Slide 1

TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY AND THEIR USES

Slide 2

The purpose of Geography is to provide a view of the whole earth by mapping the locations of places. Ptolemy 150 AD A Look a Physical and Cultural Geography

Slide 3

What is Geography? Study of the interaction of humanity and the physical environment

Slide 4

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography also called geosystems or physiology Understanding the processes and patterns in the natural environment

Slide 5

Father of Physical Geography Geography is synthesizing discipline to connect the general with special through measurement, mapping and a regional emphasis. 1845 Alexander von Humboldt

Slide 6

Geomorphology Understanding the earths surface and processes on how it was shaped Window Rock Arizona

Slide 7

Hydrolic (Water) Cycle Concerned with amounts and quality of water moving on land such as rivers, lakes and glacial runoff

Slide 8

Glaciology Study of glaciers and ice sheets Ice Sheets are massive glacier ice in Antarctica and Greenland

Slide 9

Pedology Study of Soil Wikipedia.com Biogeography Geographic patterns of species distribution

Slide 10

Oceanography Study of oceans and seas

Slide 11

Environmental Geography Describes interactions of humans and the natural world

Slide 12

Palaeogeography Study of distribution of the continents through time

Slide 13

Landscape Ecology Spatial variation in land due to energy flows and changes

Slide 14

Coastal Geography Port Campbell, Australia Study of ocean and land

Slide 15

Climatology Study of Climate, such as weather over long periods of time

Slide 16

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY Study of cultural products, traditions and variations Studies ways language, religion, economy, government and other cultural aspects vary or remain constant from one place to another.

Slide 17

Globalization Clash of cultures Cultural Exchange

Slide 18

Westernization Spread of western/American/European culture to other areas of the world

Slide 19

Cultural Hegemony/Cultural Assimilation Adopting aspects of other cultures

Slide 20

Cultural Area Diversity Study of different cultures and ideas in geographical areas

Slide 21

Agricultural Geography Study of food of different areas Study of farming practices

Slide 22

Cities, Urban Geography and Transportation Geography Study of cities, transportation and urban development of different areas

Slide 23

Political Geography Study of governments of different countries Comparisons of government effectiveness in one area over another through time

Slide 24

Languages Study of languages of various areas

Slide 25

Population Geography Study of birth rate, death rate, growth and decline of populations through time in one area Comparing populations of different areas with each other

Slide 26

Colonialism, Internationalism, Immigration, Emigration and Ecotourism Movement of people on a permanent or temporary basis from one area to another

Slide 27

6 Elements of Geography Spatial relationships between people, places and the environment Physical and human characteristics of places and regions Physical systems which shape life Human systems of competition and cooperation Environment and societys effect on one another Historical: geographic influences past and present

Slide 28

Tools Used in Geography to Collect Data Maps GPS Computer Databases Scientific Method Historic Data Basis Photography/Satellite images

Slide 29

A World of diversity and challenges

Slide 30

World Climates

Slide 31

Themes LocationPlaceInteractionMovementRegion Where is it? What do you find there? How people change the environment Movement of people Areas with similar features Location on the earth Climate patterns Trade and immigration RelativeLocation Absolute location migration emigration

Slide 32

Climate A typical pattern of weather recognized in a particular region over time Results in different kinds of soil, landforms and vegetation Dry Climate Wet Climates Humid Climates Cold Climates Undifferentiated Highlandd

Slide 33

World Climate Weather of a place over a period of time Understand how humans were able to travel in certain areas Concern is that human activity may be changing global climate Burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which slows the escape of heat released by the earth into space Global Warming can change rainfall, plant and animal populations, melt polar ice caps and raise the sea levels

Slide 34

5 Factors of Climate Latitude (distance from the equator) Altitude (height above sea level) Topography (surface features) Distance from Oceans and Large Lakes Circulation of the atmosphere

Slide 35

Latitude 30% of the radiation from the sun that reaches the Earths atmosphere is reflected back into space, mostly by clouds 70% is absorbed by the atmosphere, surface and heats them As latitude decreases, the intensity of solar radiation lessensincreases as you get closer to the Equator Radiation Intensity is related to how high the sun has to climb

Slide 36

Latitude Intensity of radiation declines, the average temperatures of an area decline In tropical latitudes, there is little difference in the amount of solar heating, so the temperature does not vary as much At the poles, there are periods of time when the sun does not rise and so the temperatures are cooler

