Copy 3 FM 55-6

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

TRANSPORTATIONSERVICES IN THEATERS

OF OPERATIONS

:. I APl .

HEADgQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYSEP1EMiBER 1961

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*FM 55-6

FIELD MANUAL ) HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 55-6 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 29 September 1961

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES IN THEATERS

OF OPERATIONS

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Purpose and scope _------- 1 4Terminology ______________- 2 5

2. TRANSPORTATIONSTAFF

Section I. Transportation officerGeneral-----____----------. 3 8

Theater ---------------.--. 4 9

Theater Army --_____________. 5 11Theater Army Logistical 6 13

Command (TALOG).Base Logistical Command 7 14

(BALOG).Advance Logistical Command 8 14

(ADLOG).Field army________________ 9 14Army corps ---__---------- 10 15

Army divisions _-----_----.. 11 15Logistical commands _---__- 12 15

Other commands -----------. 13 16

*This manual supersedes FM 55-6, 2 November 1955.

TAGO 1630C-Sep I

Paragraph Page

Section II. Staff organization and func-tions

Organization --.-----.------- 14 17Functions ...............----- 15 17

CHAPTER 3. TRANSPORTATIONPLANNING ANDINTELLIGENCE

Section I. Transportation planningGeneral_____-------------- - 16 24Essential elements of the 17 26

transportation plan.Planning considerations__--- 18 27Balancing requirements and 19 31

resources.Coordination __..__--- ------- 20 36

II. Transportation intelligenceGeneral --- _-____-- __----- . 21 38Responsibilities __-_____.-- - 22 38Functions ----------------- 23 39Collection agencies- -- _.----- 24 39Transportation intelligence 25 39

teams.Disposition of transportation 26 40

technical intelligence.

CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORTATIONSERVICES

Section I. Management servicesTransportation movements__ 27 41Highway regulation-__--__- 28 48

II. Transport mode servicesices.

General________________--- . 29 49Motor transport .--. ______. 30 50

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Paragraph Page

Section II. Transport mode services-Continued

Rail transport---__--------. 31 54

Air transport (Army air- 32 57craft).

III. Terminal and staging serv- 33 60ices.

Terminals-----------------. 34 63

Staging areas ------------- 35 67

IV. U.S. Navy and U.S. AirForce transportation serv-ices.

Military sea transportation 36 68service.

Air Force air transporta- 37 69tion.

CHAPTER 5. MAINTENANCE ANDSUPPLY

Section I. MaintenanceGeneral__ _---------------. 38 73

Motor transport-----------. 39 76Railway --____________-- --- 40 78Aircraft ------------------ 41 79

Floating equipment and 42 79amphibians.

Reusable shipping 43 80containers (CONEX).

II. Transportation corpssupply.

Responsibility ________------ 44 80Organization -------------- 45 81

System -_ _. __------------- 46 82

APPENDIX. REFERENCES ------------ 84

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIC)N

i. Purpose and Scope

a. This manual furnishes commanders andstaff officers with a general guide for planning,establishing, and operating transportation serv-ice in theaters of operation, and' a summary ofthe transportation service usually provided.

b. The manual outlines the duties and responsi-bilities of the transportation officer at variousechelons of command; the organization and func-tions of transportation staff sections; transporta-tion intelligence and planning; the programingand supervision of transportation movements;the organization and employment of the trans-port mode organizations; the organization andoperation of terminals; and the maintenance andsupply activities of the Transportation Corps.Where detailed guidance is available, referencesare cited in appropriate paragraphs and in theappendix.

c. The material presented herein is applicablewithout modification to both nuclear and non-nuclear warfare.

d. Users of this manual are encouraged to sub-mit recommended changes or comments to im-prove the manual. Comments should be lkeyed to

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the specific page, paragraph, and line of the textin which the change is recommended. Reasonsshould be provided for each comment to insureunderstanding and complete evaluation. Com-ments should be forwarded direct to the Com-mandant, U.S. Army Transportation School, FortEustis, Va.

2. Terminology

a. The term "transport mode," as used in thismanual with respect to responsibilities of thetransportation officer, refers to either motor, rail,air, or water transportation. (Pipeline transpor-tation is not included, since this is a responsibilityof the Quartermaster.)

b. The term "transport means" refers tocarrier equipment utilized within a transportmode.

c. The term "transportation service" is used inthis manual to describe collectively the servicesprovided by transportation staff and operatingelements of a command. These services may in-clude any one, or any combination, of the follow-ing:

(1) Transport, by any mode.(2) Movements management.(3) Highway regulation.(4) Facilities, such as terminals, staging

areas, depots, and transportation offices.(5) Supply and maintenance of Transporta-

tion Corps equipment.(6) Transportation planning.

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d. The term "Transportation IntersectionalService" (TIS) refers to the transportation serv-ices provided for the theater as a whole. TIS in-cludes intersectional transport mode organi-zations, intersectional transportation movementsunits in both the communications zone and thecombat zone, and those transfer points and otherterminal facilities handling intersectional move-ments. The Theater Army Logistical Command(TALOG) provides and supervises this service insupport of all U.S. Army elements in the theater,the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, and such otheragencies as may be directed by higher head-quarters.

(1) Intersectional transportation includestransportation which crosses boundariesbetween sections of the communicationszone and transportation which movesbetween the communications zone andthe combat zone. These latter operationsare coordinated with the transportationofficer of the supported command.

(2) A command of appropriate size is estab-lished for each transport mode utilized,and for transportation movements.These commands are assigned to TALOGand are under the operational control ofthe TALOG transportation officer. Themode organizations provide and operatetransport equipment and facilities.

(3) The TALOG transportation staff unitesthe operations and facilities of the sev-

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eral commands into a single, integratedservice. This staff also prepares plansfor, and programs the intersectionalmovement of troops and supplies (ex-cept petroleum by pipeline) by all avail-able modes of transport, including Armyair transport used for administrativesupport, and controls the utilization ofreusable shipping containers (CONEX).

e. Transportation operations in liberated orhostile areas may be referred to as Phase I, PhaseII, or Phase III operations, according to the de-gree of utilization of civilian labor and facilities.These terms have no relation to the phases of thetactical operation. In Phase I, TransportationCorps units and personnel provide the organi-zation and manpower to supervise and operateboth civilian and military facilities and equip-ment. In Phase II, facilities and equipment arejointly operated, under military supervision. In

Phase III, transportation services are provided bycivilians, under minimum military supervision.Normally, the initial operation will be Phase I;

but the transition through Phase II to Phase III

should be expedited so that military personnel and

units can be released and made available for as-signment in forward areas. Some transportoperations may progress through this phasingmore rapidly than others. Thus, railway oper-ations may be in Phase III after a short period,while motor transport may never progress pastPhase I.

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CHAPTER 2

TRANSPORTATION STAFF

Section I. TRANSPORTATION OFFICER

3. General

The transportation officer is a member of thecommander's technical staff, under supervision ofthe logistics officer. For detailed listing of theduties of the transportation officer, refer to FM101-5. The responsibility of the transportationofficer for providing transportation service varieswith the mission of the command. Typical areasof responsibility are as follows:

a. The theater transportation officer has staffresponsibility for coordinating employment ofcivilian and military transportation capabilitiesto provide an integrated transportation servicethat is responsive to requirements for transporta-tion.

b. The theater army transportation officer hasstaff responsibility for planning, supervising, andcoordinating transportation activities o:f theaterarmy forces and other transportation resourcesmade available to theater army by the theatercommander. He is responsible for providing asystem of supply and maintenance of equipmentf or which the Transportation Corps is respon-sible.

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c. When so directed by his commander, thetransportation officers of theater army logisticalcommand, advance logistical command, baselogistical command, field armies, and corps have,in addition to staff responsibility, operationalcontrol over units engaged in providing transpor-tation service, including Army air transport unitsused for administrative support.

4. Theater

The theater transportation officer is responsiblefor preparation of policies and long range plansfor the theater commander on operations of thetheater transportation service and he coordinatesthis service for the theater logistics officer of acombined staff, or for the J4 of a joint staff. Sincehe may be an Army, Navy, or Air Force officer,he may be both the theater transportation officerand the transportation officer for the theaterarmy, navy, or air force.

a. One of the duties of the theater transporta-tion officer is supervision of the allocation, by theJoint Military Transportation Board (JMTB), oftheater transportation capability. A JMTB willnormally be established by responsible overseacommanders to allocate transportation resourceswithin specified geographical areas. These re-sources may consist of JCS allocated intertheaterand intratheater airlift and sealift, as well as air-lift and surface transport assets located within

r the theater. The JMTB includes representativesfrom each component service of United Statesforces and, when appropriate, representatives of

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host and allied nations. Separate committees areusually organized within the JMTB to handle air-lift, sealift, and land transportation matters. TheJMTB allocates theater generated transportcapability and JCS allocated capability in accord-ance with established priorities on the basis offorecasts of requirements submitted by each com-ponent service.

b. In territory under the control of a function-ing sovereign government, military transporta-tion requirements will be in continual competitionwith the transportation needs of the host nation.The transportation officer must accomplish thesupport of the command mission within the frame-work of applicable intergovernmental agreements.These agreements may specify the degree towhich the host nation's transportation networkand facilities may be utilized. Provision for cer-tain transportation support to be given to the hostnation may also be included in the agreements.

(1) Local civilian practices and governmentpolicies will usually provide guidelinesfor effective utilization of the hostnation's transport capabilities, but mayplace unfamiliar restrictions and limita-tions on their use. For example, the de-gree of governmental control overtransportation facilities may requirenegotiation with a government agencyrather than with the commercial oper-ator. The hiring of civilian employees,their pay scales, and types of employ-

10 AGO 1680C

ment, may be subject to approval of thehost government.

(2) The Status of Forces Agreement be-tween the United States and the hostnation may include provisions affectingthe transportation service availablelocally and that performed by UnitedStates forces personnel and equipment.

(a) The host nation may allocate to UnitedStates forces specific space at ports orother terminal facilities, specificroutes over which to operate, or maxi-mum tonnages for shipment by com-mercial transportation.

(b) Some additional requirements may beimposed, such as compliance with cus-toms regulations, maximum tonnagefor certain vehicles or routes, orchanges to operating methods toachieve compatibility with local oper-ations.

5. Theater Army

The theater army transportation officer, undersupervision of the ACofS, G4, is responsible tothe commander for planning, supervision, andcoordination of transportation service activitiesof all forces under the theater army commander.His plans incorporate policies and directivesestablished by the theater commander for employ-ment of transport services of U.S. Navy, U.S. AirForce, allied, and civilian agencies, and for sup-port to be furnished these agencies.

