Tullabeg 110kV Substation,

County Wexford

October 2019

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3

1.1.1 Statement of Authority ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.1.2 Description of the Proposed Development ........................................................................................... 4

1.1.3 Assessment Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.1.4 Extent of Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 10

1.1.5 Landscape and Visual Policy Context and Designations ...................................................................... 11

1.2 Existing Environment ...................................................................................................... 14

1.2.1 Landscape Baseline ............................................................................................................................. 14

1.2.2 Visual Baseline..................................................................................................................................... 22

1.3 Mitigation and resotration measures ............................................................................... 26

1.4 Identification of Viewshed Reference Points as a Basis for Assessment ............................ 30

1.5 Impact Assessment ......................................................................................................... 32

1.5.1 Landscape Impact ............................................................................................................................... 32

1.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ..................................................................................................... 55

1.7 ConclusioN ..................................................................................................................... 55

1.7.1 Overall Significance of Impact ............................................................................................................. 57

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LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASSESSMENT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This Landscape and Visual Assessment (LVIA) has been prepared in respect of a planning application for

a 110kV substation and associated infrastructure proposed in conjunction with a solar farm at Ballyclogh,

Tullabeg, Medophall and Medophall Demesne, County Wexford. The solar farm application has already

been lodged with Wexford County Council and this combined LVIA reflects the ‘whole project’ approach

of the various environmental assessments. The LVIA report describes the landscape context of the

proposed substation / solar farm and assesses the likely landscape and visual impacts of the scheme on

the receiving environment. Although closely linked, landscape and visual impacts are assessed

separately.

Landscape Impact Assessment (LIA) relates to assessing effects of a development on the landscape as a

resource in its own right and is concerned with how the proposal will affect the elements that make up

the landscape, the aesthetic and perceptual aspects of the landscape and its distinctive character.

Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) relates to assessing effects of a development on specific views and on

the general visual amenity experienced by people. This deals with how the surroundings of individuals

or groups of people may be specifically affected by changes in the content and character of views as a

result of the change or loss of existing elements of the landscape and/or introduction of new elements.

Visual impacts may occur from; Visual Obstruction (blocking of a view, be it full, partial or intermittent)

or; Visual Intrusion (interruption of a view without blocking).

Cumulative landscape and visual impact assessment is concerned with additional changes to the

landscape or visual amenity caused by the proposed development in conjunction with other

developments (associated or separate to it), or actions that occurred in the past, present or are likely to

occur in the foreseeable future.

This LVIA uses methodology as prescribed in the following guidance documents:

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publication ‘Guidelines on the Information to be

contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2015) and the accompanying Advice Notes on

Current Practice in the Preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (2015);

• Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment

publication entitled Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (2013).

1.1.1 Statement of Authority

This Landscape and Visual Assessment report was prepared by Macro Works Ltd; a consultancy firm

specialising in visual impact analysis and visual impact graphics. Relevant experience includes LVIA

work for a vast range of infrastructural, industrial and commercial projects since 1999 including more

than 80 solar farms.

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1.1.2 Description of the Proposed Development

Terra Solar II Limited are seeking a 10-year planning permission for development at Tullabeg, Camolin,

Co. Wexford comprising a 110kV 4-bay C-type electricity substation (with 33kV customer compound)

(including two control buildings, lightning protection, perimeter security fencing, security lighting,

drainage infrastructure, temporary construction compound) to connect to and serve a proposed solar

farm (under Wexford County Council Reg. Ref. 20191272); associated loop-in infrastructure to tie into

an existing 110kV overhead transmission line including underground 110kV cabling and 2 No. new end

masts with 110kV line diversion cabling; vehicular entrance and access track from public road; all

associated site development works including formation of berms and landscaping.

The purpose of the substation and grid connection is to serve a solar farm development in the

townlands of Ballyclogh, Tullabeg, Medophall and Medophall Demesne. The application for planning

permission for the solar panels, support infrastructure and associated ancillary development works

has been made to Wexford County Council as part of a dual consent process. The applicant for that

proposed development is also Terra Solar II Limited. Notwithstanding this dual consent process, this

report considers the full combined development for the purposes of completing a robust assessment

of the entire project. In terms of definition, the use of the term ‘solar farm’ in this report means the

project singular comprising the solar panels and support infrastructure, the substation and grid

connection elements, and all associated enabling works.

1.1.3 Assessment Methodology

Production of this Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment involved:

• A desktop study to establish an appropriate study area, relevant landscape and visual

designations in the Wexford County Development Plans, as well as other sensitive visual

receptors. This stage culminates in the selection of a set of potential viewpoints from which

to study the effects of the proposal;

• Fieldwork to establish the landscape character of the receiving environment and to confirm

and refine the set of viewpoints to be used for the visual assessment stage;

• Assessment of the significance of the landscape impact of the development as a function of

landscape sensitivity weighed against the magnitude of the landscape impact; and

• Assessment of the significance of the visual impact of the development as a function of visual

receptor sensitivity weighed against the magnitude of the visual impact. This aspect of the

assessment is supported by photomontages prepared in respect of the selected viewpoints.

• Incorporation of mitigation measures to reduce potential impacts and estimation of residual

impacts once mitigation has become established.

1.1.3.1 Landscape Impact Assessment Criteria

When assessing the potential impacts on the landscape resulting from a proposed development, the

following criteria are considered:

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• Landscape character, value and sensitivity;

• Magnitude of likely impacts; and

• Significance of landscape effects.

The sensitivity of the landscape to change is the degree to which a particular landscape receptor

(Landscape Character Area (“LCA”) or feature) can accommodate changes or new elements without

unacceptable detrimental effects to its essential characteristics. Landscape Value and Sensitivity is

classified using the following criteria set out in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Landscape Value and Sensitivity

Sensitivity Description

Very High Areas where the landscape character exhibits a very low capacity for change in the form of

development. Examples of which are high value landscapes, protected at an international or

national level (World Heritage Site/National Park), where the principal management objectives

are likely to be protection of the existing character.

High Areas where the landscape character exhibits a low capacity for change in the form of

development. Examples of which are high value landscapes, protected at a national or regional

level (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty), where the principal management objectives are

likely to be considered conservation of the existing character.

Medium Areas where the landscape character exhibits some capacity and scope for development.

Examples of which are landscapes, which have a designation of protection at a county level or

at non-designated local level where there is evidence of local value and use.

Low Areas where the landscape character exhibits a higher capacity for change from development.

Typically this would include lower value, non-designated landscapes that may also have some

elements or features of recognisable quality, where landscape management objectives

include, enhancement, repair and restoration.

Negligible Areas of landscape character that include derelict, mining, industrial land or are part of the

urban fringe where there would be a reasonable capacity to embrace change or the capacity

to include the development proposals. Management objectives in such areas could be focused

on change, creation of landscape improvements and/or restoration to realise a higher

landscape value.

The magnitude of a predicted landscape impact is a product of the scale, extent or degree of change

that is likely to be experienced as a result of the proposed development. The magnitude takes into

account whether there is a direct physical impact resulting from the loss of landscape components

and/or a change that extends beyond the Application Site boundary that may have an effect on the

landscape character of the area. Table 1-2 refers.

Table 1-2 Magnitude of Landscape Impacts

Magnitude

of Impact

Description

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Very High Change that would be large in extent and scale with the loss of critically important

landscape elements and features, that may also involve the introduction of new

uncharacteristic elements or features that contribute to an overall change of the landscape

in terms of character, value and quality.

High

Change that would be more limited in extent and scale with the loss of important

landscape elements and features, that may also involve the introduction of new

uncharacteristic elements or features that contribute to an overall change of the

landscape in terms of character, value and quality.

Medium

Changes that are modest in extent and scale involving the loss of landscape

characteristics or elements that may also involve the introduction of new

uncharacteristic elements or features that would lead to changes in landscape character,

and quality.

Low

Changes affecting small areas of landscape character and quality, together with the loss

of some less characteristic landscape elements or the addition of new features or

elements.

Negligible

Changes affecting small or very restricted areas of landscape character. This may include

the limited loss of some elements or the addition of some new features or elements that

are characteristic of the existing landscape or are hardly perceivable.

The significance of a landscape impact is based on a balance between the sensitivity of the landscape

receptor and the magnitude of the impact. The significance of landscape impacts is arrived at using

the following matrix set out in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3 Impact Significance Matrix

Sensitivity of Receptor

Scale/Magnitude Very High High Medium Low Negligible

Very High Profound Profound-

substantial

Substantial Moderate Minor

High Profound-

substantial

Substantial Substantial-

moderate

Moderate-

slight

Slight-

imperceptible

Medium Substantial Substantial-

moderate

Moderate Slight Imperceptible

Low Moderate Moderate-

slight

Slight Slight-

imperceptible

Imperceptible

Negligible Slight Slight-

imperceptible

Imperceptible Imperceptible Imperceptible

Note: The significance matrix provides an indicative framework from which the significance of impact

is derived. The significance judgement is ultimately determined by the assessor using professional

judgement. Due to nuances within the constituent sensitivity and magnitude judgements, this may be

up to one category higher or lower than indicated by the matrix. Judgements indicated in orange are

considered to be ‘significant impacts’ in EIA terms.

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1.1.3.2 Visual Impact Assessment Criteria

As with the landscape impact, the visual impact of the proposed development will be assessed as a

function of sensitivity versus magnitude. In this instance the sensitivity of the visual receptor, weighed

against the magnitude of the visual effect.

1.1.3.3 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Unlike landscape sensitivity, the sensitivity of visual receptors has an anthropocentric basis. It considers

factors such as the perceived quality and values associated with the view, the landscape context of the

viewer, the likely activity they are engaged in and whether this heightens their awareness of the

surrounding landscape. A list of the factors considered by the assessor in estimating the level of

sensitivity for a particular visual receptor is outlined below and used in Table 1-6 below to establish visual

receptor sensitivity at each VRP:

1. Susceptibility of Receptors - In accordance with the Institute of Environmental Management

and Assessment (“IEMA”) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Assessment (3rd edition

2013) visual receptors most susceptible to changes in views and visual amenity are;

• “Residents at home;

• People, whether residents or visitors, who are engaged in outdoor recreation,

including use of public rights of way, whose attention or interest is likely to be

focussed on the landscape and on particular views;

• Visitors to heritage assets, or to other attractions, where views of the surroundings

are an important contributor to the experience;

• Communities where views contribute to the landscape setting enjoyed by residents

in the area; and

• Travellers on road, rail or other transport routes where such travel involves

recognised scenic routes and awareness of views is likely to be heightened”.

