trichnology - career trade school

Sophie Dale’s lecture explores the fundamentals of Trichology with in-depth coverage of conditions of the hair and scalp, product types and a variety of possible treatments and the essential biology and anatomy associated with hair and scalp treatments. Sophie also discusses massage techniques and relevant machinery.

This lecture contains essential information that could form part of any hair business training system and CPD.

TRICHNOLOGYby Sophie Dale

© MyHairDressers Ltd

Overview

Abnormal Systemic - Accident Book - Alopecia Aerate - Anagen - AndrogenicAlopecia - Anti-Fungal - Antiseptic - Arteries - Astringent - Autonomic Nervous System - Cardiac Muscle - Carotid Artery - Catagen - Cell Membrane - Chemical Damage - Chemically Damaged - Chemotherapy - Circulatory System - Congenital - Contra-Indications - Creams - Cross Infection - Cytoplasm - Dermis - Diffuse Hair Loss - Dry Scalp - Erythema - Emollients -Endocrine Glands - Endocrine System - Environmentally Damaged - Epidermis - Finasteride -Frontal Bone - General Practitioner - Heat Accelerators - High Frequency - Hirsuitism - Hormones - Hyperaemia - Irritants - Jugular Vein - Keratolytic - Lotions - Lymph Nodes - Lymph System - Melanocytes - Minoxodil - Muscle Fibre - Myofibrils - Normal Systemic - Nuclear Membrane - Nucleus - Occipital Bone - Oils - Oily Scalp - Organelles - Parietal Ridge - Paste - Peripheral Nervous System - Petrissage - Pityriasis Capitis - Protective Clothing - Radio Therapy - Scalp Treatments - Sebaceous Gland - Skeletal Muscle - Smooth/Involuntary - Spirit Based Treatments - Steamers - Subcutaneous Layer - Systemic - Sweat Glands - Telogen -Temporal Bone - Temporalis - Terminal Hair - Topical - Treatment - Shampoos/Conditioners - Tricology - Vanities - Veins - Vellus Hair - Vibration - Vibro Massage.

Technical Skills

1. Categories of Scalp TreatmentsThere are five main categories of scalp treatments. It is important to understand the treated conditions and attributes of the treatments. This is an area known as trichology. It is useful to understand the basics of this when working in the salon in order to accurately advise your clients. The categories are:AntisepticControls infections - e.g. FolliculitisAstringentsReduces swelling and inflammation - e.g. dry skin, greasy scalpKeratolyticRemoves scales - e.g. psoriasisIrritantsInduces mild inflammation and increases blood flow - e.g. alopecia arreataEmollientsAdds moisture and add shine - e.g. dry scalp

2. It is important to use appropriate protective clothing for you and your client. This is to avoid cross infection, to protect skin from chemical damage, to keep clients dry, to protect from chemical damage and to maintain

comfort.GlovesApronGownsBarrier cream

3. There are many physical effects of hair and scalp treatments:Close cuticle scales Add shine Increase manageability Strengthen the cortical fibers Reduce hair breakage Reduce scaling Increase blood flow

4. It is important not to name specific conditions when referring clients to a general practitioner or trichologist. This is: To avoid wrong diagnosisTo allow the correct diagnosis by a specialistTo avoid the possibility of legal action

To prevent anxiety for the client. To prevent the condition worseningBecause it is unprofessional/unethical

5. Treatments and Products

Treat a dry scalp Massage using a heat accelerator or steamer with oils, creams, specialist conditioning products.

Treat an oily scalpApply a cleansing routine using gentle massage and luke-warm water. Use lotions or spirit based treatment shampoos.

Treat Pityriasis Capitis and Simplex (dandruff)Use a cleansing routine to loosen the scales. Use anti-fungal treatments, Scalp lotions/paste/oils or treatment shampoos with medicine properties (selenium sulphide, zinc pyrithione).

Treat diffuse hair lossApply a stimulating scalp treatment using a vibro massager. Use lotions, spirit based products or treatment shampoos.

Treat chemically damaged hairApply a deep penetrating conditioner using heat accelerators, steamers, oils, creams, treatment shampoos and conditioners.

Treat environmentally damaged hairApply a deep penetrating conditioner using heat accelerators, steamers, oils, creams, treatment shampoos and conditioners.