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a. The theater army commander is primarilya planner and a coordinator who decentralizestactical and administrative operations, to themaximum degree, to his combat force (field armyor army group) and communications :sone com-manders. Transportation operations are amongthe functions so delegated to combat force com-manders and to the commanding general, theaterarmy logistical command (TALOG), for their re-spective areas. TALOG is also responsible forintersectional transportation (par. 2d(1)). TheTALOG commander and the combat forces com-mander are coequal subordinates of the theaterarmy commander; their transportatic n officerscoordinate directly on movements between thecommunications zone and the combat 2one.

b. The theater army commander is responsiblefor the use of theater transport capability allo-cated to theater army. He establishes policies andpriorities, as required; the theater army trans-portation officer supervises and coordinates theirimplementation.

c. Theater army delegates to TALOG the re-sponsibility for administering the use of Armyalocated transport capability. TALOG sub-alocates this capability to combat forces, BALOG,ADLOG, and to TALOG intersectional services onthe basis of forecasts of requirements submittedby these headquarters. No portion of tihe alloca-tion-particularly the allocation of airlift capacity-is reserved for potential emergency require-

12 AGO 1530C

ments. Emergency requirements are met as theyoccur by allocating transport capacity on the basisof the priority accorded each shipment, under thepriorities established by the commander.

6. Theater Army Logistical Command (TALOG)

TALOG directs administrative support (exceptcivil affairs and personnel replacement) oper-ations both within the communications zone andbetween the communications zone and the combatzone. The TALOG transportation officer, underthe supervision of the Director of Services, pro-vides transportation services for the theater as awhole in support of the TALOG mission. He isresponsible for preparation and execution of theTALOG commander's plans, policies, and direc-tives pertaining to transportation services andoperations. He is responsible for effecting move-ments (except petroleum by pipeline) from thecommunications zone into the combat zonethrough operational control of the TransportationIntersectional Service (par. 2). He effects neces-sary coordination with the transportation officersof base logistical command (BALOG), advancelogistical command (ADLOG), and the field army.He receives forecasts of requirements for surfaceand air transport from BALOG, ADLOG, andfield army. He fulfills these requirements byallocating to these headquarters the requisitecapacity, either from TALOG resources or fromresources allocated to TALOG by theater army;or by having the requirements accomplished bythe transportation intersectional service.

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7. Base Logistical Command (BALOG)

BALOG directs administrative support oper-ations within the base section of the comnmunica-tions zone. The BALOG transportation officer,under supervision of the Director of Services,plans, coordinates, and controls operations oftransportation activities and units of l;he com-mrnd, including operations of water terminalsand staging areas located in and assigned to.BALOG. He is provided with the capability tomove supplies from terminals to BALOG depots,to accomplish other local transportation require-ments, and to extend, as required, the tra.nsporta-tion intersectional service.

13. Advance Logistical Command (ADLOG)The ADLOG transportation officer's staff posi-

tion, functions, and responsibilities are s:imilar tothose of the BALOG transportation officer. Inaddition, he is responsible for providing Trans-portation Corps supply and maintenance serviceas a part of the ADLOG mission of support forthe combat zone.

59. Field Army

The field army transportation officer advisesthe commander and staff on all transportationmatters and prepares plans for employme:nt of thea.rmy's transportation system, including resourcesallocated by theater army and TALOG (par. 5b).He provides a general transportation service tothe field army and supplements, as required,organic capabilities of field army units and in-

1 4 AGO 1580C

stallations. When so directed by his commander.he exercises operational control over Transporta-tion Corps units of the command not otherwiseassigned or attached, including Army air trans-port units used for administrative support.

10. Army Corps

In a corps which is part of a field army, thetransportation officer, under supervision of theACofS, G4, consolidates transportation require-ments of the divisions and of corps troops and, asnecessary, prepares requests to the field army forallocation of additional transportation units, tothe corps. He also recommends allocation of corpstransportation units to divisions and to corpstroops. When the corps operates separately, itsstaff is augmented and additional transportationunits are assigned. In this case, the corps trans-portation officer has functions and responsibilitiessimilar to those of a field army transportationofficer.

11. Army Divisions

In the Army divisions (airborne, armored, in-fantry and mechanized) the division supportcommand commander provides staff advice to thedivision commander and the division staff on alltransportation operations.

12. Logistical Commands

Each of the three types (A, B, or C) of logisti-cal command headquarters has a transportation

AGO 1630C 15

officer on the special staff. He is under the super-vision of the director of services, supply, andmaintenance in a Type A command, and underthe director of services in a Type B or Type Clogistical command headquarters. His duties andresponsibilities vary with the scope of the trans-portation operations performed by the commandand its assigned or attached transportation units.When so directed by his commander, he exercisesoperational control over Transportation Corpsunits assigned or attached to the comraand andnot further assigned or attached, including Armyair transport units used for administrative sup-port. For additional details on transportationofficers of logistical command headquarters, seeparagraphs 6, 7, and 8 and FM 54-1.

13. Other CommandsThe transportation officers of other commands,

such as Army groups, area, commanads, anddepots, perform transportation functions appli-cable to the missions of those commands.

a. The transportation officer of an Army groupis primarily a staff advisor, with little or no oper-ational function. His duties include coordinationof transportation matters between the transpor-tation officers of the field armies and between theArmy group and the transportation officers ofADLOG and TALOG.

b. The transportation officer of an area com-mand or of a depot has functions and responsi-bilities closely related to those of an installationtransportation officer in the continental United

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States. He is a member of the commander's staffand he performs or supervises those transporta-tion operations for which the command is respon-sible. In addition, he represents the commanderin transactions with agencies of the TALOGtransportation movements organization for inter-sectional movements to or from his installation;and with the transportation officer of ADLOG orBALOG, as applicable, for assistance in perform-ing intrasectional movements.

Section II. STAFF ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS

14. Organization

Figure 1 shows a type organization of thetransportation division of a major headquarters.Branches and sections may be added or deleted asrequired for any specific headquarters, dependenton the composition and scope of the transporta-tion activities supervised. No current TOEorganization includes a transportation divisionwith personnel in the grades, MOS qualifications,or quantities adequate to man the staff organi-zation shown in figure 1. A TOE organization hasa staff adequate for typical operations of thatorganization and that staff is augmented accord-ing to the requirements of specific operations.

15. Functions

The primary functions of the transportationdivision are to advise the commander and staffand to accomplish the coordination necessary to

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IIA: l

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SECTIOM l 1 IIIC l 1 SEllCTCI S

Figure 1. Type transportation staff orgaiation.

Figure 1. Type transportation staff organ.izatio 1.

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insure that decisions and actions in transporta-tion matters are valid and effective. The missionof the command determines the detailed functionsof the division. Each branch of the division hassimilar responsibility for coordinating its actionswithin the division and with other agencies, asappropriate. The following outline of typicalbranch functions applies to the organizationshown in figure 1; modifications are made to suitthe requirements of a specific headquarters.

a. Administration and Management Branch.(1) Performs all internal administrative

functions for the transportation staff toinclude military and civilian personnelmatters and the authentication, publi-cation, dispatch, and receipt of corre-spondence.

(2) Maintains libraries and office files.(3) Controls allocation of office space.(4) Coordinates preparation and changes to

the standing operating procedure (SOP)for the transportation division. (For aguide to preparation of SOP, see FM55-15.)

(5) Implements security measures for safe-guarding, receiving, and disposing ofclassified information within the trans-portation division, as established by theorganization SOP and by directives ofhigher headquarters.

(6) Provides the transportation officer withcurrent information and recommenda-

AGO 1530C 19

tions on personnel requirements andassignments.

(7) Performs staff action on fiscal mattersand on management policies and prac-tices appropriate to the transportationdivision.

(8) Performs reviews and analyses of oper-ational projects.

b. Plans and Intelligence Branch.

(1) Prepares and coordinates such specialtransportation plans as may be required.

(2) Maintains liaison with planners of otherservices and commands.

(3) Prepares and coordinates estimates andforecasts of transportation resourcesand requirements.

(4) Supervises the collection of transporta-tion information and the production anddisposition of transportation intelli-gence.

(5) In accordance with policies establishedby the Assistant Chief of Staff, G2,exercises technical supervision overtransportation intelligence activities ofsubordinate commands.

(6) Supervises transportation intelligencedetachments and personnel assigned orattached to the command.

(7) Prepares and maintains the transporta-tion security portion of the SOP and re-lated security directives for the head-quarters.

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(8) Provides technical assistance to the As-sistant Chief of Staff, G2, (or appro-priate director) on transportation tech-nical intelligence matters.

(9) Coordinates the preparation of trainingprograms of Transportation Corps unitsof the command.

c. Transport and Terminals Branch.

(1) Performs necessary coordination be-tween the transportation officer and thetransport mode organizations of thecommand.

(2) Initiates action to secure the services ofcivilian transport facilities and advisestransportation movements branch oftheir capabilities.

(3) Recommends adjustments in the locationand employment of transport mode or-ganizations, equipment, and facilities.

(4) Provides operating data and planninginformation to other branches of thedivision.

(5) Assists the transportation officer and thetraffic headquarters in the preparationof highway regulation plans. (See para-graph 28 and FM 55-31.)

(6) Recommends to the transportation offi-cer the necessary action to improve theavailability and capability of transportequipment and facilities of transportmode organizations and civilian agen-cies.

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d. Transportation Movements Branch.(1) Compiles and analyizes movement re-

quirements and transportation capa-bilities.

(2) Recommends to the ACofS, G4, or ap-priate director, priorities for utilizationof transport capability.

(3) Develops the movement plan by balanc-ing capabilities and requirements ac-cording to priorities.

(4) Adjusts movement program to meetchanging requirements.

(5) Establishes procedures for expeditingshipments.

(6) Effects coordination between transportservices, including MATS and the troopcarrier forces, and users of transporta-tion.

(7) Negotiates rates and contracts fortransportation services.

(8) Performs the necessary coordination be-tween the transportation officer and thetransportation movements u nits andpersonnel of the command.

(9) Recommends locations for in-transitstorage areas and transfer points.

e. Supply and Maintenance Branch.(1) Determines the requirements for, and

the allocation of, Transportation Corpssupplies and equipment.

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(2) Plans and supervises the establishmentand operation of Transportation Corpssupply and maintenance installations.

(3) Establishes policies and procedures forthe recovery, technical evaluation, evac-uation, reclamation, and maintenance ofTransportation Corps supplies andequipment.