Visual receptors that are less susceptible to changes in views and visual amenity include:

• “People engaged in outdoor sport or recreation, which does not involve or depend

upon appreciation of views of the landscape;

• People at their place of work whose attention may be focussed on their work or

activity, not their surroundings and where the setting is not important to the quality

of working life”.

2. Recognised scenic value of the view (County Development Plan designations, guidebooks,

touring maps, postcards etc). These represent a consensus in terms of which scenic views

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and routes within an area are strongly valued by the population because in the case of

County Developments Plans, for example, a public consultation process is required;

3. Views from within highly sensitive landscape areas. Again, highly sensitive landscape

designations are usually part of a county’s Landscape Character Assessment, which is then

incorporated within the County Development Plan and is therefore subject to the public

consultation process. Viewers within such areas are likely to be highly attuned to the

landscape around them;

4. Primary views from dwellings. A proposed Development might be seen from anywhere

within a particular residential property with varying degrees of sensitivity. Therefore, this

category is reserved for those instances in which the design of dwellings or housing estates,

has been influenced by the desire to take in a particular view. This might involve the use of

a slope or the specific orientation of a house and/or its internal social rooms and exterior

spaces;

5. Intensity of use, popularity. This relates to the number of viewers likely to experience a view

on a regular basis and whether this is significant at county or regional scale;

6. Connection with the landscape. This considers whether or not receptors are likely to be

highly attuned to views of the landscape i.e. commuters hurriedly driving on busy national

route versus hill walkers directly engaged with the landscape enjoying changing sequential

views over it;

7. Provision of elevated panoramic views. This relates to the extent of the view on offer and

the tendency for receptors to become more attuned to the surrounding landscape at

locations that afford broad vistas;

8. Sense of remoteness and/or tranquillity. Receptors taking in a remote and tranquil scene,

which is likely to be fairly static, are likely to be more receptive to changes in the view than

those taking in the view of a busy street scene, for example;

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9. Degree of perceived naturalness. Where a view is valued for the sense of naturalness of the

surrounding landscape it is likely to be highly sensitive to visual intrusion by distinctly

manmade features;

10. Presence of striking or noteworthy features. A view might be strongly valued because it

contains a distinctive and memorable landscape feature such as a promontory headland,

lough or castle;

11. Historical, cultural and / or spiritual significance. Such attributes may be evident or sensed

by receptors at certain viewing locations, which may attract visitors for the purposes of

contemplation or reflection heightening the sense of their surroundings;

12. Rarity or uniqueness of the view. This might include the noteworthy representativeness of

a certain landscape type and considers whether the receptor could take in similar views

anywhere in the broader region or the country;

13. Integrity of the landscape character. This looks at the condition and intactness of the

landscape in view and whether the landscape pattern is a regular one of few strongly related

components or an irregular one containing a variety of disparate components;

14. Sense of place. This considers whether there is special sense of wholeness and harmony at

the viewing location; and

15. Sense of awe. This considers whether the view inspires an overwhelming sense of scale or

the power of nature.

Those locations which are deemed to satisfy many of the above criteria are likely to be of higher

sensitivity. No relative importance is inferred by the order of listing in the Table 1-5 below. Overall

sensitivity may be a result of a number of these factors or, alternatively, a strong association with one or

two in particular.

1.1.3.4 Visual Impact Magnitude

The magnitude of visual effects is determined on the basis of two factors: the visual presence (visual

prominence within the scene) of the proposal and its effect on visual amenity (nature of change to the

visual qualities of the scene). Given that the solar panels and ancillary structures do not represent

significant bulk and follow the ground plane, visual impacts will result almost entirely from visual

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‘intrusion’ rather than visual ‘obstruction’ (the blocking of a view). The magnitude of visual impacts is

classified in Table 1-4.

Table 1-4 Magnitude of Visual Impact

Criteria Description

Very High The proposal blocks or intrudes into a large proportion or critical part of the available vista and

is without question the most noticeable element. A high degree of visual clutter or disharmony

is also generated, strongly reducing the visual amenity of the scene.

High The proposal blocks or intrudes into a significant proportion or important part of the available

vista and is one of the most noticeable elements. A considerable degree of visual clutter or

disharmony is also likely to be generated, appreciably reducing the visual amenity of the scene.

Medium The proposal represents a moderate intrusion into the available vista, is a readily noticeable

element and/or it may generate a degree of visual clutter or disharmony, thereby reducing the

visual amenity of the scene. Alternatively, it may represent a balance of higher and lower order

estimates in relation to visual presence and visual amenity.

Low The proposal intrudes to a minor extent into the available vista and may not be noticed by a

casual observer and/or the proposal would not have a marked effect on the visual amenity of

the scene.

Negligible The proposal would be barely discernible within the available vista and/or it would not

detract from, and may even enhance, the visual amenity of the scene.

1.1.3.5 Visual Impact Significance

As stated above, the significance of visual impacts is a function of visual receptor sensitivity and visual

impact magnitude. This relationship is expressed in the same significance matrix and applies the same

EPA definitions of significance as used earlier in respect of landscape impacts (Table 1-3 refers).

1.1.4 Extent of Study Area

From similar studies it is anticipated that the proposed development is likely to be difficult to discern

beyond approximately 5km and is not likely to give rise to significant landscape or visual impacts

beyond approximately 2km. In the interests of a comprehensive appraisal, a 5km radius study area is

used in this instance. However, there will be a particular focus on receptors contained within 1km,

except where iconic or designated scenic viewpoints exist at greater distances out to 5km. A study

area of 5km has typically been used for solar projects in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Britain.

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Figure 1 – 5km radius study area from the edge of the Application Site

1.1.5 Landscape and Visual Policy Context and Designations

1.1.5.1 Wexford County Development Plan 2013-2019

A Landscape Character Assessment has been prepared for County Wexford and this is incorporated

into the current Wexford County Development Plan 2013-2019. Within the current County

Development Plan (CDP) the council notes that it is “prudent to await the publication of the National

Landscape Strategy before embarking on a comprehensive review of the LCA prepared for the

Wexford County Development Plan 2007-2013. In the interim, the LCA has been redefined,

principally to improve its legibility and practical application.” In the CDP, the landscape of County

Wexford is divided into four different landscape units: Uplands, Lowlands, River Valleys and Coastal.

The proposed site is located in Landscape Character Unit 2 – Lowlands (Fig.2). According to the Plan,

this unit is:

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“Generally made up of gently undulating lands and relates to extensive areas of the

county. There are generally higher levels of population and more intensive agriculture.

The slopes and topography in this unit are shallower. Agricultural lands tend to be

characterised by views across larger fields as a result of the generally low well-trimmed

hedges. There are a number of prominent hills within the Lowlands which provide more

enclosure and ‘punctuation’ within the overall landscape … This landscape unit hosts the

principle towns and major infrastructure such as the main roads and railways. The

predominant agricultural use of most of the Lowlands unit is expected to continue due

to the high quality and fertility of the soils. Intensification of agricultural practices and

expansion of urban settlements will be factors of change in this landscape. The lowland

unit generally has characteristics which have a higher capacity to absorb development

without it causing significant visual intrusion although care still needs to be taken on a

site by site basis, particularly to minimise the risks of developments being visually

intrusive.”

Figure 2 – Extract from Wexford County Development Plan 2013-2019, Map no. 13, showing the relevant

designated landscape units in the County, in relation to the site.

There are no scenic routes or views/prospects listed within the study area. In addition, the site is not

located within a designated ‘Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity,’ though there are two such designated

landscapes within the study area, and a third fringing its periphery:

Site

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• Carrigroe Hill – located within 1.2km south of the southern parcel;

• Boley Hill – located within 2.1km southeast of the northern parcel;

• Ballyminaum Hill – located within 5.1km northeast of the northern parcel.

It should be noted that there is a high degree of inter-visibility between the site and the Carrigroe Hill

and Boley Hill ‘Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity,’ but far less so for Ballyminaum Hill. In addition, these

three wooded hilltops provide distinct visual amenity for the study area and the wider locality.

The Wexford County Development Plan 2013-2019 lists a number of objectives in relation to the

management of the landscapes of County Wexford (Chapter 14, section 14.4.3 of the CDP) and are

as follows:

• LO1 - To have regard to the Landscape Character Assessment and associated map contained

in Volume 3, the Landscape and Landscape Assessment Guidelines for Planning Authorities

(2000) Draft and any updated versions of these guidelines published during the lifetime of

the Plan, when assessing planning applications for development.

• LO2 - To review the Landscape Character Assessment and the landscape objectives in the

Plan, after the publication of the National Landscape Strategy and future guidelines issued

by a Minister of the Government with respect to landscape.

• LO3 - To ensure that developments are not unduly visually obtrusive in the landscape, in

particular in the Upland, River Valley and Coastal landscape units and on or in the vicinity

of Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity.

• LO4 - To require all developments to be appropriate in scale and sited, designed and

landscaped having regard to their setting in the landscape so as to ensure that any potential

adverse visual impacts are minimised.

• LO5 - To prohibit developments which are likely to have significant adverse visual impacts,

either individually or cumulatively, on the character of the Uplands, River Valley or Coastal

landscape or a Landscape of Greater Sensitivity and where there is no overriding need for

the development to be in that particular location.

• LO6 - To ensure that, where an overriding need is demonstrated for a particular

development in an Upland, River Valley or Coastal landscape unit or on or in the vicinity of

a Landscape of Greater Sensitivity, careful consideration is given to site selection. The

development should be appropriate in scale and be sited, designed and landscaped in a

manner, which minimises potential adverse impacts on the subject landscape and will be

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required to comply with all normal planning and environmental criteria and the

development management standards contained in Chapter 18.

• LO8 - To consider appropriate rural recreational and tourism related developments which

would facilitate public access to and appreciation of Upland, River Valley and Coastal

Landscapes and Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity in the County subject to compliance with

the relevant objectives in Chapters 6, 7 and 13. Developments should be appropriate in

scale and be sited, designed and landscaped in a manner, which minimises potential

adverse impacts on the landscape and shall be in compliance with all other planning and

environmental criteria and the development management standards contained in Chapter

18.

• LO9 - To require developments to be sited, designed and landscaped in a manner, which

has regard to the site specific characteristics of the natural and built landscape, for example,

developments should be sited, designed and landscaped to minimise loss of natural

features such as mature trees and hedging and built features.

1.1.5.2 Views of Recognised Scenic Value

Views of recognised scenic value are primarily indicated within County Development Plans in the

context of scenic views/routes designations, but they might also be indicated on touring maps,

websites, guidebooks, roadside rest stops or on post cards that represent the area. Neither the

previous Wexford County Development Plan (2007-2013) nor the present Wexford County

Development Plan (2013-2019) includes a list of designated scenic routes or views, although it should

be noted that hills and ridges designated as ‘landscapes of greater sensitivity’ are noted for their ‘views

across the surrounding landscape.’ Furthermore, there are no known Coillte woodland walks within

the study area, the route maps for which, might present recognised views of the surrounding

countryside.

