%)ura%)! e9ek,e%yera,a% *! se,a%ja%) jala% ber!ku&%ya ,e%a$ba- a*ala- leb!- $ere*a$*ala$ e= ya%) $e%u%jukka%e9ek &o&al u%&uk sek&or )abu%)a%1 Dala$ )a$bar !%!= ,erbe*aa% &er,e%&!%)*ala$ ,e%a$ba- ,e%yera,a% a*ala- *ala$ sek&or u&a$a= se$e%&ara *! !%*us&r!*a% jasa *ua $o*el $e$ber!ka% %!la!(%!la! kua%&!&a&!9 seru,a1> Ga$bar >1 Ko%su$s! a!r ya%) *!bua& ole- e9ek ,e%yera,a% H-$ 1B2B=2B55=5 >@=3 55=5355=5

55=5655=5>55=5455=5255=5 >= 23=@ 2B= 22=2 @=2 5=5 5=5 sek&or u&a$a sek&or seku%*er sek&or&ers!er$e&o*e s,a &ra*!s!o%al ru$a- &a%))a E $e%))a$barka% ba-8a,e%!%)ka&a% ,e%a$ba- *!sebabka% ole- $o*el e


13/161

*ar! &o&al ,e%a$ba- H Ga$bar 61 E9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- *!-as!lka% ole- e9ek,e%yera,a%255

sek&or u&a$aB5

356545 sek&or &ers!er

sek&or seku%*er 5 Layer(2 La,!sa% ke(4 >*Layer 6 Layer Seleb!-%ya *ar! la,!sa%

sek&or u&a$a 5=5 B@=>@4=6@=4@>= sek&or seku%*er5=5 6=4 >=4 4=> 4=B Sek&or Ters!er 5=5 3=6=6 4= >=

sa$,a! seba)a! ko%&r!bus! ya%) *!e&uska% e9ek u%&uk ,e%yera,a% ,e%a$ba-,r!-a&!%= Ga$bar 6 *a% Tabel $e%u%jukka% ba-a8a ,e$aka%a% ,e%*a,a&a%(-a%%el $e$!l!k! *a$,ak ya%) leb!- besar

,a*a sek&or u&a$a *ar! !%*us&r! *a% laya%a%1 Sela!% !&u= ,e%&!%)%ya ,er&a%!a%*ala$ e9ek ya%) *!e&uska% a*ala- seluru- la,!sa% &er&!%))!1

*ar! &o&al1 H TAEL 1 E9ek ya%) *!!%*uks! ole- *!-as!lka% ole- e9ek ,e%yera,a%

layer(2 %*4 layer r*> ke layer6 layer la,!sa% La!%255=5 255=5 255=5 255=5 5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 TOTAL 5 >=@ 4=2= 2=4 laya%a% ,ubl!k 5 5=6 5=> %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 Laya%a% La!% 55=> 5=> %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 7!%a%e 5 5=B 5= %a!k 5=4 5=2 &ra%s,or&as! 5 5=2 5=2 5=2 5=2 Co$$ere 5 5=2 5=2 5=5 5=5Pe$ba%)u%a% 5 %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4 !%*us&r! la!% 55=B 5= 5=> %a!k 5=4 Karya 5 2=3 212 5=3 5=3 Teks&!l 5 5=25=2 5=5 5=5 ,ro*uks! $aka%a% 5 5=5 5=5 5=2 5=2 O&o$ob!l 5 5=65=6 5=6 5=3 a$, Lo)a$ ,erala&a% l!s&r!k 5 5=> %a!k 5=4 %a!k 5=4%a!k 5=4 K!$!a 5 5=5 5=5 5=5 5=5 Te%a)a 5 5=> 2= 4=1s Ika%5 @5=B @4=2 @>=6 @>=> Pe&er%aka% 5 Per&a%!a%

*! ra%)ku$a%= -as!l k!&a $e%)u%)ka,ka% ke*ua kua%&!&a&!9 *a% ,erbe*aa%kual!&a&!9 a%&ara*ua $e&o*e SPA1 Seara k-usus= &!*ak -a%ya e9ek $ul&!,l!er ya%) leb!- &!%))! *!ba8a-e


14/161

)a$bara% eko%o$! ya%) *!se*!aka% ole- ,e%*eka&a% &ra*!s!o%al1 Ala$a& ker&ask!&a $asala- !%!= *a% $e%!%)ka&ka% asu$s! ya%) b!asa%ya *!)u%aka% *ala$l!&era&ur &erka!&1

Ter*a,a& ,erbe*aa% s!)%!+ka% *ala$ -!,o&es!s $e&o*e *! bal!k ke*ua1 Me&o*es,a &ra*!s!o%al $e%er$!%ka% &a%))u%)ja8ab -!l!r= se,er&! !%! $el!,u&! e9ek

la%)su%) *a% &!*ak la%)su%) *ar! arus u%&uk ,ro*uks!1 Me&o*e SPA ya%)*!,erluaska% ya%) *!ajuka% *ala$ karya !%! ju)a $e%aku, &a%))u%) ja8ab-ulu= *e%)a% $e%a$ba-ka% kesa%(kesa% ko%su$s! ak-!r ,a*a ,e%))u%aa% a!r1Sebua- ,erba%*!%)a% ke*ua $e&o*e $e%ye*!aka% sebua- A,roks!$as!-ubu%)a% *ar! *!e&uska% ,e%)aru- ,a*a ,e%))u%aa% a!r ko%su$s!1 Fas!l *ar!a,l!kas! k!&a u%&uk Ca&alo%!a berar&!1 Kes!$,ula% ya%) *a,a& *!a$b!l ole-&ra*!s!o%al= ya%) *!usulka% HeBB(>@1u&%ar= I1 Galle)o= 1 Llo,= M1 *a% Cas&ells= 71 H4522. #e$!s! a&$os9era *a%

a%al!s!s ,a&- s&ruk&ural *ala$ ba-asa S,a%yol eko%o$!#= *ala$ Llo,= M1 He*!&or.Polus! u*ara.Mo*el!%) Eko%o$! *a% Keb!jaka% Ko%&rol= e%&-a$ e(uku= >2(617AO H4522. kea*aa% &a%a- *! *u%!a *a% su$ber *aya a!r u%&uk $aka%a% *a%,er&a%!a%1 Me%)elola S!s&e$(s!s&e$ ber!s!ko1 Or)a%!sas! Pa%)a% *a% Per&a%!a%P= Ro$ *a% Lo%*o%17erre!ra $elakuka% A$aral= 1 D!as= 1 *a% Lo,es= 1 C1 H455. #Ko$,leks!&asseba)a!sal!%) ke&er)a%&u%)a% ,a*a !%,u& s!s&e$(ou&,u= L!%)ku%)a% *a%$ere%a%aka%= >@= 2365(2@31Galle)o= 1 *a% Le%Je%= M1 H455. #!%,u& ya%) ko%s!s&e%(ou&,u& ,eru$usa%

,ro*use% bersa$a *a% &a%))u%) ja8ab ko%su$e%#= S!s&e$ Eko%o$! Resear-=2 H6= >3(


15/161

>@21Gara Mu!J= A1 S1 H452>. #,e%el!&!a% ou&,u&(I%,u& *ala$ eu!0ale%e s&ruk&ural.Eks&rak jala%(

jala% *a% kesa$aa%#= Eko%o$! Mo*el!%)= >2= @3(B5>1Fua%)= Y1 A1 Le%Je%= M1 eber= C1 L1 Murray= 1 *a% Salas!la Ma&!us= F1 S1 H455@.

#Pera%a%al!s!s ou&,u&(!%,u& u%&uk ,e$u&ara% jejak kak! karbo% ,erusa-aa%#=S!s&e$ Eko%o$! Resear-= 42H>= 42(4641Le%Je%= M1 H45521 #Sebua- !%,u& u$u$(ou&,u& $ul&!,l!er kalkulus u%&ukAus&ral!a#=S!s&e$ Eko%o$! Resear-= 2>= 3(@41Le%Je%= M1 H45541 #,a%*ua% u%&uk ,erse*!aa% ko$,!las! *ala$ ke-!*u,a%-ybr!*(,erse*!aa% s!klus.bebera,a -as!l Aus&ral!a#= our%al o9 Pro*uks! ya%) Leb!- ers!-= 25= 6(41Le%Je%= M1 H455>. #jala% l!%)ku%)a% ya%) ,e%&!%)= -ubu%)a% *a% sek&or ku%!*ala$,ereko%o$!a% Aus&ral!a#= ,eruba-a% s&ruk&ural *a% D!%a$!ka eko%o$!= 26= 2(>61

Le%Je%= M1 H455. #,a&- s&ruk&ural a%al!s!s jar!%)a% ekos!s&e$#= Ekolo)!Mo*el!%)= 455= >>6(>641Le%Je%= M1 Pa*e= L1 L1 *a% Mu%ks)aar*= 1 H45561 #,e%a$ba- CO4 *! 8!laya-(!%,u& $ul&!($o*el ou&,u= S!s&e$ Eko%o$! Resear-= 23= >@2(6241Le%Je%= M1 *a% 1 Murray H4525. #Co%e,&ual!s!%) &a%))u%) ja8ab &er-a*a,l!%)ku%)a%#=Eko%o$! Ekolo)!= 5= 432(451Llo,= M1 H455. #s&ruk&ur eko%o$! *a% !%&e%s!&as ,olus! *! *ala$kera%)ka kerja ou&,u&(!%,u& l!%)ku%)a%#= Keb!jaka% E%er)!= >= >625(>621Llo,= M1 H452>. #,e$ba-a)!a% a!r *ala$ $o*el ou&,u&(!%,u= Eko%o$! Ekolo)!=B3= 42(41Ma&&!la= T1 H4524. #ya%) berkela%ju&a% *eou,l!%) *ala$ eko%o$! 7!%la%*!aZSebua- ,erba%*!%)a%

jala%(jala% se&a,ak *a% ke,ekaa% &er*ala$ *ar! GDP *a% jejak ekolo)! 4554(455#=I%*!ka&or Ekolo)!= 23= 24B(2>61M!ller= R1 E1 *a% la!r= $ukasura& D1 H455@. A%al!s!s I%,u&(Ou&,u&. Dasar *a%Eks&e%s!=Ca$br!*)e U%!0ers!&y Press= Ne8 York1Mo= 1 X-a%)= [1 M!-el!= 1 R1 *a% Foka%so%= R1 H4522. #uju*ka%,erba%*!%)a% e%er)! *ar! a!r ,er$ukaa% a!r &a%a- *a% o,s! ,asoka%#= Pe%el!&!a%A!r=6= (B31

Pe&ers= G1 $ukasura& *a% Cra89or*(ro8%= D1 H4522. #al!ra% ,e$e&aa% *ar! l&.s#I&al!# > D Skel&o%= A1 Gua%=*!&u%juka% e$!s! *ala$ s!s&e$ ,ro*uks! )lobal#= Il$u Pe%)e&a-ua% *a%

Tek%olo)! L!%)ku%)a%= 6= 2523(254>1So%!s= M1 *a% Fe8!%)s= G1 1 D1 H2@@B. #keru$!&a% eko%o$! seba)a! ko$,l!kas!

jar!%)a%.!%,u& Mul&!re)!o%al(ou&,u& a%al!s!s ,a&- s&ruk&ural#= R!8aya&Il$u Re)!o%al= >4= 65(6>31So%!s= M1 Fe8!%)s= G1 1 D1 *a% Sul!s&yo8a&!= S1 H4553. #Me$blok!r a%al!s!s ,a&-s&ruk&ural.A,l!kas! u%&uk ,eruba-a% s&ruk&ural *ala$ eko%o$! I%*o%es!a#= S!s&e$ Eko%o$!Resear-= @ H>= 43(4B51

