tummy trauma: evaluation and management of the injured ...canpweb.org/canp/assets/file/2016...
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Tummy Trauma: Evaluation and Management
of the Injured Child
Catherine J. Goodhue, CPNP
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Trauma Program/Division of Pediatric Surgery
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Objectives
1. Discuss common mechanisms of injury in
pediatric blunt abdominal trauma and likely
subsequent injuries
2. Review common traumatic injuries and their
management of both solid and hollow viscera
3. List 5 signs or symptoms that should warrant
high index of suspicion for abdominal injury in
a child
4. Describe return to sports guidelines for solid
organ injury
2
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3
Joy
3
• 4 year old
• Flipped over
handlebars
• Abrasions to face
• Bruising on abdomen
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4
Brittany
4
• 7 year old
• Auto vs. peds
• Deformity left
femur
• Crying
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5
Helen
5
• 15 year old
• Kicked in abdomen
• Continued playing
• Now nauseous and
dizzy
• Bruise on abdomen
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6
Isaac
6
• 4 year old
• Motor vehicle crash
• Altered mental
status
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Epidemiology –
Abdominal Trauma
• 90% blunt• 10% penetrating
– Impalement
– Gunshot
– Stabbing
7
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Pediatric Differences
8
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Assessing the Pediatric
Trauma Patient
9
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In the Trauma Bay
10
HistoryMechanism of injury
GCS/AVPU on scene
Any death on scene (MVA)
Illicit substances/ETOH involved
Interventions in field
ABCs
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11
Mechanism of Injury
External Forces
Internal Forces
Blunt vs. Penetrating Forces
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1212
Waddell’s Triad
- Bumper vs
femur and
torso on same
side
- Child is
thrown, lands
on opposite
side of head
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13
Restraint Devices & Injuries
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In the Trauma Bay
14
HistoryMechanism of injury
GCS/AVPU on scene
Any death on scene (MVA)
Illicit substances/ETOH involved
Interventions in field
ABCs
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In the Trauma Bay
15
ABCDE
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Pediatric Abdominal Exam
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
16
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Benign Abdominal Exam
- No outward signs
- Soft, NTND
17
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Concerning Abdominal Exam
- Tenderness
- Ecchymosis
- Distension
- Rebound
- Guarding
- Kehr’s sign
- Blood urethral
meatus or rectum
- Pelvic instability
18
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Hemodynamics
19
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20
Hollow Organs (<10%)
Solid Organs (>90%)
Kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas?
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
Intraperitoneal Bladder
Intra-Abdominal Injuries
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21
Ult
raso
un
d
• Able to identify fluid
• Unable to localize or identify solid organ injury
• Portable and Fast
CT
Scan
• Excellent identification of solid organ injury
• Questionable sensitivity for hollow viscusinjury
• Takes time
Pla
in F
ilm
• Free Air
• Pelvic Fracture
• Portable and Fast
Imaging the Belly
Also remember:
Serial abdominal exams…NPO…observation…
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22
With permission
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To Scan or Not to Scan??Streck et al 2012 – High-risk Clinical Variables
– Hypotension
– Abnormal abdominal exam
– AST > 200 U/L
– Microhematuria
– HCT < 30%
– Amylase > 100 U/L
CLINICAL PREDICTION MODEL
– Normal systolic
– Normal abdominal exam
– AST < 200 U/L
– HCT > 30%
– Normal CXR
23
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Trauma Bay Study
24
• Multi-center study
• Data points collected from
Trauma Bay
• Data points collected 1-2
months after injury
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25
• 3819 patients with normal
CT scan results
•16 (0.4%) subsequently
diagnosed with intra-
abdominal injury
•Physical exams, labs
Re-imaging?
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Hollow Viscus Injury
26
Diagnosis
Free air
Unexplained free
fluid on CT
PeritonitisSerial Exams
Fever
Oliguria
Tachycardia in
absence of bleeding
Management
Operate
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Grading of Splenic Injury
27
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 1994
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Grading of Liver Injuries
28
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 1994
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29
Solid Organ Injury Management
Operative
Management
- Refractory
hemorrhagic
shock
- Concomitant
TBI
Non-Operative
Management
- ICU, serial
exams (bowel
injury), serial
Hct
- APSA
Guidelines
Grade plus 1
day
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APSA Guidelines –
Isolated Spleen or Liver
CT GRADE I II III IV
ICU stay (days) None None None 1
Hospital stay (days) 2 3 4 5
Pre-discharge imaging None None None None
Post-discharge imaging None None None None
Activity restriction (weeks) 3 4 5 6
30
From Stylianos S, and APSA Trauma Committee: Evidence-based
guidelines for resource utilization in children with isolated spleen or
liver injury. J Pediatr Surg 35:164-169, 2000
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31
Protocol
• Grade I/II – One night bedrest
• Grade III-V – Two nights bedrest
• Ambulate after bedrest
• Hgb/Hct after 4 hours
• Discharge
Revised bedrest: spleen & liver
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Follow up bedrest protocol
32
• 249 patients
• 199 bedrest: mean grade of injury 2.7
• 28 required transfusion due to solid organ
injury
• Mean bedrest 1.6 days vs 3.6 if had
followed current guidelines
J Pediatric Surg, 2013
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APSA Guidelines –
Activity Restriction
CT GRADE I II III IV
ICU stay (days) None None None 1
Hospital stay (days) 2 3 4 5
Activity restriction (weeks)
3 4 5 6
33
From Stylianos S, and APSA Trauma Committee: Evidence-based
guidelines for resource utilization in children with isolated spleen or
liver injury. J Pediatr Surg 35:164-169, 2000
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3434
Joy
34
• 4 year old
• Flipped over
handlebars
• Abrasions to face
• Bruising on abdomen
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35
Brittany
35
• 7 year old
• Auto vs. peds
• Deformity left
femur
• Crying
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36
Helen
36
• 15 year old
• Kicked in abdomen
• Continued playing
• Now nauseous and
dizzy
• Bruise on abdomen
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37
Isaac
37
• 4 year old
• Motor vehicle crash
• Altered mental
status
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38
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References• Acker SN, Stewart CL, Roosevelt GE, Partrick DA, Moore EE,
Bensard DD. When is it safe to forgo abdominal CT in blunt-injured
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Mahajan P, Menaker J, Ehrlich P, Atabaki S, Kent Page M, Kwok M,
Holmes JF on behalf of Intra-Abdominal Injury Study Group of
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National trends in pediatric blunt spleen and liver injury
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References
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• Schonfeld D, Lee LK. Blunt abdominal trauma in children. Curr
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• St. Peter SD, Sharp SW, Snyder CL, Sharp RJ, Andrews WS, Murphy
JP, Islan S, Holcomb GW, Ostlie DJ. Prospective validation of an
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GW, Ostlie DJ. Follow up of prospective validation of an
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References• Stylianos and the APSA Trauma Committee. Evidence-based
guidelines for resource utilization in children with isolated spleen
or liver injury. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:164-169.
• Wisner DH, Kuppermann N, Cooper A, Menaker J, Ehrlich P,
Kooistra J, Mahajan P, Lee L, Cook LJ, Yen K, Lillis K, Holmes JF.
Management of children with solid organ injuries after blunt torso
trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:206-214.
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