1.1.5.3 National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS)

According to the NPWS, within the study area there are no Nature Reserves, National Parks, Special

Protection Areas (SPAs) or Natural Heritage Area (NHAs). However, within 1.4km northwest of the site

is the only known NPWS designation in the study area: the Slaney River Valley Special Area Of

Conservation SAC (Site Code 000781), which runs along the Bann River – a tributary to the Slaney.

1.2 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

1.2.1 Landscape Baseline

The landscape baseline represents the existing landscape context and is the scenario against which

any changes to the landscape brought about by the proposed development will be assessed. A

description of the landscape context of the proposed site and wider study area is provided below

under the headings of landform and drainage, vegetation and land use, centres of population and

houses, transport routes and public amenities and heritage sites. Although this description forms part

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of the landscape baseline, many of the landscape elements identified also relate to visual receptors

i.e. places and transport routes from which viewers can potentially see the proposed development.

The visual resource will be described in greater detail in Section 1.2.2.

1.2.1.1 Landform and Drainage

The wider study area takes the general form of a gently-sloping basin, with landform in the north -

near the townlands of Camolin Park and Rossminogue South - exceeding 100m AOD, and in the south

exceeding 300m, in the form of Carrigroe Hill. Representative of the ‘Lowlands’ designation within

County Wexford, the site itself sits within a relatively low-lying and gently undulating basin between

Camolin/N11 and Carrigroe Hill/ Boley Hill.

The site of the northern parcel sits below 60m AOD, and drains into the petite Bracken River (i.e.

stream) that runs just south of its northern boundary. There are a couple of rather noticeable knolls

or rises (one prominent, one less prominent) within this undulating farmland that offers marginally

more dramatic relief to the otherwise tame terrain. The site of the southern parcel undulates between

50m-70m AOD, and is dissected by two small streams that eventually feed into the aforementioned

Bracken River.

Within a couple of kilometres south and southeast of the site, more elevated landform can be found

in the form of Carrigroe Hill (232m) and Boley Hill (152m), which are both designated ‘Landscapes of

Greater Sensitivity.’ This higher landform is mirrored in the hilly axis running northeast-southwest that

is found in the north of the study area. There, land climbs well above the 100m contour, as it ascends

towards Slieveboy (420m), which lies more than 1.5km outside the study area. Ballyminaun Hill (120m

AOD) lies just outside the eastern periphery of the study area, and is also a designated ‘Landscape of

Greater Sensitivity.’

Figure 3 – marginally elevated view from the west of the study area, showing the low-lying basin of the central study area, with Boley Hill (152m) visible on the skyline to the southeast (i.e. right).

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Figure 4 – view from alongside the N11 in the north of the study area, with the Carrigroe Hill (to the south/right) and Boley Hill (to the left/ southeast) more than 4km to the south.

The Bann River is the main river in the study area, and most streams and/or smaller rivers directly or

indirectly feed into it. The Bann originates in the far north of the county, and flows in a general

south/southwest fashion, until eventually feeding into the Slaney, almost 5km north of Enniscorthy.

1.2.1.2 Vegetation and Land Use

The study area is predominantly an intensively managed, highly modified, agricultural landscape, with

an emphasis on pasture, followed by tillage/cropping. This mostly consists of medium or large sized

fields bound by mature, tree-lined hedgerows. However, there is also a reasonable degree of

woodland on elevated realms in the south and east of the study area, and commercial coniferous

plantations across pockets in the north. The village of Camolin and Ballycanew, as well as the N11, the

M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass and the Dublin-Wexford rail line accounts for additional land use in

the locality.

The site of the northern parcel is presently an intensively run dairy farm across a highly modified field

pattern from that of a century ago. There is a generally low to moderate degree of tall, tree-lined

hedgerows. When assessed against historical Ordnance Survey maps from the 19th Century, by

comparing Figure 5 with Figure 6 (below), it is apparent that numerous field boundaries, as well as

buildings and roadways/tracks, have been removed to create larger fields. In tandem with the

significant, deep cut-and-fill of the Dublin-Rosslare rail line that demarcates the site’s northern

boundary, the landscape integrity and fabric of the site has been considerably altered over the last

century, as farming systems have intensified. In the lower levels of this site, along the diminutive

Bracken River (i.e. stream) that runs just south of its northern boundary, scrub vegetation is re-

colonising, near which a pylon stands within the site, supporting a 110kV line that traverses the rail

line and site.

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Figure 5 – site of the northern parcel: extract of Ordnance Survey Historic Map 25 Inch (1888—1913)

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Figure 6 – site of the northern parcel, as per 2018 capture on Google Earth Pro.

Figure 7 – centre of the site of the northern parcel. Note the M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass, which adjoins the site of the northern parcel at the south-eastern corner.

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Figure 8 – scrub vegetation, pylon and 110kV line at the northern end of the site of the northern parcel. Note: the second, more distant pylon is not within the site.

Figure 9 – site of the southern parcel: extract of Ordnance Survey Historic Map 25 Inch (1888—1913).

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The site of the southern parcel is also in pasture, though operated as a less-intensively managed sheep

farm. By comparing Figure 9 (above) with Figure 10 (below), it is apparent that numerous field

boundaries, as well as buildings and roadways/tracks, have been removed to create larger fields across

the southern site. Despite such clearances over the last century, the remaining field boundaries

generally sport strong, tree-lined hedgerows. The same, aforementioned 110kV line traverses the site

on double utility poles. Overall, the landscape fabric and character of the site of the southern parcel

appears to have been marginally less modified in recent centuries, compared to the northern site.

Figure 10 – site of the southern parcel, as per 2018 capture on Google Earth Pro.

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Figure 11 – centre of the site of the southern parcel, looking south towards the thickly wooded Carrigroe Hill.

1.2.1.3 Centres of Population and Houses

The nearest centre of population to the site is the village of Camolin, which has approx. 400 residents

and is located 1.6km northwest of the site of the southern parcel. Ballycanew, a village of approx. 500

residents, is located along the eastern fringe of the study area (i.e. approx. 5km from the site). Aside

from this, there are no other noticeable settlements or centres of population within the study area,

and the settlement pattern can be summarised as being decidedly rural. There are numerous clusters

of linear development along certain third class roads scattered throughout the study area, with houses

that appear to have been constructed in the last quarter- or half-century. Outside the study area, the

town of Gorey is approx. 8km northeast of the site, while Ferns is approx. 6.5km southwest of it.

1.2.1.4 Transport Routes

Although very much a rural setting, the central study area holds some important transport routes,

between which the site is located. The Dublin-Rosslare rail line demarcates the northern boundary of

the site. The rail line at this location largely occupies a deeply engineered ‘cut’ in the landscape, and,

for much of the time, is not visible from the site.

The primary transport route in the study area is the recently opened M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass,

which aligns the south-eastern corner of the site of the northern parcel, and runs within 150m of the

site of the southern parcel. Following this in importance, the M11/N11 runs through the area in a

general northeast-southwest fashion, entering within 1.1km north of the site of the northern parcel.

There are two regional roads in the study area: the R772 in the northeast, and the R741 in the far east

of the area. Otherwise, the study area is punctuated by a series of third class roads.

22

Figure 12 – the recently-opened M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass, which aligns the south-eastern corner of the site of the northern parcel, and runs within 150m of the site of the southern parcel.

1.2.1.5 Public Amenities and Heritage Sites

Carrigroe Hill is a thickly wooded hill with numerous vehicle tracks, though summit views in the

direction of the site are challenging to obtain, owing to it being cloaked in mature commercial forestry.

The nearest designated, waymarked walking, hiking or cycling trail to the site is over 1.5km outside

the study area. This is on the Slieveboy hill range, spanning the Slieveboy, Ballybeg and Askamore

looped walks. There are a number of heritage features within study area, which include cairns, mottes,

barrows, churches and graveyards. In addition, within Camolin village, St. Patrick’s GAA club is located.

However, there are no recreational, visitor or tourist features close enough to the application site for

them to have any implications on their setting or appreciation.

1.2.2 Visual Baseline

Only those parts of the receiving environment that potentially afford views of the proposed

development are of concern to this section of the assessment. A computer generated Zone of

Theoretical Visibility (“ZTV”) map has been prepared to illustrate where the proposed development is

potentially visible from. The ZTV map is based solely on terrain data (bare ground visibility), and

ignores features such as trees, hedges or buildings, which may screen views. Given the considerable

vegetation cover within this landscape, the main value of this form of ZTV mapping is to determine

those parts of the landscape from which the proposed development will definitely not be visible (due

to terrain screening) within the 5km study area.

23

Figure 13 – Standard (bare-ground) ZTV map

The following key points are illustrated by the ‘bare-ground’ ZTV map:

• At least one-third of the study area has no theoretical visibility of the proposed development.

This is mostly from the southeast and southwest of the study area, with only sporadic and

partial visibility indicated from the northern sections of the study area.

• Most of the full theoretical visibility of the proposed development is focussed within 2km

northeast of the site, and a hillside/hilltop axis approx. 2km south of the site, at the Carrigroe

Hill and Boley Hill ‘Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity’: locations which are sparsely populated.

• The settlement of Camolin is contained within an area of no greater than 20% theoretical

visibility, while the village of Ballycanew experiences no potential for theoretical visibility.

• At least 2km of the Dublin-Rosslare rail line, the M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass and the N11

experience theoretical visibility greater than 60%.

24

The most important point to make in respect of this ‘bare-ground’ ZTV map is that it is theoretical. The

proposed PV panels will not rise more than 2.8m above the underlying terrain and will therefore be

considerably screened by surrounding and intervening hedgerow vegetation, trees and numerous

buildings, walls and embankments littered through the study area, resulting in a much lesser degree

of actual visibility. In the case of the proposed development, it is worth noting that the entire site area

has been used to calculate the ZTV, whereas much of that area will have no panels located within it.

For these reasons, the ZTV represents the very worst-case scenario of what is already an entirely

theoretical projection. Thus, it is necessary to compare the terrain based ZTV map to the terrain and

land cover based ZTV maps (Figures 13 & 14).

The second form of ZTV mapping relies on a Digital Surface Model (DSM), which also spatially records

the terrestrial land cover elements, such as hedgerows and buildings, in addition to terrain. This is of

far more value in determining the likely visibility of the proposed development. It was not practical or

necessary to obtain DSM data for the entire study area, so a more consolidated area incorporating the

surrounding network of roads and dwellings within approximately 1km of the Application Site

boundaries was the focus of this more intensive level of spatial data analysis (see Figure 14, below).