6. Oils often used in scalp treatments are olive, jojoba, almond, coconut and organic oil. They are absorbed through scales and add gloss.

7. Creams used in scalp treatments often contain Panthanol, olive oil,jojoba oil, and aloe vera. They haveacid properties to close scales, add gloss and aid absorption.



8. Lotions used in scalp treatments contain Glycerin, coal tar or hydrocortisone. Coal tar is a mild antiseptic and has an anti-inflammatory effect. It relieves itching, slows down cell division, stops cells multiplying

excessively and reduces thickening and scaling. It is commonly used in the treatment of excessive dandruff, eczema and psoriasis.

9. Spirit based treatments often contain Keratolytic substances, such as Bay Rum, which stimulates blood supply and has an astringent and tightening effect. Keratoylitics main purpose is to remove scales.

10. Minoxodil is a medication and is the only topical treatment that is applied direct to the scalp to increase hair-growth. It is the only topical treatment licensed in the UK and available at the pharmacist for AndrogO22H NNHNNNn Alopecia and Alopecia Arreata in men and women. It is available in 2% and 5% solution and should

be applied only to the pattern area. About 1/3 of sufferers find their hair regrows, 1/3 find no further hair loss and 1/3 notice no improvement. It should be used twice a day and results can take up to four months to be seen. If the client has high or low blood pressure they should go to the doctors prior to using Minoxodil.

It was originally a drug for high blood pressure and patients discovered a side effect was hypertrichosis. It has since been developed in a liquid form. It is believed to stimulate the blood supply to the area applied.

Note: if it runs onto the face excessive growth may occur in that area. The moment you stop using this product the hair loss will return to how it was prior to using the product.

11. Finasteride is a medicine used for male pattern baldness, used only for the Vertex and frontal area and not bi-lateral temporal area. It is a prescription only oral treatment and the only licensed product in the UK is known as Propecia. Propecia is a selective inhibitor and inhibits the enzyme 5-alpha reductase.

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This means that less testosterone is converted to di-hydro-testorene, which is the hormone that causes the hair follicle to shrink and become finer in areas conditioned to bald.

In clinical trials, 9 out of 10 men noticed their hair had regrown up to 48% and 42% of respondents reported no further loss. Most men reported positive results with their hair loss slowed, bald patch reduced and the quality and appearance of the hair improved.

Note: This treatment is for men only and must not be administered to women of childbearing age.

12. Scalp lotions: Stimulate the scalpTreat Pityriasis CapitisTreat excessively oily scalp

Note: avoid use of strong lotions on damaged hair.

13. Spirit based products: Stimulate hair growth Stimulate blood circulation Are used on oily scalps

Note: avoid use on damaged or sensitive hair or scalp.

14. Treatment shampoos are designed for specific conditions (e.g., pityriasis capitis, oily scalp)

Note: avoid use if client has allergies to the ingredients.

15. Treatment conditioners are designed for specific conditions (e.g. severely damaged hair, breakage, chemically treated hair)

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Oils are used as a massage medium and a hair and scalp treatment. To remove oil use shampoo.


Creams moisturise the hair and scalp.

Note: avoid using on oily conditions.

16. Contra-IndicationsErythema is a reddening of the skin, which may appear blotchy. Excessive erythema during a hair and scalp treatment may be caused by:Allergic reaction to product

Over excessive massage or pressureOveruse of skin warming devicesIncorrect choice or too strong mask ingredients

Hyperaemia is the vasodilation of capillaries causing the skin to redden.

If a client faints:Ventilate the area Loosen clothing Seek medical advice Record in accident book If a client has an allergic reaction: Remove product immediately Seek medical advice if symptoms persist Record in accident book

If a client experiences light-headedness:Sit or lie them down Ventilate the area Offer a drink of water Seek medical advice if symptoms persist Record in accident book

17. Chemotherapy can cause temporary loss of hair from all over the body, which will usually grow back and not all chemotherapy drugs result in hair loss. In extreme cases hair will not grow back.

Radiotherapy causes diffused hair loss only where the treatment has been focused, e.g.: brain tumor patients may lose hair from the scalp, whilst breast tumor patients

may lose armpit hair.