UNEP H455B. A!r Pe%&!%). R!%)kasa% *ar! )ra+s %e)ara *! *u%!a *a% se)ara!r lau& ya%) ke(41 4 e*!&!o%1 Pro)ra$ L!%)ku%)a% P= Na!rob!1


16/161

Kayu= R1 *a% Le%Je%= M1 H455@. #,a&- s&ruk&ural *!*eko$,os!s!#= Eko%o$! E%er)!=>2= >>(>621Kayu= R1 Le%Je%= M1 Dey= C1 *a% Lu%*!e= S1 H4553. #s&u*! ba%*!%) *ar! bebera,a*a$,ak l!%)ku%)a% *a% ,er&a%!a% or)a%!k ko%0e%s!o%al *! Aus&ral!a#=s!s&e$ ,er&a%!a%= B@= >46(>6B1

DR H4524. A!r Du%!a P La,ora% Pe$ba%)u%a% 61 Me%)elolaa!r *! ba8a- ke&!*ak,as&!a% *a% r!s!ko1 Pbb= Pe%*!*!ka% *a%Or)a%!sas! u*aya Il$!a-= Par!s1


17/161

Pa&- 4Mel!-a& Pasal O%l!%e Karya Mel!-a& our%al \ Mel!-a& Masala-$a-as!s8a' s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a== berla&!- a&au ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *a%,res&as!%ya.$o*el ,ersa$aa% s&ruk&ural

/!aoy!%) a%al!s!s /u= *e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l= Sa-el M1 V!lla9a%e *a% e%%!9er E1Le8!skeber-as!la% s!s8a *! ,er)urua% &!%))! ,e%)a%&ar &!%)ka&(kursus k!$!a a*ala-,e%&!%) ba)! $ereka u%&uk $ela%ju&ka% ke kursus !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua% ya%) leb!-$aju *a% u%&uk ke$ajua% kar!r ya%) ber-ubu%)a% *e%)a% !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua%1S&u*! sebelu$%ya $e%u%jukka% ba-a8a ke*ua(*ua as,ek ko)%!&!9 *a% %o%(0ar!abel ko)%!&!9 rele0a% u%&uk keber-as!la% s!s8a1 Dala$ s&u*! !%!= S&ru&uralEua&!o% Mo*el!%) HSEM &ela- *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$,re*!ks! ,res&as! s!s8a*ala$ k!$!a *ar! ke*ua(*ua as,ek ko)%!&!9 Hke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka= sebelu$,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *ala$ k!$!a *a% %o%(as,ek ko)%!&!9 Hs!ka, &er-a*a,k!$!a la%)ka-(la%)ka-1 Tujua% ,e%el!&!a% !%! a*ala- u%&uk $e%yel!*!k! ya%) &!)aal&er%a&!9 $o*el SEM ,al!%) sesua! *e%)a% -ubu%)a% *! a%&ara 0ar!abel(0ar!abel

!%! *a% ,res&as!%ya *ala$ !l$u k!$!a= *a% bera,a ba%yak berla8a%a% *ala$,e%a,a!a% k!$!a *a,a& *!jelaska%1 Fas!l%ya $e%ye*!aka% *uku%)a% u%&uk$e%))u%aka% $o*el SEM *e%)a% se$ua &!)a ,re*!k&or= *e%)a% 3@ *ar!berla8a%a% *ala$ ,e%a,a!a% k!$!a *!jelaska%1 Ke*ua sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua%ko%se,&ual *a% s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a $e$ber!ka% ko%&r!bus! ya%) s!)%!+ka%ba)!a% u%!k ke ,re*!ks! ,res&as! k!$!a saa& $e%)o%&rol u%&uk ke$a$,ua%$a&e$a&!ka1 Fas!l $e%yara%ka% a)ar!%s&ruk&ur *a,a& $e%!%)ka&ka% ,res&as!s!s8a *ala$ k!$!a &!*ak -a%ya *e%)a% $e$usa&ka% ,er-a&!a% ,a*a $e$ba%&u$ereka u%&uk $e$ba%)u% ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual= &e&a,! ju)a ole- $e$u,uks!ka, ,os!&!9 $ereka &er-a*a, k!$!a1 S&u*! !%! ju)a $e$,u%ya! !$,l!kas! ba)!Se$ ,e%el!&!= ba!k u%&uk $e%!ru belajar *ala$ ko%&eks la!%= *a% u%&uk$e%a$ba-ka% rele0a% la!%%ya ya%) ber,o&e%s! ,re*!k&or1 I%s&ru$e%& ,ara,e%)e$ba%) *a,a& ju)a $e%))u%aka% s&ra&e)! $o*el!%) seba)a! ba&u lo%a&a%u%&uk $e%)o,&!$alka% sebua- ala& ba%&u assess$e%&1

I%&ro*u&!o% Sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual ju)a &ela- *!&e$uka% u%&ukber,e%)aru- ,a*a ,res&as! ber!ku&%ya HSeery $a-as!s8a= 455@ ,er)urua% &!%))!Pe%)a%&ar a)%er &!%)ka&(k!$!a kursus ya%) *!,erluka% u%&uk e& al1= 45541Sela!% !&u= %o%(9ak&or ko)%!&!9 s!s8a ko)%!&!9 u%&uk $ela%ju&ka% kursus a*0a%e*k!$!a *a% u%&uk 9ak&or(9ak&or= se,er&!= luas s!ka, belajar *! -e$( ke$ajua% kar!rya%) ber-ubu%)a% *e%)a% !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua%1 Ole- kare%a !&u= $a-as!s8a !s&ryarea ,e%*!*!ka% seba)a! ,e%)aru- ,o&e%s!al ,a*a k!%erja s!s8a *! ,er)urua%&!%))! ,e%)a%&ar kursus k!$!a ,res&as! &e&a, Hauer= 455B Cukro8ska e& al1=

2@@@ Ru$a-= $e%ja*! ,er-a&!a% ,ara ,e%*!*!k1 Dala$ ,a%*ua% u%&ukke,u&usa%(ke,u&usa% &e%&a%) 2@@ /u= *e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l *a% Le8!s= 45221!%&er0e%s! ya%) *a,a& $e%ja*! e9ek&!9 *ala$ $e%!%)ka&ka% $a-as!s8a *ala$s&u*! !%!= ka$! &er&ar!k u%&uk $e%)kaj! -ubu%)a%( ber,res&as!= la%)ka- ,er&a$aa*ala- u%&uk $e$a-a$! 9ak&or(9ak&or ya%) *!k!r!$ka% a%&ara &!)a 9ak&or ku%!=s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a= sebelu$ ,res&as! ,e%)aru-1 a%yak 9ak&or= se,er&! ke$bal!$a-as!s8a( ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual= *a% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka= *a%-ubu%)a% $ereka &a%a- *a% l!%)ku%)a% sekola-= &ela- *!la,orka% ke !%]u(*e%)a% ,er9or$a k!$!a u%&uk $a-as!s8a &er*a9&ar *ala$ e%e k!%erja s!s8a*ala$ !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua% H$!s1 u%e *a% se$es&er ,er&a$a ,er)urua% &!%))!,e%)a%&ar k!$!a1 Ke&!)a(&!)a a%&ara Fu&-!%so%= 2@@> Cak!! e& al1= 4522 Seery=455@1 Dala$ 9ak&or k!$!a &ela- &erbuk&! $e%ja*! ba!k ,re*!k&or keber-as!la%

,e%*!*!ka%= ,e%el!&!a% &ela- *!lakuka% u%&uk $e$,re*!ks! s!s8a $e%a,a!(*ala$ ko%&eks ya%) seru,a s&u*! sebelu$%ya H$!sal%ya= Goo*!%) e& al1= Pe$kab


18/161

olle)e kursus k!$!a1 Ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka &ela- 2@@5 Ru$a-= 2@@ P!e%&a=455> /u= *e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l *a% Le8!s= 45221 Dala$ ,e%&!%) u%&uk,e%e$,a&a% s!s8a ke ,er)urua% &!%))! &er&e%&u sa$,!%)= 9ak&or(9ak&or !&u ya%),rak&!s ,e%&!%) u%&uk *aera-( kursus k!$!a ser&a u%&uk ,re*!ks! k!$!a &!o%ala$ala% $ereka1 S&ra&e)! !%s&ruks!o%al e9ek&!9 *a,a& $e%su,,or& ,er,!%*a-a%(

a-!e0e$e%& HCoo,er *a% Pearso%= 4524 P!e%&a= 455> So&&= 45241 $e%&e**ala$ !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua% kelas u%&uk $e$,e%)aru-! 9ak&or(9ak&or !%!1 M!sal%ya=M!l!k Tu-a% H2@@ *!)u%aka% -a%*s(,a*a ,ro)ra$ labora&or!u$ u%&uk$e%*oro%) s!s8a s!ka, ,os!&!9 &er-a*a, !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua%= se$e%&ara *!)u%aka%seara !%*!0!*ual $!rosale ,erobaa%(,erobaa%

(k!$!a u%&uk $e$,erba!k! ,er!laku s!s8a &er-a*a, k!$!a ba!k ,e%)ala$a%la%)su%) a&au ko-or& belajar *ar! ,rak&!k1 Ebe%(-aeJer e& al1 H4525*!!$,le$e%&as!ka% !%&er0e%( HMa!o l!%)ku%)a% *a% Fa**ok= 452511 u%&uk $e%*oro%) ,eruba-a% ,os!&!9 s!s8a *ala$ ba%yak ko%se,&ual ara ya%)berbe*a u%&uk $e%)ukur1,e%)e&a-ua%= *ala$ s!ka, *e%)a% ara ya%) sa$a= Re)a% e& al1 H4522

*!)u%aka% s!s8a s!ka, s&a%*ar &er$asuk la%)ka-(la%)ka- s!s!k se,er&! L!ker&=kesala-,a-a$a%= *ala$ k!$!a u%&uk $e%)e$ba%)ka% sebua- kursus u%&ukGu&&$a% &u&or!al= T-urs&o%= *a% *!9ere%s!al se$a%&!k1 Dala$ area sul!& ora%)&ar)e& k!$!a1 Ak-!r%ya= P!e%&a H455> $e%)e$ba%)ka% ,e%*!*!ka%= bebera,a!%s&ru$e% s!ka, ya%) $as!- a*a a*ala- ,e%!la!a% $a&e$a&!ka *a% &u&or!al u%&ukk!$!a u$u$ K!$!a E


19/161

leb!- kursus la%ju&a%1 Seba)a! al&er%a&!9= ukura% leb!- u$u$( *a% a%al!s!s re)res!lo)!s&!k HRu$a-= 2@@1 alau *e$!k!a%= ,erala&a% ,e$kab !%!= k-usus%ya uj!a%%as!o%al se,er&! k!$!a -ubu%)a% ya%) ,os!&!9 &ela- *!&e$uka% u%&uk ber)a%&u%),a*a uj!a% ya%) *!se*!aka% ole- ,e%)a$a&a% ya%) I%s&!&u&e o9 A$er!a% ala&ya%) *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e%)ukur s!ka, s!s8a= $e$bua& !%s&ru( Masyaraka& K!$!a