25

Figure 14 – Scheme visibility from surrounding landscape accounting for screening by terrain and existing

vegetation.

As can be seen from the comparison of the ‘bare-ground’ ZTV map (Figure 13) and the Digital Surface

Model visibility map (Figure 14) that accounts for existing vegetation:

• There is a substantial reduction in visibility throughout the entire surrounds of the proposed

development; in most cases from 100% down to 20% or less (i.e. yellow pattern).

• While there remains the potential for visibility of the panels within approx. 1km of the

Application Site boundaries, where potential visibility does exist will only afford partial

glimpses of no more than 40% of the proposed development (i.e. light brown pattern),

including the M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy bypass.

• One-quarter to one-third of the land within approx. 1km of the Application Site boundaries

experiences no visibility of the proposed development.

26

1.3 MITIGATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures are best read in conjunction with the Landscape Mitigation Plan

(LD.TLLBG 3.1 & LD.TLLBG 3.2).

The main mitigation by avoidance measure employed in this instance is the siting of the proposed solar

farm in a robust and well-contained rural area that also avails of both terrain and hedgerow screening,

such that the scheme will not be prominent within the surrounding landscape. Retention of all but

approx. 8m of existing hedgerows within the site also aids visual screening, and maintains the existing

field pattern. Furthermore, a c.0.2366ha native thicket/woodland mix proposed for approx. 130m

along the western boundary of the northern parcel will help to further reduce unfavourable landscape

and visual impacts of the proposed development. In this respect, the proposed solar farm is not

perceived to impose itself on the existing landscape pattern.

In addition to retaining the existing hedgerows around the site, it is proposed to bolster c.6697 linear

meters of existing hedgerows, where necessary, with under-planting and inter-planting of whip

transplants, as well as more advanced nursery stock. This is in order to ensure dense and consistent

screening of the site in perpetuity (see ‘Type 1’ planting detail in Figure 15, below). Plant species will

be selected to complement the existing broadleaf hedgerow species mix around the site and will be of

local provenance. Advanced nursery stock in the form of 8-10cm girth trees will be used to fill any

noticeable gaps in the existing perimeter hedgerow network where 4m screening is required within 2

growing seasons. For hedgerow sections that require 6m screening within 2 growing seasons, semi-

mature 12-14cm girth trees will be planted to fill gaps. Where not already exceeded by existing

vegetation, it is intended to manage hedgerows up to 3-4m in height in most instances, as well as up

to 6m where necessary in the site of the northern parcel, to prevent glint and glare effects on the new

section of the M11 motorway. This vegetation height will be achieved by a combination of allowing

lower sections of existing hedgerows to mature, filling obvious gaps with advanced nursery stock and

providing an additional line of whip planting to selected hedgerows that require densification.

Running east-west within the site of the northern parcel, it is proposed to plant c.744 linear metres of

a native riparian enhancement zone, which will be let grow out to reach maturity (i.e. c.8-10m in

height) and will assist in mitigating views of the proposed panels from numerous dwellings located

north of the northern parcel.

The total construction timeline for the solar farm and the 110kV substation will be c.75 weeks, with

the solar panels installed later in the programme, between Weeks 58 and 75.

It is proposed to bolster c.6697 linear metres of existing hedgerow, in addition to c.1555 linear metres

of new native hedgerow (‘Type 2,’ – see Figure 16, below) at Week 1 of the construction programme.

This advanced nursery stock will achieve a height of between 4 – 6 metres before solar panels are

installed at Week 58. Refer to Drawings LD.TLBG.3.1 and 3.2 for this proposed planting layout. With

27

this approach, landscape mitigation to eliminate residual glare will be established before the first solar

panel is installed. Stock-proof fencing with agricultural wind-stop netting will also be constructed at

Construction Week 1.

Figure 15 – Indicative boundary planting detail (‘Type 1’) showing the approach to inter-planting and under-plating of existing hedgerows (where consolidation is needed).

It is proposed that the growth of existing and new advanced nursery stock is professionally monitored

between Weeks 1 and 58, to ensure that the required establishment is achieved. Upon establishment,

these hedgerows will also help anchor or visually contain the proposed development within the wider

field patterns.

Figure 16 – Indicative boundary planting (‘Type 2’ in the Landscape Mitigation Plans) showing the approach for new sections of hedgerow.

As can be seen by the mitigation-based visibility map in Figure 17 below, the consolidated hedgerows

will further reduce the potential for visual impacts within the surrounding area.

28

Figure 17 – Scheme visibility from surrounding landscape in a post-mitigation establishment scenario (accounts for existing and proposed vegetation).

As can be seen from a comparison of Figure 14 (pre-mitigation visibility) and Figure 17 (post-mitigation

establishment), there is a notable reduction in visibility of the proposed development from

immediately south and east of the northern parcel (i.e. along, and within the vicinity of, the M11

bypass), as well as far north of the northern parcel. As a result of the proposed mitigation planting,

this highly localised area, which previously had up to 40% visibility of the proposed development, has

now almost exclusively been reduced to 0%. Elsewhere, while there may not be any prominent

reduction in visibility according to the coloured-coded categorisation (e.g. 1-20%, or 21-40%) of Figure

17, visibility within each of these categorisations is likely to have considerably reduced (e.g. from 15-

20%, to less than 5%) from Figure 14, as a result of the proposed mitigation measures. In addition,

where potential visibility exists within approximately 1km of the Application Site boundaries, it will

only afford partial glimpses of no more than 40% of the proposed development, the overwhelming

majority of which is from private agricultural land.

29

Closely linked to the landscape and visual mitigation measures (principally relating to hedgerows for

screening) are proposed biodiversity enhancement measures as indicated and detailed on drawing

LD.TLBG 3.3. One measure is the provision of ‘Wildflower Margins’ inside the majority of existing

(bolstered) and proposed hedgerows within the site. There are also five specific areas of ‘Species

Diverse Meadow’ provided throughout the site with the largest of these (Area 1) occupying a large

section of hillside to the west of the northern panel array. Finally, a ‘Riparian Enhancement Zone’ is

provided along the corridor of the River Brackan, which crosses the northern end of the northern array.

The installation method for these types of solar panels and mounting frames is undertaken using local

piling to reduce the impact deriving from construction to facilitate the long-term use of the field as

farmland. The panels, which will be up to 2.8m in height, are constructed using small-scale machinery

causing very limited effect to the existing grass surface. This process is akin to timber post fence

construction, whereby the post is driven a short length into the ground. This ensures that the fields’

general green characteristics can be retained or quickly redressed following construction. All new

cabling within the Application Site will be buried underground. The proposed perimeter 2.8m deer

fence will be set to the inside of the site boundaries. This will be maintained throughout the

operational phase of the development to ensure access is prevented for both stray farm animals and

human trespass. An un-grazed margin between deer fencing and the solar panels will be left for

biodiversity enhancement. When feasible, ancillary structures such as inverters, transformer cabins

and other plant will be coloured in green or muted shades to help blend them in with the surrounding

countryside.

Low intensity sheep grazing is anticipated to be the main land use under and beside the proposed

panels, to ensure that the areas of shorter swards and scrub will be managed. The proposed layout

allows sufficient width between module rows for pastureland to be productive. Upon completion of

construction, the areas temporarily affected by the construction process, which includes two

compound areas, will be re-seeded with agricultural grassland species. Reinstatement of temporary

construction areas, construction compounds and cable trenches to the preconstruction conditions will

be carried out at the end of the construction phase. Restoration of any areas disturbed during the

construction process will be undertaken on construction completion by appropriate grass seeding to

return a green characteristic.

The decommissioning of the site will involve the removal of all solar panels and associated fencing,

storage and operation facilities. With the exception of the proposed substation, the site will be fully

restored to agricultural use through reseeding of appropriate grass species to reflect the grass sward

mix in the immediate vicinity, in accordance with a detailed restoration plan. Any site access tracks

not required for on-going agricultural purposes will be excavated and top-soiled in order to reinstate

them to productive agricultural use. Existing hedgerow field boundaries, which will have been

maintained and reinforced with additional planting during the construction and operational phases,

will remain intact following the restoration phase. Indeed, due to the supplementary planting

30

proposed as part of the landscape mitigation the field boundaries are likely to be more consistent and

consolidated than they are at present.

1.4 IDENTIFICATION OF VIEWSHED REFERENCE POINTS AS A BASIS FOR ASSESSMENT

Viewshed Reference Points (“VRPs”) are the locations used to study the visual impacts of a proposal

in detail. It is not warranted to include each and every location that provides a view of a development

as this would result in an unwieldy report and make it extremely difficult to draw out the key impacts

arising from the proposed development. Instead, the selected viewpoints are intended to reflect a range

of different receptor types, distances and angles. Typically, the visual impact of a proposed development

assessed by Macro Works uses up to 6 no. categories of receptor type, as listed below:

• Key Views (from features of national or international importance);

• Designated Scenic Views;

• Local Community views;

• Centres of Population;

• Major Routes;

• Amenity and/or heritage features.

VRP’s might be relevant to more than one category and this makes them even more valid for inclusion

in the assessment. The receptors that are intended to be represented by a particular VRP are listed at

the beginning of each viewpoint appraisal. The Viewshed Reference Points selected in this instance are

set out in the Table 1-5 and Figure 14 below.

31

Table 1-5 Outline Description of Selected Viewshed Reference Points (VRPs)

VRP No. Location Direction

of view

VP1 N11, north of site S/SW

VP2 Eastern outskirts of Camolin village E/SE

VP3 Residences near Kehoe Brothers Machinery Ltd on local road north of site S/SW/SE

VP4 Residences at Ballyclogh townland on local road north of site S/SW

VP5 Local road northeast of northern parcel SW

VP6 Church grounds at Balloughter settlement, east of northern parcel W/SW

VP7 M11 bypass near its bridging of the Dublin-Rosslare rail line W/SW

VP8 M11 bypass adjacent to northern parcel N/NW

VP9 Bridge over M11 bypass at Ballyeden townland N/NW/W

VP10 Site entrance off local road, to northern parcel E/NE

VP11 Field entrance at local road, north of southern parcel SE

VP12 Local road southwest of southern parcel NE

VP13 Elevated local road aligning Carrigroe Hill N

VP14 Elevated local road aligning Boley Hill NW

32

Figure 18 – Viewpoint location map

1.5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1.5.1 Landscape Impact

1.5.1.1 Landscape Value and Sensitivity

Landscape value and sensitivity are considered in relation to a number of factors highlighted in the

Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 2013, which are set out below and discussed

relative to the proposal development site and wider study area. Landscape Character Value and

Sensitivity are assessed using the methodology described in Section 1.1.3 above.

