Nematology 2010 Vol 12(2) 181-192

Two new species of Paurodontella Husain amp Khan 1968(Nematoda Sphaerulariidae) associated with wheat and a

diagnostic compendium to the genus

Zafar A HANDOO 1lowast Erum Y IQBAL 2 Nasira KAZI 2 and Shahina FAYYAZ 2

1 Nematology Laboratory USDA ARS Beltsville MD 20705 USA2 National Nematological Research Centre University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan

Received 2 February 2009 revised 26 May 2009Accepted for publication 26 May 2009

Summary ndash An identification key to ten valid species of Paurodontella is given A compendium of the most important diagnosticcharacters with illustrations of each species is included as a practical alternative and supplement to the key The diagnosis ofPaurodontella is emended and a list of all valid species of the genus is given Two new species (Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp andP balochistanica n sp) collected around the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) from North-West Frontier Province and BalochistanPakistan are described and illustrated Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp is characterised by having a short post-uterine sac lateralfield with four incisures excretory pore at the base of the pharynx and fusiform median bulb whereas P balochistanica n sp has alonger and very slender body with posterior vulva lateral field with four incisures and short mucronate tail Because these species arelimited in distribution their importance is not known

Keywords ndash Balochistan diagnosis identification key morphology morphometrics new species North-West Frontier ProvincePaurodontella balochistanica n sp Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp taxonomy

The genus Paurodontella Husain amp Khan 1968 wasestablished for the new species P minuta Husain ampKhan 1968 based on its short and robust body shortconvex-conoid ditylenchoid tail and stem-like extensionof the basal pharyngeal bulb projecting into the intes-tine Anderson (1985) emending the diagnosis of Pau-rodontella found few generic characters separating Pau-rodontus Thorne 1941 and Paurodontella Constant dif-ferences were the length of the post-uterine sac (at leastone body diam in length vs shorter in Paurodontella)slenderness of the body (a = gt30 vs less) and vulva-anusdistance gt 50 μm vs shorter) All other characters in theemended diagnosis for Paurodontella were found in oneor more species in either genus These differences at thegeneric level were not accepted by Fortuner and Raski(1987) and they synonymised the genus with Paurodon-tus Siddiqi (2000) gave a detailed diagnosis and againvalidated the genus based on the following main diag-nostic characters cephalic region continuous lateral sec-tors narrower than submedians lateral field with four sixor seven incisures opening of dorsal pharyngeal gland

lowast Corresponding author e-mail ZafarHandooarsusdagov

orifice just posterior to stylet base basal bulb with longstem like extension projecting into the intestine post-vulval uterine sac rudimentary or absent uterus often withan offset diverticulum tail of both sexes similar conoid-pointed and bursa adanal ditylenchoid Earlier the samecriteria were proposed by Husain and Khan (1968) whenthey transferred three species of the genus Paurodontusviz P apiticus Thorne 1941 P densus Thorne 1941and P niger Thorne 1941 to Paurodontella In additionSumenkova (1975) transferred Paurodontus aberrans Ku-mar amp Khera 1969 and Neopaurodontus asymmetricusTikyani amp Khera 1968 to Paurodontella

According to the classification by Siddiqi (2000)Paurodontella belongs to the subfamily PaurodontinaeThorne 1941 family Paurodontidae Thorne 1941(= familia dubia) superfamily Sphaerularioidea Lub-bock 1861 suborder Hexatylina Siddiqi 1980 of the or-der Tylenchida Thorne 1949 However Siddiqi (2000)questioned the validity of the family Paurodontidae withthe following note ldquoMost probably this family is a ju-nior synonym of Sphaerulariidae since the type genus

copy Koninklijke Brill NV Leiden 2010 DOI101163156854109X461730Also available online - wwwbrillnlnemy 181

ZA Handoo et al

and other genera included in it are morphologically sim-ilar and are suspected of having similar life cycles tomembers of the later grouprdquo Andraacutessy (2007) acceptedSiddiqirsquos (2000) insertion of both the parasitic and thefree-living forms (taxa) into the well characterised subor-der Hexatylina Chizhov (2004) accepted Siddiqirsquos (2000)scheme with slight modifications Andraacutessy (2007) fol-lowed the classification of Siddiqi and Chizhov and ac-cepted Siddiqirsquos (2000) opinion of Paurodontidae as asynonym of Sphaerulariidae thereby placing Paurodon-tella in the Sphaerulariidae and Sphaerularioidea Thepresent authors agree with Andraacutessy (2007) Siddiqi(2000) and Husain and Khan (1968) because their actionmakes it easier to handle this complex group of nema-todes At present Paurodontella contains ten valid speciesof world-wide distribution that parasitise a wide variety ofplants

The objectives of this study were i) to describe twonew species of Paurodontella collected from soil aroundthe roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) plants inTernab Agriculture Research Institute North-West Fron-tier Province and Hub Balochistan Pakistan ii) to ex-amine in detail representative specimens and publisheddata on Paurodontella species iii) to determine the in-terrelationships of the species and to define the valid andmost significant differentiating characters and iv) to pre-pare a new key and compendium containing morphome-tric and related details to facilitate easy identification ofthe ten valid Paurodontella species including illustrations(Fig 1) redrawn from the original drawings

Materials and methods

Paratype specimens of three species of Paurodontellaviz P apitica (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968P densa (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968 andP niger (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968 from theUSDA Nematode Collection at Beltsville MD USA andone species P sohailai Maqbool 1982 from the Na-tional Nematode Collection at the National NematologicalResearch Center University of Karachi Pakistan wereexamined These specimens had been either mounted inglycerin or were preserved in 3 formaldehyde and 2glycerin solution in vials which ranged in number from 1to 20 and were accompanied by pertinent records Exam-inations were made with a compound microscope usu-ally at the highest magnification available and morpho-metric data were obtained with an eyepiece micrometerIn evaluating the species our own data and the original

descriptions of most species as well as any subsequentredescription or other related data were utilised for thecompendium included in Table 1