(4) Supervises maintenance and servicea-bility inspections of TransportationCorps equipment and assists in planningand performing command inspections ofunits having Transportation Corpsequipment.

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CHAPTER 3TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND

INTELLIGENCE

Section I. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

16. General

Planning is one of the major responsibilities ofthe transportation officer and he performs plan-ning functions in three general fields.

a. Planning for Base Development. A base de-velopment plan is a program for establishmentand development of theater resources. Its pur-pose is to achieve this development in accordancewith the strategic mission and operational plansand to program the establishment of facilities tosupport military operations. The development offacilities, phasing of troop units into the area, andbuildup of supplies will take place according tothis plan. Base development planning is dis-cussed in detail in FM 101-10.

b. Planning for Current Operations. This isthe routine management planning necessary toassure continued, efficient operation. It includesrevision of procedures to compensate for lossesin capability or to take advantage of circum-stances which permit more convenient workingarrangements.

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c. Planning for Future Operations. This in-cludes planning both for new operations and fornew phases of the current operation. The discus-sion in the following paragraphs of this sectionis directed primarily toward the functions of thetransportation officer and the plans and intelli-gence branch within this area. However, forpurposes of continuity, this discussion includesmany elements of both base development and cur-rent operations planning.

(1) The plan for a new operation requirescomprehensive and careful preparationthat makes adequate provision for everydetail of that operation.

(a) Based on the mission, troop require-ments are computed and the phasingof those troops into the operationalarea is scheduled to coincide with theplanned phases of the tactical oper-ation. Concurrently, requiremnets forsupplies and equipment are deter-mined; supply levels are established;and the buildup to those levels isscheduled.

(b) Initially, much of the planning is basedon assumptions and estimates. Com-putations of requirements for troops,equipment, and facilities are based ongeneralized data, such as that foundin FM 101-10 or FM 55-15. As de-cisions are made, and firm datadeveloped, the plans are revised andrefined accordingly.

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(c) Because of the importance of accuracyand detail, planners at all levels mustachieve complete and continual co-ordination.

(2) Planning for a new phase of EL currentoperation may include some or all of theconsiderations mentioned in (1) above.More often, it may require little morethan a realinement of the organizationand a relocation of those units, instal-lations, and facilities available at thetime the plan is prepared. Reports ofthe operational experience of these unitsand activities furnish factual informa-tion on capabilities. These reports ob-viate use of the less exact data used inplanning new operations.

17. Essential Elements of the Transportation Plan

A plan is the scenario for an operation. Itindicates the method and schedule for the ac-complishment of a mission. The transportationplan prescribes a course of action, including themethods of execution, which will furnish thetransportation support required for an operation.This plan should have the flexibility necessary toinsure continuity of transportation support ifoperational phase lines are not met, or are ex-ceeded. The planner should provide for adequatecontrol during the operation and for coordinatedtransition from the current to the new operation.'The plan should be as simple as is consis'tent withcompleteness.

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18. Planning Considerations

Basically, transportation planning involvesbalancing requirements and resources. The re-quirements are those movements necessary to in-sure success of the operation. The resources arethe units, equipment, and facilities-and themethods and procedures established for utilizingthem--available for performing the requirements.

a. Requirements.

(1) Each requirement for troops or suppliesgenerates at least one requirement fortransportation. Initially, transportationrequirements can be expressed in termsof tonnage (or numbers of personnel)and distance. In later stages of plan-ning, the tonnages become classes ofsupply and even distinct items; and dis-tances become specific origins and desti-nations.

(2) Supply agencies are often reluctant tosubmit estimates of requirements fortransportation, preferring to wait untilthose requirements are based on firmplans. For this and other reasons, thetransportation planner may receive norequirement from one or more users.However, the responsibility for provi-sion of adequate transportation supportfor the operation rests with the trans-portation planner. He estimates thetotal requirement for transportation,

AGO 1680C 27

based on the average supplies requiredfor the forces to be supported and on theaverage distances involved in the severalphases of the operation. This estimateserves as a "point of departure" and ageneral check on the realism of require-ments submitted by users. He then en-courages users to recognize :in everysupply or personnel action a transporta-tion requirement, aEnd to submit and re-fine those requirements as early aspossible.

(3) Some requirements may be w:ithin thecapability of transport organic to therequesting unit. The planner must de-termine to what extent such capabilitiesexist and urge their utilization. A com-mon example of this is moving generalcargo, as well as unit equipment, onorganic vehicles of a moving unit.

b. Resources. An assessment of transportationresources involves consideration of the--

(1) Characteristics of each transport serv-ice. These are summarized in chapter 4.

(2) Capabilities of units within each trans-port service. These are given in FM 55-15 and in the appropriate tables oforganization and equipment.

(3) Capabilities of available civilian trans-port agencies. These can be determinedonly through survey of the facilities andinspection of the equipment. In plan-

28 AGO 1530C

ning new operations, this is seldomfeasible; estimates must be based on in-formation obtainable from intelligencereports or from civil affairs area studies.

(4) Troop basis for operation. The troopbasis will seldom be broken out intoseparate ceilings for each service.Usually it prescribes the maximum num-ber of service troops authorized for sup-port of the designated combat forces.

(a) Each service wants the troop strengththat will enable that service to furnishcomplete support. The proposals toaccomplish this usually exceed theceilings and competition for spaces de-velops. Since these conflicting pro-posals must be resolved by commanddecision, it is assured that any unitfinally placed on the troop list hasbeen fully justified.

(b) The transportation planner mustvisualize unit employment throughoutthe operation to prepare a valid trooplist. For example, many terminalservice units may be required forcargo discharge on several beachesduring the initial phase of an oper-ation. During a later phase, con-solidation of functions at a large waterterminal, or extensive use of civilianlabor, may make some of these unitsunnecessary. The justification for the

AGO 1580C 29

proposed troop list should indicatethat these units will operate modetransfer terminals needed in forwardareas.

(c) In some cases, the urgency of theoperation requires that it be under-taken even though it is recognizedthat, by usual standards, sufficientpersonnel are not provided within thetroop basis. The planner may be ableto increase the capabilities of thetroops available by one of the follow-ing measures.

1. Type B units may be used, withcivilians replacing some military per-sonnel. However, any applicable ceil-ing on civilians must be considered.

2. Reduced strength units may be usedin those areas where the total capa-bility of a full strength unit is not re-quired.

3. Some functions may be performed inpart, or in whole, by contract ,services.

4. In ADLOG and BALOG areas, pris-oner-of-war (POW) labor may beused to supplement manpower re-sources. Utilization of POW labor issubject to the provisions of inter-national agreements and theaterpolicy and must be closely coordinatedwith the appropriate major commandprovost marshal.

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19. Balancing Requirements and Resources

The process of balancing requirements and re-sources determines whether or not the transpor-tation capability is adequate to support the oper-ation. It also establishes the workload for eachsegment of the transportation service.

a. The planner is responsible for providingcomplete transportation support capability,though his planning data may be incomplete.

(1) Initially, requirements for transporta-tation are stated only in general terms.For example: 1,000 tons of Quarter-master Class II and IV to arrive in thetheater and be moved 80 miles inlandduring a particular phase of the oper-ation. The planner totals the require-ments and computes the resourcesneeded to perform this workload at adaily average rate throughout the period.Use of averages in planning is neces-sary; but in operations, an average pro-duction day is unusual. If resources areprovided to produce only the averageworkload, the actual requirement forsome days cannot be met. Therefore, theplanner increases the quantities of re-sources to compensate for days of lowproductivity. The amount of this in-crease is based, in part, on assumptions;but primarily its determination is afunction of the professional judgment ofthe planner.

AGO 1530C 31

(2) Providing complete transportation sup-port requires consideration of factorsother than the necessary operating units.The planner provides :for adequate com-mand and control by organizing the unitsaccording to their missions, proposedlocations, and area of coverage. He co-ordinates with planners of other servicesto insure that their plans include thenecessary capability for support of thetransportation units. He makes recom-mendations as to the location of supplyand service installations in accordancewith their requirements for transporta-tion.

b. A composite statement of the total require-.ments for transportation expedites the planning:process. Each planner selects the format that hetinds most usable. One may use a chart-type list-ing of requirements, showing origin, destination,amount, and the service and class of supply ofleach shipment. Another may plot this same dataon an overlay of the area; while a third may usea combination of both. The format selectedshould permit ready identification of such itemsas cargo discharge tonnage at water terminals;terminal clearance tonnage, to include indicationof areas to which it is cleared; forward move-tments of cargo to and from each area; and cargowhich should be moved by air.

c. The process of establishing workloads foreach of the transport modes varies according to

:32 AGO 1530C

the phase of the operation. In the usual situation,the plan for the initial phase should provide suffi-cient motor transport for all cargo and personnelmovements. Though some priority items will, infact, move by air, this quantity normally will beonly a small percentage of the total supplies. Insome situations, however, where physical barriersrestrict surface movements or when speed of de-livery is the determinant, the plan should providefor much or all of the supplies to be airlifted.After railway becomes available, most shipmentscompatible with rail shipment are allocated tothis mode, within the system capacity. Motortransport is then used for shipments betweenpoints not on rail lines, for distribution oper-ations, or for shipments in excess of the practicalcapability of the railway system. Whenever pos-sible, one mode is used for through movement; theuse of transfer points should be avoided.

(1) Workloads are computed individuallyfor each transport mode, according tothe characteristics and capabilities ofthe operating units of that mode. Thefinal plan, however, must combine theunits and operations of all modes into asingle, integrated transportation sys-tem.

(2) During actual operations, the theatercommander allocates a portion of theavailable airlift to theater army; thisair movement capacity is utlized accord-ing to requirements. For planning pur-poses, however, air movement capacity

AGO 1580C 33

is an assumption based on coordinationwith Air Force planners. This assumedcapacity will seldLom exceed the! require-ment for movement of priority cargo;when there is an excess, planners shouldexpect it to be required for nonpro-gramed priority movements. Simi-larly, Army transport aircraft capacitywill seldom exceed the amount requiredfor direct support of combat operations.Therefore, the plan should not providefor routine movements by air of otherthan priority cargo.

(3) Rarely will the transportation plan con-template extensive use of inland water-ways. The base development plan willprovide for their use only when trans-port by other modes is not available insufficient quantities.

(a) In only a few areas of the world arethere extensive inland waterway sys-tems that would be compatible withour requirements for transportation.

(b) Inland waterway systems are rela-tively vulnerable to enemy action andsabotage and they are difficult to re-store to usefulness.