18. It is important to explain the potential need for a course of treatments to a client:To achieve the best possible result So the client understands, commits and completes the treatment So the client understands the cost implications

19. It is import to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments:To enable changes in the current treatment To ensure best treatment is being given To check for changes To harness a professional environmentFor training purposes

20. Lifestyle changes that could improve the effectiveness of hair and scalp treatments include: Increased fluid intake Regular exercise Healthy diet Reduced smoking and alcohol intake Gentle combing and not brushing wet hair after shampooing Avoiding chemical treatments

21. When you give advice on future treatments state: The benefits Timescale of bookingFrequency of treatmentThe cost Timescale of a treatment

22. When you give advice on post treatment restrictions instruct the client to:

Avoid swimming with damaged hair Avoid using permanent colours and perms Avoid harsh physical treatment on damaged hair Use appropriate products, tools, equipment and techniques Avoid using hair straighteners

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23. Biology and AnatomyThe structure of the cell is made up of four major components.

The Cell Membrane is a double layer of lipids (fats) that forms the boundary of the cell. The membrane holds the cell together. It regulates the movement of water, nutrients, and waste into and out of the cell.Between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the Cytoplasm, which consists of:

Cytosol, a viscous, transparent fluid in which the other cell elements are suspended.

Organelles specialised cellular compartments, each with it’s own function. They hold inclusions, or chemical substances, such as stored nutrients and pigments that vary according to the type of cell.

The Nuclear Membrane is a double lipid bilayer. It serves as a physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytoplasm.The Nucleus is at the center of the cell and is it’s control center.

Sweat glands:Regulate body temperature Excrete waste Are part of the acid mantle protective layer

Sebaceous glands:Secrete sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair Are part of the acid mantle protective layer

The Dermis is an elastic, tough and flexible layer of connective tissue that lies below the Epidermis and provides:Support Strength Elasticity from collagen, elastin and recticulin fibresNourishment to the epidermis

The Subcutaneous layer is the fatty tissue between the Dermis and the Epidermis. It’s function is to provide:Warmth Protection Support

The basic cell structure for the hair and skin are the hair shaft, hair follicle, epidermis, sebaceous gland, erector pili muscle, dermis, sweat gland and blood vessels.

24. Growth CycleAnagen is the growth stage of the hair and lasts approximately 1000 days.Cells in the dermal papilla grow, and simultaneously the germinal cells at the base of the epithelial sac divide (mitotic activity). The base of the follicle grows down and encloses the dermal papilla. The follicle then reaches its maximum length and cells rise up to the internal root sheath. During this stage the melanocytes within the papilla start to form melanin (this denotes the colour of the hair).

The hair is now formed but remains in the internal root sheath. Eventually the tip of the hair comes out of the root sheath and can begin to be seen on the scalp and the hair follicle is fully developed.

It is said to last an average of 100 days, but can last anything between 1.5 - 7 years. This determines the length your hair can grow. If your hair only ever grows to your shoulder your anagen phase will last a shorter duration than if you can grow your hair to your waist.

The thickness and colour of the hair is determined between 1.5 years and 7 years.



Lecture Trichology By Sophie Dale

© 2012 My Hairdressers Ltd | Page 5 of 10

Use appropriate products, tools, equipment and techniques Avoid using hair straighteners

23. Biology and Anatomy

The structure of the cell is made up of four major components.

The Cell Membrane is a double layer of lipids (fats) that forms the boundary of the cell. The membrane holds the cell together. It regulates the movement of water, nutrients, and waste into and out of the cell.Between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the Cytoplasm, which consists of:

Cytosol, a viscous, transparent fluid in which the other cell elements are suspended.

Organelles specialised cellular compartments, each with it’s own function. They hold inclusions, or chemical substances, such as stored nutrients and pigments that vary according to the type of cell.

The Nuclear Membrane is a double lipid bilayer. It serves as a physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytoplasm.The Nucleus is at the center of the cell and is it’s control center.

Sweat glands:Regulate body temperature Excrete waste Are part of the acid mantle protective layer

Sebaceous glands:Secrete sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair Are part of the acid mantle protective layer

The Dermis is an elastic, tough and flexible layer of connective tissue that lies below the Epidermis and provides:Support Strength Elasticity from collagen, elastin and recticulin fibresNourishment to the epidermis

The Subcutaneous layer is the fatty tissue between the Dermis and the Epidermis. It’s function is to provide:Warmth Protection Support

The basic cell structure for the hair and skin are the hair shaft, hair follicle, epidermis, sebaceous gland, erector pili muscle, dermis, sweat gland and blood vessels.