Specimens of the new species of Paurodontella wereextracted from soil by Cobbrsquos (1918) wet sieving tech-nique followed by a modified Baermann (1917) funnelmethod Extracted nematodes were killed by gradual heatfixed in triethanolamine formalin (TAF) and mounted indehydrated glycerin (Siddiqi 1986) Illustrations weremade by using a drawing tube attached to a Nikon EclipseE400 compound microscope and photographs taken witha Nikon DS-Fi-1 camera attached to the same microscope

Genus Paurodontella Husain amp Khan 1968= Neopaurodontus Tikyani amp Khera 1968

EMENDED DIAGNOSIS (AFTER SIDDIQI 2000)

Paurodontinae Body short slender to robust (L =029-075 mm a = 14-34) Lateral fields usually distinctexcept for P apitica (mostly obscure) each with four sixor seven incisures Cephalic region continuous truncateto round with prominent depression at oral openinglateral sectors narrower than submedians Stylet 7-14 μmlong basal knobs symmetrical or nearly so roundedflattened posteriorly Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal glandjust posterior to stylet base Corpus cylindrical slightlyswollen posteriorly isthmus long slender basal bulbwith long stem-like extension usually projecting intointestine or reaching to intestine Excretory pore oppositebase of pharyngeal bulb or opposite nerve ring Vulva-anus distance ca one tail length or less vulval lips notprominent or modified Vagina less than half body diamlong usually at right angle to body axis Post-vulvaluterine sac present or absent uterus often with an offsetdiverticulum Ovary anteriorly outstretched with oocytesmostly in one row and reaching pharynx some specieswith a prominent small anterior projection attached tooviduct branching to form a uterine diverticulum Tails ofboth sexes similar almost straight short conoid-pointedup to five anal body diam long with or without amucro on tail terminus Bursa adanal Spicules moderatelyrobust cephalate 15-22 μm long Gubernaculum simple6-10 μm long

TYPE SPECIES

Paurodontella minuta Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus minutus (Husain amp Khan 1968) Fortuner

amp Raski 1987

182 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 1 Anterior and posterior end of Paurodontella species (redrawn from original descriptions or redescriptions) A P aberrans BP apitica C P asymmetrica D P auriculata E P densa F P minuta G P niger H P sohailai

Vol 12(2) 2010 183

ZA Handoo et al

Table 1 Morphometrics of Paurodontella species All measurements are in μm except L in mm

Character P P P P P P P P P Pspecies aberrans apitica asymmetrica auriculata densa minuta niger sohailai myceliophaga balochistanica

n sp n sp

L 036-040 040-070 033-038 039-052 040 029-040 040 040-050 043-051 072-075a 14-17 16-22 16-19 19-25 25 17-23 24 22-28 187-218 327-340b 45-53 40-70 58-59 51-59 57 46-52 63 40-58 53-73 57-60c 107-127 82-120 97-108 80-108 12 8-13 8 136-154 76-93 168-178cprime ndash ndash ndash 20-51 ndash ndash ndash ndash 35-47 30-32V 81-83 80-85 81-83 80-85 82 78-90 80 83-86 80-86 88-89Spicule 16-17 ndash ndash 15-19 ndash 15-20 ndash 18-20 21-22 ndashGubernaculum 6-7 ndash ndash 6-7 ndash 5-8 ndash 62-68 96 ndashStylet 9-10 7-8 13-14 7-8 ndash 8-10 ndash 9-10 80-88 10-11Lateral lines obscure obscure 4 5-6 6 4 6 7 4 4

6-7

OTHER SPECIES

P aberrans (Nandakumar amp Khera 1969) Sumenkova1975

= Paurodontus aberrans Nandakumar amp Khera 1969P apitica (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus apiticus Thorne 1941P asymmetrica (Tikyani amp Khera 1968) Sumenkova

1975= Neopaurodontus asymmetricus Tikyani amp Khera 1968P auriculata Anderson 1985= Paurodontus auriculatus (Anderson 1985) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987P balochistanica n spP densa (Thorne 1941) Hussain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus densus Thorne 1941P myceliophaga n spP niger (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus niger Thorne 1941P sohailai Maqbool 1982= Paurodontus sohailai (Maqbool 1982) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987

IDENTIFICATION OF PAURODONTELLA SPECIES

The key is based on the overall morphology of femalesand males In the present paper ten species (including twonew species) are included in Paurodontella on the basis ofcommonly shared characters The measurements of mostof the examined specimens closely fit the original descrip-tion and any subsequent redescription of species Someof the variations noted in certain populations of specieswere incorporated into the morphometric compendium

(Table 1) This key is significant because it provides an all-inclusive guide to species identifications and works wellwith all the valid ten Paurodontella spp including speci-mens of this genus that are deposited in the USDA Nema-tode Collection (Handoo et al 1998)

In many Paurodontella species the known range ofvariation is limited to observation of specimens in singlepopulations from the type locality Further morphologicalstudies including SEM of specimens from a broaderspectrum of habitats are needed to clarify further therelationships and identities of many species

Key to Paurodontella species

1 ndash Oviduct branching to form a uterine diverticulum 2ndash Oviduct not branching to form a uterine diverticu-

lum 7

2 ndash Post-uterine sac rudimentary or absent 3ndash Post-uterine sac present 6

3 ndash Stylet delicate indistinct knobs rod-shaped irregu-lar auriculata

ndash Stylet distinct with posteriorly sloping basal knobs 4

4 ndash Excretory pore at level of nerve ring minutandash Excretory pore at base of basal bulb 5