1.5.1.2 Landscape Sensitivity Analysis

The landscape of the central study area has been greatly moulded and influenced by human activity,

and dominated by productive rural land uses for several centuries. The receiving landscape is that of

a productive rural setting of reasonable integrity, which contributes to the rural economy and amenity

of the surrounding population. The study area has been settled and farmed for the best part of a

millennium, which is reflective of its manageable terrain, fertile, free-draining soil and high sunshine

33

hours enjoyed by the county. Indeed, the much-modified, progressive land-based economy of the

application site is characteristic of most of the study area.

The site and its immediate surrounds is a landscape area with clear and well-defined transitions

between land uses, and with few uncultivated or underutilised areas. Less typical of most 10km-wide

areas across the County Wexford lowlands, there is an unusually high degree of designated

‘Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity’ within the vicinity: two within the study area and a third marginally

outside it. However, for the Carrigroe Hill and Boley Hill ‘Landscapes of Greater Sensitivity’, these are

wooded hilltops within the study area, whose landform and land use is not representative of the wider

study area. Indeed, sensitive designations are not typically shared throughout the study area, and, as

covered in Section 1.1.5.3, there is only one known NPWS designation in the study area: the Slaney

River Valley Special Area of Conservation (SAC).

While land use is dominated by agriculture, which has been subject to notable intensification over the

last century (e.g. with the patent removal of field boundaries), the landscape sensitivity of the study

area has also been influenced by settlements such as Camolin and Ballycanew, as well as a rail line,

and a well-traversed national road and motorway/motorway bypass. Although designated as being in

the ‘Lowlands’ of the county, which generally possesses low-lying vegetation/cut hedges that allow

long-distance visibility, much of the central study area has a robust degree of visual enclosure, as a

result of undulating farmland sporting mature, tree-lined hedgerows. In addition, Wexford County

Council has designated the general landscape unit, in which the site is located, as having “a higher

capacity to absorb development without causing significant visual intrusion”. This capacity is

reinforced by the fact the landscape within the study area has limited recreational value, with few

tangible perceptual aspects or associations outside that of centuries long, productive rural land uses.

The site itself is an intensively managed agricultural landscape with an integrity reflective of at least

the last century of intensification of agricultural production. Multiple field boundaries have been

removed to increase field sizes, resulting in a compromised landscape quality and condition. Neither

is the site a particularly unique or distinctive landscape, but more so one that tends to have strong,

perennial productive values rather than picturesque or naturalistic ones.

On the basis of the factors outlined above, it may be summarised that the study area is a varied and

fecund rural environment of relatively high integrity, settlement and use, which contributes to the

land-centred economy and amenity of the surrounding rural hinterland population. In general, the

central study area is a landscape with forceful productive landscape values rather than evidently

aesthetic or overtly ecological values. On balance of these reasons, the sensitivity of the receiving

landscape is deemed to be Medium-low, albeit those certain features of the study area

(aforementioned in Section 1.1.5.3 & 1.2.1.1) are acknowledged to have a higher degree of sensitivity.

1.5.1.3 Magnitude of Landscape Effects

In terms of physical landscape effects, the proposed development will not require any significant

excavation that would alter the landform of the site. While 4.93km of new access tracks will be

34

constructed to access and circulate through the site, these will be similar in nature to farm tracks that

can be found throughout this rural domain. To facilitate these new access tracks, 4,930m3 of soil will be

stripped and reused on-site as part of the proposed landscape mitigation measures. To facilitate these

access tracks in the site of the southern parcel, it is required to remove approx. 8m of existing

embankment and hedgerow, as well as the removal of two mature trees. The effect of this is a short

to medium term loss of vegetation and reduced degree of enclosure, but with little noticeable long-

term effect once mitigation planting establishes. The new access tracks will cross on-site watercourses

at two locations – one in each of the land parcels - via ‘dry construction agricultural bridges,’ which do

not require any works in the stream channel itself. Furthermore, the north and southern sections of

the arrays will be linked together by means of an underground AC cable trench.

The 25 no. inverters, built as part of the proposed development, are relatively minor and unobtrusive in

scale, as are the proposed battery storage module and associated equipment container, security fencing,

satellite pole and CCTV poles. There will be a much higher intensity of site activity during the construction

and decommissioning phases of the proposed development than during the operational phase. The

construction phase is likely to take in the order of 75 weeks to complete. Construction and

decommissioning-related effects are, therefore, brief in nature and will only result in short-term

landscape and visual impacts.

Construction activities will include:

• Movement of construction machinery on-site;

• Trucks travelling to and from the Application Site;

• Construction of solar/PV frame and foundation pads;

• Construction of substation;

• Road and site entrance building/upgrading;

• Construction and use of temporary site compound area;

• Vehicles, delivery of materials, equipment, and worker presence and activity;

• Any ground disturbances, dust, and emissions.

The duration of any physical landscape impacts will last only as long as the proposed development is in

place, which is proposed to be 35 years. Although these impacts may be classified as ‘long term’ (i.e. 15

to 60 years, as defined in the EPA’s EIS guidelines), within a short period of time following

decommissioning, with the exception of the proposed substation and associated ‘loop-in’ infrastructure,

there would be little evidence that the proposed development ever existed and the application site will

be returned to agricultural land use. Thus, the landscape impacts are ‘reversible’ except in the case of

the 110 kV substation and associated grid connection ‘loop-in’. The hedgerows within and around the

site, which will have been consolidated as part of the mitigation strategy, will remain as an enduring and

positive legacy of the solar energy development. In addition, approx. 1.555km of new proposed

hedgerows will remain on the site, although they are unlikely to notably impact the broader landscape

pattern of the central study area.

35

In relation to landscape character, the proposal seeks the introduction of a regular pattern of modern

utilitarian structures into a rural landscape by installing a series of technology structures in evenly spaced

rows. If viewed from a distance, these structures will read as a single uniform land use pattern.

Consequently, the change of land use within the site will contrast slightly in terms of form and function

with the current agricultural land use of some of the adjoining fields. The proposal, therefore, represents

an increase in the intensity of built development in the immediate landscape context, though the wider

study area is one that could be described as a relatively utilitarian landscape.

Though it is contained within the existing field pattern, the proposed development is clearly not related

to the predominant agricultural productivity of this area. In this respect, it represents an unfamiliar

feature in this landscape, which otherwise tends to be read as a pattern of more familiar rural landscape

features. Nonetheless, the proposed development will be read as simply an alternative and relatively

low-lying land use pattern (i.e. no taller than a mature maize crop). Furthermore, the presence of a native

woodland mix running along the western boundaries of the northern parcel, as well as a proposed

riparian enhancement zone running east-west through it, will also serve to strengthen the integrity of

the prevailing landscape pattern.

A 110kV substation is proposed for the southern boundary of the northern parcel, where it also avails

of existing and proposed screening and will not be conspicuous in the context of the overall

development. It will occupy an area of approximately 14,145m2, and its compound will include 18m-

high lightening masts, as well as busbars, line bays, grid and house transformers and two control

buildings that will be approx. 7.56m and 6.26m high, respectively. While the proposed lightening masts

will be 18m high, all other proposed structures/buildings within the site are less than 8m high. The

proposed substation is located approx. 500m southeast of an existing 110kV overhead line. It is proposed

to break this 110kV overhead line with the construction of two new c.21m-high overhead line/cable

interface towers sets, which will be of similar scale and character to the existing pylon sets within the

site and the central study area. An embankment planted with species rich meadow will be formed along

the eastern and northern sides of the substation to aid with visual screening and assimilation.

Once the solar farm has been decommissioned, only the proposed substation and associated grid

connection loop-in will remain as a noticeable legacy feature of the development. By such time,

mitigation screen planting will have been long established, greatly reducing visibility of this substation

building, if not entirely screening it from outside the site. It is, therefore, likely to have little impact upon

the landscape character of the site following decommissioning, and its likely return to agricultural use.

To put it a further way: the substation, in isolation to the solar parcel, will not appear out of context,

especially as will be in the vicinity of pre-existing pylons and overhead power lines.

In accordance with the above mitigation measures in Section 1.3, and in tandem with the proposed

Landscape Mitigation Plan, all but 8m of existing field boundaries within and around the site will be

retained. Furthermore, a 5m-wide, native woodland thicket is proposed for along the western

boundary of the northern parcel of the site, as well as a native riparian enhancement zone running

36

east-west through it – in addition to the existing field boundaries remaining at this location. Following

decommissioning, this native woodland thicket is likely to have a long-term or permanent effect of

marginally reducing field sizes along the western boundary of the northern parcel of the site, without

markedly impacting upon the prevailing field pattern of the site and central study area.

On the basis of the factors discussed above, it is considered that the magnitude of landscape impact is

Medium within the site and its immediate context (i.e. approx. 500m). Thereafter, the magnitude of

landscape impact is deemed to reduce to be Low and Negligible as the proposed development becomes

a progressively smaller component of the overall landscape fabric.

With reference to the significance matrix (Table 1- 3) above, the Medium-low landscape sensitivity

judgement attributed to the central study area, coupled with a Medium magnitude of landscape

impact in the immediate vicinity (<500m) of the proposed development, is considered to result in an

overall significance of no greater than Moderate-slight, with the rest of the 5km radius study area

likely to experience Slight and Imperceptible landscape impacts.

1.5.2 Visual Impact Assessment

1.5.2.1 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Table 1-6 Analysis of Visual Receptor Sensitivity at Viewshed Reference Points

Scale of value for each criterion

Strong association Moderate association Mild association Negligible association

Values associated with

the view

VP

1

VP

2

VP

3

VP

4

VP

5

VP

6

VP

7

VP

8

VP

9

VP

10

VP

11

VP

12

VP

13

VP

14

Susceptibility of viewers to changes in views

Recognised scenic value of the view

Views from within highly sensitive landscape areas

Primary views from residences

Intensity of use, popularity (number of viewers)

Viewer connection with the landscape

Provision of vast, elevated panoramic views

Sense of remoteness/ tranquillity at viewing location

37

Degree of perceived naturalness

Presence of striking or noteworthy features

Sense of Historical, cultural and / or spiritual significance

Rarity or uniqueness of the view

Integrity of the landscape character within the view

Sense of place at the viewing location

Sense of awe

Overall sensitivity assessment ML L ML ML ML M ML L L ML ML ML HM HM

N = Negligible; L = low sensitivity; ML = medium-low sensitivity M = medium sensitivity; HM = High-medium

sensitivity; H = high sensitivity; VH = very high sensitivity

1.5.1.4 Magnitude of Visual Effects

The assessment of visual impacts at each of the selected viewpoints is aided by photomontages of the

proposed development. Photomontages are a ‘photo-real’ depiction of the scheme within the view

utilising a rendered three-dimensional model of the development, which has been geo-referenced to

allow accurate placement and scale. For each viewpoint, the following images have been produced:

1. Existing View

2. Outline view (yellow outline showing the extent of the proposed development overlaid on

the photograph).

