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Types of Building Envelopes
Ahmad A. HamidProfessorCAE Department, Drexel University
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Cavity wall construction is one of the most common types of walls used in the north-east of the US
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Brick with its rich colors and textures offers attractive and durable material for building envelopes
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Use of a variety of materials for building envelope
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Brick Veneer Note the light and
dark brown colors of the brick
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Glazed brick offers attractive and durable cladding of buildings
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Stone cladding is popular for high-rise buildings. Surface is polished and therefore impermeable . Has high resistance to rain penetration
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Loadbearing stone masonry walls. This goes back to the beginning of the century with massive gravity wall construction
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Stucco is commonly used for housing and residential construction. Metal lath is used to provide resistance to shrinkage cracking
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Drivett system. A heavy duty stucco with a rough more durable surface
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Glass block Note the confined
effect of the steel frame.
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Composite brick and block with a collar joint. Note the composite action to resist vertical and lateral loads
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Combined brick, concrete block and glass block
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A variety of building envelope materials can be noted.
Note that the brick is painted.
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Wood cladding. Note the flashing at the window top.
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Glazed concrete blocks. Note the different patterns and colors
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Concrete block backup wall to receive a brick veneer. Note the ties to connect the brick veneer to the backup system
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A variety of cladding- brick, block, stucco, vinyl
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Pumping foam insulation
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Foamed insulation can improve the thermal efficiency of basement walls
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Rigid foam board is the most common insulation placed in the cavity of masonry walls
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New dry stack ( interlocking) block to accommodate insulation, reinforcing and wiring/piping
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A modified version of ASTM 514 laboratory test can be used to evaluate water penetration through existing masonry walls
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ASTM 514 laboratory test for water permeance of brick masonry walls
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Water repellents ca reduce water penetration through a masonry wall if it is selected, applied and maintained properly
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In-situ drainage test can evaluate the drainage capacity of existing walls
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Flashing in brick-block cavity wall system
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Mortar droppings collectors keep the weeps open, allowing the drainage system to function as intended
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Self-adhering flashing is easy to sixe and place
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Waterproofing concrete masonry basement walls
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Parging mortar was applied at the backup wall to improve water permeance of masonry walls
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PROBLEMS WITH BUILDING ENVELOPE Efflorescence
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Cracking due to lack of movement joint
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Vertical cracking due to differential movement between the concrete frame and the veneer
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Spalling of exterior water-repellent coating due to moisture in the brick
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Deterioration of flashing and staining
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Unfilled vertical mortar joints of brick veneer can cause significant water penetration
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Spalling of glazed brick due to freeze-thaw cycles
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Brick veneer was not secured to the backup wall
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Stucco failure due to improper application
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Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems ( EIFS) have had poor structural performance under severe wind
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Moisture damage due to rain penetration of EIFS