(4) The planner must be certain to includeall types of workloads, such as3 the fol-lowing:

(a) Successive shipments of some cargo(i.e., from terminal to BALOG depot,

34 AGO 1530C

then from BALOG to ADLOG, thenfrom ADLOG to field army) and theattendant rehandling and documenta-tion, as well as shipments of cargodirect from terminals to combatforces.

(b) Lateral shipments, rewarehousing re-quirements, and retrograde shipments.

(c) Requirements for internal support ofeach area, beyond the capabilities oftransportation organic to the units inthe area.

(d) Requirements for personnel needed tosupplement TOE authorizations.For example, supply personnel andtransportation movements personnelmay be needed for the transportationdivision of a logistical command.

(e) Maintenance of equipment.(f) Requirements for support of allied and

civilian agencies.(g) Evacuation of patients, with provision

for rapid adjustment of operationsand use of special terminals to ex-pedite movement.

d. Based on the workload forecast for eachmode, the planner computes the number of units,by type, required. Greatly simplified, this com-putation may be expressed as a fraction, whosenumerator is the total job and whose denominatoris the capability of one unit to perform that job.

AGO 1580C 35

The result of the division is the number of oper-ating units needed. The requisite command andsupervisory units are then added.

e. The items of Transportation Corps supplyare computed, based on the planned population ofend items and their maintenance and replacementrequirements. According to the tonnage andplanned distribution of these supplies, the num-ber of maintenance and supply units can be de-termined.

f. Units and supplies are phased into the oper-ation according to the requirements for eachphase. The planner must assure that the rela-tive priority given to these units and supplies isappropriate to their intended use.

g. The plan must provide for transition fromthe current to the new operation. For example,when support units are phased out of the currentoperation, their support functions must be trans-ferred to another similar unit.

20. Coordination

The transportation plan is but one portion ofthe plan for support of an operation. Completecoordination among all planners is mandatory toassure integrated support..

a. The original guidance is seldom validthroughout the planning period; consta:nt coordi-nation with the appropriate general staff agencieson the following major topics is necessary to keepthe planning current:

36 AGO 1680C

(1) Changes to the mission.(2) Commander's concept, including phas-

ing.(3) Organization.(4) Assumptions, including approval of as-

sumptions proposed by transportationplanners.

(5) Intelligence.(6) Changes to policies and SOP.(7) Priorities and allocations (par. 5).(8) Supplemental requirements for support

of U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, andallied elements, and for civilian relief.

(9) Security, to include security of classi-fied information and materiel, protectionof routes of communications, rear areasecurity, and security forces.

b. Coordination with other special staff andoperating agencies includes consideration of suchmatters as-

(1) Requirements for transportation.(2) Proposed locations of depots and other

installations requiring transportationsupport.

(3) Routes--to include construction, mainte-nance, and terminals, as applicable-ofpipelines, railways, primary and second-ary roads, waterways, and airways.

(4) Adequacy of service support to transpor-tation installations and units, such assignal communications service andtraffic control support.

AGO 15630C 37

(5) Compatibility of the transportation re-quirements submitted by users with thecapability of supply agencies to ship orreceive cargo.

(6) Recommendations for improving trans-portation support.

Section II. TRANSPORTATION INTELLIGENCE

21. General

Transportation intelligence is defined as eval-uated technical data concerning the characteris-tics, conditions, construction, development, andmaintenance of materiel and all factors involvedin the operation of all transportation facilities-air, land, or water-in an actual or proposedtheater of operations. Such intelligence :is essen-tial to planning at all echelons. For detailed dis-cussion of technical intelligence, see FM 30-16.Transportation technical intelligence is coveredin FM 55-8.

2!2. Responsibilities

The transportation officer is responsible for thecollection of transportation information, the pro-duction of transportation intelligence, and coun-terintelligence considerations, to include thesecurity of transportation information and ma-teriel. For these functions, he is undersupervision of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, orthe appropriate director, who will establish in-telligence policies and procedures for the com-mand.

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23. Functions

The intelligence officer in the plans and intelli-gence branch assembles, analyzes, and incor-porates into his collection plan the requirementsof his own and, as applicable, higher, lower, andadjacent headquarters. His plan is submitted toG2 for approval and inclusion in the G2 collectionplan. Orders and requests based on the G2 in-telligence collection plan are disseminated toprovide to transportation intelligence officers ofsubordinate commands, and to transportation in-telligence team commanders, a basis for the or-ganization of their collection effort.

24. Collection Agencies

Collection agencies include the intelligence per-sonnel of the transportation staff division trans-portation intelligence teams, and TransportationCorps units. Transportation Corps personnel orunits operating in the field may be assignedspecial collection or reporting tasks, in additionto their normal intelligence responsibilities.Transportation information is also collected bythe intelligence elements of other branches ofservice and by Navy and Air Force intelligenceagencies.

25. Transportation Intelligence Teams

Three types of intelligence teams are organizedunder TOE 55-500: Team HA, Intelligence-Collection; Team HB, Intelligence-Research; andTeam HC, Intelligence-Augmentation. When

AGO 1530C 39

these teams are assigned to an organization theywill usually operate under supervision of thetransportation officer, but may receive directionand supervision from the A.CofS, G2.

26. Disposition of Transportation Technical Intelliklence

After study and analysis, all documents such asmaps, diagrams, or charts should be forwardedthrough intelligence channels as directed by FM30-16. Information concerning transportationsystems, routes, facilities, and materiel will beforwarded without delay to the nearest transpor-tation intelligence team or transportation officer.Captured enemy transportation materiel will beprocessed in accordance with FM 30-16.

4O AGO 1530C

CHAPTER 4

TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

Section I. MANAGEMENT SERVICES

27. Transportation Movements

a. The task of transportation movementsmanagement is to support the mission of the com-mand by making the best use of transportationresources consistent with insuring the movementof supplies and personnel. To be effective, sup-plies and personnel must be moved to the re-quired place, on time, and in the quantity desired.However, the supply systems of the severaltechnical services differ in nature and volume ofrequirements; the transport modes vary as tocharacteristics and capability for employment.Therefore, accomplishment of the objective"enough and on time" requires 'command controlto achieve unity of effort, on the one hand; andcentralized direction to obtain timely response todemand, on the other. Intelligent movementsmanagement provides centralized direction to ob-tain effective response to demand through the in-tegration and regulation of the transport meansand facilities.

b. Movements management is the means bywhich the transportation officer of each head-quarters and command provides an integrated

AGO 1530C 41

transportation service. Thus, every headquartersor command having substantial adminiJstrativesupport responsibilities requires, as a minimum,a transportation movements staff branch. How-ever, the need for a transportation movementsfield organization is dependent upon the extentand complexity of the transportation network andthe total distribution system.

(1) In headquarters, such as TALOG, whereseveral means of transport are avail-able and intersectional movement re-quirements are generated throughoutthe communications zone and the combatzone, a field organization is a necessity.

(2) In contrast, a transportation movementsfield organization is seldom required byBALOG, ADLOG, or area commands.Intrasectional movement requirementsare usually local in nature, fulfilled bymotor transport allocated on a missionbasis. The allocation is made as a resultof direct coordination between the user(installation or activity transportationofficer) and the command transportationmovements staff element.

(3) In the event a requirement exists, for thethe use of intersectional movement capa-bility for an intrasectional movementrequirement, the section transportationofficer initiates a request to the TALOGtransportation officer. After the capa-bility is allocated by TALOG, the user

42 AGO 1580C

deals directly with the TALOG trans-portation movements field representa-tive.

c. The movement program is the principalmeans by which movements are managed. Essen-tially, it is the command's program for the distri-bution of supplies and personnel, comprising boththe shipping requirements stated by the variousshippers and the means of transport allocated bythe transportation officer. The program's effec-tiveness is directly proportional to the accuracyof the forecasts of requirements submitted by theshipping agencies. Adequate, timely service tothe using agency can result only when manage-ment decisions are based on accurate and timelyreports. Positioning transport equipment in re-sponse to significantly inaccurate estimates willresult in the loss of transport capacity. Conse-quently, the transportation service will be unableto perform effectively the actual requirements ofall supply agencies.

(1) Development of movement program. Themovement program is evolved from themovement plan which is derived froman analysis of transportation capabilitiesand the command supply/personnel plan.Supply and personnel movement re-quirements are submitted by technicaland administrative services and by othershipping agencies to the director ofservices or G4. These requirements arethe basis for the supply/personnel move-

AGO 1530C 43

ment plan. Concurrently, an analysis oftransport capabilities is developed bycoordinated action, between the trans-portation movements branch and thetransport and tenrminals branch of thestaff transportation division. The sup-ply/personnel movement plan i s com-pleted by the allocation of an appropriatetransport mode to each shipping require-ment, in accordance with establishedpriorities. The movement plan becomesthe movement program when. it isauthenticated by the G4 or director ofservices. The program is published inthe name of the commander and dis-seminated to all interested agencies.

(2) Implementation of movement program.The movement program is a directivefor planning action; it is also the au-thority for shipment when actual re-quisitioning action occurs. The programidentifies the estimated daily tonnage ofshipments by class and service of' supply,origin and destination, and mode oftransport (similar information is givenfor personnel movements), covering astated period of time, usually 7 to 15days. Based upon information containedin the program, shipping agencies pre-pare stocks or alert personnel to attaina continuous flow of movements. Receiv-ing agencies plan for the receipt of the

44 AGO 1530C

stated daily quantity. Transport equip-ment is prepared and positioned, but noequipment is dispatched until a shippersubmits a request for transportation.Requirements for movement which areincluded in an appropriate program de-scription are fulfilled upon the receipt ofa request for transportation. On theother hand, requirements which differ inany substantial respect from informationcontained in the program, or which donot appear in the program, are nonpro-gramed movements. The fulfillment ofnonprogramed movement requirementsmay be delayed, dependent on the availa-bility of transport equipment, unless theimportance of the shipment warrantsassignment of a priority for transportand adjustment of programed ship-ments.

d. Centralized control of movements is exer-cised by the transportation officer charged withproviding an integrated transportation serviceand having a knowledge of' the overall require-ments for movement through the transportationmovements staff and field organization.

(1) The transportation movements stafffunction usually is accomplished bytransportation movements personnelprovided in TOE's of headquarters oflogistical command and field army. How-ever, the transportation group (move-

AGO 1580C 45

ments) may perform the staff functionin addition to its primary mission ofexercising command over the transpor-tation movements field organization.