3. Montage View – New landscaping at commencement of Construction (Construction week 1)

4. Montage View – Established landscaping and solar farm (from construction week 58 onwards)

Note: Because mitigation screen planting will take place up to two growing seasons ahead of panel

placement, only the final image shows the panels in place at a time when mitigation planting has

already become established. Thus, the visual impact assessment does not include an appraisal of ‘pre-

mitigation impacts’ as these will not occur. Instead, the assessment only relates to post-mitigation

‘residual impacts’.

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP1 N11, north of site 1.3km S/SW

Representative of:

• Major routes;

• Local Community views

38

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View Until recently a busy arterial route, this relatively elevated location along the

N11 is approx. 3.7km northeast of the small village of Camolin. Along most

sections of this marginally elevated section of the N11, before it descends

towards Camolin, mature roadside vegetation mostly curtails views out of

over the surrounding countryside to the south/southwest. In this instance,

that roadside vegetation has been cleared to cater for a secured, fenced-off

compound in the adjacent field to the south of the road. Beyond a pastoral

field, a gently sloping agricultural basin is populated with rich, tree-lined field

boundaries and occasional residences/farm buildings. The recently opened

M11 bypass can be made out towards the left (i.e. north) of the depicted view,

while the wooded skyline of Carrigroe Hill and Boley Hill offer the most

compelling visual amenity on offer from this roadside location.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Over 1km south from here, the proposed northern parcel will occupy a

modest section of the low basin, and will be partially obscured by intervening

tall vegetation. The dark tone panels will be low-lying and ground-hugging,

while nestled within the prevailing field system, which has been augmented

by bolster planting to existing hedgerows and some sections of new

hedgerow planting. However, in this instance, the field in which most of the

panels will be visible is a large one, resulting in a modest show of visibility

from this comparatively elevated location. Relatively low inverter stations will

be centred in hubs throughout the proposed panels, although the proposed

substation will not be visible from this location. The two end masts proposed

to interrupt the existing 110kv OHL can just be discerned at the righthand side

of the solar array. The raised (i.e. on embankments, above the surrounding

terrain) and busy M11 motorway will align with sections of the northern

parcel’s eastern flank, and will also attract some attention from this location.

For the southern parcel, located almost 3km from this location, little can be

discerned, other than a faint and inconspicuous altering of tone in the land

use. Owing to the distance from the site, its general tonal absorption within

this multifarious landscape pattern, the more visually appealing

hilltop/ridgeline in the distance and the busy milieu in the foreground and

along the raised M11 bypass, the proposed development is deemed to have

a co-dominant to sub-dominant visual presence.

In terms of aesthetics, the proposed development will mark a clear increase

in the scale and intensity of built development in the scene, within the rolling

farmland context to the south/southwest, as well as the diversification of

rural land cover. Although the proposed panels will be a noticeable element

in this scene, their relatively low height, ground hugging form and distance

from this location will warrant that they will not be spatially dominant in this

scene. Rather, they will accentuate the landform and be coherent in their

39

layout between existing field boundaries, helping to visually ‘anchor’ the

proposed development within the landscape fabric of the central study area.

Although they maintain a broad lateral extent in the base of this gentle valley,

the proposed panels will have limited material bearing on the visual amenity of

the scene.

On balance of these factors, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be

Medium-low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Medium-low Slight

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP2 Eastern outskirts of Camolin village 1.5km E/SE

Representative of:

• Centres of Population;

• Major Routes;

• Local Community Views.

Receptor Sensitivity Low

Existing View Located where the N11 enters, from the east/north, the small village of

Camolin, this location is beside one large petrol station, and opposite another.

The view east/southeast is one in which pastoral fields, demarcated by

mature, tree-laden hedgerows, dominate across low, rolling countryside. To

the southeast (i.e. right) of the scene, the wooded skyline of Carrigroe Hill can

be made out in the distance.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Owing to intervening vegetation over the course of 1.5km, no aspect or

element of the proposed solar array will be visible from this location.

However, the two end masts that are required for the loop-in to the proposed

substation from the existing 110kV OHL are discernible on the skyline ridge.

These are seen as distant and relatively small scale features at this distance

and in the context of the existing OHL. Thus will have no material effect on

visual amenity at this location and thus, the magnitude of visual impact is

deemed to be Negligible.

40

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Low Negligible Imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP3 Residences near Kehoe Brothers Machinery Ltd on

local road north of site 200m S/SW/SE

Representative of:

Local Community Views

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View In terms of context, for a distance of over 1km, a local/third class road winds

less than 250m north of the northern boundary of the northern parcel. The

road, from which this location is recorded, is also marginally elevated above

the terrain of the northern parcel, and is home to at least 18 separate

residences directly north of the site, most of which appear to have been

constructed in the last quarter-century.

In this scene, one such residence south of the road has relatively elevated,

rear views out over the site of the northern parcel. While the dwelling and its

garden dominate the foreground, the rolling pastoral terrain of the site of the

northern parcel can also be seen behind it. Also visible are a large agricultural

building at the centre of the scene, and a pylon towards the left (i.e. east) and

its attendant overhead lines (OHL). Further to the southeast, the wooded

skyline along Boley Hill can also be made out behind a couple of garden trees

in the foreground.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Located 146m from the foreground dwelling to the nearest panel (thereby

making it the closest dwelling to the proposed panels in either parcel), the

most northern sections of the proposed panels within the northern parcel will

be substantially visible from this location, albeit through a light filter of

foreground trees and above and between sections of proposed hedgerow

that will be planted up to two growing seasons ahead of panel placement. The

scheme ‘outline’ image also indicates that the two proposed end masts, which

will interrupt the existing 110kV OHL will also be visible above the nearest

ridge from the foreground dwelling, whereas the dwelling itself screens views

41

from this photomontage location. The closest panels will be less visible than

those beyond the overhead line wayleave because they occupy lower ground

that is more screened by the vegetated railway embankment and proposed

riparian planting. The panels beyond the OHL wayleave will present as a

relatively condensed horizontal band across the fore-to-middle ground.

However, the panels are just one of a number of textures, land uses and built

structures visible within this broad view across a productive rural context.

Consequentially, the proposed development is considered to have a co-

dominant visual presence within the overall vista.

Seen from this marginally elevated location, the proposed panels read as a

single form of land cover that read true to the contours of the land. Although

clearly not any form of agricultural or horticultural land use, they are largely

contained within existing and new / enhanced field boundaries. These

technological structures represent a noticeable increase in built intensity

within this already intensively managed landscape. The proposed end masts

also add slightly to the intensity of electrical infrastructure, but in the middle

distance and on the existing alignment of the OHL and its support structures.

Nonetheless, the panels represent a relatively modest horizontal strip of the

overall broader vista, and though the panels and end masts intrude on the

vista they will not obstruct or foreshorten the view or materially alter the

character of this working rural scene.

Overall, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Medium.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Medium Moderate slight

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP4 Residences at Ballyclogh townland on local road north

of site 229m S/SW

Representative of:

Local Community Views

42

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View In terms of context of this location, for a distance of over 1km, a local/third

class road runs within 250m north of the northern boundary of the northern

parcel. This road is also marginally elevated above the terrain of the northern

parcel, and is home to at least 18 separate residences directly north of the

site, most of which appear to have been constructed in the last quarter-

century. In addition, the Dublin-Wexford rail line runs between this road and

the northern parcel.

One such dwelling and its garden sit at the centre of this view, which are

moderately elevated above the site of the northern parcel. The garden hedge

marking the western boundary of the property is cut/maintained, allowing for

a partial, horizontal sliver of the site of the northern parcel to be viewed from

the roadside. Between the roadside pasture and the site of the northern

parcel runs the scarcely visible Dublin-Wexford rail line. Beyond the pastoral

fields, the wooded profile of Carrigroe Hill marks the distant skyline, and the

central visual amenity on offer here.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

The proposed panels in the northern parcel will appear as a broad horizontal

band, with the tops of a handful of inverter stations rising just above them,

around 200m from this location (please note: the foreground dwelling is

located 188m from the nearest panel). The panel array will be a distinctive

constructed feature of the southward view and will be a marked change from

the current pastoral land cover. However, in the context of the broad views

across this agricultural basin the visual presence is deemed to be co-

dominant.

Aesthetically, while the proposed development represents a notable increase

in the scale and extent of built development within this vista, it is not one in

which the inherent visual amenity of the scene will be markedly affected.

Crucially, views of the distant and highly scenic Carrigroe Hill will remain

unaffected as the panel array will not obstruct or foreshorten views across

this landscape. The proposed panels’ muted, darker tones will help them

visually recede into the lower middle ground field pattern, which has been

supplemented with proposed additional planting. Furthermore, the relative

uniformity and ground hugging nature of the array will present as an alternative

form of productive land cover.

The magnitude of visual impact, therefore, is deemed to be Medium.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

43

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Medium Moderate

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP5 Local road northeast of northern parcel 453m SW

Representative of:

Local Community Views

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View This third class road northeast of the site of the northern parcel is bridged

nearby by the recently opened M11 bypass motorway, which also bridges the

Dublin-Wexford rail line approx. 200m away. While there are no residences

located along this section of the local road, views south and east from here

are curtailed by the raised motorway.

Between this road and the rail line, a sloping pastoral field occupies the

foreground, following which views into the site of the northern parcel can be

attained. This takes the form of a large, gently sloping pasture that appears to

terminate in the west near large agricultural buildings, and in the east by the

new motorway bypass. The view is fragmented somewhat by mature, tree-

lined field boundaries, as the wooded profile of Carrigroe Hill marks the

distant skyline to the southwest.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Beyond the foreground field and barely discernible rail line, the proposed

panels within the northern parcel are partially visible around 450m away. The

two loop-in end masts are also visible above the skyline beyond the righthand

side of the panels on the same alignment as the existing 110kV OHL. The

panels present as a distinctive, albeit uniform landcover with a ‘built’ texture

that contrasts somewhat against the surrounding field and hedgerows.

Nonetheless, much of the site is screened by a combination of existing and

proposed intervening vegetation, and the panel array will only occupy a

modest portion of the broader landscape vista. In addition, as the panels are

set well below the skyline, they are absorbed within the lower middle ground

context of the vista, unlike the large, muscular embankment of the M11 bypass

and it busy arterial traffic. On balance of these factors, the proposed

development is considered to have a sub-dominant visual presence.

