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&JabmfxGef;

www.burmeseclassic.com


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tav;eDjzifhæ&JabmfxGef;

30-5-2006



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· · · · · · ·&Gmi,fav; toD;oD;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ jrifawG@od&Sd&onfrsm;rSm

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5

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“bmvkd@ pdwfaemufoGm;&wmvJ”“'D&Gmem; ykef;atmif;aewJh u|efawmfwkd@&Jabmfwa,mufukd

ppfwyfu zrf;ac:vm+yD; 'Dtdrfay:rSmwif ESdyfpufppfaq;=uw,f? ol@rsufpda&S@wif 'Dvkd vlrqefatmif ESdyfpufppfaq;wmawG jrifawG@cJh&vkd@ pdwfaemufoGm;wmyJ”

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· · · · · ·u|efawmfwkd@onf a0;vHvSaom c&D;pOfukd &ufaygif;rsm;pGm

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Tr[mrdwftzGJ@wzGJ@wnf;uomruyg? r[mrdwftzGJ@ toD;oD;u OuUÏ/ twGif;a&;rSL;ponfholwkd@ESifh ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfol@tay: av;av;pm;pm;&Sdovkd cifrif&if;ESD;pGm qufqH=uonff? olwkd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. jy\emrsm;ukdyif olESifhwkdifyif+yD; t}uH^m%fawmif;cH=uonfukdvnf; awG@&onf? &Srf;jynfe,f Tajymufusm;a'orsm;ESifhawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@toD;oD;=um;wGif ygwD.*k%f=oZm }uD;rm;cJhygonf?Ttv,fykdif;a'oY olonfvnf; vlyk*~Kdvft& *k%foduQm pkdufxlxm;



7

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8

twkdif;æ· · · · · ·,cktcsdefwGif olonf touf(70) ausmfae+yD? okd@aomf usef;

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· · · · · ·Armjynf.pmayY txˆKy`wWd pmtkyfrsm; tvGefenf;yg;cJ hav

onf?acgif;aqmifrsm;ta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I txˆKy`wWd pmtkyfrsm;ESifh

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9

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10

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11

&JabmfcifnKd.TpmtkyfrSmvnf; pHerlem,lzG,f acgif;aqmifwOD;. txˆKy`wWdtjzpf wifjya&;om;jcif; r[kwfa=umif; olukd,fwkdifazmfjyxm;ygonf? [email protected]&;b0c&D;ukd ±kd;om;pGm rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif ol. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKH/ppfa&;tawG@t}uKHwkd@onf pdwfyg0ifpm; avhvmvkdolrsm;twGuf tusKd;&Sdapvdrfhrnf [k ESif;qDvGifjyifu xifjrif,lqrdygonf? r+yD;qkH;ao;onfhArmjynfawmfvSefa&;c&D;&Snf}uD;wGif ,cktcsdefY tvGefaysmhaysmif;EknhHvSaom wkdufyGJykHo¿mefjzifh qifE$Jae&onfrSefaomfvnf; aemifwGifArmjynfolrsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkHaom wkdufyGJo¿mefrsm;xJrS vufawG@tajctaeu jyÏmef;ay;onfh tjcm;wkdufyGJo¿mefwrsKd;rsKd;ukd ajymif;vJa&G;cs,f,l=u&rnfhtvm;tvm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? awmfvSefa&;onf worwfwnf; {nfhonfukd c&D;OD;}uKd jyKae&ovkd/ yef;oDaeovkdnifnifomom odrfodrfarG@arG@vkyfae&vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? &JabmfcifnKd.b0rSwfwrf;rSmygovkd &efolESifh olaoukd,f&Sif wkduf&onfh wkdufyGJrsKd;onft&ifu&SdcJhovkd aemifvnf; ray:ayguf[k rnfolr# rajymEkdifaom tajctaerSm &Sdaeygonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd z,f&Sm;zkd@ u|efawmfwkd@onf&Snfa0;aom c&D;ukd av#uf=u&OD;rnfjzpfygonf? awmfvSefa&;c&D;ukdav#mufvSrf;ae=uolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyfu a&wr_wf/ qefwqkyfuav;r#yifjzpfap taxmuftuljyKay;Ek difonfqkdv#if u|efawmfwkd@xkwfa0&usKd;eyfyg+yD?