24. Growth Cycle

Anagen is the growth stage of the hair and lasts approximately 1000 days.Cells in the dermal papilla grow, and simultaneously the germinal cells at the base of the epithelial sac divide (mitotic activity). The base of the follicle grows down and encloses the dermal papilla. The follicle then reaches its maximum length and cells rise up to the internal root sheath. During this stage the melanocytes within the papilla start to form melanin (this denotes the colour of the hair).

The hair is now formed but remains in the internal root sheath. Eventually the tip of the hair comes out of the root sheath and can begin to be seen on the scalp and the hair follicle is fully developed. It is said

Catagen is the transitional stage of the growth cycle. It affects up to 1% of hairs over approximately 10 days. There is no longer mitosis in the matrix. This results in the base of the hair follicle shortening and the dermal papilla moves upwards as this occurs. Due to the follicles shortening the tissue that connects the follicle to the inner root sheath becomes thicker and this results in the inner sheath disintegrating and disappearing. Growth ceases.

Telogen is the resting phase of the growth cycle. It affects about 13% of the hair at any one time and lasts around 100 days. Due to the dermal papilla moving upwards during the catagen phase, the base of the hair follicle eventually loses its blood supply and becomes detached from the epithelial sac. This is when the scalp sheds approximately 70-100 hairs a day. The follicle enters Anagen spontaneously after Telogen.

Vellus hairs are short hairs of 1-2cm in length. A vellus hair contains little or no pigment, and thus, is colorless. Vellus hair follicles do not have adjacent sebaceous glands. At the same time, their shaft does not have a melanin layer. Vellus hairs are fine and soft.Terminal hairs are long hairs that grow on the scalp and, in many people, on the body. They are produced by hair follicles with adjacent sebaceous glands. Terminal hairs have large, darkly pigmented hair fibers that have a medulla at the innermost part.

Terminal hair is more deeply rooted than vellus hairTerminal hair has a richer blood supply than vellus hair Terminal hairs are coarser and longer than vellus hair Terminal hairs are pigmentedVellus are often unpigmented Terminal and vellus hair are located in different places Three categories affect hair growth: TopicalCongenital Systemic

Topical hair conditions are caused by sustained surface irritation to an area. Massage will promote healthy growth and pharmaceutical products can stimulate hair growth.

Congenital growth or conditions are inherited factors e.g. hair loss, male pattern baldness and can be treated with Monilethrix.

Systemic hair growth is caused by hormonal changes in the body. The endocrine systems composed of several endocrine glands (Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, and Ovaries) secrete hormones into the blood supply.

Any condition that affects one or more of these glands can affect the hormonal balance and cause excess hair growth. Normal systemic occurs during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Abnormal systemic occurs from hormonal medication.

Excessive hair growth is called Hirsuitism.

Factors that contribute to healthy hair:A balanced diet. Regular exerciseProtect hair from strong sunlight. Protect hair from harsh winds Avoid excessive use of hairdressing chemicals Use of conditioning products when necessary



25. The ageing process can affect the hair in the following ways:Canities or white hair Diffuse hair loss Genetic alopecia Excessive hair growth (hirsuitism) Texture may change

26. The ageing process can affect the skin in the following ways:Loss of elasticity Becomes drier DehydratedLooks thinner Less sebum produced



to last an average of 100 days, but can last anything between 1.5 - 7 years. This determines the length your hair can grow. If your hair only ever grows to your shoulder your anagen phase will last a shorter duration than if you can grow your hair to your waist.The thickness and colour of the hair is determined between 1.5 years and 7 years.

Catagen is the transitional stage of the growth cycle. It affects up to 1% of hairs over approximately 10 days. There is no longer mitosis in the matrix. This results in the base of the hair follicle shortening and the dermal papilla moves upwards as this occurs. Due to the follicles shortening the tissue that connects the follicle to the inner root sheath becomes thicker and this results in the inner sheath disintegrating and disappearing. Growth ceases.

