tydal, distribution

8/8/2019 Tydal, Distribution

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TYDAL POWER GENERATION

&

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

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Structure:

Tidal Energy

Electricity Distribution

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TIDAL ENERGY

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INTRODUCTION

Tidal energy is a sustainable and renewable sourceof energy from the tides.

It can be harnessed to produce electricity.

Tidal electricity provides a good alternative toconventional methods of generating electricity,

thus reducing emissions of greenhouse and acidgases.

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TIDES

Tides are caused through a combination of

forces created by the gravitational pull of thesun, moon, and the rotation of the earth.

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Moon exerts a larger gravitational pull on

water bodies as it is very closer to earth.

This force of attraction causes the oceans, to

bulge along an axis pointing towards the

moon.

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The tides contain energy that can be

harnessed to produce electricity

i. KINETIC ENERGY: can be harnessed from the

ebbing and surging tides.

ii. Potential energy: can be harnessed from

differences in the high and low tides.

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WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF

TIDAL ENERGY

9Red Area show maximum tidal activity


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TIDAL POWER

GENERATING METHODS1. TIDAL FENCES : Block a channel, forcing water to flow

through it & turning its turbines to generate electricity.

2. TIDAL BARRAGES : Makes use of potential energy in thedifference of heights between high and low tides.

3. TIDAL TURBINES : Under-water turbines using the tides toturn blades & generate electricity.

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TIDAL BARRAGES

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Consists of three main parts:

1. Barrage: It acts much like a dam, holding

water to be released later.

2. Sluice gates: These gates allow water to flow

through the turbines. These may be flap gates,

radial gates or vertical rising gates.

3. Turbines: The turbines rotate as water flows

through them, which in turn rotates an

electricity producing generator. 12


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When a tide comes onto the shore, it is

trapped in reservoirs constructed behindbarrages (dams).

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When the tide drops, this collected water is

released and is then used like in a regularhydropower project.

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The tidal difference should be at least 4m

(around 13 ft).

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TIDAL TURBINES

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Tidal turbines are placed under-water and

they rotate using the kinetic energy of tides.

These turbines are in turn coupled to a

generator which produces electrical power.

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ASSEMBLY OF TIDAL TURBINES

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HELICAL TURBINES

Tidal energy can becaptured moreefficiently and

economically by usinghelical turbines.

These are smoothrunning and self

starting with flow aslow as 0.6m/s.

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Efficiency of HELICAL TURBINES

is 68%


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POWER FLOW GRAPH

The helical turbine rotates

on a shaft with a pulley

that runs an alternator by

means of a belt.

Power output increases 8

times when velocity of the

flow doubles.

Hence, helical turbines are

very efficient and reliable.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Free Flow (Ft/sec)

Power(w

atts)

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TUBULAR TURBINES

In tubular turbines the blades are connected

to a shaft which is oriented at an angle that

allows the generator to be at the top of the

barrage.

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SHROUDED TIDAL TURBINES

Emerging tidal turbine technology.

Turbine is enclosed in a duct producing a sub

atmosphere of low pressure behind theturbine.

The shroud increases the flow velocity byabout 3-4 times the normal velocity therebyallowing the turbine to operate at higheroutputs

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INSTALLATION COSTS OF TURBINES

($/kW)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

SOLAR

WIND

HYDRO

NUCLE

AR

CO

AL OIL

G

AS

TID

AL

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TIDAL ENERGY : AN ECONOMICAL

OPTION

The investment in installation and equipment ofa tidal-energy station is only 50% of the

comparable solar option.

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The operating costs of a tidal-energy station

are less than 60% of those of the comparablediesel option.

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TIDAL POWER POTENTIAL

About 3000GW of energy is available from the

tides, worldwide.

Only 2% of this i.e. 60GW can potentially be

exploited for electricity generation.