Slide 37

Terrain and Climate Higher the place is, the colder 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit drop per 1,000 feet of altitude Surface of the Earth influences development of clouds and precipitation Humid air sweeps up the slopes of a mountain range, air cools and so clouds form Windward sides tend to be more wet than Leeward sides Oceans and Lakes make the air temperature less extreme in places downward of them Air temperatures over oceans or lakes vary less than air temperatures over land

Slide 38

Influence of Wind Influences climate by producing winds that distribute heat and moisture 6 belts of wind circle the earth: a) Trade winds between 30 degree north latitude and the equator b) Trade winds between the equator and 30 degrees south latitude c) Westerlies (winds from the west) that blow between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north of the equator d) Westerlies blowing between 30 degrees and 60 degrees south of the Equator e) Polar winds north of 60 degree north latitude and f) polar winds south of 60 degrees south latitude

Slide 39

Influence of Wind Trade winds north of the Equator blow from the northeast, south of the equator, they blow from the southeast. Trade winds of the two hemispheres meet near the Equator, causing the air to rise. Rain develops often at the Equator so the weather is often referred to as the doldrums in this region

Slide 40

Winds Trade Winds were used by explorers coming to the Americas Front are distinctive masses of cold or warm air Rain Shadow are winds from mountain ranges that stop rain clouds from depositing rain

Slide 41

Kinds of Climate Classification System was developed in 1918 by Wladimir Koppen, a German Climatologist He based his system on a regions vegetation, average monthly and annual temperature, and average monthly and annual precipitation

Slide 42

12 Climate Groups Tropical Wet Tropical Wet and Dry Semiarid Desert Subtropical Dry Summer Humid Subtropical Humid Oceanic Humid Continental Subarctic Tundra Icecap Highland

Slide 43

Desert

Slide 44

Dry Climates Desert has less than 10 inches of annual precipitation Large daily temperature ranges Sandy soils that lack humus Vegetation has deep roots, thick bark and leaves

Slide 45

Steppe

Slide 46

Transition from dry to humid climates (semi-arid), annual precipitation 10-20 inches Soils thick and black with humus Natural vegetation is short grasses; often used for livestock grazing

Slide 47

Steppe Temperature change between day and night is considerable due to clear skies and dry air Cover greater area than other climates East-West bands near 30 degrees north and south latitude

Slide 48

Mediterranean

Slide 49

Warm Climates Subtropical Dry Summer Warm to hot, dry summers Mild, rainy winters Sometimes called Mediterranean Climates Occur on west side of continents between 30 and 45 degrees latitude Closer to the coast, the more moderate the temperatures and less summer-winter contrast Vegetation has large roots and small leaves to survive summer droughts

Slide 50

Rain Forest

Slide 51

Warm Climates Tropical Wet Temperatures high, no lower than 64 degrees F, temperature difference between night and day greater than the difference between summer and winter Hot and muggy all year Support Dense Tropical Rain Forests Rainfall is heavy and occurs in frequent showers and thunderstorms throughout the year

Slide 52

Savanna

Slide 53

Tropical Rain Forests and Savannas Average annual rainfall varies from about 70 to 100 inches Tropical wet and dry are similar, but shorter rainy season, so no rain forests, but savannasgrasslands with scattered trees No distinct dry season in rain forests Distinct dry season in savannas Vegetation Rain Forests: Dense tree growth with canopies Vegetation Savannas: Tall grasses with tropical trees

Slide 54

Humid Subtropical

Slide 55

Subtropics

Slide 56

Warm Climates Humid Subtropical Warm to hot summers Cool winters Rainfall fairly even throughout the year Large storm systems in the winter from east to west Summer thunderstorms or tropical storm/hurricane SE side of continents between 25-40 degrees latitude Vegetation mixed forest

Slide 57

Humid Subtropical

Slide 58

Warm Climates Humid Oceanic (Marine) Only on western sides of continents where prevailing winds blow from sea to land Moderating influence of ocean reduces seasonal temperature contrast Moderate precipitation throughout the year Low clouds, fog, and drizzle common Thunderstorms, cold waves, heat waves, and droughts are rare

Slide 59

Humid Continental

Slide 60

Warm Climate Humid Continental Mild to warm summers Cold winters Temperature differences between summer and winter. Temperature difference is as great as 45 to 63 degree F Precipitation distribution fairly even Snow is common in winter

Slide 61

Subarctic

Slide 62

Cool Climates Subarctic Short, Cool summers Long, bitterly cold winters Freezes can occur even in midsummer Most precipitation falls in the summer Snow comes early in the fall and lasts on the ground into early summer