Telogen is the resting phase of the growth cycle. It affects about 13% of the hair at any one time and lasts around 100 days. Due to the dermal papilla moving upwards during the catagen phase, the base of the hair follicle eventually loses its blood supply and becomes detached from the epithelial sac. This is when the scalp sheds approximately

70-100 hairs a day. The follicle enters Anagen spontaneously after Telogen.

Vellus hairs are short hairs of 1-2cm in length. A vellus hair contains little or no pigment, and thus, is colorless. Vellus hair follicles do not have adjacent sebaceous glands. At the same time, their shaft does not have a melanin layer. Vellus hairs are fine and soft.

Terminal hairs are long hairs that grow on the scalp and, in many people, on the body. They are produced by hair follicles with adjacent sebaceous glands. Terminal hairs have large, darkly pigmented hair fibers that have a medulla at the innermost part.

Terminal hair is more deeply rooted than vellus hairTerminal hair has a richer blood supply than vellus hair Terminal hairs are coarser and longer than vellus hair Terminal hairs are pigmentedVellus are often unpigmented Terminal and vellus hair are located in different places Three categories affect hair growth: TopicalCongenital SystemicTopical hair conditions are caused by sustained surface irritation to an area. Massage will promote healthy growth and pharmaceutical products can stimulate hair growth.

Congenital growth or conditions are inherited factors e.g. hair loss, male pattern baldness and can be treated with Monilethrix. Systemic hair growth is caused by hormonal changes in the body. The endocrine systems composed of several endocrine glands (Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, and Ovaries) secrete hormones into the blood supply. Any condition that affects one or more of these glands can affect the hormonal balance and cause excess hair growth. Normal systemic occurs during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Abnormal systemic occurs from hormonal medication. Excessive hair growth is called Hirsuitism.

Factors that contribute to healthy hair:A balanced diet. Regular exerciseProtect hair from strong sunlight. Protect hair from harsh winds Avoid excessive use of hairdressing chemicals Use of conditioning products when necessary

Fine linesDeep wrinklesMuscle tone weakensFacial contours drop Hyper-pigmentationHair may be present

27. The function of the muscular system: Provides movement Maintenance of posture Heat production Assist in venous return and lymph circulation Some protection of abdominal organs

28. The threads, which make up a single muscle fibre, are called Myofibrils. There are three types of muscle

Skeletal muscle - striated or voluntary Striated muscle is attached to bone and produces all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. It also maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates heat.

Skeletal muscles cover your skeleton, giving your body its shape. They are attached to your skeleton by strong, springy tendons or are directly connected to rough patches of bone. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, which means you consciously control what they do.

Cardiac muscleCardiac muscles are only in your heart. Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest. Cardiac muscle contracts to squeeze blood out of your heart, and relaxes to fill your heart with blood.

Smooth or involuntary muscleSmooth or involuntary muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach. They work automatically without you being aware of them. For example, the muscular walls of your intestines contract to push food through your body.






26. The ageing process can affect the skin in the following ways:Loss of elasticity Becomes drier DehydratedLooks thinner Less sebum produced Fine linesDeep wrinklesMuscle tone weakensFacial contours drop Hyper-pigmentationHair may be present


28. The threads, which make up a single muscle fibre, are called Myofibrils.There are three types of muscle



Cardiac muscleCardiac muscles are only in your heart. Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest. Cardiac muscle contracts to squeeze blood out of your heart, and relaxes to fill

your heart with blood.



































Smaller groups of muscles control movements of the eyebrows and eyelids, the scalp, the nose, and the external ear. The epicranius, or scalp, contains two muscles, the frontalis and the occipitalis muscles. These muscles are separated by the galea aponeurotica, a collagenous sheet.

29. There are four main bones that you need to know about in the scalp region.

Occipital boneThe occipital bone is a large four sided (trapezoidal) bone that forms the back and base region of the skull. It is the part of the skull where the neck joins the skull. It can be felt by placing your hand at the back of the head and feeling the joining point between the skull and neck.

Temporal boneThe Temporal bone includes the mastoid, which is a bony protuberance of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull.

Frontal boneThe Frontal bone is a large bone that makes up the forehead and supplies the upper edge and roof of the orbit (eye socket).

Parietal ridgeThe Parietal ridge is the area of the skull where the bones of the head begin to curve toward the top. It is also the point at which completely straight hair begins to fall in a completely vertical direction.