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Tidal power generation of various countries:

1. France :: 260MW

2. Canada :: 34MW3. China :: 8MW

4. Russia :: 2MW

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TIDAL POWER PLANTS

WORLD-OVER1. LA-RANCE TIDAL PLANT (FRANCE)

2. SEVERN BARRAGE PLANT (ENGLAND)

3. TIDAL BARRAGE ON BAY OF FUNDY

4. TIDAL BARRAGE IN KISLAYA (RUSSIA)

5. GAROLIM BAY (SOUTH KOREA)

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LA-RANCE TIDAL PLANT

La-Rance tidal power plant is on river Rance inFrance and is a very reliable source of electricity for France.

It is the barrage method of extracting tidalenergy and is the largest tidal power plant in

the world.

It has an installed capacity of240MW.

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LENGTH of BARRAGE = 750m HEIGHT of BARRAGE =

13m


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With 24 turbines and total power capacity of

240MW, La-Rance tidal power plant accounts

for 90% of total ocean energy exploited

worldwide.

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SEVERN TIDAL BARRAGE

Situated on river Severn in Bristol (UK).

The plant has a power capacity of35MW.

Produces 8500-14,000GW/hr.

Meets about 6% of total British energy consumption.

The length of the barrage is 10.6Km.

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KISLAYA TIDAL PLANT

The Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station is an

experimental project in Kislaya Guba, Russia.

The station is the world 4th largest tidal power

plant with the output capacity of1.8 MW.

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TIDAL ENERGY : INDIAN SCENARIO

Most attractive locations for harnessing tidal

energy are

1. Gulf of Kutch

2. Gulf of Cambay

3. Ganges deltas in Sunderbans

Identified tidal power potential is 8000-

9000MW with 7000MW in Gulf of Cambay

and 150MW in Sunderbans.

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ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

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OVERVIEWOF DISTRIBUTION OFELECTRICITY IN INDIA

- as per the Ministry of Power,

Government of India

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Apart from an extensive transmission system

network at 500kV HVDC, 400kV, 220kV, 132kV

and66kV which has developed to transmit

the power from the generating station to the

grid substations, a vast network of

subtransmission in distribution systems has

also come up for the utilisation of the powerby the ultimate consumers.

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Electricity distribution is the final stage in the

delivery (before retail) of electricity to end

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A TYPICAL DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM CONSISTS OF:

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Medium-voltage (less than 50 kV)

power lines

Electrical substations and pole-

mounted transformers

Low-voltage (less than 1 kV)distribution wiring

and sometimes electricity meters.

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SUBSTATIONS

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A substation is a high-voltage electric system

facility. It is used to switch generators,

equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a

system. It also is used to change AC voltages

from one level to another, and/or change

alternating current to direct current or direct

current to alternating current.

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ASPECTS OF SUBSTATION

Types

Functions

Equipment

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1. TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

Step up transformer substation

Step down transformer substation

Distribution substation

Underground distribution substation

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DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

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Distribution substations are located near to

the end-users. Distribution substation

transformers change the transmission or

subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use

by end-users.

From here the power is distributed to

industrial, commercial, and residentialcustomers.

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UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION SYSTEM

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2. SUBSTATION FUNCTIONS

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Change voltage from one level to another

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Regulate voltage to compensate for system

voltage changes

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Switch transmission and distribution circuits

into and out of the grid system

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Measure electric power qualities flowing in

the circuits

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Connect communication signals to the circuits

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Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges

from the system

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Connect electric generation plants to the

system

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Make interconnections between the electric

systems of more than one utility

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Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to

and the flow of reactive kilovolt-amperes in

the circuits

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3.SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

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Air circuit breakers

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Air circuit breakers are used to interrupt

circuits while current flows through them.

Compressed air is used to quench the arc

when the connection is broken.

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Lightning arresters

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Lightning arresters are protective devices for

limiting surge voltages due to lightning strikes

or equipment faults or other events, to

prevent damage to equipment and disruption

of service. Also called surge arresters.

Lightning arresters are installed on manydifferent pieces of equipment such as power

poles and towers, power transformers, circuit

breakers, bus structures, and steelsuperstructures in substations.

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Distribution Bus

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Metal-clad Switchgear

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Metal-clad Switchgear can be either for

outdoor use or indoor use. Outdoor -is aweatherproof housing for circuit breakers,

protective relays, meters, current

transformers, potential transformers, bus

conductors, and other equipment. An indoorswitchgear must be protected from the

environment and contains the same types of

equipment as the outdoor type.