&JabmfcifnKd. TpmtkyfwGif awmfvSefa&;ESifh ygwDtzGJ@ tpnf;ta=umif; ajcmufypfuif;oJvJpif tm;vkH;aumif;onf[lI a&;xm;jcif;r[kwfyg? ygwD/awmf vSefa&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. }uD;jrwfr_ukd OD;nGwf&if;u oifcef;pm,lp&m[k olxifjrifonfh wcsKd@aom c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;ta=umif;ukdvnf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygao;onf? pmzwfolrsm; cHpm;em;vnfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,kH=unfrdygonf?

ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay (2006)



12

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1? u|e fawmf. b0'k di f,m&Dpmtky fonf u|e fawmfwOD;wa,mufwnf;.tpGrf;a=umifh[k qkd&rnfxuf &Jabmfrsm;. bufpkHyHhykd;ulnDr_a=umifh jzpfwnfvm&aompmtkyf[k qkd&ygrnf?

2? vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;umvwGif u|efawmfyg0ifjzwfoef;cJh&aom tawG@t}uKHwcsKd@ukd b0rSwfwrf;tjzpfESifh usef&pf&ef &nf&G,fa&;om;cJh jcif;om jzpfonf?

3? vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;umvwGif u|efawmfonf atmufajctqifhrS yg0ifcJh&jcif;om jzpfygonf? ,if;tjyif tcsdefumv trsm;pkwGif u|efawmfonf ajymufusm;a'orsm;Yom v_yf&Sm;aexkdif cJh&ygonf?

4? u|efawmf. ajymufusm;a'otawG@t}uKHwkd@onf tpkd;&tqufqufrS ppfwyfrsKd;pkHwkd@. 0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef; wkdufckdufjcif; ab;tEW&m,frS vGwfatmif ajy;cJh&aom tawG@t}uKHyif jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifhypf ajy;-ajy;ypftawG@ t}uKH[k qkd&ygrnf?

5? TtawG@t}uKHrsm;onf vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&; orm;wkdif; }uKH&avh&Sdaom omreftawG@t}uKHvnf; jzpfygonf? TonfukdpmwapmifaywzGJ@tjzpfESifh a&;om;xkwfa0&efrSm u|efawmfhpdwfxJwGifr0Hhr&J jzpfcJhrdyg onf?

6? ajymufusm;a'orsm;wGif tcsdefumvra&G; ae@nrvyfv_yf&Sm;ae=u&onf? &Jabmfrsm;.ukd,fay:Y aoewfusnfqefrsm;ESifhpm;p&m qefqDqm; &duQmrsm;ukd ausmay:wGif toifhxrf;ykd;xm;=u&

pma&;ol. trSm pum;



13

pma&;ol(&JabmfcifnKd)

1996

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8? rdrd.tawG@t}uKHrsm; a&;om;a&;twGufqkdv#if u|efawmfrSm



14

pmayA[kokwacgif;yg;ol jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif vkdtyfaom rSwfwrf;rSwfpkrsm;onfvnf; u|efawmfhY vkH;0 Avmewˆd[k qkd&ygrnf?

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9? vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;umv u|efawmfjzwfoef;vkyfaqmifcJh&aom ta=umif;udpPESifh tcsuftvufwkd@ukd od&Sdolrsm; jzpf=uaom u|efawmfwkd@ ygwD (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD)rS 0g&ifhacgif;aqmifyk*~KdvfwcsKd@ukdvnf; u|efawmfa&;xm;onfh pmrltm; wifjy+yD; wnf;jzwftwnfjyKay;yg&ef yef=um;awmif;cHcJhygonf?

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10? Tpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf t}uH^m%ftm;ESifh vkyftm;t& tzufzufrSyH hyk d;ulnDcJ h=uaom &Jabmfrsm;tm; v_dufvJpGmaus;Zl;wifvsuf *k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wifyga=umif; Tpmjzifh av;pm;pGmazmfjyvkdufygonf? ?



15

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tcsdK@wGifvnf; oJoJuGJuGJ&SdaeqJ/ jrifae&qJ[k qdk&ayrnf? teD;ta0;jrifuGif;rsm;onf jcm;em;uGJjym;ouJhodk@ yHk&dyfrsm;rSmvnf; rwluGJjym;&SdaernfrSm trSefyifjzpfayonff?