HACS D!0!s! Pe%*!*!ka% K!$!a= *a,a& ,!l!-a% ,e$kab sa&u !su ,e%&!%) H/u=*e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l *a% Le8!s= 45221 T!*ak -a%ya *a,a& *!)u%aka% seba)a!ukura% ,res&as! Pe$er!ksaa% H&!*ak ASCI04's !%9or$as! ,sy-o$e&r! $e$bua& !aya%) $asuk akal I%s&!&u&e= 2@@1 ebera,a uj!a% ACS seara )a$bla%)*!a$,ur ke*ua ,!l!-a%= /u= *e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l *a% Le8!s H4522=$e%))u%aka%= *!&e$uka% re)res! )a%*a HTra*!s!o%al *a% al)or!&$!k ,er&a%yaa%ko%se,&ual u%&uk $e%)ukur ba-8a sala- sa&u ko$,o%e% s!ka, ya%) *!ukur ole-ASCI04 ,er9or$a s!s8a *ala$ ko%se,(ko%se, &er&u&u, sela$a olle)e$e$a!%ka% ,era%a% ya%) ,e%&!%) *a% ,era% u%!k *ala$ $e$,re*!ks! $e%a,a!ak-!r( kursus k!$!a HI%s&!&u& Uj!a%= 2@@ Le8!s *a% ,erba!ka% $a%aje$e% *ala$se$es&er ,er&a$a k!$!a u$u$ kursus1Le8!s= 455B1 Keu%&u%)a% u&a$a *ar! $e%))u%aka% skor uj!a% ACS a&as kelas

kursus= seba)a! ukura% ,er9or$a a&au a-!e0e$e%& sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua%ko%se,&ual *a% -ubu%)a% *e%)a% &ar)e& *ala$ k!$!a= a*ala- -as!l leb!- s!a,)e%eral!Jable ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual $a-as!s8a sebelu$%ya a*ala- 9ak&or la!%ya%) &ela- $el!%&as! le$ba)a(le$ba)a HI%s&!&u& Uj!a%= 2@@ Le8!s *a% *!a%))a,,e%&!%) u%&uk $e$,elajar! !l$u k!$!a *ala$ ar&! ya%) Le8!s= 4551 jala%1 S!s8a!*e(!*e ya%) sala- a&au ko%se,s! al&er%a&!9 &e%&a%) &o,!k ,e%&!%) *a,a&$e%)-ala%)! belajar leb!- *ala$ *ar! ora%)(ora%) *a% s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a *a%-ubu%)a% *e%)a% &o,!k(&o,!k la!% ya%) &erka!& *e%)a% ,res&as! *ala$ !l$u k!$!a=se-!%))a $e$,e%)aru-! s!s8a s!ka, &eor!(&eor! ko%&e$,orer $e%e&a,ka%%yaseba)a! '',s!kolo)!s ,res&as! &erak-!r *ala$ kursus !%! HGabel= 2@@@ Nak-le-=2@@4 kee%*eru%)a% ya%) *!%ya&aka% ole- $e%)e0aluas! e%&!&! &er&e%&u *e%)a%N!oll= 45521 Kare%a !&u= $e%yel!*!k! -ubu%)a% bebera,a *eraja& *ar! kas!-karu%!a a&au ke&!*akber,!-aka%'' HEa)ly *a% C-a!ke%= 2@@>= a%&ara ,e%)e&a-ua%$a-as!s8a sebelu$%ya *a% ,res&as!%ya a*ala- $e$belajarka% s!s8a($ukasura& 21 Kerjasa$a Tr!,ar&!& $o*el &eor! ya%) &er*!r! *ar! &!)a ,e%&!%)1Sebua- kaj!a% &erbaru $ela,orka% ba-8a ,e%)e&a-ua% sebelu$%ya ya%) ,al!%)*!$e%s! s!ka,= $e$,e%)aru-! ,er!laku== *a% area ko)%!&!9= $eru,aka% 9ak&or,e%&!%) *ala$ ,e%a,a!a% ,re*!ks! u%&uk S2 ya%) *!ajuka% ole- Rose%ber) *a%Fo0la%* H2@35= $ukasura& >1 T!%)ka& ,ajak k!$!a HSeery= 455@1 alau*e$!k!a%= seba)a! Do-y H2@@@ *!&u%jukka%= berka!&a% *e%)a% ko$,o%e% s!s!e$os!o%al res,o% ya%) $e%)u%)ka,ka% ak!ba&(ak!ba& ,e%)e&a-ua% sebelu$%ya&er)a%&u%) ,a*a &!%)ka& assess$e%& *e%)a% rasa -or$a& u%&uk sebua-,re9ere%s! $e&o*e &er&e%&u *!)u%aka%1

e%&!&!= se,er&! subjek k!$!a1 Se$a&a ko)%!&!9 o$,o( ebera,a ala& !&u &ela-*!ke$ba%)ka% *e%)a% 9okus ,a*a %e%& a*ala- e0aluas! ya%) &er*!r! *ar! sebua-ke,erayaa% !%*!0!*u *a% k!$!a ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *ar!,a*a ro&e$e$or!Ja( ,e%)e&a-ua% &e%&a%) e%&!&!1 Ko$,o%e% ,er!laku(orre( sekur!&as l&=&er$asuk k!$!a ,e$a-a$a% ko%se, s,o%*s &es u%&uk sebua- &ujua% 0erbal a&aukee%*eru%)a% ,er!laku *ar! sebua- HCCUT HDa%!,o) *a% 7er!*o= 4522= *!ba8a- ko%se,&ual $a-as!s8a( !%*!0!*u ber&!%*ak &er-a*a, e%&!&! &ersebu&1 S!ka,!%! &!*ak res!s&e% ber*!r! Tes& HSCUT HL!% e& al1= 455= ko%se, k!$!a u%&uk$e%)uba-. ke%a!ka% !%*!0!*ual seba)!a% besar a&au *!a s!ka,(%ya *ar! !%0e%&ar!sHCCI HMul9or* *a% Rob!%so%= 4554= Par&!ula&e


20/161

,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a ,e%el!&!a% *a% ,rak&eks!9a& $a&er! *a% Pe%)!ka&a% K!$!a ala& *!a)%os&!k HFere*!a e& al1= 4524 O&-$a%e& al1= 455B= *a% &ar)e& sala- 9a-a$ !%0e%&ar!s H&$! HFere*!a= 45241 Se$ua!%s&ru$e% !%! &ela- *!ra%a%) *a% *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$asukka% ,e%)e&a-ua%

$a-as!s8a sebelu$%ya *ala$ k!$!a *a% u%&uk $e%)e%al! !%or s!s8a( re& !*e(!*e= &e&a,! &!*ak a*a $u%ul u%&uk &ela- *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$,re*!ks!ber,res&as!1 Sela!% !&u= &erse*!a seara ,ubl!k ,sy-o$e&r! buk&! &erba&as u%&ukba%yak *ar! !%s&ru$e% !%!1 Kare%a TMI &ela- *!ra%a%) *e%)a% s&ruk&ur 9ak&or*a% bebera,a buk&! ,sy-o$e&r! *a,a& *!,erole-= !a a*ala- ka%*!*a& ya%) ba!ku%&uk $e%)ukur ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual $a-as!s8a sebelu$%ya *a% u%&uk$e%yel!*!k! -ubu%)a% a%&ara ,e%)e&a-ua% sebelu$%ya *a% ,res&as! s!s8a1Ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% -ubu%)a% *e%)a% ,e%a,a!a%ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka &ela- la$a *!a%))a, ,e%&!%) u%&uk $e%a,a!( ,e$kabk!$!a HS,e%er= 2@@31 SAT a*ala- ya%) ,al!%) ba%yak *!)u%aka% olle)eke$asuka% &es& *ala$ AS= *a% !a &ela- ber-as!l *!)u%aka% seba)a! e%er)!,er9or$a !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua% *! ,er)urua% &!%))! HE8!%) e& al1= 4551 Dala$

*u*uk seba)a! seluru- $eru,aka% ala& ,ersuas! s!s8a *ala$ berba)a! $a&a,elajara% a,&!&u*e se,er&! $e$baa= $e%ul!s= *a% $a&e$a&!ka= $a-as!s8a*e%)a% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *!ukur ole- ba)!a% kua%&!&a&!9 *u*uk= SATM1Fubu%)a% a%&ara SATM *a% k!%erja s!s8a *ala$ olle)e k!$!a &ela-*!*oku$e%&as!ka% *e%)a% ba!k *ala$ l!&era&ur ,e%el!&!a% Hu%e a%&araFu&-!%so%= 2@@> *a% Le8!s *a% Le8!s= 455= 455B S,e%er= 2@@3 a)%er e&al1= 45541 Dala$ sa&u kaj!a%= S,e%er H2@@3 $e%e$uka% ba-8a skor SATM$eru,aka% 9ak&or ,e%&!%) *ala$ $e%e%&uka% kelas s!s8a ,er)urua% &!%))! *!&!%)ka&(k!$!a u$u$1 Dala$ s&u*! la!% *!9okuska% ,a*a &!%)ka& olle)e k!$!au$u$= Le8!s *a% Le8!s H455 *!&e$uka% *e%)a% ukura% se*a%) korelas! a%&araskor SATM *a% ACS skor uj!a% ak-!r1 Se$e%&ara la%)ka-(la%)kala!% *ar!ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka a*a HCoo,er *a% Pearso%= 4524 P!e%&a= 455> a)%ere& al1= 4554= SATM &ela- *!&e$uka% u%&uk $e%ja*! ukura% s!s8a sesua!ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% e%er)! ya%) ba!k *ar! ,res&as! *! ,er)urua% &!%))!,e%)a%&ar k!$!a1Fubu%)a% ko%se,&ual *! &e%)a-(&e%)a- kee$,a& 9ak&or(9ak&or *ala$ k!$!ase,er&! ya%) &ela- *!sebu&ka% *!skus! $e%u%jukka%= ke&!)a(&!)a 9ak&or(9ak&or *a%-ubu%)a% $ereka *e%)a% ,e%a,a!a% *ala$ k!$!a !%! &ela- *!&el!&! sebelu$%ya=&e&a,! b!asa%ya *ala$ s&u*! ya%) berbe*a1 Usula% -ubu%)a% seara bersa$aa%*! a%&ara berba)a! 9ak&or ya%) berbe*a u%&uk s&u*! !%! a*ala- *!&u%jukka% *ala$,o-o% ara1 21 K!%erja s!s8a *ala$ !l$u k!$!a= ya%) *!ukur ole- ,res&as! s!s8a*ala$ kursus !%!= a*ala- la%)su%) *!,e%)aru-! ole- &!)a ,re*!k&or. s!ka, s!s8a&er-a*a, k!$!a= sebelu$ $ereka ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *a% ke$a$,ua%

$a&e$a&!ka $ereka1 Fubu%)a% *! a%&ara 0ar!abel(0ar!abel !%! *!-ara,ka% ole-kare%a !&u $ereka &ela- *!se&el u%&uk $e%)-ubu%)ka% *e%)a% sa&u sa$a la!%*ala$ $o*el !%! se,er&! ya%) *!,erl!-a&ka% ole- ,a%a- )a%*a *ala$ ,o-o% ara121S&ru&ural Eua&!o% Mo*el!%) HSEMS&ru&ural Eua&!o% Mo*el!%) HSEM a*ala- sebua- ,e%*eka&a% a%al!s!s *a&a$ul&!0ar!a&e *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$,elajar! -ubu%)a% ko$,leks *! a%&ara0ar!abel(0ar!abel1 Per&a%yaa% ,e%el!&!a% k-as ya%) *a,a& $e%ja8ab$e%))u%aka% SEM a*ala- ber)a%*a *ua. H2 a)a!$a%a bebera,a 0ar!abel(0ar!abel ber!%&eraks!karya ,o-o%ara1 2 $o*el ko%se,&ual k!$!a ,res&as! *a% &!)a ,re*!k&or HMo*el 21