5 ndash Tail sharply pointed vulva-anus distance shorterthan tail lateral lines 6-7 apitica

ndash Tail subacute bluntly pointed vulva-anus distancegreater than tail lateral lines obscure aberrans

6 ndash Seven lateral lines c = gt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum short (18-20 and 6-7 μm respectively) sohailai

184 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

ndash Four lateral lines c = lt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum long (21-22 and 10 μm respectively) myceliophaga n sp

7 ndash Post-uterine sac absent densandash Post-uterine sac present 8

8 ndash Six lateral lines V = 80 nigerndash Four lateral lines V = gt80 9

9 ndash Body length short stout (L = 033-038 mm a =16-19) vulva at 81-83 stylet 13-14 μm long asymmetrica

ndash Body length longer slender (L = 072-075 mma = 33-34) vulva at 88 stylet 10-11 μm long balochistanica n sp

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp(Figs 2 3)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body cylindrical robust markedly tapering at bothends Body almost straight to slightly ventrally curvedwhen killed by gentle heat occasionally arcuate Cuti-cle with transverse striae averaging ca 1 μm apart Lat-eral field marked by four incisures outer incisures cre-nate and inner smooth occupying ca one-third of bodydiam at mid-body Lip region high narrow truncate an-nulated and continuous with body contour Depression atoral opening prominent Lip region 72-80 μm broad and24-32 μm high Amphidial aperture slit-like located onlateral lips Stylet length almost equal to head diam basalknobs rounded 16 μm in cross-section Dorsal gland ori-fice (DGO) 3-4 μm posterior to stylet knobs Pharyngealcorpus a cylindrical tube median bulb fusiform Isthmuscylindrical encircled by nerve ring ca 40-56 μm from an-terior end Excretory duct prominent with cuticularisedpore situated 56-86 μm from anterior end and oppo-site base of pharynx Basal bulb spindle-shaped bearinga posterior extension ca 10-15 μm projecting into intes-tine Vulva a transverse slit 78-86 from anterior endVagina angled obliquely forward 56-70 μm long ex-tending inward ca one-third of body diam Spermatheca

The species epithet refers to the fungal feeding habits of thegenus

not seen Oocytes arranged in single file except at proxi-mal end Prominent small anterior projection attached tooviduct forming a uterine diverticulum Quadricolumellaof ca 8-9 cells Uterus broad thin walled post-uterine sacshort ca 4-8 μm long Vulva-anus distance ca 60-67of tail length Tail short straight 35-47 anal body diamlong ending in an acute terminus with a mucro at termi-nus Phasmids located ca one anal body diam posterior toanus

Male

Similar to female in general morphology except for sex-ual characters and cuticle with fine annulation Testis sin-gle outstretched Spermatocytes arranged serially Spiculearcuate and cephalate 20-215 μm long Gubernaculumsimple 96 μm in length Bursa adanal or ditylenchoidbursal margins strongly annulated

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromTernab Agriculture Research Institute (34233primeN and714192primeE) North-West Frontier Province Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female on slide PA-102 15 paratype femaleson slides PA-103-110 and three paratype males on slidePA-111 deposited in the Nematode Collection at NationalNematological Research Centre University of KarachiKarachi Pakistan An additional nine female paratypesand one paratype juvenile on slide number T-5808pdeposited in the US Department of Agriculture NematodeCollection Beltsville MD USA

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp is distinctive be-cause of the short post-uterine sac lateral field with fourincisures excretory pore located at the base of the pha-rynx and the fusiform median bulb

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp comes close to Papitica and P minuta since they share common char-acters such as the presence of a uterine diverticulum inthe oviduct a b and c ratios and vulva position Differ-ences from P apitica include the shape of the anteriorbody being slender vs obese stem-like extension of thebasal pharyngeal bulb projecting into intestine vs reach-ing to but not into the intestine presence vs absence ofpost-uterine sac presence of four lateral lines vs obscure

Vol 12(2) 2010 185

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 2 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Entire male C Pharyngeal region of female D Lateral field of femaleE Vulval and anal regions of female F Female tail G Male tail H Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct

186 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 1 Anterior and posterior end of Paurodontella species (redrawn from original descriptions or redescriptions) A P aberrans BP apitica C P asymmetrica D P auriculata E P densa F P minuta G P niger H P sohailai

Vol 12(2) 2010 183

ZA Handoo et al

Table 1 Morphometrics of Paurodontella species All measurements are in μm except L in mm

Character P P P P P P P P P Pspecies aberrans apitica asymmetrica auriculata densa minuta niger sohailai myceliophaga balochistanica

n sp n sp

L 036-040 040-070 033-038 039-052 040 029-040 040 040-050 043-051 072-075a 14-17 16-22 16-19 19-25 25 17-23 24 22-28 187-218 327-340b 45-53 40-70 58-59 51-59 57 46-52 63 40-58 53-73 57-60c 107-127 82-120 97-108 80-108 12 8-13 8 136-154 76-93 168-178cprime ndash ndash ndash 20-51 ndash ndash ndash ndash 35-47 30-32V 81-83 80-85 81-83 80-85 82 78-90 80 83-86 80-86 88-89Spicule 16-17 ndash ndash 15-19 ndash 15-20 ndash 18-20 21-22 ndashGubernaculum 6-7 ndash ndash 6-7 ndash 5-8 ndash 62-68 96 ndashStylet 9-10 7-8 13-14 7-8 ndash 8-10 ndash 9-10 80-88 10-11Lateral lines obscure obscure 4 5-6 6 4 6 7 4 4