(1)1949?1949?1949?1949?1949?

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tpfudk0rf;uGJ OD;yO…if;onf awmifomòr@e,ff qDrD;uef&Gm ‘usif;ausmif;’



16

bkef;awmf}uD;pmoifwdkufY Ak'<pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk qnf;yl;oif,laeol jzpfonf?u|efawmfurl ausmiff;csif;uyfaeonfh ‘rif;acsmif;’ tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;&onf? Tausmif;Yyif owWrwef;ta&mufwGif u|efawmfonf twef;wifpmar;yGJ rajzqkdcJh&ao;rD ausmif;&uf&Snfydwfxm;onfhtcsdefwckY rdbrsm;xH jyefcJhonf? (ausmif; &uf&Snfydwfxm;&jcif;ta=umif; atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf)

rdbrsm;onff awmif,mv,fvkyf "m;rckwfb0jzifh vkyfudkif pm;aomuf=u&onfh omrefqif;&Jom;rsm;yif jzpf.? jrif;+cHc±dkif awmifomòr@e,f taemufbuff&SdqifwJ0acsmif;ab; xef;yifuefqdkonfh aus;&GmrSm aexdkifcJh=uonff? uefa&aomufjrufajcmufpm; yljyiff;ajcmufaoG@onfht&yf/ xdkt&yf xdka'owGif vltrsm;pkonffrD;aoG;yrm rnf; ajcmufaeavonf? ta0;rS =unfhv#if oGm;rsm;uddk OD;pGmjriff=u&aomt&yfa'o jzpfonff?

1949 ckESpfumvY Armjynf. jynfwGif;ppft&Sdefonf tjrifhqHk;umv[kqdk&ayrnf? ArmjynfwjynfvHk; ae&ma'o tESH@tjym;wGif vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsKd;pHk v_yf&Sm;wdkufcdkufae=uonf? wrkd;vkH; azsmufqdyfqkdonfhyrm ae&mwumwkdufyGJrsm; jzpfae+yD; aoewfoHrsm;nHrpJ [k qdk&acsrnf?

qDDrD;uef/ 0Javmife,ffbufawGYvnf; ArmjynffuGefjrLepfygwD. wyfzGJ@rsm;a&muf&Sdv_yf&Sm;ae=ucsdef jzpfonff? jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@rSvnf; tvm;wl v_yf&Sm;ae=uonff?

rdwDˆvmòr@ESifh ò[email protected];usifw0dkufrSmvnf; zqyvtpdk;& ppfwyfrsm;ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS wyfrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfwyffrsm;ESifh u&if awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;ygtjyeftvSefwdkufcdkuf ae=uonf? jrif;+cH/ ausmufqnf/ rEWav;/ ppfudkif;òr@}uD;rsm;rSmvnf; xdkenf;tvm;wl wdkuffyGJoHrpJ ae@pOf&ufquf wdkufcdkufae=uavonf?

u|efawmffaecJhonfh qDrD;uef riff;acsmif;tv,fwef;ausmif;ESifh 0Javmif-&Gmopf&Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rSmvnff; ausmiff;&uf&Snfydwfxm;&onfh tjctaeodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? u|efawmfonf ausmif;ydwfI tpfudk0rf;uGJ OD;yO…if; ODd;awZ0HoESifhtwl rdb&yfxH jyefcJh&onfff?

u|efawmfonf rdbrsm;xHa&muf&Sd+yD; wveD;yg;t=umwGif tarbufrSaqGrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uonffh a'G;av;/ a'G;}uD;wdk@ESifh OD;av;/ OD;}uD;wdk@&Sdonfh &Gmpnf/ pGef;vGef;ESifhul&Gmwkd@bufokd@ tvnffoGm;rnf[k rdb rsm;tm; cGifhyefI vlñuHESifhvdkufygvmcJhonf?wu,fwrf;wGif a'G;}uDdd;/ a'G;av;/ ODd;av;wdk@xH roGm;jzpfawmhbJ jriff;+cHòr@bufqDajcOD;vSnfhum ArmjynffuGefjrLepfygwD jriff;+cHc±dkif±Hk;okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhavonf?

