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QGJ 3023FUNGSI MUSKULOSKELETAL DAN

PERGERAKAN MANUSIA

Tutorial 1 30 Sept 2012

UPSI

Tugasan (due date 14/12/2012)

Rujuk mukasurat 139 modul Fungsi Muskuloskeletal dan Pergerakan Manusia dan lengkapkan tugasan yang diberikan.

Analisis anda hendaklah meliputi perkara berikut:

•Pemerihalan pergerakan yang dilakukan.•Satah dan paksi rujukan bagi pergerakan yang dilakukan•Sendi dan jenis sendi yang digunakan untuk pergerakan tersebut.•Pergerakan yang dihasilkan di sendi tersebut.•Otot agonis yang terlibat dalam pergerakan.•Jenis penguncupan otot agonis.

Analisis Pergerakan (Movement Analysis)

Satah – permukaan rata bayangan yang melintasi bahagian tubuh

Paksi (axis)

Paksi – Garisan tetap untuk merujuk kedudukan

Sendi (Joints)

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Three types of joints found in the human body

1. Synarthrodial or immovable,

2. Amphiarthrodial or slightly movable, and

3. Diarthrodial or freely movable.

(The type of joint of primary concern in the analysis of human motion are those in the ……….. category)

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Diarthrodial or freely movable

Otot Agonis dan Antagonis

Kenalpasti otot agonis dan antagonis yang terlibat

Jenis Penguncupan

Analisis Pergerakan Tekan Tubi

Fasa Persediaan

Fasa Pemulihan

Fasa Menurun

Naik Turun Bangku

Persediaan

Melangkah Naik

Pemulihan

Mendagu

Persediaan

Pemulihan

Mendagu

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Muscular System

Mechanism of muscular contraction• The sliding filament model– Muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of

the actin filament over the myosin filament– Formation of cross-bridges between actin and

myosin filaments “Power stroke”• 1 power stroke only shorten muscle 1%

– Reduction in the distance between Z-lines of the sarcomere

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Actin & Myosin Relationship

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Muscle Fiber Types

Fast fibers• Type IIx fibers – Fast-twitch fibers– Fast-glycolytic fibers

• Type IIa fibers– Intermediate fibers– Fast-oxidative

glycolytic fibers

Slow fibers• Type I fibers– Slow-twitch fibers– Slow-oxidative fibers

Forum 1 (1/10/12)

• Seorang pesakit fraktur tulang tibia telah dipakaikan kas plater untuk patah tersebut. Selepas dua minggu pesakit tersebut telah menanggalkan kas tersebut tanpa kebenaran dan pengetahuan doktor yang merawatnya. Tindakannya telah menyebabkan tulang tersebut tidak sembuh sepenuhnya. Bincangkan tujuan kas plaster tersebut dan sebab mengapa tulang tersebut tidak sembuh sepenenuhnya.

Apakah tujuan kas plaster dan mengapa tulang tidak sembuh sepenenuhnya sekiranya kas tersebut ditanggalkan tanpa kebenaran doktor?

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Skeleton function (5 functions)

1. Support the skeleton2. Protection : skull, rib case3. Hemopoeisis – the bone marrow produce rbc, wbc

and platelet4. Mineral storage- calcium5. Movement – skeleton of machine/level

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Anatomy

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Injuries to bone

Bone 1. living tissue 2. growth in length and density 3. weaken (too much stress) 4. seal off 16 to 17 years old

Forum 2 (19/10/12)

• Perihalkan kesan tidak menggunakan otot rangka tertentu secara kerap. Apakah yang boleh dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut?

Forum 3 (2/11/12)

• Patah tulang kerap berlaku dalam kalangan mereka yang mengamalkan diet yang ekstrem untuk mengurangkan berat badan tetapi tidak bersenam.

Forum 4 (16/11/12)

• Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Profesor Wan Nabe mendapati bahawa kebanyakan daripada pelari-pelari pecut yang ternama mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berikut:

• Tinggi dengan bentuk badan mesomorf• Kaki bawah langsing serta pinggul yang kecil.• Kandungan serat otot cepat sentak melebihi 80%

daripada jumlah keseluruhan otot kaki.

Bincangkan kaitan ciri tersebut dengan prestasi cemerlang mereka dalam acara lari pecut.

Kaitan morfologi badan dengan prestasi lari pecut

Functional AnatomyBody Type and Sports Performance

See Text - Chapter 4

The story so far

• The importance of talent ID

• Improving performance– Understanding, – assessment, – modification & – outcome

The story so far

• Somatotype = endo – meso – ecto

• Gold Standard = anthropometry & photoscopic

• Rating scale open ended due to extreme physiques

• Plot on a somatochart

The story so far

• Variations in somatotype– Gender– Age– Race

• Comparing somatotypes

• Calculating somatotypes

Somatotype

Somatotypes are scattered about the mean score – (eg. Ice hockey)

remember that there will be a range of somatotypes that will cluster around the mean

Somatotype

A larger scatter also in events where different positions require specialist body types- (eg. Basketball)

Somatotype

A larger scatter in events where body type has only a minor influence - (eg. Golf)

Functional AnatomyBody Type and Sports Performance

See Text – Chapter 4

QUESTIONS

• Which athletes are more ectomorphic – 100 m or 10 000 m runners?