*e%)a% sa&u sa$a la!%Z= *a% H4 Ya%) *ar! bebera,a $o*el -!,o&e&!s ,al!%)sesua! *e%)a% *a&a e$,!r!sZ


21/161

SEM &ela- *!)u%aka% seara luas *! bebera,a *!s!,l!% !l$u se,er&! eko%o$!HGoerJe% *a% ea$!s-= 455 Kay%ak= 455> *a% ,s!kolo)! HMaCallu$ *a%Aus&!%= 4555 e! e& al1= 455>1 Dala$ ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua%= !a &ela-*!,ekerjaka% u%&uk $e%yel!*!k! ,roses ,e$belajara% *a% u%&uk $e%!%)ka&ka%HAbbo&& !%s&ruks! *a% er%!%)er= 2@@> Cak!! e& al1= 4522 Fe$$!%)s e& al1= 4522

S-re!ber e& al1= 45531 aru(baru !%! *ala$ ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a= S&a$o0las!se& al1 H4524 $ela,orka% -ubu%)a% *! a%&ara kelas(kese$b!la% s$, s!s8a Yu%a%!,e$a-a$a% &e%&a%) $e%)uba- %e)ara *ar! $a&er! *a% &!)a 0ar!abel ko)%!&!9.,e$!k!ra% lo)!s= +el* ke&er)a%&u%)a% ya%):+el*(ke$er*ekaa% *a% o%(0er)e%e:,erbe*aa%= *e%)a% $o*el ak-!r u%&uk aku%&a%s! B *ar! berla8a%a%se&ela- ,e$a-a$a% s&ruk&ural &ela- *!ser&aka% *! kala%)a% ,re*!k&or1 Dala$s&u*! ya%) la!%= Pe*a)a%) e& al1 H4524 $e%yel!*!k! -ubu%)a% *! a%&ara 0ar!abel(0ar!abel se,er&! ke$a$,ua% s,a&!al= e+kas! *!r!= *a% k!$!a ,res&as! belajar u%&ukolle)e k!$!a s!s8a= *e%)a% $o*el u%&uk aku%&a%s! 6 *ar! berla8a%a% *!,er9or$a *!ukur ole- sebua- &es k!$!a1 K!$ *a% la)u H4525 *!kaj! e9ek(e9ekba-asa Korea s!s8a sekola- &!%))! ,e$!sa-a% H-ak!k! *a% $au,u% eks&r!%s!ks!ka, &er-a*a, !l$u ,e%)e&a-ua%= bu%)a= *a% ,e$a-a$a% ko%se,&ual ,a*a

,res&as! sekola- *e%)a% $o*el ya%) $e%jelaska% >> *ar! berla8a%a% *!ber,res&as!1 Me$u&ar 9okus u%&uk ,e$a-a$a% ko%se,&ual= N!es8a%*& H455ber$u%ula% -ubu%)a% a%&ara 0ar!abel a9ek&!9= &er$asuk s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a*a% k!$!a ko%se, *!r!= *a% ,e$a-a$a% s!s8a k!$!a ko%se,(ko%se, u%&uk ,elajarkelas kese$b!la% *! er$a% *a% $e%e$uka% ba-8a ko%se, *!r! s!s8a $e$!l!k!,e%)aru- ,os!&!9 *a% s!)%!+ka% ,a*a ,e$a-a$a% ko%se,&ual1S-re!ber e& al1 H4553 *a% S-re!ber H455B &ela- reo$( *!,erba!k! ,e$bua&a%,e*o$a% u%&uk $e%))u%aka% la,ora%= *a% e0aluas! SEM s&u*!es *! b!*a%),e%*!*!ka% *a% sos!al1 S&a%*ar* %o%( $asala- &ek%!s u%&uk ,e%el!&!a%= se,er&!9ak&a ba-8a ,er&a%yaa% ,e%el!&!a% -arus $e%ja$!% $e%))u%aka% &ek%!k a%al!saya%) *!,!l!-= -al(-al ya%) $u%)k!%= ju)a berlaku u%&uk s&u*! Se$= &e&a,!$e%))u%aka% SEM $e%a$ba-ka% bebera,a ,ersyara&a% &ek%!s ser&a1 M!sal%ya=,e$ba-asa% besar sa$,el= *a&a -!la%)= !%*eks sesua! ,erk!raa% ,ara$e&er=e9ek= ukura%= $e%jelaska% berla8a%a%=

Karya ras!o%alu%&uk $o*!+kas! $o*el= *a% ,e%))u%aa% $o*el berula%) !%! ,e%&!%) ba)! Se$s&u*!es HKl!%e= 4525 S-re!ber= 455B S-re!( ber e& al1= 45531 Publ!kas! SEMbaru(baru !%! *ala$ ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a ya%) *!sebu&ka% *! a&as &!%))al ba!k

ole- ,a%*ua% !%! *e%)a% rasa -or$a& u%&uk $ela,orka% !%*eks ,as *a%,erk!raa% ,ara$e&er 8alau *e$!k!a%= a*a bebera,a l!$!&as! *! *aera- la!%1Per&a$a= sa&u kaj!a% la,ora% &!*ak $e%jelaska% berla8a%a% HN!es8a%*&= 4551Ke*ua= *ua s&u*!(s&u*! ya%) *!lakuka% *e%)a% ukura% o%&o- sa%)a& ke!l HK!$*a% la)u= 4525 N!es8a%*&= 455= ya%) $e%)esa%ka% ba-8a re,l!kas! &ra%saks!*!ja$!%1 M!sal%ya= K!$ *a% la)u H4525 $e%e$uka% ba-8a &!*ak a*a -ubu%)a%a%&ara s!ka, &o,!k *a% ,res&as! sekola- u%&uk 25&-(a%&ara &e$a% sekola-%ya *ar!kelas H% 25@ *a% sebua- -ubu%)a% %e)a&!9( ka,al u%&uk 22&-(a%&ara &e$a%sekola-%ya *ar! kelas H% 225= ya%) sa%)a& $e%ar!k= &e&a,! -arus *!0er!+kas!,o,ulas! ya%) leb!- besar1 Ke&!)a= 8alau,u% se$ua ,e%el!&!a% !%! *!,er!ksabebera,a $o*el($o*el= $ereka &!*ak ukura% e9ek la,ora% u%&uk -ubu%)a% ya%)*!la,orka%= *a% &!*ak $e%yel!*!k! $o*el berula%)= ya%) $a%a ke*ua(*ua%ya

aka% $e%)ak&!9ka% leb!- *!re& o$( ,ar!so%s a%&ara $o*el1 Seara u$u$=


22/161

$esk!,u% s&u*! e$,a& !%! $e8ak!l! a8al ya%) $e%ja%j!ka%= $as!- a*akekura%)a% SEM a%al!s!s *ala$ ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a resear-1S&u*!

Tujua% *ar! s&u*! !%! a*ala- u%&uk $e%)kaj! -ubu%)a% ber,o&e%s! rele0a%0ar!abel e%er)! se,er&! s!ka, s!s8a &er-a*a, k!$!a= s!s8a sebelu$ k%o8l

ko%se,&ual( &e,! k!$!a= *a% s!s8a ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka u%&uk ,res&as! s!s8a*ala$ !l$u k!$!a= se$e%&ara u%&uk aku%&a%s! -ubu%)a% !%! *! kala%)a% 0ar!abele%er)!1 K-usus%ya= sasara%%ya a*ala- u%&uk $e%))u%aka% S&ru&ural Eua&!o%Mo*el!%) HSEM u%&uk $e%!la! -ubu%)a% -!,o&e&!s *! a%&ara 0ar!abel(0ar!abelse,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 21E$,a& -!,o&es!s &er&e%&u u%&uk s&u*! !%! a*ala-.H2 ya%) ,e%u- *e%)a% $o*el SEM se$ua &!)a ,re*!k&or aka% sesua! *a&a ya%)leb!- ba!k *ar!,a*a sebua- $o*el &a%,a ,e%yer&aa% sebelu$ o%( e,&ual,e%)e&a-ua% seba)a! e%er)!1H4 ,erba%*!%)a% berla8a%a% *! ,res&as! *!jelaska% ole- $o*el aka% searas!)%!+ka% $e%)ura%)! j!ka $e%)ukur( $e%& kesala-a% ya%) *!aba!ka% a&au j!kasebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *!-a,us seba)a! e%er)!1

H> *a% s!ka, sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual $e$!l!k! *a$,ak la%)su%) ,a*a,res&as! k!$!a saa& ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka !%! *!ko%&rol1H6 A*a korelas! ya%) s!)%!+ka% *! a%&ara s!ka,= ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka= *a%sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual1

S!ka, I%s&ru$e% $e&o*e1 S!ka, s!s8a &er-a*a, k!$!a *!ukur ole- s!ka, &er-a*a,subjek k!$!a 0ers! 4 HASCI0 I%0e%&ar!s4 ak-!ra& H/u= *e%)a% ala$a& e($a!l *a%Le8!s= 45221 Dala$ !%s&ru( $e%& &er*!r! *ar! *ua s!s!k. ''Akses!b!l!&as I%&elek&ual''=$e%))a$barka%( !%) *ala$ s!ka, *!$e%s! ko)%!&!9 *a% ''Ke,uasa% e$os!o%al''=ya%) $e%))a$barka% *!$e%s! a9ek&!91 Dala$ !%s&ru( $e%& &er*!r! *ar! *ela,a%!&e$= e$,a& !&e$ *ala$ skala $as!%)($as!%) se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ,a*a

Tabel 21 Skala !%s&ru$e% a*ala- *!9ere%s!al se$a%&!k $ula! *ar! 2(1Pe%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a ,e%el!&!a% *a% ,rak&eksebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual1 Pe%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual $a-as!s8asebelu$%ya *ala$ k!$!a *!%!la! ole- D!&ar)e&ka% M!so%( e,&!o% !%0e%&ar!s H&$!HFere*!a= 45241 Dala$ TMI a*ala- *ua(&!er bebera,a !%s&ru$e% ,!l!-a%(&ar)e&ya%) &!)a ko%se, &er&e%&u *ar! k!$!a u$u$. bo%* e%er)!= ,eruba-a% &a-a,= *a%!o%! bo%*!%)1 Ko%se, *asar !%! -arus *!ba-as *ala$ kursus k!$!a sebelu$%yase,er&! sekola- &!%))! k!$!a a&au ,er)urua% &!%))! ,ers!a,a% k!$!a *a% leb!- jau-*!ba%)u% *! a&as *ala$ olle)e k!$!a u$u$1 TMI *!ra%a%) u%&uk $e%)e%al!s!s8a kesul!&a% a&au !*e(!*e ya%) sala- *e%)a% ko%se, *asar !%! ,a*a a8alse$es&er ,er&a$a olle)e k!$!a u$u$1 Tes ya%) &er*!r! *ar! 2B soal ,!l!-a%)a%*a= ya%) sesua! u%&uk @ !&e$= *e%)a% se&!a, *ua ,er&a%yaa% &!%)ka&(*!k!ra

seba)a! sala- sa&u !&e$1 Peser&a ,erlu $e%ja8ab ke*ua &!%)ka&a% *e%)a% be%aru%&uk $e%*a,a&ka% 2 ,o!% u%&uk sebua- !&e$1Se&!a, ko%se, *ala$ TMI *!8ak!l! ole- &!)a !&e$ ya%) ber!ku& s&ruk&ur ,aralelse,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ,a*a Tabel 41 Skor ya%) $u%)k!% berk!sar a%&ara 5-!%))a @ ,o!%1 alau,u% TMI $el!,u&! &!)a ko%se, *asar *ala$ k!$!a u$u$= !a&erba&as *ala$ sko,%ya1Ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka1 S!s8a ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *!ukur $e%))u%aka%ba)!a% kua%&!&a&!9 *u*uk HSATM ak-!ra&1 SAT a*ala- b!asa%ya *!ber!ka% *ala$&a-u% &erak-!r *ar! sekola- &!%))!= *a% *!)u%aka% seba)a! uj!a% $asuk ,er)urua%&!%))! *! AS skor $aks!$al u%&uk SATM sela$a ja%)ka 8ak&u !%! a*ala- B551 SkorSATM &ela- *!&e$uka% $e$!l!k! bebera,a koe+s!e% ko%s!s&e%s! !%&er%alHCro%ba-1 *ar! 5=@4= al,-a ya%) $e$uaska% ba)! sebua- &aru-a% &!%))! &es&