6-7

OTHER SPECIES

P aberrans (Nandakumar amp Khera 1969) Sumenkova1975

= Paurodontus aberrans Nandakumar amp Khera 1969P apitica (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus apiticus Thorne 1941P asymmetrica (Tikyani amp Khera 1968) Sumenkova

1975= Neopaurodontus asymmetricus Tikyani amp Khera 1968P auriculata Anderson 1985= Paurodontus auriculatus (Anderson 1985) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987P balochistanica n spP densa (Thorne 1941) Hussain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus densus Thorne 1941P myceliophaga n spP niger (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus niger Thorne 1941P sohailai Maqbool 1982= Paurodontus sohailai (Maqbool 1982) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987

IDENTIFICATION OF PAURODONTELLA SPECIES

The key is based on the overall morphology of femalesand males In the present paper ten species (including twonew species) are included in Paurodontella on the basis ofcommonly shared characters The measurements of mostof the examined specimens closely fit the original descrip-tion and any subsequent redescription of species Someof the variations noted in certain populations of specieswere incorporated into the morphometric compendium

(Table 1) This key is significant because it provides an all-inclusive guide to species identifications and works wellwith all the valid ten Paurodontella spp including speci-mens of this genus that are deposited in the USDA Nema-tode Collection (Handoo et al 1998)

In many Paurodontella species the known range ofvariation is limited to observation of specimens in singlepopulations from the type locality Further morphologicalstudies including SEM of specimens from a broaderspectrum of habitats are needed to clarify further therelationships and identities of many species

Key to Paurodontella species

1 ndash Oviduct branching to form a uterine diverticulum 2ndash Oviduct not branching to form a uterine diverticu-

lum 7

2 ndash Post-uterine sac rudimentary or absent 3ndash Post-uterine sac present 6

3 ndash Stylet delicate indistinct knobs rod-shaped irregu-lar auriculata

ndash Stylet distinct with posteriorly sloping basal knobs 4

4 ndash Excretory pore at level of nerve ring minutandash Excretory pore at base of basal bulb 5

5 ndash Tail sharply pointed vulva-anus distance shorterthan tail lateral lines 6-7 apitica

ndash Tail subacute bluntly pointed vulva-anus distancegreater than tail lateral lines obscure aberrans

6 ndash Seven lateral lines c = gt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum short (18-20 and 6-7 μm respectively) sohailai

184 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

ndash Four lateral lines c = lt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum long (21-22 and 10 μm respectively) myceliophaga n sp

7 ndash Post-uterine sac absent densandash Post-uterine sac present 8

8 ndash Six lateral lines V = 80 nigerndash Four lateral lines V = gt80 9

9 ndash Body length short stout (L = 033-038 mm a =16-19) vulva at 81-83 stylet 13-14 μm long asymmetrica

ndash Body length longer slender (L = 072-075 mma = 33-34) vulva at 88 stylet 10-11 μm long balochistanica n sp

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp(Figs 2 3)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body cylindrical robust markedly tapering at bothends Body almost straight to slightly ventrally curvedwhen killed by gentle heat occasionally arcuate Cuti-cle with transverse striae averaging ca 1 μm apart Lat-eral field marked by four incisures outer incisures cre-nate and inner smooth occupying ca one-third of bodydiam at mid-body Lip region high narrow truncate an-nulated and continuous with body contour Depression atoral opening prominent Lip region 72-80 μm broad and24-32 μm high Amphidial aperture slit-like located onlateral lips Stylet length almost equal to head diam basalknobs rounded 16 μm in cross-section Dorsal gland ori-fice (DGO) 3-4 μm posterior to stylet knobs Pharyngealcorpus a cylindrical tube median bulb fusiform Isthmuscylindrical encircled by nerve ring ca 40-56 μm from an-terior end Excretory duct prominent with cuticularisedpore situated 56-86 μm from anterior end and oppo-site base of pharynx Basal bulb spindle-shaped bearinga posterior extension ca 10-15 μm projecting into intes-tine Vulva a transverse slit 78-86 from anterior endVagina angled obliquely forward 56-70 μm long ex-tending inward ca one-third of body diam Spermatheca

The species epithet refers to the fungal feeding habits of thegenus

not seen Oocytes arranged in single file except at proxi-mal end Prominent small anterior projection attached tooviduct forming a uterine diverticulum Quadricolumellaof ca 8-9 cells Uterus broad thin walled post-uterine sacshort ca 4-8 μm long Vulva-anus distance ca 60-67of tail length Tail short straight 35-47 anal body diamlong ending in an acute terminus with a mucro at termi-nus Phasmids located ca one anal body diam posterior toanus

Male

Similar to female in general morphology except for sex-ual characters and cuticle with fine annulation Testis sin-gle outstretched Spermatocytes arranged serially Spiculearcuate and cephalate 20-215 μm long Gubernaculumsimple 96 μm in length Bursa adanal or ditylenchoidbursal margins strongly annulated

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromTernab Agriculture Research Institute (34233primeN and714192primeE) North-West Frontier Province Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female on slide PA-102 15 paratype femaleson slides PA-103-110 and three paratype males on slidePA-111 deposited in the Nematode Collection at NationalNematological Research Centre University of KarachiKarachi Pakistan An additional nine female paratypesand one paratype juvenile on slide number T-5808pdeposited in the US Department of Agriculture NematodeCollection Beltsville MD USA

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp is distinctive be-cause of the short post-uterine sac lateral field with fourincisures excretory pore located at the base of the pha-rynx and the fusiform median bulb

