Types of Distillation Columns

Simple Distillation◦ In Simple distillation the only one chain of

vaporization and condensation takes place.◦ Its only applicable if difference of boiling

points is very large like 25-35`C.◦ It is mostly use to separate volatile liquid

from non-volatile liquids.◦ Its difficult get pure substance only by

simple distillation.◦ Distillation of seawater.

Distillation

Batch Distillation

Batch Distillation

Batch Distillation

Fractional Distillation It is another common type of distillation. It is used to separate liquids having very

close boiling points. It requires more

evaporation/condensation cycles For fractional distillation one

fractionating column is introducedbetween flask and condenser. Each gapworks as one cycle

It is use in petro chemical industry.

Basic Distillation EquipmentsA vertical shell where the separation of liquid components iscarried outColumn internals such as trays/plates and/or packingswhich are used to enhance component separationsA reboiler to provide the necessary vaporization for thedistillation processA condenser to cool and condense the vapour leaving thetop of the columnA reflux drum to hold the condensed vapour from the top ofthe column so that liquid (reflux) can be recycled back tothe column

Types of Distillation

Vacuum Distillation◦ Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the

pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced toless than its vapor pressure (usually less than atmosphericpressure) causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s)(those with the lowest boiling points).

◦ This distillation method works on the principle that boilingoccurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds theambient pressure.

◦ It is use for temperature sensitive materials like oil industry.

Azeotropic DistillationIt is special type of distillation which is specifically use forazeotropic mixture.They can’t be distilled directly as their liquid and vapourcomposition are same.In this some other component is added to create new low boilingazeotrope.Which creates two heterogeneous layers.This can be easily distill.In production of ethanol, to break azeotrope of 96%ehanol and 4%water benzene is added.

Extractive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Reactive Distillation

Steam Distillation

Applications –Advantages –Disadvantages.

Some Other DistillationFlash DistillationSteam DistillationMolecular DistillationAir-sensitive vacuum distillationDestructive DistillationPervaporation DistillationDry DistillationExtractive DistillationFreeze DistillationCodistillation