HE8!%) e& al1= 4551


23/161

Pe%a,a!a% k!$!a1 Pres&as! S!s8a *ala$ k!$!a *!ukur ole- skor s!s8a ,a*a 7!rs&(Ter$ K!$!a U$u$ D!a$,ur *!,er!ksa *ar! I%s&! Uj!a%( &u&e *ar! D!0!s! Masyaraka&K!$!a A$er!ka Pe%*!*!ka% K!$!a Huj!a% ACS ak-!ra&1 Ia &er*!r! a&as 65,er&a%yaa%(,er&a%yaa% *!ba)! ra&a HTra*!s!o%al *a% al)or!&$!k ,er&a%yaa%ko%se,&ual HI%s&!&u& Uj!a%= 2@@1

Pe%)u$,ula% Da&a *a% ,eser&a,eser&a a*ala- ,eser&a ya%) ber$!%a& *ala$ !s&!la- ,er&a$a *ar! sebua- kursusk!$!a u$u$ sela$a ja&u- &a-u% 4525 *! sebua- u%!0ers!&as ,e%el!&!a% ,ubl!k&e%))ara besar1 Se$ua s!s8a $e%)a$b!l uj!a% ya%) sa$a ,a*a 8ak&u ya%)sa$a1 ASCI04 *a% TMI &ela- *!ber!ka% ke,a*a s!s8a sela$a $!%))u ke*uase$es&er !&u seba)a! karya ,e%s!l *a% $e%)uj! *ala$ uj!a% re)uler ja$= *e%)a%ASCI04 $ela%ju&ka% TMI1Uj!a% ACS ya%) *!ber!ka% ke,a*a s!s8a seba)a! uj!a% kursus ak-!r ,a*a ak-!rse$es&er1

To&al 233 s!s8a ya%) $e%*a9&ar ke *ala$ kursus !%!1 D! &e%)a-(&e%)a- $ereka=44 s!s8a skor SATM= 2>@@ &ela- ASCI04= skor 264 &ela- skor TMI= *a% 24@&ela- ACS skor uj!a% ak-!r1

Seara keseluru-a%= @54 s!s8a *a&a ya%) le%)ka, u%&uk SATM= ASCI04= TMI= *a%uj!a% ACS= *a% &ela- *!ser&aka% *ala$ a%al!s!s Se$1

Tabel > $e%yaj!ka% !%9or$as! *e$o)ra+s ba)! ,ara ,eser&a *ala$ r!se& !%!1Ter*a,a& 56 ,ere$,ua% H41> *a% 6@ lak!(lak! H6=1 Dala$ ,e%)ura!a%u%&uk o%&o- !%! sa%)a& $!r!, *e%)a% $e%*a9&arka% ,e%*u*uk *ar! 233 s!s8aH412 *a% 6=@ lak! ,ere$,ua%1 Me%)e%a! ras:e&%!s= >14 ber8ar%a Pu&!-=2B= )olo%)a% F!s,a%! 2616= As!a *a% 251> F!&a$1 61 s!s8a *ala$&a-u% ke*ua= 46=3 *! *ala$ &a-u% ke&!)a= *a%

,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a ,e%el!&!a% *a% ,rak&ek KaryaTabel 2 Var!abel *! ASCI04 !%s&ru$e%&D!$e%s! I&e$ Var!abel ^ I&e$akses!b!l!&as I%&elek&ual H*!$e%s! ko)%!&!9 ASCI2 2 Mu*a- ASCI Keras4 4 Ru$!&ASCI Se*er-a%a> > Me$b!%)u%)ka% ASCI elas3 3 T!*ak Me%a%&a%) $e%a%&a%)ke,uasa% e$os!o%al H*!$e%s! a9ek&!9 ASCI6 6 Nya$a% ASCI &!*ak %ya$a% Me$uaska% Me$us!%)ka% ASCI Me%ye%a%)ka% ASCI &ak se*a,B B KaauI&e$ Teror)a%!s!r se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ or!e%&as! *!)u%aka% *ala$!%s&ru$e% I&e$= 2= 6= = *!&ore-ka% &erbal!k sebelu$ a%al!s!s1

Tabel 4 I&e$ *ala$ TMI !%s&ru$e%& ,o-o% ara1 4 $e%u%jukka% -ubu%)a% ya%)

sa$a *! a%&ara 0ar!abel(0ar!abel se,er&! *ala$ $o*el ,a&- HGbr1 2 u%&uk0ar!abel $a-as!s8a= berkarya= Ko%se, I&e$ Var!abel ^ ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka=sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual= *a% s!ka, &er-a*a,,eruba-a% Ta-a, TMI2 2 k!$!a1 Ca&a&a% ba-8a= *ala$ $o*el ya%) leb!-ko$,leks !%!= &!)a 0ar!( TMI TMI ables &ela- *!ser&aka% seba)a! 0ar!abella&e%= ya%) *!ukur ole-e%er)! Obl!)as! TMI4 4 !%*!ka&or se,er&! SATM= ASCI2= *a% TMI21 Se$ua &!)a$o*el= seba)a!

TMI6 6 *!)a$barka% *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 2 $elalu! >= $e$e)a%) orrela&!o%s *!kala%)a% TMI@ @ Io%! bo%*!%) TMI> > ,re*!k&or1

TMI3 3 TMI= ya%) $eru,aka% ukura% sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ualTMIB B *ala$ s&u*! !%!= -a%ya $e%)ukur &!)a ko%se, *asar *ar! se$ua k!$!a

ole- sebab !&u= !a $u%)k!% ber,e%*a,a& ba-8a TMI &!*ak rele0a% ,res&as! e%er)!ya%) *!ukur ole- uj!a% ACS


24/161

Tabel > De$o)ra+k. %o$or *a% ,erse%&ase s!s8a ole- ras *a% seks skor:1 U%&uk$e%)a&as! ke,r!-a&!%a% !%!= TMI &ela- *!s!%)k!rka% *ar!e&%!s H% @54 ,erk!raa% Mo*el u%&uk > ya%) *!8ak!l! *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 >1Sesua! *e%)a% !&u=No1 s!s8a Mo*el Perse%&ase > $e%el!&! ,res&as! ,re*!ks! *e%)a% sa&u kura%)

e%er)! *ar! Mo*el &!*ak 41 Keual! u%&uk ,erbe*aa% *ar! sa&u je%!s kela$!%,ere$,ua% 56 41> koe+s!e% ,a&-= ke*ua(*ua $o*el !%! &er$asuk saj!a% 1# ya%)sa$a( lak!(lak! 6@ 6= sure* 0ar!abel= 0ar!abel la&e%= *a% -ubu%)a% *! a%&araras:E&%!s 0ar!abel= $aka sebua- ,erba%*!%)a% -!(suare $e%)uba- a%&araPu&!- Hbuka% *ar! )olo%)a% F!s,a%! Asal Usul 24 >14 )olo%)a% F!s,a%! a&auLa&!%a 2B5 2B= *ua $o*el berula%) aka% $e%ye*!aka% !%9or$as! &e%&a%)As!a ya%) 2>@ 2616 leb!- ba!k ook *e%)a% $o*el *a&a1 Perba%*!%)a% !%! ju)aaka% $e$u%)k!%ka% k!&a u%&ukF!&a$ Hbuka% *ar! )olo%)a% F!s,a%! Asal Usul @@ 25=> $e%e%&uka% a,aka-sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual seba)a! *!ukur ole- %o%(res!*e% $ak-lukas!%) 2 2=3 I%*!a A$er!ka a&au Alaska% Na&!0e 5=(TMI a*ala- rele0a% ,res&as!

e%er)! u%&uk *a&a !%!1E&%!s!&as u%s,e!+e* @ 5=@ Ke*ua(*ua Se$ $o*el &ela- se$b!la% 0ar!abel la&e%*ar! &o&al berla8a%a% u%&uk $o*el s&ruk&ural *a% $o*el ,e%)ukura%= *ala$a%al!s!s1 0ar!abel H35431 B Fa*!rla- sekelo$,ok asl! a&au ,ara ,e%*u*uk PulauPas!+k La!%%ya 6 5=6 H*!8ak!l! *e%)a% be%&uk lo%jo%) *a% 2@ *!ukur 0ar!abelHre,re( se%&e* seba)a! E$,a& *esa!% ko&ak= *a% 4> ,ro)ra$%ya kesala-a%H&erer$!% *ala$ )erak $el!%)kar1 Se&!a, $o*el Se$ &ela- 2@5 ,o&o%)a%!%9or$as! *! 2412 *ala$ &a-u% ,er&a$a1 Pe%el!&!a% ya%) o0ar!a%e *e$o)ra+$a&r!1 > Mo*el$e$,erk!raka% ,ara$e&er 33= ,ola *e%)a% rasa -or$a& ,a*a ras:e&%!s a&aus&u*! &a-u% ya%) *e%)a% &!%)ka& kebebasa% ,a*a 2661 b!as *a,a& -as!lber*asarka% ,a*a o%&o- !%!1 U%&uk &ujua% !*e%&!+kas! $o*el= $e$ua& u%&uk!&e$ ,er&a$a ,a*a 0ar!abel la&e% ya%) sesua! &ela- *!se&el ke 21 Kesala-a%s,es!+kas! $o*el u%&uk a%al!s!s SEM u%&uk *ua *!ukur 0ar!abel ,ro)ra$%ya= ACS*a% SATM= a*a &!)a SEM $o*el($o*el kaj!a% $ereka *!&e&a,ka% *a% *!uj! *ala$s&u*! !%!1 Dala$ *!-!&u%) *ar! Cro%ba- koe+s!e% al,-a u%&uk $as!%)($as!%)=sala- sa&u $o*el ,er&a$a a*ala- *!8ak!l! *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 21 Mo*el !%!$e%)a%))a, &!*ak sesua! *e%)a% ,rose*ur ya%) *!reko$e%*as!ka% ole- Val!e%&e*a% o( kesala-a% ,e%)ukura% *! se&!a, 0ar!abel ole- kare%a !&u= ,ara ,ekerja-a%ya $e%aku,= kare%a $ereka a*ala- uj!a% &er&u&u, *a% &!*ak a*a la)! *!ukur0ar!abel(0ar!abel1 Mo*el !%! a*ala- sebua- a%al!s!s ,a&- se*er-a%a= !%9or$as! !%!&erse*!a HVal!e%&e e& al1= 4551 Dala$ ACS $o*el ak-!r1 Pe%a,a!a% ya%) *!ukur

seara la%)su%) ole- uj!a% ACS uj!a% ak-!r $e$,u%ya! Cro%ba- ya%) al9a *ar!5=B u%&uk 65 !&e$ u%&uk *!,erk!raka% !%! *e%)a% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka ya%)*!ukur ole- SATM= o%&o- s!ka, sebab !&u %!la! kesala-a% berla8a%a% a*ala-*!se&el ke 2 ya%) *!ukur *e%)a% &o&al %!la! ,a*a ASCI04= *a% sebelu$(ko%se,&ual &o&al berla8a%a% *!,erole- H612= ya%) $e%)ak!ba&ka% %!la!kesala-a% ,e%)e&a-ua% seba)a! *!ukur ole- &o&al %!la! ,a*a TMI1 Se&el u%&uk15@1 U%&uk SATM= la,ora% sebelu$%ya $e%u%jukka% ,o-o% ara1 4 *a% > a*a*ua $o*el SEM *!ser&aka% *ala$ kua%&!&a&!9 *u*uk $e$,u%ya! al9a *ar! 5=@4sebab !&u a%al!s!s kesala-a%1 Ke*ua $o*el !%! $el!,u&! *ua ba)!a%= jala% a&auberla8a%a% &ela- *!se&el ke 6B4= ya%) a*ala-