(2) The requirements for a transportationmovements field organization vary withthe size of the geographical area. encom-passed by the command, the complexityof the transportation net, and thevolume of movements. Basically, "on-the-spot" supervision of movements isaccomplished by transportation move-ments offices (branch). Branch TMO'sare established to provide area c:overageor to supervise a critical point, depend-ent upon the volume of movements.

(3) For administrative and operational pur-poses, the communications zone and thecombat zone may be divided into one ormore transportation movements regions.Regional boundaries are established tofacilitate control of movements and donot necessarily coincide with commandor political boundaries. A transportationbattalion (movements) is organized tooperate the regional transportationmovements office and to command andsupervise branch TMO's located withinthe region. The transportation battalion(movements) may be assigned to atransportation group (movements) ormay operate independently.

IM6 AGO 1530C

(4) TALOG and field army each has an as-signed transportation group (move-ments). Under the operational controlof the command transportation officer,the group commands and supervises thetransportation movements field organi-zation.

(5) The transportation group (movements)and transportation battalion (move-ments) are organized from group andbattalion headquarters cellular unitsauthorized under TOE 55-500. Trans-portation movements teams of varioussizes are included in TOE 55-500 to staffbranch TMO's or to provide specializedaugmentation for-movements group andbattalion organizations.

(6) The primary functions of transportationmovements personnel in the field are tofacilitate the movement of authorizedshipments; to prevent the dissipation oftransportation resources; to act as thecommon point of contact between usersand transport mode operators; to reportthe status of transportation activities intheir areas; and to transmit to operatorsrequirements for transport.

(7) Installation or activity transportationofficers, as staff officers of the commandto which assigned, insure the provisionof transportation services required tosupport the mission of the command.

AGO 1630C 47

The installation transportation officerrepresents all activities of the commandin dealings with the transportationmovements field organization for inter-sectional movement requirements.

e. For details of transportation movements:functions and procedures refer to FM 55-4.

'28. Highway Regulation

a. Definition. Highway regulation is the plan-ning, scheduling, routing, and direction of theactual use of the highways..

b. Responsibility. The ACofS, G4, or the ap-propriate director, is responsible for the provisionof highway regulation required to insure thatoperational requirements are met. This :responsi-bility is discharged through a staff agency, thetraffic headquarters, which is operated and super-vised by the transportation officer.

c. Trafic Headquarters. The traffic headquar-i;ers performs all appropriate highway regulationstaff actions and has operational control overhighway regulation operating elemen ts. Thenecessity for complete coordination between high-way regulation and traffic control agencies re-quires assigned Provost Marshal representationin the traffic headquarters; other agencies of thecommand furnish representatives when the needarises.

(1) General or director staff coordination isperformed by the G4 or equivalentdirector. The traffic headquarters co-

418 AGO 1530C

ordinates directly with all other inter-ested staff agencies in the preparationof highway regulation plans and direc-tives to insure timely accomplishment ofboth tactical and administrative supportmovements.

(2) Highway regulation teams (TOE 55-500) in the field operate in close coordi-nation with military police traffic con-trol personnel, often being located attraffic control posts. These highwayregulation teams effect such regulationas may be necessary to carry out thedirectives of the traffic headquarters.

d. References. For details of highway regula-tion operations, see FM 25-10 and FM 55-31.

Section II. TRANSPORT MODE SERVICES

29. General

This section discusses in general terms thetransportation services provided in theaters ofoperation by organizations of the transportmodes.

a. Characteristics of operations, equipment,and organization are covered in other manualswhich are cited in appropriate paragraphs of thissection. Information on these subjects is includedhere only as necessary to define and explain theservices performed.

b. Any of the services discussed herein are sub-ject to delay or interruptions due to enemy action,

AGO 1530C 49

sabotage, or extreme weather conditions. Someservices may not be provided in some theaters.

c. Users of this manual should not attempt todetermine, on the basis of information in thissection, which transport mode or means should beused for movement of specific shipments. Themode of movement for each shipment is deter-rained by the transportation officer on the basisof much additional information, examples ofwhich follow:

(1) The availability of capacity within eachof the transport modes, and the com-patibility of carrier and cargo.

(2) The relative priority of the ship:ment.(3) The ability of the shipper to load and

ship, and the ability of the receiver toaccept and unload, by each mod.e.

(4) Any conflicts with programed transpor-tation.

(5) Any transfer of modes necessary ifshipped from origin by a specific mode.

(6) The desire of the agency requestingshipment.

30. Motor Transport

a. Nature of Service.(1) Each motor transport operating unit has

the capability of independent operation,having organic mess, administration,supply, and maintenance sections. Eachunit can be attached, detached, or dis-patched from and to organizations or

o0 AGO 1530C

installations on short notice without ex-tensive preparation by, or support from,the using agency.

(2) The motor transport service can tailoroperations to the requirements of eachuser agency. This enables the user toobtain the service he needs withoutchanging his procedures or disruptinghis operations. The service can berapidly changed in scope or nature, in acoordinated transition, to meet new re-quirements developed by changes in theoperations of the using agency.

(3) Motor transport is the connecting linkthat makes possible an integrated trans-portation service. It bridges the gap be-tween depots and the air, water, or railterminals. It transfers shipments be-tween other modes and is' the modebest suited for most distribution activi-ties. It supplements other modes, whennecessary, thus reducing the pressure ofpeak load periods.

(4) Continuity of service can be maintained.Enemy action and other factors may beexpected to cause some interruptions inservice. However, each vehicle is inde-pendently mobile and has significantcross-country capability. Therefore, itis possible for motor transport operatorsto substitute vehicles or units, bypass,or re-route, as necessary to minimize the

AGO 1580C 51

effects of interruptions. In many cases,motor transport can provide completeorigin to destination service, even fromshipside direct to the using unit.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. The capabilities of the

motor transport service are as varied asthe possible combinations.of the oper-ating units. These units include light,medium, and heavy truck companies andcar companies. The TOE for the mediumtruck company provides for augmenta-tion of this unit with a missile transportsquad. For tasks which do not requirethe capability of an entire company orone of its platoons or squads, motortransport teams are available which pro-vide truck, bus, or car transportation.Each team includes vehicles and oper-ators and can be attached to any unitrequiring such assistance.

(2) Basis. Usually, the units will be dis-patched on a mission basis; but; the fac-tors peculiar to some situations may re-quire attachment or assignment to thesupported organization or installation.For example, the distance separating theunit from its parent headquarters maymake it impracticable for the headquar-ters to exercise command, or for thetransportation officer to exerc:ise oper-ational control and supervision. The

52 AGO 1530C

decision to attach or assign the unit isan individual determination based onthe requirements of each specific situ-ation.

(3) Methods. Motor transport operations aregenerally classed as either line haul orlocal haul. Line hauls are characterizedby long running time in relation to load-ing and unloading time. A line haulusually involves one round trip, or a por-tion of a trip, daily; it is evaluated onthe basis of time consumed, tonnagehauled, or ton-miles accumulated. Localhauls are characterized by short runningtime in relation to loading and unloadingtime. Usually, several trips will be madedaily and the operation is evaluated onthe basis of tons of cargo, or number ofpersonnel transported during the evalu-ation period.

c. Control. Appropriate command and super-visory headquarters organizations are provided.Battalion, group, and motor transport commandheadquarters supervise operations and accom-plish operational planning. The staff transporta-tion officer exercises operational control usuallythrough the motor transport section of the trans-port and terminals branch. The ACofS, G4, orcorresponding director, exercises highway regu-lation through the transportation officer and thetraffic headquarters (par. 28).

AGO 1580C 53

d. Reference. For detailed information onmotor transport operations, and units, see FM55-31.

311. [Rail Transport

a. Nature of Service.(1) Rail transport excels as a mode for bulk

movements. Moving at a relatively con-stant speed, railroads move mo:re in agiven period, with fewer operating andmaintenance personnel, than any otherland transport mode.

(2) Freedom from traffic interference andrelative immunity to weather conditionsprovide rail transportation with an in-herent ability to maintain continuousscheduled service.

(3) Any commodity can be moved by rail inpractically unlimited quantities, subjectonly to clearance restrictions along theroute. Refrigerator, tank, depressedcenter, and hospital cars, as well as othertypes of specialized equipment, areavailable to accommodate an almost end-less variety of shipments; though theymay not always be available in quantitywithin the theater of operations. Sincethe personnel and all the equipment of aunit can travel together, unit integritycan be maintained from origin to desti-nation.

(4) Operating only on fixed roadbeds, railtransport is less flexible than, for ex-

i54 AGO 150C

ample, motor transport. However, thefixed routes provide safety and trafficcontrol so that supervision, by agenciesoutside the rail transport organization,is seldom required.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. The railway operating bat-

talion provides train service and mainte-nance of way on one division (usually 90to 150 miles of track) or operates a largerail terminal or marshalling yard. Otherrail units furnish support for the oper-ating battalion.

(2) Basis. The senior command headquartersof the transportation railway service re-tains command and control of all operat-ing units. Only those units or teams re-quired for hospital train operation aredetached from this control. Such unitsor teams are placed under operationalcontrol of the surgeon having responsi-bility for evacuation.

(3) Methods. Requirements for service andavailability of equipment and facilitiesdetermine which of the following meth-ods of operation is used:

(a) Fleet. In fleet operations, trains movein one direction for a specified period;then in the opposite direction for asimilar period. When the time cannotbe specified in advance, the last trainin one direction carries a train order

AGO 1530C 55

identifying it as the last; its arrival ata yard is the signal for trains to startmoving in the opposite direction.

(b) Manual Block. In manual block oper-ations, trains move a block at a time,or from one station to the next, whengiven a permissive signal to do so.Where signals are lacking, crews may,on written orders from the block ortower operator, advance trains instages.

(c) Train Order. In train order opera-tions, trains move over single-trackeddivisions in stages and in strict con-formity to written orders from thetrain dispatcher. These orders advisetrain crews where to pass or meettrains moving in the same or oppositedirection, respectively.

(d) Timetable. This method is used whentrains are scheduled in the timetable.When timetable operation is used,extra trains may be authorized bytrain order and, unless other provi-sions are made, such extra trains aregoverned by the timetable with re-spect to their meeting or passingscheduled trains.

c. Control. Rail transportation is organized asan intersectional transportation service (par.2d). The units are assigned to TALOG and theTALOG transportation officer exercises controlover their operations.

5sNs AGO 1530C

d. Reference. 'For detailed information ontransportation railway organization and oper-ations, see FM 55-21 and other publications citedin that field manual.

32. Air Transport (Army Aircraft)

a. Nature of Service.

