tunicates “tail cords” – over 2,000 species adults sessile free swimming larvae; only larvae...
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4 Defining Characteristics1. Notochord - extends through
length of the body as a simple skeleton
2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord3. Pharyngeal gill slits4. Muscular postanal tail
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Three SubphylumUrochordata
TunicatesCephalochordata
Lancelets
VertebrataFishAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals
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Tunicates“Tail Cords” – over 2,000 species Adults sessile Free swimming larvae; only larvae have a 4 defining characteristics
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
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Lancelets “Head-Cords”tiny marine animalsretain all 4 characteristics into adulthoodNotochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve
cord, post anal tail
led to vertebratesFilter Feeders
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
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SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
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5 Classes1st vertebrates, aquaticGenerally characterized by scales, fins and pharyngeal gills
Exothermic (Ectothermic) – no internal body temperature regulation
Fish
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Circulationclosed circulatory system with a 2 chambered
heart. Reproduction reproduce through external fertilization -
spawning
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Jawless FishHagfish (Class Myxini) and Lampreys
(Cephalaspidomorphi)Lack vertebrae (hagfish) or have incomplete vertebral
column (lamprey)Predators that attach to the side of a fish with
modified mouthHave no scales
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Hagfishno vertebraehas a skull
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Class ChondrichthyesCartilage fishSharks, skate, rays and
sawfishPrimitive Older fishMost have to swim to
breathe
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Bony FishRay finned fish (Class
Actinopterygii ) - - most common fish- have jaws and paired fins- fins supported by rays fanning our from central bone
Lobe finned fish (Class Sarcopterygii)- fins supported by central axis bone- ancestors of amphibians
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Walking Fish - Grunion
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Class AmphibiaFrogs and salemandersAquatic as larvae, after metamorphosis, live
on land as adults.Have moist skin with many glandsmust be moist to breathe; respirate through
skinevolved from fish 360 myaexothermic
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CirculationAmphibians have a double-loop circulatory
system with three-chambered heart.ReproductionFertilization is external Shell-less eggs must be laid and fertilized
in water
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Class ReptiliaInclude 3 groups: snakes, turtles, crocodiles Fully adapted to life on land
Amniotic egg scaly skin (prevents loss of moisture) Exothermic - regulate their body temperatures by basking in the sun, burrowing in the ground. Soaking in water etc…
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Circulationmore efficient circulatory and respiratory
systems (lungs, 3 chambered heart).Reproduction internal fertilizationLay fluid filled amniotic egg covered with a
protective shell
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Class AvesMost are adapted for flightCovered with feathershollow bones2 legs for walking, 2 modified for wings
Birds are endothermic - generate body heat internally by their own metabolism.
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Circulation4 chambered heart; allows for efficient
delivery of O2 to cells.Reproduction internal fertilization. incubate eggs and feed young have amniotic eggs (keeps eggs moist)
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Fossil evidence shows that birds evolved from the same line as crocodiles and dinosaurs.
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Class MammaliaCharacteristics:hair - insulation, camouflage,
sensory device, waterproofing, signaling and defense
mammary glandsEndothermic
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Circulation4 Chambered heartRequire a constant supply of
nutrients and oxygen to maintain homeostasis and metabolism
Keeping blood separate makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen more efficient.
ReproductionInternal fertilization
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1. Monotremes - young develop in shelled eggs;
Ex. spiny anteater and duck-billed platypus
2. Marsupial - young leave mother’s body to pouch before development is complete.
Ex. kangaroo and opossum
3. Placental - young develop completely within the uterus of the female
Ex. Human, whales, giraffe etc…
3 Types
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