• Describe the somatotype of gymnasts?

• Basketball forwards tend to be?

INTRODUCTION

Obviously Somatotype is not the only factor in determining one’s ability to perform at an elite level. It’s just one of the many ingredients.

However, combined with capacities such as body composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength and power, BODY TYPE is valuable in assessing a person’s suitability for a particular sport.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

See Table 4.2 (p.55) for a summary of somatotypes.

1. Less data available for elite females.

The majority of data collected over the past 40 years has been on male athletes.

This discrepancy is slowly being addressed.


2. Significant differences between male and female athletes at the elite level.

Existing data suggests that female athletes are more ENDO less MESOsimilar ECTO ratings

than males



When no female data are available, we can estimate

Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy

Sprint Events

Middle Distance

Field Games & Explosive sports





Sprint Events + 1.0

Middle Distance + 0.5


+ 2.0





Sprint Events + 1.0 - 1.5

Middle Distance + 0.5 - 1.0


+ 2.0 - 2.0





Sprint Events + 1.0 - 1.5 Same

Middle Distance + 0.5 - 1.0 Same


+ 2.0 - 2.0 Same

What somatotype?

What sports?

Endomorph

Mesomorph

Ectomorph

EXAMPLES - MESOMORPHS

GYMNASTS


GYMNASTS M = 1.5 - 6 - 2 F = 2 - 4 - 3


DIVERS M = 2 - 5.5 - 2.5 F = 3 - 4 - 3


BODY BUILDERS Meso = 7+


WEIGHT-CLASSLIFTERS / WRESTLERS M = 2 - 7 - 1

EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHS

OPEN CLASS LIFTER M = 5 - 9 - 0.5

EXAMPLES -

WEIGHT LIFTERS Light Weight Vs Super Heavy weight

EXAMPLES - ENDO MESOMORPHSAMERICAN FOOTBALLERS - LINEMAN Vs BACKS


AMERICAN FOOTBALLERS - LINEMAN = 5 - 7.5 - 1 - BACKS = 3 - 5.5 - 1.5


OPEN CLASS WRESTLER M = 4 - 7.5 - 1

EXAMPLES - ENDOMORPHS

NO ENDOMORPHS!!!

EXAMPLES – MESO-ECTOMORPHS

TRIATHLONM = 2 - 4 - 3 F = 2.5 - 4 - 3

EXAMPLES - ECTOMORPHS

BASKETBALLERS- AVERAGE M = 2 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 3.5 - 4 - 3- FORWARDS M = 2 - 3 - 5 F = 3 - 3.5 - 3


BASKETBALLERS- EXTREME (Manute Bol)


VOLLEYBALLERS M = 2.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 3.5 - 4 - 3

TRACK EVENTS - General Trends

SPRINTERS &HURDLERS

400 M

800 & 1,500 M

10,000 M

ENDO MESO ECTO

DecreasingENDO

DecreasingMESO

IncreasingECTO

EXAMPLES - TRACK

SPRINTERS & M = 2 - 5 - 3 F = 2.5 - 4 - 3HURDLERS

EXAMPLES - TRACK

400M M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 2 - 3.5 - 3.5

EXAMPLES - TRACK

800 & 1,500 M M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5

EXAMPLES - TRACK

10,000M M = 1.5 - 4 - 3.5

EXAMPLES - FIELD EVENTS

JUMPERS M = 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 F = 2.5 - 3 - 4


POLE VAULT M = 2 - 4 - 2


SHOT & DISCUS M = 3 - 7 - 1 F = 5.5 - 5.5 - 1.5

EXCEPTIONS

Somatotype not the only factor in determining sports performance at an elite level

Michael Gross “The Albatross”Height - 200cmArm span - 225cm

Jon Sieben “The Shrimp”Height – 173cm

EXCEPTIONS

1. Gordon Pirie (World 5,000m champ) 2 - 4.5 - 3.5 (more like a 400m runner - 5 kg heavier than others)

EXCEPTIONS

2. Peter Snell (World & Olympic 800 / 1500m) 2 -5 - 3 (more like a 200m runner)

EXCEPTIONS

3. Rob deCastella (World marathon champ) 1.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 (more like a 400m runner - 5cm taller and 8kg heavier than others)

SOMATOTYPE MODIFICATION

Strength training

Endurance training

Diet (high joule)

(low joule)

SOMATOTYPE MODIFICATION

Strength training more MESO

Endurance training more ECTO

Diet (high joule) more ENDO

(low joule) more ECTO

TODAY

• Which athletes are more ectomorphic – 100m or 10 000m runners?– 10 000m

• Describe the somatotype of gymnasts?– mesomorph

• Basketball forwards tend to be?– ectomorphic

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