The Vertex refers to an area of four bones, the Frontal, the two Parietal ridges and the Occipital bone. The Vertex terminology is used when talking about the areas of the scalp prone to baldness in androgenetic allopecia in men.

30. The endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream where they circulate until they reach their target organ. The endocrine works in conjunction with the nervous system.

The endocrine system can interfere with hair production and hair loss.

Parietal BoneForms the roof of the skull

Nasal Bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Temporal Bone

Mastoid Process

Occipital Bone

ZygomaticBone

Frontal BoneForms the front of the skull,

foreheads and upper eye sockets

SuturesWhere the bones are fused together





Smaller groups of muscles control movements of the eyebrows and eyelids, the scalp, the nose, and the external ear. The epicranius, or scalp, contains two muscles, the frontalis and the occipitalis muscles. These muscles are separated by the galea aponeurotica, a collagenous sheet.

29. There are four main bones that you need to know about in the scalp region.

Occipital boneThe occipital bone is a large four sided (trapezoidal) bone that forms the back and base region of the skull. It is the part of the skull where the neck joins the skull. It can be felt by placing your hand at the back of the head and feeling the joining point between the skull and neck.

Temporal boneThe Temporal bone includes the mastoid, which is a bony protuberance of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull.

Frontal boneThe Frontal bone is a large bone that makes up the forehead and supplies the upper edge and roof of the orbit (eye socket).Parietal ridgeThe Parietal ridge is the area of the skull where the bones of the head begin to curve toward the top. It is also the point at which completely straight hair begins to fall in a completely vertical direction.

The Vertex refers to an area of four bones, the Frontal, the two Parietal ridges and the Occipital bone. The Vertex terminology is used when talking about the areas of the scalp prone to baldness in androgenetic allopecia in men.

30. The endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream where they circulate until they reach their target organ. The endocrine works in conjunction with the nervous system.

The endocrine system can interfere with hair production and hair loss.

Parietal BoneForms the roof of the skull

Nasal Bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Temporal Bone

Mastoid Process

Occipital Bone

ZygomaticBone

Frontal BoneForms the front of the skull,

foreheads and upper eye sockets

SuturesWhere the bones are fused together

31. The Carotid Artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head.

The Jugular Vein takes the blood away.

Three effects of the circulatory system on the hair and scalp:Arteries brings nutrients to the hair and scalpVeins removes waste A good blood supply aids healthy hair growth

32. Lymph nodes:Submandibular or Submentalis are nodes under the chinOccipital nodes are at the base of the skull.

33. The lymph system:Drains excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood circulation Helps fight infection Produces lymphocytes Carries digestive fats away from the intestines

34. Afferent vessels enter the lymph node.Efferent vessels leave the lymph node.

35. The two divisions of the nervous system are:

Peripheral nervous systemThis consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord and is part of the central nervous system, which integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the body and includes the brain and the spinal cord.

Autonomic nervous system This is the involuntary part of the nervous system and controls the automatic body activities e.g. smooth muscles. The autonomic nervous system, or visceral nervous system, or involuntary nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system and functions involuntarily. It affects things such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation and perspiration.















































36. The Temporalis also allows you to close your jaw and also maintains a resting position for the mandible.

37. Massage Treatments and MachinesIt is important to choose the right type of massage for specific treatments. Effleurage: Relaxes and soothes the client Is used to apply products Dilates the capillaries Increases circulation

38. Vibration:Stimulates and clears nerve pathways Aids tissue tone Aids lymphatic drainage Relieves tension Relieves pain

39. Petrissage: Increases the removal of waste products from the tissue Encourages fresh oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the tissue Relieves tension Aids blood circulation Relaxes and soothes the client

40. Steamers provide moist heat and enable products to enter the skin/hair structure by opening pores and cuticle scales and are used as a catalyst.

41. High frequency massagers generate heat inside the tissues, have a germicidal effect and aid elimination and absorption of products. It also stimulates blood circulation. It must never be used on clients suffering cancer or lupus. It is good for diffuse hair loss.

42. Heat accelerators provide dry heat and enables products to enter the skin and hair structure by opening pores and cuticle scales and are used as a catalyst.

43. Vibro massage provides:A mechanical deep massageRelieves muscle tension Breaks down fat deposits Breaks down muscle tone Stimulates blood and lymphatic drainage



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