ArmjynffuGefjrLepfygwD jrif;+cHc±d ki f±H k;onf xdkpOfu jrif;+cH òr@/ rdwˆ Dvmvrf;ab; tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifh rvSrf;rurf; rsufapmiff;xdk;wGif&Sdonfh



17

taqmuftODwck[k rSwfrdaeavonf? u|efawmfonf xdk±Hk;okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;onfwGiftouft&G,f (30) 0ef;usifom&Sdrnffh tom;nKdnKd t&yfredfrfhrjrifhESifh trnffrodyk*~dKvfwOD;u vufcHawG@qkHI ,ckuJhokd@ ppfaq;ar;jref;ygonf? “a[h æ csmwdwfbmudpP&SdovJuG” wJh? u|efawmfu “ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ vufeufudkifwyfxJ0ifcsifvdk@ygcifAsm” [k ajym&m xdkyk*~dKvfu “rif;touf b,favmuf&Sd+yDvJuG” [kqufvufar;aeojzifh “13 ESpfygAsm” [k ajzvdkuf&.? xdktcg ‚uyif “rif;toufu (13)ESpf/ vlu ydefan‡mfan‡mfeJ@ ykykjzLao;ao; jzpfrvm;uG” wJh? u|efawmfu“jzpffygw,fAsm” [k ajymvdkufojzifh Tyk*~dKvfuyif “riff;wyfxJ0ifrSmudk rif;rdbawGodvm;” [k xyfrH ar;jref;vmonf? xdktcgY “odygw,ff” [k vdrfnmvdkuf&onf?

TtcgrSmvnf; oluyif “'gqkd&ifærif;udk &Jacgifausmif;om;tzGJ J J @xJvdkufydk@ay;r,f” [kqdkum ±Hk;&Sdvli,fwODdd;tm; vSrf;ac:+yD; u|efawmftm; vdkkufydk@cdkif;vdkufonfff? u|efawmfonf vddkufyddk@onffh vli,f ESifhtwl &Jacgifausmif;om; tzGJ@±Hk;[kxif&onfhae&modk@ a&muf&SdoGm;onff? touf (20) 0ef;usifr#&Sdrnfh rsufrSefwyfxm;onfh a,musfm; wOD;u vufcHI ppfaq;ar;jref;r_rsm; ðyjyefonf? ar;jref;ppfaq;&mY trnf/ touf/ ae&yf/ ausmif;ynmtqifhtwef;ESifh rdbtrnf ponf wdk@tm;jynffhjynfhpHkpHk ar;avonf? +yD;v#if &Jacgifausmif;om; tzGJ@0ifwODd;tjzpfESifh vufcHvdkuf.? u|efawmfonf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; wyfom;wOD; jzpfvmacs+yD? T1949-ckESpfonf u|efawmf. vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;wyfom;b0 pwifaomESpf[k pdwfxJrSm pGJpGJepfepf rSwfwrf;wifxm;vkdufrdygawmhonf?

1950 ?1950 ?1950 ?1950 ?1950 ?

em&DvufwHonf puf0dkif;o¿meftvdkuf wcsufcsufESifhjrnfI v_yf&Sm;a&G@vsm;aeouJhokd@ ae@/ &uf/ v rsm;onfvnf; em&DvufwHenf;wl &moDcGifESifhtnDajymif;vJaeacsonf? u|efawmfonf 1950 ckESpfwGif &Jacgifausmif;om;tzGJ@. wm0efcHwOD;xH wifjyawmif;qdd kum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifonfh jrif;+cHc±dkifwyfxJokd@ toufvdrfnmI ajymif;cJhygonf? jrif;+cHc±dkifwyfrSwzef AdkvftmVm OD;pD;onfhpwkwˆajcvsifwyfr&Sd&m EGm;xdk;}uD;òr@e,f ysOfpnf-uEMm;zufokd@ ajymif;a&$@cJh&jyefonf?xdkrS xyfrHI ysOf;rem;ppfrsufESmqDokd@ vltifftm; ig;&m (500) cef@&Sdrnfh wyf&if;ESifhtwl vdkufygcsDwufcJh&onf? ysOf;rem; ppfrsufESmokd@ a&muf&Sd+yD; r=umrDrSmyif jynfol@wyfrawmfzGJ@pnf;&mY wyfr}uD; (1)/ wyfr[m (1)/ wyf&if; (2) wGif wyfom; (±Hk;vkyfom;) wOD; tjzpf yg0ifcJh&avonffff?