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Control House

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The substation control house contains

switchboard panels, batteries, battery

chargers, supervisory control, power-line

carrier, meters, and relays. The control house

provides all weather protection and security

for the control equipment. It is also called a

doghouse.

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Oil Circuit Breakers

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Oil circuit breakers are used to switch circuits

and equipment in and out of a system in a

substation. They are oil filled to provide

cooling and to prevent arcing when the switch

is activated.

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Potheads and Riser

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Pothead is a type of insulator with a bell or pot-like shape

used to connect underground electrical cables to overhead

lines. It serves to separate the bunched-up conductors fromone another in the cable to the much wider separation in the

overhead line. It also seals the cable end from the weather.

Potheads are mounted on a distribution pole and the

assembly is called a riser pole. A riser is a set of devices that connects an overhead line to an

underground line. A riser has a conduit from the ground up

the pole where potheads are used to connect to the overhead

lines.

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Manholes and Conduit

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A manhole is the opening in the underground duct system

which houses cables splices and which cablemen enter to pull

in cable and to make splices and tests. Also called a splicing

chamber or cable vault.

Conduits Conduits are hollow tubes running from manhole to

manhole in an underground transmission or distribution

system. They can contain one or more ducts (See Duct Runs).

They can be made of plastic (PVC), fiberglass, fiber, tile,concrete, or steel. PVC and fiberglass are most commonly

used.

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High Voltage Underground

Cabl

es

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High-Voltage underground cables are usually

shielded cables. They are made with a conductor,

conductor-strand shielding, insulation, semi-conducting insulation shielding, metallic insulation

shielding, and a sheath. The sheath can be metallic

and may then serve as the metallic insulation

shielding and be covered with a nonmetallic jacket toprotect the sheath. This sheath helps to reduce or

eliminate inductive reactance. Such cables are

commonly used in circuits operating at 2400 volts or

higher.

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Transformer Vault

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A transformer vault is a structure or room in

which power transformers, network

protectors, voltage regulators, circuit breakers,

meters, etc. are housed.

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Underground Transformer

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An underground transformer is essentially the

same as an aboveground transformer, but isconstructed for the particular needs of

underground installation. Vault type, pad-

mounted, submersible, and direct-buried

transformers are used in underground

systems. Pad-mounted transformers are

installed on a concrete pad on the surface

near the end-user.

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Circuit Diagram of the 66kV Substation in

Sector 15, Panchkula

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TERMS RELATED TOCALCULATION OF LOAD IN OUR

HOMES

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Connected Load

The connected load of a consumer means the

sum of the continuous ratings of all the

devices and outlets installed on the

distribution circuit.

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Maximum Demand

The maximum demand of a consumer means

the maximum power that his circuit is likely to

draw at any time.

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If all the devices and outlets were used

simultaneously to the full extent, the

maximum demand of the consumer would

equal his connected load

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Demand Factor


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Demand Factor

Maximum Demand

Demand factor = ____________________

Connected load

The demand factor indicates the contribution

of the device towards the maximum demand

of the consumer.

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LOAD CURVE


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LOAD CURVE

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TWO PART TARIFF


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TWO PART TARIFF

a kW + b kWh

where:a= cost of power provided (`/kW)

kW= power provided

b= cost of one unit i.e. 1 kWh (`/kWh)kWh= energy consumed

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We use TWO PART TARIFF because

If tariff is based on the power provided(maxdemand), consumers will be tempted to utilise

all the power provided causing overloading.

If tariff is based on energy consumption, the

board will still have to provide max demand

and will have to plan accordingly. They might

have to suffer loss because of this.

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The load on an installation is 800kW, 0.8pf,

3000hr p.a. Tariff is: `100/kVA, 20 paise/kWh

If pf is improved to 0.9 lagging by means of

capacitor costing 60/Kvar, calculate the annual

saving at 10% p.a. as the interest charged on

capacitor.

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Thank You

tydal, distribution

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