Development of Ideas in Ground-Development of Ideas in Ground-based Gamma-ray Astronomy, based Gamma-ray Astronomy, Status of Field and Scientific Status of Field and Scientific

Expectations from HESS, VERITAS, Expectations from HESS, VERITAS, MAGIC and CANGAROOMAGIC and CANGAROO

Trevor C. WeekesTrevor C. Weekes

Harvard-Smithsonian Center Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysicsfor Astrophysics

Development of (Ideas in Ground-Development of (Ideas in Ground-based) Gamma-ray Astronomy, based) Gamma-ray Astronomy, (Status of Field and) Scientific (Status of Field and) Scientific

Expectations from HESS, VERITAS, Expectations from HESS, VERITAS, MAGIC and CANGAROOMAGIC and CANGAROO

by 2010-12by 2010-12

PASTPAST

(PRESENT)(PRESENT)

FUTUREFUTURE

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Development of MeV-GeVDevelopment of MeV-GeV First Generation Systems 1960 – 1972First Generation Systems 1960 – 1972

Spark ChambersSpark Chambers BalloonsBalloons ControversyControversy

Second Generation Systems 1972-1991Second Generation Systems 1972-1991 Spark Chambers Spark Chambers Small SatellitesSmall Satellites SAS-II, COS-BSAS-II, COS-B

Third Generation Systems 1991-2007Third Generation Systems 1991-2007 Spark ChamberSpark Chamber BiggerBigger EGRET on CGROEGRET on CGRO

Fourth Generation Systems 2007-2012+Fourth Generation Systems 2007-2012+ New Technology: Solid StateNew Technology: Solid State GLASTGLAST

100 MeVSources

One

30 (15)

270

10,000?

New Technology

Increase in Size

New Technology

What?

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Development of GeV-TeVDevelopment of GeV-TeV

First Generation Systems 1960 – 1985First Generation Systems 1960 – 1985 Weak or no discriminationWeak or no discrimination Lebedev, Glencullen, Whipple, Narrabri, CrimeaLebedev, Glencullen, Whipple, Narrabri, Crimea

Second Generation Systems 1985 – 2004Second Generation Systems 1985 – 2004 Atmospheric Cherenkov Imaging Telescopes Atmospheric Cherenkov Imaging Telescopes Whipple, Crimea, CAT, HEGRA, Durham, CANGAROOWhipple, Crimea, CAT, HEGRA, Durham, CANGAROO …… ……

Third Generation Systems 2004 – 2010Third Generation Systems 2004 – 2010 Arrays of Large ACITsArrays of Large ACITs MAGIC-2, HESS-5, CANGAROO-III, VERITAS-4MAGIC-2, HESS-5, CANGAROO-III, VERITAS-4

Fourth Generation Systems 2010 -Fourth Generation Systems 2010 - TBDTBD

TeVSources

Zero

~ 12

> 100

1000?

New Technology

Increase in Scale

New Technology?

World Picture of ACIT TeV World Picture of ACIT TeV ObservatoriesObservatories

CANGAROO III, 4 tel., 2006HESS, 4 tel., 2004 5 tel., 2007

VERITAS, 2006 4 tel.

MAGIC, 1 tel., 2004 2 tel., 2008

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

European Collaboration; M.P.I (Heidelberg)4 x 12 m TelescopesCompleted in Dec. 2003; located in NAMIBIA

HESS

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

CANGAROO IIICANGAROO III

Four telescope Four telescope systemsystem 10m diameter10m diameter 100m spacing100m spacing

427 pixel camera427 pixel camera 0.17º spacing0.17º spacing

Woomera, S. Woomera, S. Australia (31ºS Australia (31ºS 138ºE 160m a.s.l.) 138ºE 160m a.s.l.)

4 telescopes not 4 telescopes not yet in full operationyet in full operation

MAGIC TelescopeMAGIC Telescope

MAGIC Telescope on La Palma (Oct.,2003)17 aperture, new technology telescope Second Telescope in 2008; more new technology

:First Large Telescope

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

VERITAS-4VERITAS-4

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

H.E.S.S. Phase IIImproved sensitivity above lower threshold (> 50 GeV) in coincidence mode

1. Improved sensitivity above lower threshold (50 GeV) in coincidence mode (stereo)

2. Test bed for 5@5 telescopes (stereo)

3. Investigation of images/background in stand-alone mode at very low theoretical threshold (~ 10-15 GeV) + MC

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

1 GeV 100 GeV

GLAST (2 Years)

VERITAS-4(3 in 50 hrs)

Whipple 10 m (3 in 50 hrs)

Differen

Di

Differential Flux SensitivityDifferential Flux Sensitivity

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Extrapolation: 2010-Extrapolation: 2010-2012 2012

Solar Arrays100 GeV Window of Opportunity closing

Particle ArraysMilagro Tibet, ARGOGalactic PlaneExtended SourcesTransientsPrompt GRBs

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Extrapolation: 2010-Extrapolation: 2010-2012 2012 HESS-5

Flux Sensitivity …x 2

improvement Reduced Energy

CANGAROO-IIIKeep HESS honest

MAGIC-2High Tech (eventually)Reduced Energy

VERITAS-4 (veritas)Keep MAGIC honestSurveysMapping

HESS-5 will be the dominant force in this era.

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Overview of VERITAS Overview of VERITAS ScienceScience

Active Galactic Nuclei Extragalactic Background Light

Shell-type Supernova Remnants

Gamma-ray Pulsars

Plerions

Gamma Ray Bursts

Dark Matter (Neutralino Annihilation)

Galactic Diffuse Emission

Unidentified Galactic EGRET Sources

Lorentz symmetry violationCosmic Ray Origin

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Scientific AreasScientific Areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Cosmological Questions

Origin of Cosmic Rays

Physics

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Future of GeV/TeV Gamma-Future of GeV/TeV Gamma-ray ray

GLAST

HESS

SOURCES

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

Scientific Areas: After Scientific Areas: After GLAST/HESSGLAST/HESSAstronomy and Astrophysics> 300 sourcesOld: SNR, AGN, Pulsars (GLAST), Dark Sources New: Clusters/Starburst /Others

Cosmological QuestionsEBL MeasuredDistant Transients detected

Origin of Cosmic RaysSources (ACIT: HESS, veritas)Distribution (EAS: Milagro)

PhysicsDark Matter??GRBs ?? Prompt: Milagro Delayed: MAGIC,veritas,HESS

Beyond HESS/GLAST UCLABeyond HESS/GLAST UCLA

SummarySummaryAmbition should exceed Expectations

Carpe Diem

Where are the Cosmologists?

Space Astronomy after GLAST?

Size counts: keep it small!

An Observatory, not an Experiment

One is good, two is better