1950-ckESpf pufwifbmv(1) &ufae@onf awmfvSefaom Armh wyfrawmf



18

(RBA) ( 1949 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpkd;&ukd awmfvSefykefuefum awmcdkcJh=uonfhArmhwyfrawmf. tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf?) ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS jynffol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfwyfrsm;tm; twlwuG yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;onfhae@ jzpfojzifhjynfol@wyfrawmf (People Army. PA) tm; pwifzGJ@pnf;onfhae@[k qkdEkdifygonf?odk@aomf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDu xdkae@tm; jynfol@wyfrawmf arG;zGm;onfhae@[lIrowfrSwfacs? 1948 ckESpf rwfv (28) ae@omv#if w&m;0ifae@ [ kygwD A[dkaumfrwDu owfrSwfqHk;jzwfxm;ayonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap 1950 ckESpf pufwifbm (1) &ufae@onf vufeufudkiffawmfvSefa&;ordkif;wGif vspfvsL±_xm;Ir&onfhae@wae@tjzpfwnf&SdaernfrSm trSefyif jzpfavonf? jynfol@wyfrawmf zGJ@pnf;pOfY t+rJwrf;vuQ%maqmifonfh (Regular Army) tjzpfESifh zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k od&SdcJh&avonf?

wyfr}uD; (1) (Division) udk pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu vltiftm; tjynfht0ESifhzGJ@pnf;cJhonf[kvnf; od&SdcJh&onf? ‚.vufatmufwGif wyfr[mrsm; wyf&if;rsm;ukdvnf; tvm;wl zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ‚tjyif t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfY &Sd&rnfh ppf&mxl;tqifhtwef;rsm; (Ranks) ESifh ppf±Hk;rsm; (Office Staff) rsm;udkyg owfrSwfjyÏmef;ay;cJhygonf?

u|efawmfyg0ifcJh&onfh wyf&if; (2) onf zGJ@pnf;r_t& vltif tm; ig;&m(500) r# &Sdayrnf? xkdwyf&if;. wyfrSL; wyfom; trsm;pk}uD;onf wrmyef;&eH@awGoif;aom tnmajrrS tnmom;rsm; jzpfacsonf? wyf&if;EdkifiHa&;rSL;qdkv#if ppfudkif;om; &Jabmfpdk;odrf;jzpf+yD; wyf&if; ±Hk;tkyfqdkv#if rv_difòr@om; ocifomn‡if;.nD acwfynmwwfwOD;yif jzpfonf?

jynfol@wyfrawmftm; t+rJwrf;wyfrawmftjzpf zGJ@pnf;&mwGif OD;xkyfwHqdyf/ vufarmif;wHqdyfrsm;vnf; owfrSwfðyvkyfxm;ayonf? rSwfrdor#qdk&v#ifOD;xkyfwHqdyfY }wd*HoHk;ajr‡mifh =u,feDtm; t0ga&mif pyg;ESH ESSSpfcufESiffh ab;rS+cH&H xm;avonf? =u,feD. atmufcHtpdrf;a&mif puf0dkif;o¿mefudk t0wfpjzifh ðyvkyfxm;onf?‚.t"dy`m,frSm =u,feDonf rdk;aomuf=u,f/ atmufcHtpdrf;a&mifrSm trdEdkifiH Armjynfonf pdrf;vef;om,monfh EdkifiHjzpfonfqkdaomoabm/ pyg;ESHonf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfonfh v,form;vlwef;pm;tm; azmf!¸ef;onf[k od&onf?

vufarmif;wHqdyfwGifrl tjzLa&mif ydwfxlxlukd av;vufrcef@&Sdrnhf }wd*Ht&G,ftpm;tjzpf jzwfawmufum xdktjzLa&miftm; tjyma&mif rdk;aumif;ui ftjzpfta&mifwif bavmuf±d k kufxm;ayonf? T}wd*HtwGif;Y atmufrStxufodk@!¸efjyonfh tjzLa&mifjrm;ukd xnfhoGif;xm;+yD; }wd*H.axmifhESpfckwGif =u,fi,f ESpfvH k;ESih f tv,fwGif wvHk;/ =u,fjymi,foH k;vH k;onf tcsd K;nDnD&S daeayonf?