(1) Air transport provides the greatest po-tential speed of delivery for cargoeswhich are within the capability of theaircraft. This speed makes possible, byrepeated trips, the delivery of substantialquantities in less time than by othermodes. It should be noted, however, thatthis speed is achieved only during theair travel portion of the total trip. Insome cases, a shipper's insistence on airtransport may actually delay delivery ofa shipment. This could occur wheneither the origin or destination point isnot near an airfield. The total transittime would then include surface trans-port time and time for loading. apd un-loading surface carriers. In such in-stances, delivery may be expedited byuse of only surface transportation. Ex-tension of this reasoning would indicatethat, if air transport is necessary oradvisable for a portion of the distance,the transportation officer should con-sider using air transport for the entiredistance.

AGO 1580C 57

(2) Aircraft have an almost infinite choiceof routes, generally limited only by theirdesign characteristics of capacity, range,and fuel consumption. This enables air-craft to fly directly between points or tobe diverted to any new destinationwithin the limits of the aircraft's range.

(3) The vertical or short take-off and land-ing abilities of Army aircraft obviateextensive airfield construction and per-mit many shipments to be made fromorgin to destination without supple-mentary transportation.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. Army transport aviation

operating units of the TransportationCorps include light and medium heli-copter companies. The capabilities ofthese units vary with the capabilities ofthe aircraft which, in turn, vary withthe weather, distance involved, a:nd otherfactors affecting flight. For detailed dis-cussion of the capabilities of these air-craft under specific conditions, see FM101-10 and FM 55-15.

(2) Basis.(a) Numercially, most Army aircraft are

used within the field army area fordirect support of combat operations.However, those aircraft and unitsutilized for administrative support areintegrated into the transportation

s8 AGO 1580C

service of the field army. As a part ofthe transportation service, they areused to transport priority cargo andpersonnel.

(b) The nature of most cargo trans-ported, integration of the aircraft withother transport modes, and theurgency of the missions performed byaircraft preclude assignment or at-tachment of aircraft or Army trans-port aviation units to using instal-lations or units for administrativesupport mission. The administrativeuse of these aircraft and units is gen-erally restricted to mission dispatch,on a one-time basis. For tactical sup-port missions, however, the aircraftand units will normally be attached tothe supported unit or installation. Inexceptional instances, particularly instabilized situations, some units mayoperate scheduled flights betweenselected terminals.

(3) Methods. Efficient operation of aircraftis not tied to any specific method. Air-craft perform each mission according tothe requirements of that mission.

c. Control.(1) The transportation officer is responsible

for the employment of Army air trans-port utilized for administrative supportand for integration thereof with other

AGO 1530C 59

modes of transport. When aircraft areused for an extended period of time toaugment patient evacuation they will becontrolled by the command surgeon. Theaviation officer advises on technical andflight aspects of administration, train-ing, safety, and operations of Armytransport aviation units.

(2) Appropriate headquarters organizationsare available for command and admin-istration of the operating units.

d. Reference. For detailed discussion of oper-ations of Army aircraft and air transport units,see FM 1-5 and FM 1-100.

33. Inland Waterway Transport

a. Nature of Service.(1) Inland waterway systems can carry

great quantities of volume cargo; theycan, therefore, be used either to supple-ment other transport modes or to en-able the other modes to be used forhigher priority cargo.

(2) Inland waterway transport may be ofgreat value in either of the following:

(a) Movement of very heavy or very out-size shipments which are not easilyhandled by other modes.

(b) Support of units on offshore islandsites or at any time when short coast-wise service is the most practicalmeans of support.

,50 AGO 1530C

(3) Equipment and facilities of inlandwaterway systems are vulnerable tosabotage and enemy action and aredifficult to restore or construct. Also,though each carrier unit has great ca-pacity for both bulk and tonnage, itseffectiveness is limited by its slow rateof travel and the difficulty of divertingindividual shipments. For these reasonsthe transportation service will includeinland waterway operations only whenit is impracticable to generate sufficienttransport capability in other transportmodes.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. Transportation boat and

amphibious units, and teams availablefrom TOE 55-500, provide personneland equipment for use on waterways.These units and teams provide a varietyof carrier equipment such as poweredcargo vessels and cargo barges with ca-pacities ranging up to 585 short tons;landing craft with capacities from 35 to150 short tons; and amphibians rangingfrom the LARC-5, with a capacity offive short tons, to the BARC amphibiouslighter, which will carry 60 short tons.However, the tonnage capacities of theinland waterway system are as depend-ent on the characteristics of the water-way as on the type and quantity of

AGO 1580C 61

equipment available. Therefore, only asurvey of the system can determine itsactual capacity.

(2) Basis. Inland waterway units and fa-cilities are usually retained in thetransportation intersectional service ofTALOG; they may be assigned toBALOG, ADLOG, or field army if theinland waterway operation takes placewholly within the area of responsibilityof one of these commands.

(3) Methods. Inland waterway transportmay be established to move large ton-nages or to provide scheduled service;the equipment and methods used varywith the purpose. In the former in-stance, the service may be established toprovide flexibility and dispersion, to re-lieve peak loads on other modes, or toachieve economy. The latter method isgenerally used only when other trans-port modes cannot generate the requisitecapacity or cannot reach the points to beserved. If one type of service is required,the transportation officer should considerproviding both services, to obtain maxi-mum use of the equipment and thesupervisory elements of the operation.

c. Control. A transportation terminal com-mand or transportation terminal battalion, as ap-propriate, conducts inland waterway operations.The operations are under operational control ofthe appropriate staff transportation officer.

,62 AGO 1530C

d. References. For details of inland waterwayoperations and units, see FM 55-57. For planningfactors pertinent to inland waterway operations,see FM 55-15. For use of watercraft in terminaloperation, see paragraph 34.

Section III. TERMINAL AND STAGING SERVICES

34. Terminals

a. Nature of Service.(1) From the standpoint of the shipper, the

terminal is a point of transfer from onemode, or one carrier, to another. Onlyto the carrier or the transport modeorganization does the terminal representthe beginning or end of an operation.

(2) Terminal operations are conducted atports, beaches, air terminals, and modetransfer points. In all of these opera-tions, the services performed are similar.Some of these services are receiving,checking, unloading, loading, documenta-tion, inspection, cargo accounting, andtemporary intransit storage.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. The basic operating unit

is the terminal service company, whichcan discharge cargo from a conventionaltype ship at the average rate of 720short tons per day when operating at awater terminal. The capabilities ofother units used in connection with ter-

AGO 1680C 63

minal service companies are designed tobe compatible with this discharge rate.When operating at a mode transfer ter-minal, the capability of the company de-pends on the number of handlings of thecargo and on the degree to which ma-terials handling equipment can be used.At a minimum, the unit should be ableto handle 900 short tonls per day.

(2) Basis. Terminal operations responsi-bility, and terminal units, are assignedto BALOG, ADLOG, or field army com-manders, dependent on the location ofthe terminal. The exception is that aterminal unit operating a transfer pointas a part of the transportation inter-sectional service is assigned to TALOG.

(3) Methods.(a) Fixed Facilities. Terminal operations

at a port achieve greater efficiencythan at beaches. More elaborate equip-ment is available, fewer personnel arerequired per ton handled, arid, there-fore, unit tonnage capability is in-creased. Cargo or passengers may beunloaded directly from ships into rail-way trains or motor vehicles, Amphi-bians, landing craft, and lighters maybe used to increase the tenninal ca-pacity by bringing cargo and per-sonnel from ships in the stream topiers not capable of receiving largevessels.

64 AGO 1530C

(b) Beaches. Terminal operations are con-ducted at beaches when fixed facilitiesare not available to supplement thecapacity of fixed terminals, to achievedispersion, or to shorten supply linesto the supported forces.

1. Amphibians are of especial value inachieving dispersion. Since theytravel on both land and water, thereis no concentration of equipment atthe waterline. Cargo can be trans-ferred to land transport modes atseveral protected points, none ofwhich offers a profitable target at anytime.

2. Because of the difficulty of handlingcargo under the relatively primitiveconditions, more units are required toattain a specific tonnage capabilitythan would be required in fixed ter-minal operations. Also, there is a re-quirement for more equipment, suchas amphibians, boats, and cranes.

(c) Air Terminals.

1. At Army air terminals, emphasis ontiming and precision is necessary tomove the required tonnage. Both thecargo and the aircraft are criticalitems and the terminal operations aredirected toward insuring that thecargo arrives in good condition andthe aircraft are not delayed.

AGO 1680C 65

2. Except for unit movements, Air Forcepersonnel are responsible for loadingand unloading aircraft at both troopcarrier and MATS terminals. Trans-portation Corps terminal service per-sonnel perform functions related toreceipt, consolidation, documentation,or clearance of Army c<argo orpersonnel moving through these ter-minals.

3. For unit movements by Air Forcetroop carrier command aircraft, theresponsible Army commander fur-nishes the personnel to load and un-load the aircraft under the super-vision of the aircraft commander.

(d) Mode Transfer Points. Terminal ser-vice units at mode transfer pointsprovide labor for transferring cargo.They also perform processing anddocumentation for movement by thenew mode, maintain records and sub-mit reports to provide continuity ofinformation on location of shipments,and accomplish transfer of responsi-bility for shipments from the losing tothe gaining mode.

c. Control. Terminal operations are conductedunder the control of the appropriate transporta-tion officer. Command and supervisory organi-zations include terminal battalions and three typesof terminal commands. The Transportation Ter-

66 AGO 1630C

minal Command Headquarters, Type C, providescommand and supervision for the largest terminaloperations; types B and A for proportionatelysmaller operations.

d. References. For further details of terminaloperations and units, see FM 55-51 and FM55-52.

35. Staging Areas

a. Nature of Service. Staging areas areestablished, when required, in the vicinity ofwater or air terminals, to provide mess andbilleting facilities for personnel or units beingprocessed through the terminals. Mess personnelof the transient units are required to assist.Staging areas may also be established to providethese services to troop units between or duringmovements over lines of communications. Theservices provided neither substitute for nor re-place functions and services of the replacementand training command; the staging area providesonly those services incidental to transportation ofthe troops.

b. Employment.(1) Capabilities. Each Transportation Stag-

ing Area Company can provide mess andbilleting for 7,500 troops daily. Whenoperating along lines of communication,necessary additional labor is furnishedfrom Quartermaster Labor Detachmentsorganized under TOE 10-500; additionalmess personnel are furnished from

AGO 1630C 67

Composite Service Organization, TOE29-500.