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp comes close to Papitica and P minuta since they share common char-acters such as the presence of a uterine diverticulum inthe oviduct a b and c ratios and vulva position Differ-ences from P apitica include the shape of the anteriorbody being slender vs obese stem-like extension of thebasal pharyngeal bulb projecting into intestine vs reach-ing to but not into the intestine presence vs absence ofpost-uterine sac presence of four lateral lines vs obscure

Vol 12(2) 2010 185

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 2 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Entire male C Pharyngeal region of female D Lateral field of femaleE Vulval and anal regions of female F Female tail G Male tail H Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct

186 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

ZA Handoo et al

Table 1 Morphometrics of Paurodontella species All measurements are in μm except L in mm

Character P P P P P P P P P Pspecies aberrans apitica asymmetrica auriculata densa minuta niger sohailai myceliophaga balochistanica

n sp n sp

L 036-040 040-070 033-038 039-052 040 029-040 040 040-050 043-051 072-075a 14-17 16-22 16-19 19-25 25 17-23 24 22-28 187-218 327-340b 45-53 40-70 58-59 51-59 57 46-52 63 40-58 53-73 57-60c 107-127 82-120 97-108 80-108 12 8-13 8 136-154 76-93 168-178cprime ndash ndash ndash 20-51 ndash ndash ndash ndash 35-47 30-32V 81-83 80-85 81-83 80-85 82 78-90 80 83-86 80-86 88-89Spicule 16-17 ndash ndash 15-19 ndash 15-20 ndash 18-20 21-22 ndashGubernaculum 6-7 ndash ndash 6-7 ndash 5-8 ndash 62-68 96 ndashStylet 9-10 7-8 13-14 7-8 ndash 8-10 ndash 9-10 80-88 10-11Lateral lines obscure obscure 4 5-6 6 4 6 7 4 4

6-7

OTHER SPECIES

P aberrans (Nandakumar amp Khera 1969) Sumenkova1975

= Paurodontus aberrans Nandakumar amp Khera 1969P apitica (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus apiticus Thorne 1941P asymmetrica (Tikyani amp Khera 1968) Sumenkova

1975= Neopaurodontus asymmetricus Tikyani amp Khera 1968P auriculata Anderson 1985= Paurodontus auriculatus (Anderson 1985) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987P balochistanica n spP densa (Thorne 1941) Hussain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus densus Thorne 1941P myceliophaga n spP niger (Thorne 1941) Husain amp Khan 1968= Paurodontus niger Thorne 1941P sohailai Maqbool 1982= Paurodontus sohailai (Maqbool 1982) Fortuner amp

Raski 1987

IDENTIFICATION OF PAURODONTELLA SPECIES

The key is based on the overall morphology of femalesand males In the present paper ten species (including twonew species) are included in Paurodontella on the basis ofcommonly shared characters The measurements of mostof the examined specimens closely fit the original descrip-tion and any subsequent redescription of species Someof the variations noted in certain populations of specieswere incorporated into the morphometric compendium

(Table 1) This key is significant because it provides an all-inclusive guide to species identifications and works wellwith all the valid ten Paurodontella spp including speci-mens of this genus that are deposited in the USDA Nema-tode Collection (Handoo et al 1998)

In many Paurodontella species the known range ofvariation is limited to observation of specimens in singlepopulations from the type locality Further morphologicalstudies including SEM of specimens from a broaderspectrum of habitats are needed to clarify further therelationships and identities of many species

Key to Paurodontella species

1 ndash Oviduct branching to form a uterine diverticulum 2ndash Oviduct not branching to form a uterine diverticu-

lum 7

2 ndash Post-uterine sac rudimentary or absent 3ndash Post-uterine sac present 6

3 ndash Stylet delicate indistinct knobs rod-shaped irregu-lar auriculata

ndash Stylet distinct with posteriorly sloping basal knobs 4

4 ndash Excretory pore at level of nerve ring minutandash Excretory pore at base of basal bulb 5

5 ndash Tail sharply pointed vulva-anus distance shorterthan tail lateral lines 6-7 apitica

ndash Tail subacute bluntly pointed vulva-anus distancegreater than tail lateral lines obscure aberrans

6 ndash Seven lateral lines c = gt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum short (18-20 and 6-7 μm respectively) sohailai

184 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

ndash Four lateral lines c = lt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum long (21-22 and 10 μm respectively) myceliophaga n sp

7 ndash Post-uterine sac absent densandash Post-uterine sac present 8

8 ndash Six lateral lines V = 80 nigerndash Four lateral lines V = gt80 9

9 ndash Body length short stout (L = 033-038 mm a =16-19) vulva at 81-83 stylet 13-14 μm long asymmetrica

ndash Body length longer slender (L = 072-075 mma = 33-34) vulva at 88 stylet 10-11 μm long balochistanica n sp

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp(Figs 2 3)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body cylindrical robust markedly tapering at bothends Body almost straight to slightly ventrally curvedwhen killed by gentle heat occasionally arcuate Cuti-cle with transverse striae averaging ca 1 μm apart Lat-eral field marked by four incisures outer incisures cre-nate and inner smooth occupying ca one-third of bodydiam at mid-body Lip region high narrow truncate an-nulated and continuous with body contour Depression atoral opening prominent Lip region 72-80 μm broad and24-32 μm high Amphidial aperture slit-like located onlateral lips Stylet length almost equal to head diam basalknobs rounded 16 μm in cross-section Dorsal gland ori-fice (DGO) 3-4 μm posterior to stylet knobs Pharyngealcorpus a cylindrical tube median bulb fusiform Isthmuscylindrical encircled by nerve ring ca 40-56 μm from an-terior end Excretory duct prominent with cuticularisedpore situated 56-86 μm from anterior end and oppo-site base of pharynx Basal bulb spindle-shaped bearinga posterior extension ca 10-15 μm projecting into intes-tine Vulva a transverse slit 78-86 from anterior endVagina angled obliquely forward 56-70 μm long ex-tending inward ca one-third of body diam Spermatheca