25/161

karya ,o-o%ara1 4 SEM Mo*el 4 *e%)a% &!)a ,re*!k&or1Po-o% Ara1 > Mo*el SEM > *e%)a% *ua ,re*!k&or1A%al!s!s *a&a

s&a&!s&!k *eskr!,&!9 *a% asu$s! $e%)eek Se$1S&a&!s&!k *eskr!,&!9 u%&uk se&!a, 0ar!abel *!ukur *!,erole- $e%))u%aka% SAS @1>1U%!0ar!a&e *a% ke%or$ala% $ul&!0ar!a&e *a% keluar( ,e%)-a*a%) !&u &ela-*!,er!ksa1K!$!a Pe%*!*!ka% Pe%el!&!a% *a% ,rak&!k$o*el ,ersa$aa% S&ruk&ural HSEM1 SEM *!lakuka% *e%)a% $e%))u%aka%,rose*ur CALIS *ala$ SAS @1> u%&uk $e%yel!*!k! ke*ua ,ara$e&er *a%kebu)ara% $o*el $e$,erk!raka%1 I%*eks ook se,er&! C-!(Suare4H8 = I%*eks Pas Perba%*!%)a% HC7I= *a% akar Ters&a%*ar erar&! Res!*ualPerse)! HSRMR !&u &ela- *!&el!&! u%&uk $e%!la!

K!$!a Pe%*!*!ka% Pe%el!&!a% *a% ,rak&!k$o*el(kebu)ara% ke *a&a1 Kr!&er!a C7I se&!*ak%ya %!la! 51@ *a% %!la! SRMRkura%) *ar! 515B *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e%a%*aka% sebua- $o*el ba!k sesua! HFu*a% e%&ler= 2@@@1 SEM ,ara$e&er a%al!s!s se,er&! s,es!+kas! $o*el= ,ara$e&er&ers&a%*ar $e$,erk!raka% *a%4 ukura% e9ek= *a% $era$alka% berla8a%a% ya%) *!&u%jukka% ole- R = ya%)*!la,orka% sesua! *e%)a% ,a%*ua% ya%) *!ajuka% ole- Kl!%e H45251

S&a&!s&!k Deskr!,&!9 -as!l asu$s! *a% $e%)eek SEMa%al!s!s *!lakuka% $e%))u%aka% @54 se& le%)ka, *a&a u%&uk 0ar!abel ya%)*!ser&aka% *ala$ $o*el1 S&a&!s&!k *eskr!,&!9 u%&uk o%&o- !&u &ela- *!&el!&! u%&uk$e%)a$a&! berbe*a( e%es u$u$ *! 0ar!abel *a% u%&uk $e$er!ksa ke%or$ala%u%!0ar!a&e *ar! se&!a, 0ar!abel1 Se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ,a*a &abel 6= berar&!u%&uk ASCI04 berk!sar *ar! 0ar!abel 41 u%&uk 6131 E$,a& 0ar!abel HASCI2=ASCI6= ASCI= ASCI &ela- *!ber! ko*e &erbal!k u%&uk &erje$a-a% ole- sebab !&u=%!la! ya%) leb!- &!%))! berar&! s!s8a $erasa k!$!a !%&el( le&ually ro*a *a%e$os!o%al $e$uaska%1 U%&uk TMI !&e$= 4= >= *a% @ %a$,ak%ya uku, sul!&=kare%a kura%) *ar! 45 s!s8a $e$,erole- se$ua !&e$ !%! be%ar1Ke%or$ala% U%!0ar!a&e $ula($ula *!%!la! $elalu! ,e$er!ksaa% ske8%ess *a%kur&os!s u%&uk se&!a, 0ar!abel1 Me%uru& Tabel 6= se$ua 0ar!abel u%&uk ASCI04

HASCI2(ASCIB= SATM= *a% uj!a% ACS $e$!l!k! %!la!(%!la! kur&os!s ske8%ess $u&lak*a% kura%) *ar! sa&u 8alau *e$!k!a%= u%&uk TMI !&e$= 4= > *a% @ $e$!l!k! %!la!(%!la! kur&os!s $eleb!-! *ua= ya%) $u%)k!% $e%yebabka% a*a%ya ke,r!-a&!%a%HRe9ere%s! e& al1= 2@@31 I&e$ !%! sul!& u%&uk s!s8a *ala$ o%&o- ka$! ole- sebab!&u= !&e$ !%! $u%)k!% ,erlu *!re0!s! u%&uk $asa *e,a% ,e$er!%&a- *aera-1Sebua- $o*el SEM *e%)a% -a%ya $e%))u%aka% o$,os!&e Hskor su$ u%&ukse$b!la% TMI !&e$ &ela- *!jala%ka%= sejak ske8%ess *a% kur&os!s u%&uk o$,os!&eskor TMI ke*ua(*ua%ya kura%) *ar!&abel 6 s&a&!s&!k *eskr!,&!9 u%&uk se&!a, 0ar!abel *!ukur H% @54M SD Ske8%ess Kur&os!s M!%ASCI MA/2 R,1>=6 2164 51>2 51>> 2 ASCI4 >1>> 2164 51> 5165 2 ASCI> >1B2216 515 513 2 ASCI3 41 21>B FKD51B5 5=>@ 2 ASCI6 6125 216B 5153 516

2 ASCI 6=56 2=3B 5=56 5=3 2 ASCI >=@ 2=63 5=56 512B 2 ASCIB 613 21651> 5=2 2 TMI2 51>6 516 513 21 5 2 TMI 5=63 5=>5 51BB 2144 5 2 TMI


26/161

5=B 516@ 51>6 2=B@ 5 2 ,erse%&ase berla8a%a% *ala$ ,e%a,a!a% ya%) *!k!rau%&uk

TMI4 5124 51>> 41>2 >1>4 5 2 TMI6 5=65 5=45 2=2 5=4 5 2 se& ,re*!k&or1 2$e$!l!k! $o*el ,re*!ks! &ere%*a- au(

TMI@ 5=5@ bera&%ya $e%!%)ka& 5=4@ 1@3 5 2ray *e%)a% 63 *ar! berla8a%a%

*!jelaska% se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ,a*a Tabel 1Karyasa&u HTabel 61 Mo*el $ua& *a% ,erk!raa% ,ara$e&er u%&uk $o*el &!*ak$e%)uba-= $e%yara%ka% ba-8a $o*el ya%) kua& *a% $e%a%*aka%= ke%or$ala%u%!0ar!a&e rela&!91 Ole- kare%a !&u= $o*el SEM *e%)a% $as!%)($as!%) TMI &ela-*!)u%aka% u%&uk a%al!s!s *a% ,e%a9s!ra%1Ou&l!er ,e%)uj!a% assess$e%& $e%)u%)ka,ka% sa&u ou&l!er *e%)a% jarakMa-ala%ob!s &erbesar *ar! @16 *ar! *ar! o%&o- ya%) berar&!1 Dala$ a%al!s!s Se$a*ala- jala%ka% ke$bal! se&ela- $ele,aska% ou&l!er u%&uk $e%)kaj! ko%sekue%s!ya%) berbe*a *e%)a% ya%) la!%1 N!la!(%!la! $ua& !%*eks &!%)kay H 48 = C7I= SRMR&!*ak $e%)uba- seara s!)%!+ka%= $e%yara%ka% ba-8a *a&a(kebu)ara% u%&uk$o*el &e&a, sa$a1 ebera,a koe+s!e% jala% ju)a &!*ak $e%)uba- u%&uk a%al!s!s

&a%,a ou&l!er1 U%&uk alasa% !%!= asal SEM *e%)a% *a&a le%)ka, *!se&el &ela-*!)u%aka% u%&uk a%al!s!s *a% ,e%a9s!ra%1Sejak ke%or$ala% u%!0ar!a&e rela&!9 &ela- *!,erole-= ou&l!er assess$e%& &!*ak$e%u%jukka% sebara%) ko%sekue%s!al ou&l!ers= *a% ukura% o%&o-= besarke$u%)k!%a% Maks!$u$ HMl $e$,erk!raka% &ela- *!)u%aka% seba)a! $e&o*ees&!$as! u%&uk usula% SEM $o*el H7!%%ey *a% D!S&e9a%o= 45531Mo*el ,ersa$aa% s&ruk&uralMo*el a%al!s!s sesua!1 Mo*el u%&uk 2= $o*el $ua& &!*ak *!kaj! *a% $ua& !%*eks&!%)kay &!*ak *!la,orka% sejak !a a*ala- sebua- a%al!s!s ,a&-= $!sal%ya= &!%)ka&kebebasa% a*ala- %ol *a% &!*ak a*a kesala-a% ,e%)ukura% HRayko0 *a%Maroul!*es= 45531 Mua& seara keseluru-a% u%&uk $o*el SEM 4 *a% > ya%)*!la,orka% se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ,a*a Tabel 1 alau,u% C-!(suare H 48 $e%)uj! a*ala- $e$era&aka% s!)%!+ka% H,o 5=552 !%! u%&uk ke*ua $o*el=$e%yara%ka% ba-8a $o*el($o*el ya%) &!*ak sesua! *e%)a% *a&a ya%) ba!k=%!la! besar *ar! 48 &!$bul *ar! ukura% o%&o- besar Hro8%= 4553= $ukasura& B21I%*eks ,as la!%%ya= ya%) &!*ak ,eka -uru9 besar(ke!l u%&uk besar sa$,el=$e%u%jukka% ba-a8a ke*ua(*ua Se$ $o*el &ela- ook HFu *a% e%&ler= 2@@@1U%&uk Mo*el 4= %!la! C7I H51@ $e$e%u-! kr!&er!a ya%) *!sara%ka% sekura%)(kura%)%ya 51@ *a% %!la! SRMR H5=56 $e$e%u-! kr!&er!a ya%) *!sara%ka% *ar!leb!- ke!l *ar! 515B1 Mo*el u%&uk >= %!la! C7I H5=@6 a*ala- *eka& *e%)a% kr!&er!aya%) *!sara%ka%= *a% %!la! SRMR H5=56 &e&a, kura%) *ar! 515B1 Mo*el sejak >a*ala- $o*el berula%) *ala$ Mo*el 4= ,eruba-a% *ala$ 48 u%&uk $o*el *uaook u%&uk *a,a& *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$ba%*!%)ka% $o*el($o*el ara& He& al1=

