Typhoid Fever

Dr. Jenny Cho Dr. Jennifer NamDr. Jinna Pak Dr. Andrew W. Yoon

What is Typhoid Fever?

threatens life with illnesscaused by bacterium Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphibacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and then spread common in developing countries affecting 12.5 million people each yearpassed from person to person through poor hygiene (e.g. no hand washing after toilet use)

Typhoid FeverCopyright © 2001 Dennis Kunkel Microsocpy, Inc. / Dennis Kunkel

Treatments

antibiotics could be used:✓ Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-

sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin

if not treated, takes 3 weeks ~ month to be cured

only 10% - 30% of untreated cases

Intravenous fluids and Electrolytes may be given

there are increasing amount of antibiotic resistance, must be careful

SYMPTOMS

the sickness lasts for about 4 - 6 weeksthe patient may experience:

✓ poor appetite✓ headaches✓ generalised aches and pains✓ fever✓ lethargy ✓ diarrhoea

sustained fever as high as 39 - 40 degrees Celsius (103 - 104 degrees Fahrenheit)stuffy chest pain and discomfort in stomachfever becomes continuousabout 10% of the patients have repeating symptoms after feeling okay for 1 -2 weeks

✓ common in individuals treated with antibiotics

SYMPTOMS

Transmission

Salmonella Typhi – original bacteria that only lives in humansPeople with typhoid fever carry bacteria in their bloodstreams and intestinalEven when people recover from the fever they continue to carry the bacteriacan be spread by food or drink that have been handled by people who owns Salmonella Typhi can also spread by the contaminated sewage that extends to water

Transmission

when bacteria is eaten or drunk, they multiply and spread in to bloodstream: fever & other signs and symptoms infected people are highly prohibited of travelingAsia, Africa, Central and South America are most exposed

LOcation

Originated in New York in 20th centurycommon in most parts in the world industrialized regions such as United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, Japanprecautions when travelingtravelers from US to Asia, Africa, Latin America owned highest risks over the last decade

How to Prevent it

Wash your hands

✓ use hot and soapy water

✓ carry an alcohol based sanitizer and use it when water isn’t accessible

How to Prevent it

Try to mot drink untreated water often

odrink bottled beverages

ocarbonated water is safer than uncarbonated waterEat hot foods whenever you have the chance

obest when steaming hot

o food from street vendors are more likely to be contaminatedAvoid eating raw fruits and vegetables as much as possible

omay have been washed in unsafe water

oeating fruits and veggies that you can peel (i.e. oranges) is ideal

oGet the typhoid fever vaccine ASAP

Cause

bacteria (Salmonella) in contaminated water or food

Bibliography

Description & Treatment | Jinna Pak"Typhoid Fever." Knowledge for wellness. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.healthypinoy.com/health/articles/typhoid-fever.html>.

"Typhoid fever - Treatment." University of Maryland Medical Center. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001332trt.htm>.

"Typhoid fever." Health Information, Health Articles, Health Tips and Online Medical Advice for Healthy Living: Home - www.HealthAtoZ.com. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/typhoid_fever.jsp>.

"Typhoid fever - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living - MayoClinic.com. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/typhoid-fever/DS00538>.

Symptoms | Andrew W. YoonBock, George. "Typhoid Fever." New York State Department of Health. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/typhoid_fever/fact_sheet.htm>.

"Typhoid Fever." MedicineNet.com. 21 Nov. 2003. 27 Oct. 2008 <www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/page2.htm>.

"Typhoid fever - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living - MayoClinic.com. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/typhoid-fever/DS00538>.

"Typhoid fever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid>.

Transmission & Location | Jennifer NamTransmission. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/typhoid/trans.htm>.

"Typhoid Fever." CDC. 24 Oct. 2005. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/typhoidfever_g.htm#where%20in%20the%20world%20do%20you%20get%20typhoid%20fever>.

"Typhoid Fever." Medicine.net. 27 Oct. 2008. 27 Oct. 2008 <http://www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/article.htm>.

Prevention | Jenny Cho“Information on avian influenza from Yale New Haven Center for Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response..” 27 Oct 2008 <http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/emergency/influenza/index.html>.“Oranges | Uwe Hermann.” 27 Oct 2008 <http://www.hermann-uwe.de/photoblog/oranges>.“Marler Blog : July 2007.” 27 Oct 2008 <http://www.marlerblog.com/2007/07/>.“Prevention of Typhoid fever - WrongDiagnosis.com.” 26 Oct 2008 <http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/t/typhoid_fever/prevent.htm>.“Typhoid Fever Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Vaccine on MedicineNet.com.” 27 Oct 2008 <http://www.medicinenet.com/typhoid_fever/article.htm>.“Typhoid fever: Prevention - MayoClinic.com.” 26 Oct 2008 <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/typhoid-fever/DS00538/DSECTION=prevention>.