The species epithet refers to the fungal feeding habits of thegenus

not seen Oocytes arranged in single file except at proxi-mal end Prominent small anterior projection attached tooviduct forming a uterine diverticulum Quadricolumellaof ca 8-9 cells Uterus broad thin walled post-uterine sacshort ca 4-8 μm long Vulva-anus distance ca 60-67of tail length Tail short straight 35-47 anal body diamlong ending in an acute terminus with a mucro at termi-nus Phasmids located ca one anal body diam posterior toanus

Male

Similar to female in general morphology except for sex-ual characters and cuticle with fine annulation Testis sin-gle outstretched Spermatocytes arranged serially Spiculearcuate and cephalate 20-215 μm long Gubernaculumsimple 96 μm in length Bursa adanal or ditylenchoidbursal margins strongly annulated

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromTernab Agriculture Research Institute (34233primeN and714192primeE) North-West Frontier Province Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female on slide PA-102 15 paratype femaleson slides PA-103-110 and three paratype males on slidePA-111 deposited in the Nematode Collection at NationalNematological Research Centre University of KarachiKarachi Pakistan An additional nine female paratypesand one paratype juvenile on slide number T-5808pdeposited in the US Department of Agriculture NematodeCollection Beltsville MD USA

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp is distinctive be-cause of the short post-uterine sac lateral field with fourincisures excretory pore located at the base of the pha-rynx and the fusiform median bulb

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp comes close to Papitica and P minuta since they share common char-acters such as the presence of a uterine diverticulum inthe oviduct a b and c ratios and vulva position Differ-ences from P apitica include the shape of the anteriorbody being slender vs obese stem-like extension of thebasal pharyngeal bulb projecting into intestine vs reach-ing to but not into the intestine presence vs absence ofpost-uterine sac presence of four lateral lines vs obscure

Vol 12(2) 2010 185

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 2 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Entire male C Pharyngeal region of female D Lateral field of femaleE Vulval and anal regions of female F Female tail G Male tail H Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct

186 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

ndash Four lateral lines c = lt10 spicule and gubernacu-lum long (21-22 and 10 μm respectively) myceliophaga n sp

7 ndash Post-uterine sac absent densandash Post-uterine sac present 8

8 ndash Six lateral lines V = 80 nigerndash Four lateral lines V = gt80 9

9 ndash Body length short stout (L = 033-038 mm a =16-19) vulva at 81-83 stylet 13-14 μm long asymmetrica

ndash Body length longer slender (L = 072-075 mma = 33-34) vulva at 88 stylet 10-11 μm long balochistanica n sp

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp(Figs 2 3)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body cylindrical robust markedly tapering at bothends Body almost straight to slightly ventrally curvedwhen killed by gentle heat occasionally arcuate Cuti-cle with transverse striae averaging ca 1 μm apart Lat-eral field marked by four incisures outer incisures cre-nate and inner smooth occupying ca one-third of bodydiam at mid-body Lip region high narrow truncate an-nulated and continuous with body contour Depression atoral opening prominent Lip region 72-80 μm broad and24-32 μm high Amphidial aperture slit-like located onlateral lips Stylet length almost equal to head diam basalknobs rounded 16 μm in cross-section Dorsal gland ori-fice (DGO) 3-4 μm posterior to stylet knobs Pharyngealcorpus a cylindrical tube median bulb fusiform Isthmuscylindrical encircled by nerve ring ca 40-56 μm from an-terior end Excretory duct prominent with cuticularisedpore situated 56-86 μm from anterior end and oppo-site base of pharynx Basal bulb spindle-shaped bearinga posterior extension ca 10-15 μm projecting into intes-tine Vulva a transverse slit 78-86 from anterior endVagina angled obliquely forward 56-70 μm long ex-tending inward ca one-third of body diam Spermatheca

The species epithet refers to the fungal feeding habits of thegenus

not seen Oocytes arranged in single file except at proxi-mal end Prominent small anterior projection attached tooviduct forming a uterine diverticulum Quadricolumellaof ca 8-9 cells Uterus broad thin walled post-uterine sacshort ca 4-8 μm long Vulva-anus distance ca 60-67of tail length Tail short straight 35-47 anal body diamlong ending in an acute terminus with a mucro at termi-nus Phasmids located ca one anal body diam posterior toanus

Male

Similar to female in general morphology except for sex-ual characters and cuticle with fine annulation Testis sin-gle outstretched Spermatocytes arranged serially Spiculearcuate and cephalate 20-215 μm long Gubernaculumsimple 96 μm in length Bursa adanal or ditylenchoidbursal margins strongly annulated

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromTernab Agriculture Research Institute (34233primeN and714192primeE) North-West Frontier Province Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female on slide PA-102 15 paratype femaleson slides PA-103-110 and three paratype males on slidePA-111 deposited in the Nematode Collection at NationalNematological Research Centre University of KarachiKarachi Pakistan An additional nine female paratypesand one paratype juvenile on slide number T-5808pdeposited in the US Department of Agriculture NematodeCollection Beltsville MD USA

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp is distinctive be-cause of the short post-uterine sac lateral field with fourincisures excretory pore located at the base of the pha-rynx and the fusiform median bulb

Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp comes close to Papitica and P minuta since they share common char-acters such as the presence of a uterine diverticulum inthe oviduct a b and c ratios and vulva position Differ-ences from P apitica include the shape of the anteriorbody being slender vs obese stem-like extension of thebasal pharyngeal bulb projecting into intestine vs reach-ing to but not into the intestine presence vs absence ofpost-uterine sac presence of four lateral lines vs obscure