44

The advanced mitigation planting will help to ‘anchor’ the proposed

development into the prevailing field patterns of the central study area. The

bolstered hedgerow along the eastern boundary of the northern parcel will be

allowed to ‘grow out’ to 6m high, thereby curtailing potential views of some the

proposed panels. However, this screening is partially tempered by this

marginally elevated viewpoint (i.e. in relation to the site), resulting in the

proposed mitigation measures having less impact in reducing the extent to

which the proposed panels will be visible than might otherwise be the case.

The proposed development is likely to prove aesthetically compatible with the

deeper tones of the vegetation in the field boundaries around it, though the

linear layout of the rows will still lend an engineered imprint upon this

agricultural landscape. Nonetheless, the scheme does not block or intrude on

any important aspect of the view, and is broadly compatible in scale and

function with adjacent land uses in the central study area.

On balance, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Low Slight

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP6 Church grounds at Balloughter settlement, east of

northern parcel 788m W/SW

Representative of:

Local Community Views;

Amenity & heritage feature.

Receptor Sensitivity Medium

Existing View The context of this viewpoint is that of the grounds of Balloughter Church and

graveyard. Balloughter is a very small settlement of less than 10 dwellings,

with a school and adjacent church/graveyard. This view is taken from behind

the church, at the church grounds’ northern boundary wall. Owing to a thick

and tall layer of vegetation that mostly aligns this boundary, this view

represents the most open view in the direction of the site, and from a location

45

within the church grounds that is unlikely to be frequently visited by the

public.

In this scene, a relatively flat pastoral field anchors the foreground, over which

an electricity line runs, supported by wooden utility poles. The field boundary

on the northern side of this field obscure most views in the direction of the

site, and beyond. In places, the alignment of the M11 bypass motorway can

be discerned, as can distant wind energy turbines on the far-off skyline.

Otherwise, a patchwork of pasture and tillage is visible sweeping across this

low-lying, yet undulating basin.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Owing to intervening vegetation, no aspect or element of the proposed

development will be visible from this location.

Thus, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Negligible.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium Negligible Imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP7 M11 bypass near its bridging of the Dublin-Rosslare

rail line 274m W/SW

Representative of:

Major Routes

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View From the western roadside of the recently opened M11 bypass, this relatively

elevated view over a roadside crash barrier reveals a field of tillage lower

down that tends to anchor the field of vision; a field bound on its western end

by a mature field boundary with an irregular and inconsistent spacing of

mature trees. Beyond this boundary, gently sloping pastoral fields, which are

within the site of the northern parcel, ascend towards a large agricultural

building and a hedgerowed skyline. This field is traversed by twin sets of utility

poles transporting an 110kV power line, on the north end of which a pylon

can be discerned. Part of Carrigroe Hill can be seen above the motorway (to

46

the southwest i.e. left); while to the northwest more distant hills within Co.

Wexford can be discerned.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Beyond the comparatively lower foreground field of tillage, in a gently sloping

field around 270m away, the dark form of the proposed panels will appear to

knit with mature field boundaries. From this marginally elevated viewpoint to

the northeast, the proposed development takes the form of a dark horizontal

band of ground hugging structures set below surrounding field boundaries

and multiple utility poles supporting the 110kV power line, within which the

two proposed loop-in end masts will also be visible. It is proposed to erect

temporary agricultural wind stop netting on the security fence at the

boundary of this section of the site, which assists in marginally curtailing views

of the site from commencement of construction. In addition, a relatively

modest-sized building proposed for the substation will be visible between

tress to the south of the array, as will the tops of proposed inverter stations

among the panel parcel. Though slightly oblique to the direction of travel

towards Carrigroe Hill, the proposed solar parcel is a noticeable and

distinctive feature of the lower middle ground landscape to the west. In the

context of the broad panorama on offer, the visible presence is deemed to be

sub-dominant.

Advanced stage mitigation planting will see the field boundary to the east of

the northern parcel bolstered and ‘grown out’ up to 6m height, while the

proposed panels to their west will have a new native hedgerow aligning their

western extent. This will have the effect of lowering the visual presence of the

proposed development, while serving to further ‘embed’ it within a more

recognisable field pattern.

Tonally, the proposed development is marginally at odds with the

surrounding landscape, in that the panels do not fit the green or gold hues

present in this agricultural scene. However, from this location their tone is

more compatible with the M11 itself. In addition, the proposed development

will be well contained and compatible with the landscape character of the

central study area, while the land-hugging profile follows the landform

beneath. Furthermore, views of the proposed development will, in the most

part, be solely the remit of car/vehicle users travelling at high speeds along

the motorway, for which the partial view of the parcel will be fleeting.

On balance, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

47

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Low Slight

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP8 M11 bypass adjacent to northern parcel 33m N/NW

Representative of:

Major Routes

Receptor Sensitivity Low

Existing View From the western roadside of the recently opened M11 bypass, above the

foreground crash barrier, a post & rail fenceline demarcates the eastern

boundary of the northern parcel of the site. Two relatively large, marginally

sloping fields occupy the lion’s share of the scene, beyond which mature,

medium-height hedgerows delineate the edge of each field. To the

northwest, low rolling hills are visible, while to the west the low basin profile

of this site is more apparent within this straightforward, uncomplicated

scene. Less evident is a twin set of utility poles upon the distant skyline, as

well as similarly distanced farm buildings. The presence of a large busy

motorway in the direct vicinity of this scene, and the arterial typography it

invokes (e.g. hard shoulders, crash barriers, large earthworks etc.) does little

to invoke a sense of rural amenity or tranquillity in this locale.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

It is proposed to erect temporary agricultural wind stop netting on the

security fence at the boundary of this section of the site, which lies adjacent

to the motorway and curtails most views into the site from this roadside

location. It is also proposed to plant a new hedgerow consisting of both whips

and advanced nursery stock along this fence line, up to two growing seasons

ahead of the solar panel construction. This is to prevent glint and glare effects,

as well as reduce visual effects until mitigation planting has become fully

established. These screening elements will serve to mask the solar panels

from view, resulting in the main visual impact being a foreshortening of

westerly views beyond the motorway. Such views are not extensive and

afford limited visual amenity in any event.

Overall, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low-negligible at

both early stage planting (with wind stop netting) and once planting has

become established.

48

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Low-negligible Slight-imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP9 Bridge over M11 bypass at Ballyeden townland 349m N/NW/W/SW

Representative of:

Local Community View

Receptor Sensitivity Low

Existing View This view is from a recently constructed bridge across the new M11-bypass.

Prior to the construction of the bypass, this bridge simply took the form of a

local third class road. Owing to the excavations required for the bypass, this

location looks down across the embanked, channelled motorway to each side.

From this location, the scale of the motorway and its embankments are

spatially dominant. To the northwest (i.e. straight ahead along this bridge),

more distant views are curtailed by mature trees, whereas little else can be

discerned to the southwest, other than the distant motorway cutting heading

towards Wexford town, with a thin sliver of farmland visible along the skyline

above it. To the north and northeast, the site of the northern parcel, which

contains pastoral fields and a large agricultural building, can be made out

between trees, set within a low, rolling basin, with more pastoral hills

ascending further beyond, along which the M11 bypass further traverses.

What little visual amenity this scene offers is gifted by the low and very distant

rolling hills.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Set within the existing field pattern in the low basin more than 300m away,

isolated parcels of a sky-toned, ground-hugging solar panels will be made out

to the northwest, along with some of the taller structures within the proposed

substation. This represents only a modest portion of the northern parcel of

the scheme, which will also be partially screened by surrounding and

intervening land form and field boundaries. These field boundary hedgerows

will also be bolstered by advanced stage mitigation planting. To the

southwest, the potential view of a minutely thin sliver of the proposed panels

49

– approx. 700m away – will be screened by early stage mitigation planting to

bolster the site perimeter hedgerow. In light of such a partial and fractured

view of the proposed development, and in the context of a busy foreground

road corridor that will dominate the senses, the visual presence is deemed to

be sub-dominant.

The proposed solar farm will be seen to a limited and piecemeal degree from

here, with only modest and uneven portions of the northern parcel visible due

to terrain and existing / proposed vegetation screening. Consequently, the

sections of panel array are well absorbed within this complex landcover

pattern. The proposed solar farm and associated substation marginally

increase the intensity of built development within the low basin visible within

this vista, but in the context of this wide, muscular, arterial setting, this has

little consequence for visual amenity.

Overall, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Low Low Slight-imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP10 Site entrance off local road, to northern parcel 48m E/NE

Representative of:

Local community Views

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View At a sharp turn on a third class road, the entrance to the site of the proposed

development takes centre stage. This appears to be a relatively recently

constructed farm access track through the foreground field, enclosed in a post

& wire fence. The land cover of the foreground scene, in that context, appears

highly modified and reminiscent of intensive dairy farming. To either side of

the access track, a relatively flat pasture terminates in tree-spotted

hedgerows, largely curtailing more distant views of low hills. There is very

limited inherent visual amenity within this vista, which strikes the passer-by

50

as a much-altered landscape, owing to the removal of roadside hedgerows

and a vehicular track cutting through the foreground field.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

As with the roadside treatment at VP8, it is proposed to erect temporary

agricultural wind stop netting on the security fence at the boundary of this

section of the site. It is also proposed to plant a native thicket, consisting of

both whips and advanced nursery stock, between this fence line and the

existing field boundary to the west, two growing seasons ahead of the solar

panel installation. As a result, the only view of the solar parcel will be a brief

and channelled one along the site access road. The pre-existing view will be

foreshortened, but with little impact on visual amenity, as it is a relatively

contained and unremarkable view across a flat field.

For these reasons, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low

negligible.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Low negligible Slight imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP11 Field entrance at local road, north of southern parcel 391m SE

Representative of:

Local Community Views

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View From a third class road north of the site of the southern parcel, a roadside

field entrance allows for the most open views, from this road, to the

southeast. Views from this section of the road are almost exclusively curtailed

by a large roadside hedgerow, resulting in this relatively enclosed view over

this field entrance allowing for views of a large, slightly sloping pasture.

Beyond this field, the low agricultural basin undulates up towards the wooded

slopes of Carrigroe Hill.

Visual Impact

(Established

At the far end of the pastoral field in the foreground, advanced stage

mitigation planting to bolster the existing hedgerow will prevent a view of the

51

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

proposed solar array. As a result, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed

to be Negligible.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Negligible Imperceptible

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP12 Local road southwest of southern parcel 1.4km NE

Representative of:

Local Community Views

Receptor Sensitivity Medium-low

Existing View The context of this view is that of a quiet third class road that runs approx.