4 &a-u% 4524= $ukasura& 4221 Peruba-a% *ala$ 8 a*ala- 2= *e%)a%,eruba-a% *eraja& kebebasa% 2= ya%) $e%u%jukka% ba-8a *a&a ya%) sesua!*e%)a% Mo*el 4 seara s!)%!+ka% Mo*el leb!- ba!k *ar! >1Se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 3 Mo*el= > $e$,u%ya! sa&u kura%)e%er)! ba)! ,e%a,a!a%= ya%) $e$u%)k!%ka% ,e$er!ksaa% ba)a!$a%a$ele,aska% sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%&e% *ar! $o*el ya%) $u%)k!%$e$,e%)aru-! ,ra( *!&!o% akuras!1 Perk!raa% akuras! *!%!la! $e%))u%aka%

TMI> 5=>4 5=22 4163 615 5 2 TMI3 514B 516 5=@3 215@ 5 2 TMIB 5144 5162 21>512> 5 2 SATM Ha 51@4 @3155 13> 5122 5154 >5 B55 ASCI04 Ha 51BBsebesar >1 215@ 5125 5142 2 TMI Ha 516 414 2132 51@5 51@@ 5 @ Uj!a% ACSHa 51B 43145 25=22 5=2 5=45 65Ca&a&a%. %!la!(%!la! kur&os!s ya%) uku, besar u%&uk &!)a sul!& TMI bara%)(bara%)

ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ bol*1Tabel Sesua! *a% $era$alka% !%*eks berla8a%a% u%&uk $o*el HN @54


27/161

$e$,erk!raka% Mo*el SEM 48 HD7 $ula! sak!& Ho%se& &a%))al 26 ,(N!la! *9$ula! sak!& Ho%se& &a%))al 26 SRMR C7I D D 48 berla8a%a%2 ( ( ( ( ( ( 63 4 >@ H26> Ya51552 5=56 51@ 2 2 Hs1s1 3@ > 633 H266

Ya51552 5=56 5=@6

KaryaMo*el U%&uk >= @ *ar! berla8a%a% *! 0ar!abel ,e%a,a!a% *!jelaska% ole- se&,re*!k&or u%&uk $o*el !%! se$e%&ara u%&uk Mo*el 4= 3@ *ar! berla8a%a%*!jelaska%1Ru$us ber!ku&= u%&uk $e%e%&uka% %!la!(7= &ela- *!)u%aka% u%&uk $e$er!ksaa,aka- $e%a$ba-ka% 0ar!abel *ar! sebelu$ o%e,( &ual ,e%)e&a-ua%$e$ber!ka% ko%&r!bus! ya%) s!)%!+ka% ,a*a ,re*!ks! Mo*el *ala$ > HPe*-aJur=2@@1

7_4 4 Rlar)e klar)e ks$all Rs$all 2 R 4 N klar)e besar 24 *! $a%a R a*ala- ,ro,ors! berla8a%a% *!jelaska% ole- $o*el k a*ala- ''ju$la-,re*!k&or'' N a*ala- o%&o- -as!l ukura% &o&al *ar! &es !%!= 7H2=@@ >214= ,o51552 !%!= $e%u%jukka% ba-8a ko%&r!bus! u%!k *ar! sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua%ko%se,&ual a*ala- ,e%&!%) u%&uk ,re*!ks!1er*asarka% ,eruba-a% *ala$ 48 *a% $e%jelaska% berla8a%a%= Mo*el 4 *a,a&leb!- $e%jelaska% -ubu%)a% *! a%&ara 0ar!abel Mo*el *ar! >1 Ole- kare%a !&u=Mo*el 4 a*ala- $o*el ya%) leb!- ba!k u%&uk $e8ak!l! ,er-ubu%)a% *! a%&ara0ar!abel *!,elajar!1 Fubu%)a% *! ba8a- u%&uk &!)a $o*el aka% *!jelaska% *ala$leb!- &er,er!%!1Fubu%)a% ,e%)ura!a%1 Dala$ *!s&a%*ar*!sas! ,ara( $e&er $e$,erk!raka% ak!ba&*ar! &!)a $o*el !%! *!-a*!rka% *! ,o-o% ara1 6 $elalu! 3= $as!%)($as!%)1Mo*el ,e%)ukura% u%&uk ASCI041 Ya%) ,er&a$a *ar! ,erk!raa% bebera,akoe+s!e% *! ke*ua(*ua Se$ Mo*el($o*el 4 *a% > $e8ak!l! s!ka, &er-a*a,0ar!abel k!$!a ya%) *!ukur ole- ASCI041 Var!abel s!ka, !%! $e$!l!k! *uako$,o%e%. se$a&a ko)%!&!9 H''Akses!b!l!&as I%&elek&ual'' *a% a9ek&!9 H''Ke,uasa%e$os!o%al''= ya%) *!&u%jukka% seba)a! ''as,ek ko)%!&!9'' *a% ''A9ek&!9'' *ala$*!a)ra$1 Se,er&! ya%) *a,a& *!l!-a& *ar! ,os!&!9 &!%))! H5=( bebera,a koe+s!e%,a&- 5=B5 u%&uk ko$,o%e% ko)%!&!9 *ala$ *!a)ra$ alur=''Akses!b!l!&asI%&elek&ual'' $e$!l!k! ,e%)aru- kua& ,a*a se$ua 0ar!abel *!ukur1 De$!k!a% ,ula=se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% ole- H,os!&!9 51>(5=@ %!la!(%!la! jala% kro$a&!k u%&ukko$,o%e% a9ek&!9 ''Ke,uasa% e$os!o%al'' $e$!l!k! ,e%)aru- kua& ,a*a 0ar!abel

*!ukur1Uru&a% ke*ua s&ruk&ur &es s!ka, !%! a*ala- -ubu%)a%( ka,al a%&ara *ua 0ar!abella&e% *e%)a% ''s!ka, keseluru-a% K!$!a1'' ala% kro$a&!k *ar! s!ka, &er-a*a,k!$!a u%&uk as,ek ko)%!&!9 a*ala- 51B@ *a% *ar! s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a u%&uka9ek&!9 a*ala- 5=@>= ya%) $e%ye*!aka% kesa-!-a% berbas!s buk&! kua& ,a*as&ruk&ur !%&er%al ASCI04 !&e$ ya%) ,o-o%ara1 6 ,ara$e&er ya%) *!s&a%*arka% u%&uk jala% Mo*el a%al!s!s 21K!$!a Pe%*!*!ka% Pe%el!&!a% *a% a$ala%!%! $e%)ukur *ua ko$,o%e% s!ka, &er-a*a, subjek k!$!a1 S!ka, ya%)berla8a%a% *! &er-a*a, k!$!a *!jelaska% ole- ko$,o%e% ko)%!&!9 a*ala- B=*a% ole- s!ka, ko$,o%e% a*ala- B31 Fas!l(-as!l !%! a*alasa$a u%&uk ke*ua(*ua Se$ *a% ko%s!s&e% *e%)a% sas&ra $o*el Hra%*r!e& e& al1= 4522 /u= *e%)a%

ala$a& e($a!l *a% Le8!s= 45221


28/161

Mo*el ,e%)ukura% u%&uk TMI1 Ala$a& TMI &!)a ko%se, *asar= e%er)! obl!)as!=,eruba-a% &a-a,= *a% !o%!:o0ale%& obl!)as!1 Se&!a, ko%se, *!ukur$e%))u%aka% !&e$ &!)a1 Se,er&! ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 *a% 3=!&e$ &es *!$ua& ,a*a $as!%)($as!%) s!s!k1 Na$u%= skala e%er)! obl!)as! &!*ak$e$ua& *a% ju)a *! ba8a- $e$ba%)u% k!$!a u$u$ k%o8l ko%se,&ual( e*)e=

sejak loa*!%)s a*ala- 5153 *a% 5=56 u%&uk Mo*el 4 *a% >= $as!%)($as!%)1 U%&uk*ua ko%se,(ko%se, la!%= loa*!%)s leb!- &!%))!= 51B *a% 5=B6 u%&uk ,eruba-a%&a-a, *ala$ Mo*el 4 *a% > $as!%)($as!%)= *a% u%&uk !o%!:o0ale%& bo%*loa*!%)s(a*ala- 5=2 *a% 514 u%&uk Mo*el 4 *a% Mo*el >1 S!&uas! !%!$e%u%jukka% ba-8a ko%se, e%er)! obl!)as!= ya%) *!ukur ole- TMI= &!*ak be%ar(be%ar ber9u%)s! *e%)a% ba!k *e%)a% *ua ko%se,(ko%se, la!% seba)a! sebua-!%*!ka&or *ar! ,e$a-a$a% seara keseluru-a%1Fubu%)a% *! a%&ara &!)a ,re*!k&or1 Tabel 3 $e%yaj!ka% -ubu%)a% *! a%&ara &!)a,re*!k&or ya%) *!ukur ole- bebera,a koe+s!e% korelas! u%&uk &!)a $o*el1 U%&ukMo*el 4= -ubu%)a% a%&ara ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua%ko%se,&ual a*ala- 5132= a%&ara ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% s!ka, &er-a*a,k!$!a a*ala- 514@= *a% a%&ara s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a *a% ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual

5=6B1 N!la!(%!la! korelas! !%! *!a%))a, $o*era&= *a% -as!l(-as!l !%! a*ala- ko%s!s&e%*e%)a% sas&ra ya%) &erka!& *e%)a% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% ,e$a-a$a%ko%se,&ual HFol$e Da% Mur,-y= 4522 N!oll *a% 7ra%!so= 4552= ke$a$,ua%$a&e$a&!ka *a% s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a Hra%*r!e& e& al1= 4522 /u= *e%)a% ala$a&e($a!l *a% Le8!s= 4522= *a% s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a *a% o%e,( &ual $e$a-a$!HK!$ *a% la)u= 4525 N!es8a%*&= 4551ebera,a koe+s!e% -ubu%)a% *ar! Mo*el 4 a*ala- seba%*!%) *e%)a% ora%)(ora%) Mo*el >1 Na$u%= sejak 2 Mo*el aku% &!*ak u%&uk kesala-a% ,e%)ukura%korelas!= Mo*el u%&uk 2 a*ala- *! ba8a-( *!,erk!raka%1 M!sal%ya= ke$a$,ua%$a&e$a&!ka a*ala- $o*era& korelas!ka% u%&uk sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual*e%)a% r *! 51> u%&uk Mo*el 2= &e&a,! korelas! ya%) leb!- &!%))! a*ala-*!,el!-ara u%&uk Mo*el 4 *a% > *e%)a% ,erk!raa%(,erk!raa% u%&uk r ,a*a 5=32*a% 5136= $as!%)($as!%)1Fubu%)a% *e%)a% ,res&as! *ala$ olle)e -e$!s( Coba1 a)!a% ber!ku&%ya *ar!ke,r!-a&!%a% $o*el -ubu%)a% a%&ara ,e%a,a!a% *a% ,re*!k&or1 ebera,akoe+s!e% ,a&- *!s&a%*ar!sas! *a% ukura% e9ek *ar! &!)a $o*el se,er&! ya%)*!&u%jukka% ,a*a Tabel 1 Se$ua bebera,a koe+s!e% ,a&- *!a,a! ke,e%&!%)a%1Mo*el u%&uk 2= koe+s!e% ,a&- *ar! ,e%a,a!a% s!ka, ya%) a*ala- 512@= ya%)4 $e%u%jukka% ,os!&!9= 8alau ke!l H7 5=56= e9ek ,a*a $e%a,a!( ,erba!ka%$a%aje$e%1 alur a%&ara ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% ,res&as!%ya a*ala- 516@=4 ya%) $e%u%jukka% e9ek ,os!&!9 ya%) kua& H7 51>41 Koe+s!e% jala% a%&arae%er)! ya%) ke&!)a= sebelu$ k%o8l ko%se,&ual( &e,! *a% keber-as!la% !%!= ya%)sekal! la)! $e%a%*aka% 5=45 se*!k!&