Vol 12(2) 2010 185

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 2 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Entire male C Pharyngeal region of female D Lateral field of femaleE Vulval and anal regions of female F Female tail G Male tail H Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct

186 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 2 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Entire male C Pharyngeal region of female D Lateral field of femaleE Vulval and anal regions of female F Female tail G Male tail H Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct

186 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 3 Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp A Entire female B Pharyngeal region of female C Female amphid on lateral lip (arrow)D Basal bulb with extension (arrow) E Uterine diverticulum of female oviduct (arrow) F Vulval and tail regions of female G HFemale post-uterine sac I Male tail

lateral lines (but were faintly observed in a few speci-mens as having six to seven lines in the type materialdeposited in the USDA Nematode Collection) tail taper-

ing to a pronounced ventral projection terminating intoa long pointed mucro vs straight pointed without mu-cro and males present vs males not known Paurodontella

Vol 12(2) 2010 187

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

ZA Handoo et al

Table 2 Morphometrics of Paurodontella myceliophaga n sp and P balochistanica n sp All measurements are in μm and in the formmean plusmn sd (range)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

n ndash 14 3 ndash 2L 460 469 plusmn 24 498 plusmn 17 740 735 plusmn 21

(432-512) (485-518) (720-750)a 192 198 plusmn 10 230 plusmn 26 331 334 plusmn 09

(187-218) (200-246) (327-340)b 61 61 plusmn 06 60 plusmn 08 57 59 plusmn 01

(54-73) (53-68) (58-60)c 79 84 plusmn 05 83 plusmn 04 168 175 plusmn 05

(76-93) (80-88) (171-178)cprime 38 40 plusmn 04 42 plusmn 04 31 31 plusmn 02

(35-47) (37-45) (30-32)V 80 810 plusmn 23 ndash 881 883 plusmn 04

(779-859) (880-886)Vulva to anus distance (VAD) 344 35 plusmn 50 ndash 44 455 plusmn 07

(30-44) (45-46)Stylet length 88 84 plusmn 04 80 plusmn 00 11 105 plusmn 07

(80-88) (80) (10-11)DGO 3 35 plusmn 05 35 plusmn 05 2 20 plusmn 00

(30-40) (30-40) (20)Nerve ring from anterior end 52 48 plusmn 45 42 plusmn 21 80 76 plusmn 21

(40-56) (40-44) (75-78)Excretory pore 64 67 plusmn 81 71 plusmn 12 104 101 plusmn 14

(56-86) (70-72) (100-102)Pharynx length 76 77 plusmn 80 83 plusmn 99 130 125 plusmn 1

(64-92) (72-90) (124-125)Max body diam 24 24 plusmn 15 25 plusmn 46 224 22 plusmn 03

(22-28) (20-28) (22)Tail length 584 56 plusmn 37 60 plusmn 46 44 42 plusmn 0

(48-64) (56-65) (42)Anal body diam 152 14 plusmn 13 14 plusmn 12 144 13 plusmn 07

(12-17) (13-15) (13-14)Vagina diam 64 62 plusmn 04 ndash 80 90 plusmn 14

(56-70) (80-100)Head diam 80 76 plusmn 04 75 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(72-80) (72-80)Head height 32 30 plusmn 04 29 plusmn 05 ndash ndash

(24-32) (24-34)Median bulb length 344 32 plusmn 31 31 plusmn 35 ndash ndash

(28-36) (29-35)Post-uterine sac (PUS) length 80 59 plusmn 10 ndash 160 80 plusmn 28

(40-80) (60-100)Body diam at vulva (VBD) 19 19 plusmn 30 ndash 22 22 plusmn 0

(13-22) (22)Vulva to anterior end 368 381 plusmn 29 ndash 652 649 plusmn 16

(344-440) (638-660)

188 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Table 2 (Continued)

Character P myceliophaga n sp P balochistanica n sp

Female Male Female

Holotype Paratypes Paratypes Holotype Paratypes

Spicule length ndash ndash 211 plusmn 04 ndash ndash(208-215)

Gubernaculum length ndash ndash 96 plusmn 00 ndash ndash(96)

PUSVBD 04 03 plusmn 01 ndash 07 04 plusmn 01(02-05) (03-05)

PUSVAD 233 171 plusmn 36 ndash 364 176 plusmn 65(100-214) (130-222)

Bursa ( of tail) ndash ndash 277 plusmn 08 ndash ndash(270-285)

myceliophaga n sp differs from P minuta by longer bodylength (L = 043-051 vs 029-040 mm) presence vs ab-sence of post-uterine sac excretory pore opposite base ofpharyngeal bulb vs opposite nerve ring slightly higher bratio (53-73 vs 46-52) slightly lower c ratio (76-93vs 8-13) and longer spicule and gubernaculum (208-215and 96 vs 15-20 and 5-8 μm respectively)

DISCUSSION

The uterine diverticulum found in P myceliophaga nsp has been previously seen by Nandakumar and Khera(1969) who refer to this diverticular structure in theirdescription of Paurodontus aberrans as a ldquospecial branchin the oviductrdquo an ldquoanomalous structure [that] is easilydiscernible and non-variablerdquo and that ldquothis charactermay form the basis of a new separate genusrdquo distinct fromPaurodontus The present authors agree with Nandakumarand Khera (1969) that this special branch of the oviduct isquite unique and that more about its reproductive functionmust be determined

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp(Figs 4 5)