(2) Basis. Staging area companies are allo-cated on the basis of one per 45,000troops to be staged monthly, assumingsix increments of 7,500 troops, each in-crement averaging five days' stay.

(3) Methods. A staging area company mayoperate a single staging area, for 7,500troops, or may operate as many as fivedispersed staging areas, each capable ofstaging an infantry battle group orequivalent.

c. Control. Staging area companies are nor-mally assigned or attached to a transportationterminal command.

d. References. For details of staging area op-erations, see FM 55-51 and FM 55-52.

Section IV. U.S. NAVY AND U.S. AIR FORCETRANSPORTATION SERVICES

36. Military Sea Transportation Service

The Military Sea Transportation Service(MSTS) furnishes a worldwide military sealiftservice under a single manager common-serviceassignment. The single manager charter assignsto the Secretary of the Navy the responsibilityfor providing a military sealift service for allagencies of the Department of Defense and, asdirected, for other governmental agencies. MSTS

68 AGO 1630C

operates a scheduled service between CONUSterminals and oversea areas and between theatersof operations. Vessels of the U.S. Navy and com-mercial vessels under contract to MSTS are em-ployed in this service. Generally, the Navyvessels used in this service are assigned to MSTS;however, space on supply ships of the fleet maybe made available to MSTS to supplement thecapacity of assigned and contract vessels.

a. The J4, Joint Chiefs of Staff, allocates to thetheater sealift space for retrograde and inter-theater movements. The Theater Joint MilitaryTransportation Board suballocates space to eachservice component (par. 5).

b. TALOG is responsible for retrograde move-ments to the zone of interior and is the claimantfor space for Army-responsible cargo. TALOGusually delegates to the appropriate logisticalcommand the responsibility for routine coordina-tion and operations.

37. Air Force Air Transportation

a. General.(1) Theater-wide air transportation service

is a responsibility of the theater com-mander. This service is provided by thetheater Air Force commander with as-signed Air Force troop carrier units,supplemented to a degree by the MilitaryAir Transport Service (MATS) system.Intratheater air service is operatedeither on a scheduled or nonscheduled

AGO 1680C 69

basis. Aircraft of the troop carrier unitsare capable of either dropping troopsand supplies by parachute or landing onhastily prepared airstrips.

(2) MATS furnishes a worldwide militaryairlift service under a single managercommon-service assignment. Under thesingle manager charter, the Secretary ofthe Air Force is responsible forx provid-ing a military airlift service for allagencies of the Department of Defenseand, as directed, for other governmentalagencies. MATS operates a regularlyscheduled service over fixed routes(channels) between CONUS aerial portsand oversea areas; and within and be-tween theaters of operations. The serviceis performed by military aircraft (bothU.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force) assignedto MATS and by commercial air carriersunder contract. MATS also provides aspecial air mission (SAM) service forairlift requirements which must move inmilitary aircraft manned by militarycrews.

b. Aeromedical Evacuation. The TALOGsurgeon, through his Medical Regulating Officer((MRO), coordinates and controls the use of AirForce airlift allocated for aeromedical evacuationbetween the combat zone and the communicationszone and within the communications zone. Thiscoordination is effected between the aercmedicalevacuation liaison officer (AELO) located in

o0 AGO 1530C

TALOG, BALOG, ADLOG, and field armysurgeons' offices and their MRO counterparts ineach of these offices; and between AELO and theaeromedical evacuation control officer (AECO)located in the troop carrier aeromedical evacua-tion control center (AECC), which is an integralpart of the transportation movement controlcenter (TMCC). The AECO maintains directliaison with the army airlift liaison coordinatingofficer (ALCO) in coordinating the use of retro-grade airlift space for aeromedical evacuation.

c. Control and Coordination.(1) Theater army normally delegates to

TALOG the control of airlift allocatedfor Army responsible intertheater andintratheater movements. The TALOGtransportation officer exercises this con-trol for the TALOG commander to insurecomplete integration and maximumutilization of all transport capabilitiesin support of the TALOG mission.

(2) The TALOG transportation officer nor-mally furnishes an Army ALCO to thetransportation movement control center(TMCC) at the headquarters of thetroop carrier force. The Army ALCOoperates directly with the TMCC incoordinating the utilization of troop car-rier airlift allocated for Army use. Hisprincipal duty is to take the necessarymeasures to insure the orderly flow ofArmy-responsible traffic into and out ofthe troop carrier system.

AGO 1580C 71

(3) The TALOG transportation officer is alsoresponsible for the assignment of an airtraffic coordinating officer (ATCO), asrequired, to MATS terminals. The dutiesof ATCO with respect to MATS aresimilar to those of the ALCO with re-spect to the troop carrier command.

(4) While loading or unloading of MATSairiraft is a responsibility of the AirForce, air terminal clearance of Armycargo and personnel is the responsibilityof the appropriate staff transportationofficer.

d. References. For further details of Army useof MATS and Air Force airlift, see FM 55-4. Forfurther information on aeromedical evacuation,see FM 8-10, FM 8-55, and FM 31-8.

72 AGO 1580C

CHAPTER 5MAINTENANCE AND SUPPLY

Section I. MAINTENANCE

38. General

a. Maintenance Syste~f. The categories andechelons of maintenance are defined and explainedin AR 750-5. These definitions apply to the main-tenance of Transportation Corps equipmentexcept as indicated in subsequent paragraphs ofthis section.

b. Responsibility. Maintenance of equipment isa command responsibility. Planners must provide.for all factors that contribute to keeping equip-.ment in useful condition. Commanders must re-quire detailed attention to these factors, whichinclude the following:

(1) Time to Perform Maintenance. Schedulesand missions for operating units mustbe restricted to the amount of workwhich will permit performance ofscheduled maintenance. Army regula-tions regard failure to perform main-tenance as abuse of equipment; there-fore, missions which preclude mainte-nance must be of such urgency as tojustify that abuse.

AGO 1530C 73

(2) Personnel. Adequate numbers of trainedpersonnel must be provided at all main-tenance levels. Careful selection isnecessary to assure that maintenancespecialists are assigned to organizationsor facilities which can best utilize theircapabilities.

(3) Resources. This term includes not onlythe repair parts and replacement items,but the means by which they can be ob-tained and used. The necessary tools,test equipment, buildings, and cther fa-cilities must be provided. Publicationsmust be available to guide personnel inthe proper procedures for obtainingparts and performing the work. Recordsmust be maintained and reports renderedto permit measurement of thE! mainte-nance effort.

(4) Inspection. A comprehensive program ofinspection keeps the commander andstaff informed of the quality of mainte-nance and the status of equipment. Thisprogram supplements, and is supple-mented by, the maintenance reportssystem. Inspections are of value to theinspected unit only when commandersestablish a vigorous system of followupprocedures. Followup actions shouldcorrect deficiencies and eliminate theircauses but should also recognize ex-emplary performance.

74 AGO 1530C

(5) Coordination. Realistic coordination ofmaintenance involves the staff, the oper-ators, and the maintenance personnel.It results in furnishing the commanderwith the optimum solution for accom-plishing his mission-in this case,directing the maintenance program.

c. Preventive Maintenance. Preventive mainte-nance is the heart of a maintenance program,because it achieves the greatest economy. Per-sonnel need less training; fewer and less expensivetools are used; equipment is out of service forshorter periods; and the performance of pre-ventive services and inspections reduces the re-quirement for more complex maintenance.

d. Maintenance Support. Unusual circum-stances may develop a maintenance load beyondthe capabilities of a unit. In such instances, thetransportation officer or senior commanderarranges for the supporting field maintenanceagency to assist the unit. When the situation is oflong duration, other measures are necessary.Pooling of maintenance personnel or facilitiesmay be effective. Reduction or realinement ofworkloads may be required. In any case, equip-ment which cannot be maintained must not beused. However, equipment not in use requiressome maintenance; even this may be beyond theability of the unit. AR 750-5 provides for return-ing to the appropriate technical service any equip-ment which cannot be properly cared for by theunit. This regulation indicates that the unit

AGO 16530C 75

initiates the action. However, senior commandersand staff officers should assist the units so as toexpedite the transfer and preclude deteriorationof the equipment.

39. Motor Transport

a. Military design vehicles issued to unitsunder the authority of a table of organization andequipment are maintained under regulations andprocedures promulgated by the Ordnance Corps.Commercial design vehicles issued to units underauthority of a table of organization and equip-ment may be maintained under the same regula-tions and procedures as for military designvehicles or under regulations and procedurespromulgated by the Transportation Corps per-taining to vehicles in transportation motor pools.The decision as to which regulations and pro-cedures are to be followed is made by TALOGand field army commanders for units within theirareas of responsibility.

b. General transport administrative vehicles intransportation motor pools (TMP) are main-tained under the provisions of AR 58-5. Thisregulation outlines a system of maintenancebased on the performance of only that servicenecessary to keep the vehicle in a safe and serv-iceable operating condition.

c. The maintenance system for administrative-use vehicles does not conform, in all details, to thegeneral Army Maintenance System. Thle follow-ing outline covers the more important deviations:

76 AGO 1530C

(1) The echelons of maintenance establishedin AR 750-5 are not applicable to main-tenance of administrative-use vehicles.

(2) The maintenance necessary may be per-formed in the TMP shop, anotherGovernment shop, or in a commercialshop, as may be in the best interest ofthe Government.

(3) Organizational maintenance performedin TMP shops is limited to that workauthorized in appendix II, TM 38-660-2. Subject to that restriction, the TMPshop may perform any work within thecapabilities of its personnel, tools andequipment.

(4) TMP shops are not field maintenance fa-cilities, unless specifically designated byDepartment of the Army or the overseatheater Army commander. Even whenso designated, those portions of fieldmaintenance pertaining to the repair orrebuild of major units and assemblieswill not be performed in TMP shops.

(5) Depot maintenance is not performed inTMP shops and is not normally per-formed on administrative-use vehicles.

(6) Technical assistance is normally pro-vided during administrative transportmanagement surveys. Special visits canbe arranged as indicated in AR 58-5.

AGO 1530C 77

40. Railway

a. Maintenance of Way, Structures, andSignals. The railway engineering company of therailway operating battalion performs, routinemaintenance of way, maintenance of structures,and maintenance of railway signal and controlsystem equipment. The Engineer is responsiblefor major construction, rehabilitation, andmaintenance.

b. Maintenance of Communications Systemsand Equipment. The railway engineering com-pany of the railway operating battalion performssecond echelon maintenance of Signal Corpsequipment included in TOE of the units and thatissued on a project basis. The TALOG signalofficer is responsible for both major constructionand repair of communications lines reserved forexclusive use of the military railway service andfor field maintenance support for other SignalCorps equipment used by the railway units.

c. Railway Equipment. The maintenance ofrailway equipment is divided into echelons in con-formity with the Army maintenance system. Unitresponsibilities are outlined as follows:

(1) The railway operating battalion per-forms first and second echelon mainte-nance of equipment, and, in stabilizedareas, may also perform third echelon.