Slide 63

Tundra

Slide 64

Cool Climates Tundra Dry, with a brief, chilly summer Bitterly cold winter Continuous permafrost (permanently frozen ground) lies under much of the treeless tundra regions

Slide 65

Highlands

Slide 66

Cool Climates Highland Mountainous regions Several areas where climates are like those found in flat terrain Air temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the mountains, each climate area is restricted to a certain range of altitude

Slide 67

Ice Cap

Slide 68

Cool Climates Icecap Coldest on Earth Summer temperatures rarely rise above freezing Temperatures extremely low during the long, dark winter Precipitation is very little and almost always snow

Slide 69

Climate Geographers study relationships between climates and human cultures

Slide 70

Climate of Antarctica

Slide 71

Sources of Pictures Wikipedia.com Microsoft Clip Art

Slide 72

How do land formations, land use patterns, ecological regions, natural hazards influence migration patterns of people?

Slide 73

Population Theory He supported controlled population growth and stated that plagues, wars, and epidemics helped to control populations Led to the development of the field of demography. Father of Demography Thomas Robert Malthus 1766-1834

Slide 74

Population Density Reflects Environmental conditions 3 great concentrations of human population: East Asia, South Asia and Europe Areas of future high density are Middle and South America and Africa

Slide 75

World Migration Patterns Migrations effects geography, contributes to cultural change and development Spreading of ideas and innovations Mixture of people and cultures throughout the world Internal migration occurs within the boundaries of the country External is movement from one country to another or region to another

Slide 76

Population Trends More than 80 million people are added to the world each year By 2015 there could be as many as 22 cities with 10 million or more people People who study population are called Demographers

Slide 77

Developing Nations High rate of population growth High % of population under 15 years old Lower Life expectancy Lower Literacy rate Lower Rate of urbanization Lower GNP/Capita figures Limited industrial sector Economy tied to agriculture/primary activities

Slide 78

Developed Nations Declining population growth rates Higher Life expectancy Higher quality/quantity of food supply Higher GNP/Capita figures Moving toward the service sector Higher rate of resource consumption

Slide 79

Population Currently 193 countries 6,800 different languages/dialects 2,261 written languages world is illiterate World is 70% adults and 50% female Population increasing 1.3% year Birthrate: 22 per 1,000 Death Rate: 9 per 1,000 world under 25 Over 60,000,000 die of lack of food per year Japan has longest life expectancy at 108 years for females, 104 years for men Only 7% own a motorized vehicle

Slide 80

Migration Influences Emigration are the push factors that drive people from an area. Immigration are the pull factors that attract people to an area.

Slide 81

Bantu Migrations One of the most influential migrations in human history Movement of the Bantu speaking people from Western Africa to regions South, then East and West Occurred between 3000-1000 B.C. Due to Agriculture and Metallurgy

Slide 82

Bantu Migrations 1st Migration Reason for the migration was the Bantu knowledge of iron working led to exploration of interior West from east Nigeria To East Africa Then South Inland following Congo River

Slide 83

Bantu Migration 2nd Major Migration Both migrations led to the settlement of most of Africa

Slide 84

Urbanization Movement of people to the cities Urban area includes city and suburbs Urbanization is rising everywhere on Earth Urban areas combine people and activities for convenience by providing economic base and infrastructure

Slide 85

Slide 86

Subsistence Farming Rice Millet

Slide 87

Subsistence Farming Farming aim to provide enough for self and family Cultivation takes place on small farms using simple techniques Concentrates on basic needs Any surplus sold or bartered to provide other needs West Africa 80% of workforce is in subsistence farming

Slide 88

Diversified Farming Mixed Landowner has large amount of arable land and technology Landowner eventually will specialize Cooperative Farming in Israel

Slide 89

Commercial Farming Crops for sale and profit Livestock production and grazing Emphasis on capital formation, scientific progress and technological development Large scale commercial farming is Agribusiness

Slide 90

Food Supply Cereal grains dominate the calorie intake of people, particularly in Asia and Africa Staple grains: Corn, native to Western Hemisphere Wheat, among two oldest grain along with Barley, most widely cultivated grain Rice, originated in Asia and staple for half of the worlds population, labor intensive and grows in paddies (flooded fields)

Slide 91

Housing Materials used reflect the region and differences in culture Nomads move from place to place, so they build houses that can easily be taken apart and put back together Housing conditions vary from region to region based on area, economics, population and availability of food and drinkable water

Slide 92

Sources of Pictures Wikipedia.com Microsoft Clip Art