MEASUREMENTS

See Table 2

The species epithet refers to the type locality of Balochistan

DESCRIPTION

Female

Body slender becoming ventrally curved when killedcuticle with fine transverse striae throughout body ca1 μm apart Lateral field measuring one-third of bodydiam at mid-body marked by four smooth incisures Lipregion flat rounded with prominent depression at oralopening continuous with body contour Stylet longer thanhead diam ca 10-11 μm in length Amphidial aperturesslit-like dividing lateral lips to base of head Corpus acylindrical uniform tube ca one-third as wide as neckmedian bulb non-muscular with nerve ring located at 75-80 μm from anterior end then expanding to form spindle-shaped muscular bulb 28-30 μm long with its largeposterior extension projecting 19-20 μm into intestineand forming another isthmus-like structure ending in ashape similar to stylet knobs Excretory pore 100-104μm from anterior end Hemizonid located just anteriorto excretory pore Vulva a transverse slit well posteriorpronounced vagina muscular directed anteriorly to bodyaxis extending inwards by 8 μm to join uterus Ovarysingle outstretched sometimes reaching to spindle-shapedbasal bulb Oocytes in multiple rows Post-uterine sacpresent 6-16 μm long vulva-anus distance equal to taillength Rectum somewhat shorter than anal body diamPhasmids 8-10 μm posterior to anus Tail short almoststraight conoid ca 3-32 anal body diam long Mucropresent at tail terminus

Male

Not found

Vol 12(2) 2010 189

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

ZA Handoo et al

Fig 4 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp females A Entire B Pharyngeal region C Vulval region D Tail E Reproductive system

190 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

New Paurodontella species with a key and compendium to the genus

Fig 5 Paurodontella balochistanica n sp A Entire female B Head region C Amphid (arrow) D Pharynx E Excretory pore(arrow) F Vulva (arrow) G Reproductive system (arrow) H Vulva (upper arrow) and anus (lower arrow)

Vol 12(2) 2010 191

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology

ZA Handoo et al

TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY

Soil around roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) fromHub (25142primeN and 665332primeE) Balochistan Pakistan

TYPE MATERIAL

Holotype female (slide T-635t) deposited in the USDANematode Collection (USDANC) at Beltsville MD USAThree female paratypes on slide PA115 deposited in theNematode Collection of the National Nematological Re-search Centre University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Paurodontella balochistanica n sp is characterised byhaving a long and slender body lateral field with fourlines well developed long post-uterine sac posteriorlylocated vulva and a short straight to conoid tail with amucronate terminus

The new species shares similarities with P apitica andP densa From P apitica it differs by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 042-070 mm a = 33-34 vs 16-22) tail short conoid with a terminal mucro vslong straight pointed tail without a mucro (c = 17-18 vs8-12) and more posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886vs 80-85) It differs from P densa by the longer and moreslender body (L = 072-075 vs 040 mm a = 33-34 vs25) head flat and truncate vs rounded lateral field withfour vs six incisures post-uterine sac present vs absentmore posteriorly located vulva (V = 88-886 vs 82) andtail terminus mucronate vs subacute

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr DJ Chitwood for suggestionsand review of the manuscript and David Martel fortechnical assistance The last three authors are grateful tothe Higher Education Commission Islamabad Pakistanfor providing funds for this research Mention of a tradename or commercial product in this publication is solelyfor the purpose of providing specific information and doesnot imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDepartment of Agriculture

References

ANDERSON RV (1985) Emendation of the genus Paurodon-tella Husain amp Khan 1968 and description of P auriculata nsp from Western Canada (Nematoda Paurodontidae) Jour-nal of Nematology 17 201-205

ANDRAacuteSSY I (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary II(Nematoda errantia) Budapest Hungary Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum and Systematic Zoology Research Group ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences 496 pp

BAERMANN G (1917) Method zur Auffindung von Avklyos-tomum (Nematodea) Larven in Erdproben Geneeskundig Ti-jdschrift van Nederlands Indie 57 131-137

CHIZHOV VN (2004) Entomopathogeneous nematodes fromthe suborder Hexatylina (Nematoda Tylenchida) In SoninMD (Ed) Parasitic nematodes of plants and insectsMoscow Russia Nauka pp 277-293

COBB NA (1918) Estimating the nema population of soilAgriculture Technical Circular US Department of Agriculture1 48 pp

FORTUNER R amp RASKI DJ (1987) A review of Neotylen-choidea Thorne 1941 (Nemata Tylenchida) Revue de Neacutema-tologie 10 257-267

HANDOO ZA GOLDEN AM amp ELLINGTON DMS(1998) Type specimens on deposit in the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Nematode Collection BeltsvilleMaryland USA Journal of Nematology 30 108-158

HUSAIN SI amp KHAN AM (1968) Paurodontella n genand three new species of nematodes from North India (Ne-matoda Neotylenchidae) Nematologica 13 493-500

MAQBOOL MA (1982) Three new species of the superfam-ily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda Tylenchida) from PakistanJournal of Nematology 14 317-323

NANDAKUMAR C amp KHERA S (1969) Paurodontus aber-rans n sp (Nematoda Tylenchida) with a note on specialbranch of the oviduct Indian Journal of Helminthology 211-5

SIDDIQI MR (1986) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects Wallingford UK CABI Publishing 645 pp

SIDDIQI MR (2000) Tylenchida parasites of plants andinsects 2nd edition Wallingford UK CABI Publishing833 pp

SUMENKOVA NI (1975) Nematodes of plants and soil Neoty-lenchoidea Moscow USSR Izdatelrsquostvo Nauka 200 pp

THORNE G (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidaewhich do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb TheGreat Basin Naturalist 11 37-82

TIKYANI MG amp KHERA S (1968) Neopaurodontus asym-metricus n g n sp (Nematoda Paurodontinae) from rhi-zosphere of great millet Indian Journal of Helminthology 2034-39

192 Nematology