(2) In forward areas, the railway workshop(mobile) performs third eche'lon main-tenance.

78 AGO 1530C

(3) The railway shop battalion performsfourth and fifth echelon maintenance ofrailway equipment.

41. Aircraft

a. A Transportation Corps aircraft mainte-nance unit organic to infantry and armored d.-visions provides third echelon maintenance sup-port for all division aircraft. The division main-tenance battalion provides limited third echelonmaintenance support for aircraft organic to theairborne division. Other Transportation Corpsaircraft maintenance units provide third echelonmaintenance direct support and fourth echelongeneral support both to the divisions and forArmy aircraft located in the corps area or in thefield army service area.

b. Transportation Corps units located in thecommunications zone will provide fourth echelonmaintenance and depot supply support for allArmy aircraft in the theater, as well as any depotmaintenance authorized to be performed in thetheater. Army aircraft operating within the com-munications zone will be supported by Trans-portation Corps maintenance units similar tothose found in the field army area.

42. Floating Equipment and Amphibians

Maintenance of Transportation Corps full float-ing equipment is divided into two categories--organizational and depot (see AR 750-1900-1.)Any services or repairs below depot level areperformed within the organization. Maintenance

AGO 1580C 79

of Transportation Corps amphibians is dividedinto the conventional three category system. Fieldmaintenance is performed by direct supportaugmentation units or by field maintenance com-panies. Depot maintenance authorized l;o be per-formed in the theater of operations is provided forboth full floating equipment and amphibians bythe Transportation Floating Craft Depot Main-tenance Company, by cross-service agreementswith the U.S. Navy, or by contract service, which-ever may be in the best interest of the govern-ment.

43. Reusable Shipping Containers (CONEX)

Oversea commanders are responsible for main-tenance of containers which become unserviceableen route to or within their commands. Repairsare performed with maintenance funds availableto the oversea commander. The individual repairlimit for each repair job is 50 percent of the costof the container, based on the cost shown in DASupply Manual TC 55-2-3. If the cost of repairexceeds this limitation, the oversea commanderforwards a narrative description of the conditionof the container to the Accountable Officer, Office,Chief of Transportation, who will issue disposi-tion instructions.

Section II. TRANSPORTATION CORPS SUPPLY

44. Responsibility

The theater army transportation officer is re-sponsible to his commander for providing a

8C AGO 1530C

system and an organization for supply of Trans-poration Corps items.

45. Organization

The organization for supply of TransportationCorps materiel provides direct, general, anddepot supply support to using units and, throughcentralized stock control, insures proper balancebetween adequate supply and minimum stockage.

a. Aircraft maintenance units provide directand general supply support related to their main-tenance missions and may be given the additionalmission of supplying other Transportation Corpsitems to the supported units.

b. Direct and general supply support not other-wise provided by aircraft maintenance units, anddepot supply support, are responsibilities ofdepots. Dependent on theater policies and on re-quirements for echelonment of supplies, generaltype field depots or branch depots may be estab-lished in any area. Each transportation (branch)depot, or transportation section of a general typefield depot, is manned by a transportation depotcompany. The storage platoon of this organiza-tion receives, stores, and issues up to 100 tonsdaily of all types of Transportation Corpssupplies. The stock control platoon preparesrequisitions for replenishment of depot stocks andmaintains records of receipts, issues, and stockavailability. When required, this platoon alsoperforms as the central stock control point(CSCP) for the area or command.

AGO 1560C 81

c. A transportation CSCP provides coordinatedstock control when two or more transportationdepots (or general type field depots) are estab-lished in one area or when one command performsstock control functions for another command.When this facility is required, the command desig-nates the transportation depot company respon-sible for the service. If the command :aas estab-lished an Administrative Support OperationsCenter (ADSOC), this facility may providecentral stock control functions for all technicalservices. If so, the stock control platoon of atransportation depot company may be the sourceof Transportation Corps supply personnel for theADSOC. The BALOG transportation CSCP mayalso serve as the TALOG transportation CSCP.If a separate CSCP is established at TALOG, itmay be manned by a transportation depot com-pany, less storage platoon.

46. System

a. The system for supply of TransportationCorps materiel is based on issue to the using unitfrom the nearest supply agency that stocks therequired item. For example, each unit is assigned,for Transportation Corps direct supply support,to a specific support unit. The unit submits re-quisitions to this support unit. The direct supportunit issues the item, if on hand, or refers therequisition to the appropriate general supportunit. The general support unit may issue directlyto the using unit or to the direct support unit.An unfilled requisition is passed successively from

82 AGO 1530C

general support unit to supporting depot orsupporting transportation CSCP, whichever isappropriate, and thence to the BALOG trans-portation CSCP. If the item is not in the theater,the TALOG transporation CSCP decides, for thetransportation officer, whether to purchase theitem locally or to place a demand on the zone of-interior.

b. Local procurement of items of supply maybe effected by depots, to the extent authorized bytheater and theater army directives. Usually,procurement authority will be reserved toTALOG for appropriate coordination with pro-curement actions of other agencies.

c. The supply of aircraft items varies some-what from the system outlined in subparagrapha, above. It is necessary that replacement aircraftbe stored at a field maintenance facility to insureadequate instorage maintenance. Therefore, theend items-and most of the repair parts-will bestocked by the general support unit. The depot(or CSCP) may control the issue of some or allitems.

AGO 1530C 83

APPENDIXREFERENCES

1. Field Manuals1-5 Army Aviation Organizations and

Employment.1-100 Army Aviation8-10 Medical Service, Theater of Opera-

tions.8-55 Army Medical Service Planning

Guide.21-5 Military Training21-6 Techniques of Military Instruction21-30 Military Symbols30-5 Combat Intelligence30-16 Technical Intelligence (U)31-8 Medical Service in Joint Oversea

Operations.32-5 Communications Security (U)41-5 Joint Manual for Civil Affairs/

Military Government.41-10 Civil Affairs/Military Government

Operations.54-1 The Logistical Command55-4 Transportation Movements in Thea-

ters of Operations.55-8 Transportation Intelligence

84 AGO 1530C

55-15 Transportation Corps ReferenceData.

55-21 Rail Transportation Higher Units55-31 Motor Transport Services in Thea-

ters of Operations.55-37 Transportation Battalion, Infantry

Division.55-51 Transportation Terminal Com-

mands Theater of Operations.55-52 Transportation Terminal Battalion

and Terminal Service Company.55-57 Transportation Corps Harborcraft

and Marine Maintenance Units.100-1 Doctrinal Guidance (U)100-5 Field Service Regulations; Opera-

tions.100-10 Field Service Regulations; Admin-

istration.100-15 Field Service Regulations; Larger

Units.101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual; Staff

Organization and Procedure.101-10 Staff Officers' Field Manual; Or-

ganization, Technical and Logis-tical Data.

2. Technical Manual

38-660-2 Organiza onl Maintenance In-structions and Procedures forAdministrative Motor Vehicles.

AGO 16580C 85

3. Army Regulations55-22 Allocation of Transportation Space55-166 Utilization of Cargo Transporters

in CONEX Service.58-5 Administrative Motor Vehicle Man-

agement.59-107 Responsibilities of Air Traffic Co-

ordinating Officers.220-50 Regiments; General Provisions220-60 Battalions, Battle Groups, Squad-

rons; General Provisions.220-70 Companies; General Prov:isions320-5 Dictionary of United Stal;es Army

Terms.320-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brev-

ity Codes.380-5 Safeguarding Defense Information701-9100-1 Petroleum Supply System725-14 Maintenance Float Aircraft735-1900-3 Supply and Property Accounting

Procedures for Army FloatingEquipment.

750-5 Organization, Policies and Respon-sibilities for Maintenance Opera-tion.

750-730 Reusable Steel Shipping Containers750-1900-1 Maintenance of Transportation

Corps Watercraft

4. DA Pamphlets

108-1 Index of Motion Pictures, FilmStrips, and Phono-Recordings.

86 AGO 1630C

310-1 Military Publications; Index ofAdministrative Publications.

310-3 Military Publications; Index ofTraining Publications.

310-4 Military Publications; Index ofTechnical Manuals, TechnicalBulletins, Supply Bulletins, Lub-rication Orders and ModificationWork Orders.

310-5 Military Publications; Index ofGraphic Training Aids and De-vices..

310-7 Military Publications; Index ofTables of Organization andEquipment, Type Tables of Dis-tribution, and Tables of Allow-ances.

310-22 Military Publications; Index ofSupply Manuals, TransportationCorps.

690-80 Administration of Foreign LaborDuring Hostilities.

5. Supply Manual

TC 55-2-3 Pricing Guide for TransportationCorps Items.

AGO 1530C 87

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:

G. H. DECKER,General, United States Army,

Official: Chief of Staff.R. V. LEE,

Major General, United Stafes Army,The Adjutant General.

Distribution:

Active Army

SA (2)DCSPER ;200)

ACSI (1)DCSOPS (1) JO)ACSRC (1) ,TS (8)CNGB (1) USACAS (25)Tech Stf. DA (1) except USAAVNS (10)

CofT (10) USALMC (5)

Tech Stf Bd (2) except USATMC (4)

Trans Bd (3) USA Trans Trml Comd (8)

USCONARC (7) Arsenals (2)

ARADCOM (2) PG (2)OS Maj Comd (5) USA Corps (1)

OS Base Comd (5) MAAG (4)

OS Area Comd (5) Units org under fol TOE:

LOGCOMD (5) 55-11 (5)

MDW (1) 55-12 (5)

Armies (115) 55-16 (2)Corps (2) 55-75 (2)

Div (2) 55-111 (2)

GENDEI' (2) 65-116 (2)

Dep (2) 55-121 (2)

USATTC (10) 55-131 (2)

USAWC (5) 55-201 (2)

USACGSC (50) 55-202 (2)

Br Svc Sch (5) except 55-226 (2)

USACMLCSCH (10) 55-302 (2)

USAES (10) 55-500 (AD,AE,LA-LF)

USAIS (37) (1)

NG: State AG (3).

USAR: Same as Active Army.

For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

'' U. . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961e-61OS27

88 AGO 150C