1.5km west of the site of the southern parcel. Although marginally elevated

above the site, there are very limited opportunities from the public sphere,

for views in the direction of the site. A clearing in the roadside hedgerow

allows for views to the northeast. There, the low agricultural basin slopes to

reveal the rich extent of mature field boundaries across the countryside, as

the dark vegetation stacked across the multiple hedgerows visually absorbs

multiple sets of twin utility poles supporting an 110kV overhead line. Aside

from the patent energy infrastructure, the scene generates a typically

traditional pastoral aesthetic.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

At 1.4km distance, the proposed panels of the southern parcel will appear to

be ‘split’ into two separate sections by the aforementioned utility

poles/overhead lines. From this marginally elevated viewpoint the panels and

several barely discernible inverter stations will appear to occupy two large

fields in the heart of the low agricultural basin. Set partially behind mature

trees in field boundaries to their southwest, the proposed panels will be a

noticeable variation to the otherwise typical rural land cover pattern. Early

stage mitigation planting serves to ‘bed’ the solar array into the field pattern.

The solar panels will still tend to draw the eye, but in the context of a broad

and richly textured area of rural landscape. Overall, the visual presence of the

development is deemed to be sub-dominant.

52

The proposed panels will represent an increase in the scale and intensity of

built development within this gently undulating farmland context, as well as

the diversification of rural land cover. Nonetheless, there is a strong thematic

relationship between the high voltage line that passes over the viewer’s head

and splits the site further downslope. This is also true to a lesser extent of the

visual relationship between the solar array and the wider productive rural

landscape.

For the reasons outlined above, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to

be Low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance Medium-low Low Slight

Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP13 Elevated local road aligning Carrigroe Hill 1.1km N

Representative of:

• Amenity/heritage feature

• Local Community Views

Receptor Sensitivity High-medium

Existing View The context of this view is that of a hillside third class road aligning the

Carrigroe Hill ‘Landscape of Greater Sensitivity.’ As noted in Section 1.1.5.2 of

this report, although there are no designated scenic routes or views in the

Wexford County Development Plan, hills and ridges designated as ‘landscapes

of greater sensitivity’ are noted for their ‘views across the surrounding

landscape.’

There are numerous residences located along this road, which tend to enjoy

northerly views out over a low agricultural basin in which the site of the

proposed development is located. Within that basin, a strong pastoral

patchwork is evident, as well as a scattering of dwellings, large agricultural

farm buildings and the recently constructed M11 bypass. The number of

mature trees and hedgerows along field boundaries in the central study area

53

provides a relatively high degree of screening of existing land uses. Further

afield, the hills of north and west Wexford silhouette the skyline.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Set within the patchwork of fields and field boundaries, where partially

visible, the proposed panels will look like a contained, low-lying and sky-toned

land cover nestled within the heart of this gently sloping basin. Located over

1km away, the proposed southern parcel will be the closer and more apparent

of the two proposed parcels. Its sloping site, in tandem with this elevated

viewpoint, will allow for a greater degree of visibility into the site. The less-

sloping terrain of the northern parcel, however, combined with a distance of

more than 2km from this location, will mean that both screening (by mature

trees to its immediate south/southwest) and broader visual absorption of the

scheme into the wider landscape pattern will result in this parcel being

considerably less noticeable than the southern parcel, even though the faint

outline of the proposed substation will be partially made out in the northern

parcel. Proposed mitigation planting to bolster and supplement the existing

hedgerow network within and around the site serves to integrate the solar

array within the field pattern, albeit with little screening effect from this

elevated viewpoint. Whilst the northern parcel is barely discernible, the

distinctive tone and texture of the southern parcel within the agricultural

basin will draw some attention, albeit in the context of a vast and richly

diverse rural scene. Thus, the visual presence of the development is deemed

to be sub-dominant.

While the proposed development will mark a clear change of land use and

escalation of built intensity, it is accompanied by a large, busy motorway

development within the immediate vicinity of both parcels. While the

proposed development will not impede upon any important aspect of the

view, it will slightly reduce the visual amenity of this location, which has been

largely informed by an agricultural aesthetic. This proposed development will

broadly assimilate into its wider landscape setting, in terms of form (i.e.

ground-hugging and low-lying), function (i.e. another progressive rural land

use within the central study area) and scale (i.e. set within the pre-existing

field boundary systems, while not appearing to be ‘massed’ or at any point

visually prominent).

Overall, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significant High-medium Low Moderate-slight

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Viewshed Reference Point Viewing distance to

nearest parcel

Direction of

View

VP14 Elevated local road aligning Boley Hill 2.1km NW

Representative of:

Amenity and/or heritage features;

Local community Views.

Receptor Sensitivity High-medium

Existing View The context of this view is that from a marginally-elevated third class road

aligning the Boley Hill ‘Landscape of Greater Sensitivity.’ As noted in Section

1.1.5.2 of this report, although there are no designated scenic routes or views

in the Wexford County Development Plan, hills and ridges designated as

‘landscapes of greater sensitivity’ are noted for their ‘views across the

surrounding landscape.’

Above/through a roadside field entrance, a large pastoral field gives way to a

wide, fertile-looking agricultural basin, with a high amount of tall trees

embedded within field boundaries. This gives rise to a relatively high degree

of screening and visual absorption of land use within the central study area.

Concurrent with this bucolic scene is the presence of a small housing

development between the site of the two proposed parcels, a tight linear

cluster of housing just north of the site of the northern parcel, and the faint

outline of the M11-bypass. In this regard, most of visual amenity from this

location emanates from the nearest kilometre, offset by the distant rolling

hills of northwest Wexford, including the prominent hilltop of Sliabh Bhui,

adjacent to which, can be seen several wind turbines.

Visual Impact

(Established

Landscaping and

Solar Farm

Montage)

Located over 2km away, the proposed northern parcel, substation and loop-

in end masts will be discernible, but not prominent from this location, while

the southern parcel will not be visible. In both instances, this will be primarily

owing to the distance from this location to the site, in combination with

intervening tall vegetation that partially screens and partially visually absorbs

the development. Mitigation planting to bolster and supplement existing

hedgerows within and around the site will also aid visual absorption. The

proposed development is just one modest scale, distant and well-absorbed

element within a wider, competing landscape. From those segments of the

northern parcel that will be partially visible, it will appear as low, ground-

hugging, tonally assimilated land use that is neither prominent nor

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incongruous. Consequently, it is deemed that is visual presence is in the

regions of subdominant-minimal.

From what will be able to be discerned from this distance, the form, scale and

appearance of the proposed development will be well absorbed into its

receiving landscape pattern. While it will register an increase in built

development in the scene, it is a distant, low-lying feature that is not at odds

with this progressive rural domain. Crucially, it will be a development that is

unlikely to materially detract from the visual amenity of the scene, which

relates to its broad context and rich texture.

On balance, the magnitude of visual impact is deemed to be Low-negligible.

Summary Based on the assessment criteria and matrices outlined at Section 1.1.3, the

significance of residual visual impact is summarised below.

Visual Receptor

Sensitivity

Visual Impact Magnitude Significance of Visual

Impact

Significance High-medium Low-negligible Slight

1.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACT

There are no existing solar farms within the county, and no known proposed or permitted solar farms

within the 5km study area. Therefore, it is not considered that any significant cumulative effects will

arise from the proposed Tullabeg Solar Farm in-combination with any other proposed or permitted

solar farms within the study area. However, in combination with the recently completed section of the

M11 motorway to the east of the site, there is noticeable increase in the intensity of non-agricultural

constructed development within the central study area.

1.7 CONCLUSION

In terms of landscape impacts, the proposed development is considered to have a relatively minor

physical impact on the application site, as it is consolidated within the existing hedgerow network and

will not require significant excavation works to construct the solar panels or access and maintenance

tracks. These impacts will be considerably softened by the proposed landscape and visual mitigation

measures as well as the associated biodiversity enhancement measures stated in Section 1.3. These

measures will also permanently progress the inherent landscape values associated with the site

following decommissioning, when the proposed development will be removed and the site returned

to its former state, with the exception of the substation and its associated grid connection loop-in

remaining.

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There will, however, be noticeable impacts on landscape character due to the introduction of a new

and relatively intense form of built development within this rural landscape. Nonetheless, being no

taller than a ripe crop of maize, the proposed solar panels are not a tall or bulky form of development

and will faithfully mirror the gentle slopes and undulations of the existing landform and the parcels

will be knitted into the established field pattern.

The productive values of this rural site outweigh any vulnerable scenic or naturalistic ones.

Furthermore, the landscape of the site must also be taken in context of the wider study area, where

the culture of an innovative land-based economy of relatively high integrity and intensity is well

established. While the proposed development may modify the ‘landscape fabric’ of the area, it will not

distinctly affect the extant landscape pattern, and will not markedly contrast with the study area’s

prominent rural landscape character. Furthermore, it will not contrast thematically with this

productive rural area and for these reasons, the proposed development is considered to result in an

overall landscape impact significance of no greater than Moderate-slight within the immediate context

of the site (i.e. <500m). The remainder of the 5km radius study area likely to experience Slight and

Imperceptible landscape impacts.

The visual impacts of the proposed development were assessed across 14 different representative

viewpoints from a wide range of angles, elevations and distances within the study area.

Mitigation planting to bolster and supplement existing hedgerows and treelines within and around the

site is proposed to be implemented up to two growing seasons ahead of panel placement, hence the

visual impact assessment only relates to residual impacts with mitigation already established. In terms

of these residual visual impacts, of the 14 viewpoints assessed, there are only three that are

considered to have an impact significance of greater than ‘Slight’. These include VP4 (Moderate) and

VP3 and VP13 (both Moderate-slight). In the case of VP3 and VP4, which are from a slightly elevated

local road to the north of the site, visual effects relate to relatively close and broad views of the

northern portion of the panel parcel, albeit in a relatively condensed horizontal band occupying lower

middle ground fields to the south. Whilst clearly apparent and adding to the intensity and diversity of

development within these views, the solar array does not impede or foreshorten the views across the

lowland basin towards Carrigroe Hill. The higher significance at VP4 relates to the lesser effectiveness

of mitigation screen planting at this location. VP13 affords elevated views from further afield and from

the opposite direction to VP3 and VP4 and although the magnitude of impact is ‘Low’, the sensitivity

of this viewpoint (within a designated ‘Landscape of Greater Sensitivity) is higher.

In summary, the proposed development is characterised by a residual visual impact significance that is

at the lower end of the spectrum in the case of the majority of the multiple selected viewpoints, with

the remaining viewpoints bearing mid to low-level residual visual impact significance.

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1.7.1 Overall Significance of Impact

Based on the landscape and visual impact judgements provided throughout this LVIA, the proposed

Tullabeg Solar Farm is not considered to give rise to any significant residual impacts. Instead, the

proposed development is physically well assimilated within the prevailing landscape pattern and

thematically well assimilated in this productive rural basin.