4H7 5=56 e9ek ,os!&!9 *ar! ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual ,res&as! ,a*a1Mo*el 4 *!%!la! -ubu%)a% keber-as!la% *e%)a% &!)a ,re*!k&or1 Per&a$a= koe+s!e%,a&- a%&ara ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a%4 a*ala- 515= ,res&as! ya%) $e%u%jukka% s&ro%) H7 51>>

K!$!a ,os!&!9 Pe%*!*!ka% Pe%el!&!a% *a% a$ala% ,o-o%ara1 *!a)ra$ alur *e%)a% bebera,a koe+s!e% ,ara$e&er ya%) *!s&a%*arka%u%&uk Mo*el 41

Po-o% Ara1 3 *!a)ra$ alur *e%)a% bebera,a koe+s!e% ,ara$e&er &ers&a%*arMo*el u%&uk >1


29/161

berlaku1 ala% kro$a&!k *ar! ,e%a,a!a% s!ka, a*ala- 5123=4 ya%) $e%u%jukka% ke!l H7 5=5> e9ek ,os!&!9 ,a*a $e%a,a!( ,erba!ka%$a%aje$e%1 Koe+s!e% jala% a%&ara sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual4 *a% ,res&as!%ya a*ala- 51>3= ya%) $e%u%jukka% H$o*era& 9 512 e9ek ,os!&!9*ar! ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual ,res&as! ,a*a1

Mo*el u%&uk >= koe+s!e% ,a&- *ar! ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka u%&uk $e%a,a!(4 $e%& $e%!%)ka& -!%))a 5134= besar H7 5134 E9ek= *a%4 *ar! s!ka, 514B= ya%) se*!k!& leb!- besar %a$u% $as!- ke!l H7 515@ e9ek1De%)a% ka&a la!%= ke&!ka sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual a*ala-karya&!*ak *!ser&aka% *ala$ $o*el= sebua- o0eres&!$a&!o% *ar! bebera,a koe+s!e%,a&- u%&uk ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka *a% s!ka, !%! *!,el!-ara1 O0eres&!$a&!o% !%!a*ala- ya%) ,al!%) jelas u%&uk ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka1D!skus! *a% !$,l!kas!s&u*! !%! *!&el!&! &!)a $o*el al&er%a&!9 u%&uk $e$,re*!ks! ,res&as! *! ,er)urua%&!%))! ,e%)a%&ar k!$!a1 Se$ua &!)a $o*el *!usulka% &ela- $asuk akal u%&ukaku% ya%) sesua! u%&uk berla8a%a%:o0ar!a%e *ala$

Tabel Ker&as 3 korelas! Ters&a%*arMo*el bebera,a koe+s!e% 2 Mo*el Mo*el 4 >ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka ( sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual 51> 5132 5136Sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual s!ka, ( 514B 5=6B ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka5=4 ( 5=4 514@ 514@ s!ka,Ca&a&a%. r 512= 51>= 51 u%&uk le$a-= $e%e%)a- *a% e9ek kua& ukura% HCo-e%=2@BB= $ukasura& B1

Tabel D!s&a%*ar!sas! koe+s!e% ,a&- *a% ukura% e9ek u%&uk ,e%)u%*ura% ,a*aMo*el ,res&as! 2 Mo*el 4 > Mo*elE9ek Pa&- Para$e&er E9ek Pa&- E9ek Pa&-4 4 4 $e$,erk!raka% ukura% koe+s!e% ukura% koe+s!e% 9 9 kro$a&!k s!Je 9ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka 516@ 51>4 51>3 512 5134 S!ka, 5=34 512@ 5156 51235=5> 514B 515@ Sebelu$ ko%se, 5=56 5=45 515 51>> ( (4 Ca&a&a%. 9 5154= 512= *a% 51> u%&uk usa-a ke!l= $e%e%)a- *a% besarukura% e9ek HCo-e%= 2@BB= $ukasura& 62>10ar!abel ya%) *!a$a&!1 Ka$! $e%e$uka% ba-8a Mo*el 4 *a,a& $e8ak!l! &erba!k-ubu%)a% *! a%&ara ,res&as! !%!(0ar!abel ya%) rele0a%= ber*asarka% ,a*a $o*el

$ua&= -!(suare beruba- saa& $ele,aska% sa&u e%er)!= *a% ju$la- berla8a%a%*!a%))a, u%&uk ,res&as! *ala$ k!$!a1Se&!a, -!,o&es!s !%! *!ba-as *ala$ s&u*! !%!1 Per&a$a= -as!l $o*el $e%yara%ka%ak!ba& ya%) s!)%!+ka% u%&uk se&!a, e%er)! ,a*a k!%erja olle)e k!$!a1er*asarka% ,a*a Mo*el 4= $as!%)($as!%) $e$ber!ka% ko%&r!bus! sebua-ba)!a% u%!k e%er)! u%&uk ,re*!ks!1Pres&as! S!s8a ya%) *!ukur ole- sebua- uj!a% ACS ,a*a ak-!r se$es&er !&u *a,a&seba)!a% besar $era$alka% ole- %oJel( ba%)sa ,re*!k&or *! sea8al $!%))uke*ua se$es&er !&u1 I%! berar&!= sela!% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka $a-as!s8a=ke*ua sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual *a% s!ka, &er-a*a, k!$!a $e%y!ksa e9eku%!k ya%) s!)%!+ka% ,a*a ,res&as!1Pe%e$ua% !%! $e$,u%ya! !$,l!kas! ya%) sa%)a& ,e%&!%) ba)! ,ara !%s&ruk&ur=

kare%a $ereka *a,a& $e%!%)ka&ka% ,res&as! s!s8a *ala$ k!$!a &!*ak -a%ya*e%)a% $e$usa&ka% ,er-a&!a% ,a*a $e$ba%&u s!s8a u%&uk $e$ba%)u%


30/161

,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual= &e&a,! ju)a ole- $e$u,uk s!ka, ,os!&!9 $ereka&er-a*a, k!$!a1Ke*ua= $o*el $e%yara%ka% -ubu%)a% ya%) ,e%&!%) *! a%&ara ,re*!k&or s!ka,=ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!ka= *a% sebelu$ k!$!a ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual se,er&!ya%) *!&u%jukka% *ala$ ,o-o% ara1 *a% 31 Fas!l(-as!l !%! $e%ya&aka% ba-8a

,ara !%s&ruk&ur aka% $e%eka%ka% !%&eraks! bebera,a as,ek !%! *ala$ kelasseba)a! ara u%&uk $e$ba%&u k!%erja s!s8a *ala$ kursus !%!1Ke&!)a= ,erba%*!%)a% $o*el &ersara%) $e%u%jukka% ba-8a Mo*el 4 ook*e%)a% leb!- ba!k *ar!,a*a Mo*el *a&a >1 alau,u% ke$a$,ua% $a&e$a&!kaser!%) *!)u%aka% seba)a! ,ro *!ba%*!%)ka% *e%)a% jala% $o*el a%al!s!s Mo*el H212 Mo*el $e$,erk!raka% -a%ya 63 *ar! berla8a%a% *ala$ ,e%a,a!a%= sejakala& ukur *!)u%aka% *!a%))a, $e%ja*! se$,ur%a *a% e9ek ,re*!ks! e%*eru%)*!re$e-ka%1 Mo*el 4 $e$,re*!ks! 3@ *ar! berla8a%a% *! ,res&as! *e%)a%$e$,er&!$ba%)ka% kesala-a% ,e%)ukura% *!ka!&ka% *e%)a% se&!a, 0ar!abelya%) *!,el!-ara1 > Mo*el $e$,re*!ks! kura%) *ar! Mo*el 4 kare%a &!*ak a*a sa&ue%er)!= sebelu$ ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual1 Ole- kare%a !&u= akuras! $era$alka%b!sa ber,res&as! seara s!)%!+ka% $e%)ura%)! j!ka kesala-a% ,e%)ukura% !%!*!aba!ka%= *a% -al ya%) sa$a berlaku j!ka $o%!&or ,e%&!%) &!*ak -a*!r1ebera,a l!$!&as! !%! &er*a,a& *ala$ s&u*! !%!1 Per&a$a= sa$,el berasal *ar!,e%*u*uk ya%) u%!k= sa&u se$es&er ! sebua- kursus k!$!a u$u$ *! le$ba)a&er&e%&u ole- sebab !&u= $o*el *a,a& bekerja u%&uk ko%&eks u%!k !%! &e&a,! &!*akberlaku u%&uk s!&uas! la!%1 Ke*ua= ,e%!la!a% ya%) sesua! ya%) $e%aku, bera)a$ko%se,(ko%se, ya%) s!s8a ,erlu &a-u a,ab!la $ereka $asuk olle)e kursusk!$!a ,erlu *!ke$ba%)ka%1 Dala$ s&u*! !%!= sebelu$ uj!a% ,e%)e&a-ua% a*ala-ber*asarka% ,a*a &!)a $e$belajarka% s!s8a ko%se, ,e%&!%)= &e&a,!( a*a buk&!ba-8a !a &!*ak $e8ak!l! berba)a! ,e%)e&a-ua% ko%se,&ual k!$!a1 !ka ukura%ya%) leb!- ba!k= ka$! ber-ara, u%&uk $e$!l!k! ,res&as! ,re*!ks! leb!- ba!k $o*el*a% sesua!1 Ke&!)a= -a%ya &!)a ,re*!k&or &ela- *!&a$ba-ka% u%&uk $o*el1 Mo%!&or&a$ba-a% &!*ak beraks!= *a% &!*ak s&ra&e)! ,e%)ukura% al&er%a&!91

S&u*! !%! $e$!l!k! bebera,a !$,l!kas! u%&uk ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a ,e%el!&!*e%)a% rasa -or$a& u%&uk ,e%el!&!a% ya%) leb!- la%ju&1 D! sa&u s!s!= $o*el ya%)*!,erole- ,erlu $e%ja*! re,l!ka *ala$ ko%&eks la!%1 Pa*a s!s! la!%= a*a bebera,aara u%&uk $e%)o,&!$alka% $o*el1Kela%)kaa% *ar! s&u*! Se$ *ala$ ,e%*!*!ka% !l$u k!$!a= bebera,a as,ek(as,ek,ers,ek&!9 $ereka &e%&a%) SEM $o*el!%)= se,er&! s,es!+kas! $o*el= ,!l!-a%= *a%o,era&!o%al!Ja&!o% e%er)! *a% ,e%)ukura% 0ar!abel= belu$ u%&uk *!jelaja-!1Me%)!%)a& ba-8a a*a >2 *ar! berla8a%a% ya%) &!*ak *!jelaska% ole- $o*

translete uas statitisti

Documents