types of meaning for listening

8/7/2019 Types of Meaning for Listening

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Types of Meaning forTypes of Meaning forListeningListening

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201158037Jang, Jayun


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Spoken message Phonological the sound system Syntactic how words are put together Semantic word and propositional knowledge Pragmatic the meaning of utterances inparticular situations

Non-Spoken message Kinesic conveyed by the facial and bodilymovement of the speaker

TypesTypes ofof MeaningMeaning


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Study of how sounds are organized andused in natural languages

1. Phonemes

2. Stress

3. Tone Groups

4. Assimilation and Elision

Phonological KnowledgePhonological Knowledge


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Smallest segmental unit of sound employed toform meaningful contrasts between utterances.

Big / Pig : /b/ and /p/

Ship / Sheep : // and /i:/

*Children under puberty are accurate

*Two languages are never same

* F/P : FantasyJ/Z : Zookeeper

PhonemesPhonemes


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Every word of more than one syllablecarries the primary stress. Ex) import

Stress- timed rhythm : English, German,Russia, and Arabic

Syllable-timed rhythm : Korean, French,Chinese, and Spanish

* Learners whose L1 is syllable-timed arelikely to be challenged by the stress-timedtendency of English

StressStress


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Basic units of information the speakerwants to convey

Mostly equated with clauses -> intonation

Tone GroupsTone Groups


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eReal spoken language is simpli ied sothat sounds run into one another(assimilation) or may be reduced or leftout (elision)

Assimilation

White bag wipe bag

Elision

I dond t know I duno, fish an chips

Assimilation an ElisionAssimilation an Elision


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Study of principles and rules for constructing sentences

Parsing : Process of the structural analysis of incominglanguage data

The woman chased the girl.

The girl chased the woman.

-> Assigning units (words, phrases, clauses) to larger units

(constituent structures) of which they are a part-> Recognizing the relationships created between the units

Syntactic KnowledgeSyntactic Knowledge


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The boy hit the ballThe boy hit the ball

teachingsystematic


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But we should think But we should think Some languages are more different in their syntax than othersWord orderAgglutinative ( )Adpositional or postpositional (for the man, the man (for)

* Failure to discriminate syntactic features can be compensated forby other factors. Understanding is more dependent on thediscrimination of key lexical items than syntactic forms andrelationships.Ex) The girl hit the ball over the fence.

-Key words ; girl, hit, ball, fence => good idea what it means* Phonology also compensate for syntactic failure.Ex) A rising intonation => recognize question* Using inferencesEx) Do you like the car or the motor-bike? The motor-bike.


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Meaning of the words and the meaning of

the relations between the words in asentence. Also, meanings of the individualsentences making up a discourse

Semantics > Syntax

Semantic KnowledgeSemantic Knowledge

-- SemanticSemantic


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Establishing the relationships between the propositions in atext and putting then into a coherent order

5 general categories of cohesive devices that create coherencein text

1. Reference ; His wife was waiting at the station. He went andmet her

2. Ellipsis ; Are you going to the movie? Yes (I am going tothe movie).

3. Substitution ; She said she would kill him and she did (killhim).

4. Conjunction ; Mary went to the market and returned home.5. Lexical reiteration ; Susan likes science. Science is her best

subject at school.

-- Propositional HierarchiesPropositional Hierarchies

Hasan and Halliday


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Logical sequence

Phenomenon-reason

Cause-consequence Instrument-achievement

Matching

Contrast Compatibility

Michael HoeyMichael Hoey

- two fundamental relations between clauses a area


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Study of how language is used to communicate withinits situational context

An important role for pragmatics is in the

disambiguation of utterancesEx) Okay

1. Agreement ; Can I borrow your pen?

2. Indicate that the professor has arrived at a point ; Ok,

letd s move on to the next section.

3. Not ba an not goo ; How i you o in the exam?

Pragmatic Knowle gePragmatic Knowle ge


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Setting Time and place

Participants Addressor, addressee, audience

Ends Ends in view; and outcome of the discourse

Act characteristics The form and content of what is saidKey Tone, manner, and spirit in which the

utterance is produced

Instrumentalities Channel and code or subcode

Norms Of interaction and interpretation

Genres Traditional categories of speech events

The Speaking ModelThe Speaking Model

HymesHymes

Ex) Fall in ; line up, literal meaning (children in the swimming pool) The more familiar interlocutors are with each other, other things beingequal, the less chance there is for misunderstanding.


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1. Maxim of quantity -

ex) Can I have John s number? Yes.

2. Maxim of quality -

ex) I turne 40. I ll actually turn 150 next month. 3. Maxim of relevance -

ex) what time is it? Well, the paper's already come.

4. Maxim of manner -

ex) Lets stop and get something to eat. Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.

Maxim of politeness

ex) I'm so stupid. I didn't make a note of our lecture, did you?

MaximsMaxims -- GriceGrice


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Knowledge about the meaning ofnonverbal means of communication(facial expression, eye contact, body

movement and positioning)* Adds support of shades of meaningBut, different culture = different meaning

* Greater use of video and real-lifeinteraction provides learners with exposureto the dimension of meaning

Kinesic KnowledgeKinesic Knowledge


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Examine the essential types of meaningthat any model of listening mustaccommodate

Understanding of each of them isimportant for successful comprehension

ConclusionConclusion

types of meaning for listening

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