TYPES OF PHRASESREPRESENTING THE INTERNAL

STRUCTURE OF PHRASES

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Types of phrases- syntactic categories of lexical phrasesNoun phrase (NP): A phrase whose Head is a

noun or pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers (determiners, adjectives/adj phrases, prepositional phrases). NP = …N…

Verb phrase (VP): Composed of the predicate sentence element of a Sentence. Functions to provide information about the subject of the sentence.

VP = …V…

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Types of phrases- syntactic categories of lexical phrasesAdjectival/ive phrase (AP): A phrase with an

adjective as its Head. May occur as pre- or post modifier to a noun or as predicatives to a verb (as subject complement). AP = …A…

Prepositional phrase (PP): A phrase with a preposition as its Head, often followed by a noun phrase.

PP = …P…

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESFIRST PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE(Specifier Rule)XP (YP) X’, where YP is the specifier, and X’

is the intermediate level between the phrase level and the word level. (Constituent daughters of X’ are in Complement relationship with each other)

In English, the specifier is on the left.

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESSECOND PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE(Complement Rule)X’ X (WP), where X is the Head and WP is a

complement of X.

In English, the complement is on the right.

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESNP: the market

NP motherspecifier daughters

D N’ N

sisters

the market605/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESNP: the market

short cutNP NP

specifierD N’ D N

N

the market the market

705/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESNP: many children

short cutNP NP

specifierD N’ D N

N

many children many children

805/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESVP: often fell sick

VPspecifier

Adv V’ no short cut

V AP A often fell sick

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESAP: very happy short cut

AP APspecifier

Adv A’ Adv A

A

very happy very happy

1005/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESPP: right into the box

PPspecifier

Adv P’ no short cut

P NP

right into the box

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESSECOND PHRASE STRUCTURE RULE(Complement Rule)X’ X (WP), where X is the Head and WP is a

complement of X.

In English, the complement is on the right.

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESNP: Noun or pronoun as head, may be modified

by adjectives, adjective phrases/clauses, determiners, prepositional phrases. NP specifier D N’

N PP

a school with many children1305/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESPP: consists of P (Head) and NP

PP specifier

P’ no short cut

Adv P NP

right over the rainbow1405/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESPP: In Malaysia short cut PP PP P’ P NPNo specifier

P NP

N N

in Malaysia in Malaysia

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESVP: consists of a verb (Head) plus other modifiers

such as PP, NP, AP etc. VP

short cutV’ VP

No specifierV NP V NP

N N

drink milk drink milk1605/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESVP: always went to the market VP

specifier V’ no short cut

Adv V PP

short cut P NP

always went to the market1705/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESVP: put the book on the table VP no specifier, short cut? V’

V NP PP

D N P NP D N

put the book on the table

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESVP: put the book on the table VP short cut

V NP PP

D N P NP D N

put the book on the table

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESCompare with: NP: the book of History NP

D N’

N PP (complement of N) P NP N

the book of History

2005/03/23

REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASESAP: A phrase with an Adjective as its Head. May be modified

by adverbs, prepositional phrases. Functions as noun modifiers and verb predicates. AP

specifier A’ no short cut

Adv A PP P NP short cut

N

so jealous of Peter

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REPRESENTING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PHRASES

AP: unhappy with John short cut? AP

A’No specifier

A PP

unhappy with John

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SUMMARY- PHRASE STRUCTURE RULESXP (YP) X’, where YP is the specifier, and

X’ is the intermediate level between the phrase level and the word level. In English, the specifier is on the left.

X’ X (WP1)(WP2)….., where X is the Head and WP is a complement of X. In English, the complement is on the right.

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Labeled bracketingNP: The boy[NP[Det the][N boy]]

VP: eat the cake[VP [V eat][NP [Det the] [N cake]]]

VP: give the cake to Anne[VP [V give] [NP[Det the] [N cake]] [PP[P to] [NP

[NAnne]]]]2405/03/23

Labeled bracketingAP: jealous of Peter[AP [A jealous] [PP [P of] [NP [N Peter]]]

PP: into the river

[PP [P into] [NP [Det the] [N river]]]

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QUESTIONSDraw tree diagrams for the following phrases.pain in the lega movie about lovevery happy with the resultswhispered to Annecertainly proud of Marythrow a coin

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QUESTIONSFor each of the phrases in the previous slide,

write the phrase structure rule(s) you have used to draw the tree diagram.

Represent the structure of the phrases using labeled bracketing notation.

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