19

xkdvufarmif; wHqdyf. oauFwtrSwfvuQ%mESifht"dy`m,frSm Armjynf. rdk;aumif;uifonf =unfvifom,m at;csrf;ayrnf? =u,fjymi,foHk;vHk;onf tvkyform;/v,form;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;qdkonfh vlwef;pm;oHk; &yfudk udk,fpm;ðyonfh wyfrawmf[k t"dy`m,foufa&mufa=umif; a,bk,s od&Sdem;vnfcJh&ygonf?

wyfr}uD; (1) . wyfr}uD;rSL;onf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvf&efatmifjzpfonf?EdkifiHa&;rSL;onf ‘&JabmfrsdK;jrifh’ (&Jabmfatmif) yif jzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGifvnf;tvm;wlpGm wyfr}uDd; (2) (3) (4) ponfrsm;tm; zJG@pnf;cJhavonf?

1950 - 511950 - 511950 - 511950 - 511950 - 51

xdkESpfumvY ysOf;rem;a'o. wae&mwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. A[dkXmecsKyf±Hk; (PHQ) pcef;wck tcdkiftrm &Sdaeonf? tvm;wl A[dkppfOD;pD; XmecsKyf±Hk;(GHQ) pceff;onfvnf; ab;csif;,SOfvsuf crf;crf;em;em; &SdaecJhonf? Ttcsdef umvrsm;wGif jynfol@wyfrawmfY &Sdae=uonfh t*Fvdyfpmwwf wyfrSL;tcsdK@onf ppfa&;ppf&m toHk;tE_ef;rsm;tm; Armbmomjzifh oHk;E_ef;ajymqdkjcif;xuf t*Fvdyfpm t*Fvdyfpum;rsm;jzifh ajymqdkoHk;E_ef;jcif;ukd tmawG@=uonf[k qdk&ayrnf? xdkpOfu ppfa&;tac:ta0:rsm;uddk trsm;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh oHk;E_ef;=uonf?

jynfol@wyfrawmf. atmufajcwyfom;trsm;pk}uD;onf aus;vuf awm&Gmrsm;rS v,form;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; jrefrmpmukdyif aumif;pGm rwwf=uyg? t*Fvdyfpm/ t*Fvdyfpum;qdkv#if =um;zl; em;0yif &Sd=urnfrxifay? u|efawmfyg0ifcJh&onfh wyf&if; (2) . atmufajcwyfom;trsm;pk}uD;rSm txuftnm aus;vufrsm;rS jzpf=uI rD;&xm;oHvrf;qdkonfudkyif tawmfrsm;rsm;u rjrifzl;=u?

jynfol@wyfrawmf pwifzJG@pnf;pOfuwnf;u t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfyHkpHrsdK;tjzpf zJG@pnf;cJhI wyfrSL;wyfom; qufqHa&;wGif tqifhtwef; t& qufqHa&;rsdK;jzpfaeavonf? wenf;tm;jzifh ocifESifhu|ef/ tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;/ ajr&SifESifhajru|ef qufqHa&;rsdK; vGrfrdk;vmayonf? &Jabmfcsif;/ wdkkufazmfwdkufzufcsif;/ tvkyfwm0eft& wyfrSL;ESifh wyfom; tjyeftvSef cspfcifav;pm;onfh qufqHa&;rsdK;onfwpwparS;rSdef aysmufuG,fvmaeonf?

wyfrSL;trsm;pkonf atmufajcwyfom;xk tay:wGif pdwfrxifv#if rxifovdk qJqdk}udrf;armif;/ ±dkufESufxdk;}udwfonftxd jzpfvmonf? atmufajc wyfom;xkuvnf; xkdtajctaetm; rcHr&yfEdkifI rif;rJhqefqef wefjyefðyrlvm=uonf?trsm;pkwyfom;rsm;onff tkyfvdkkufoif;vdkkuf vlpk+yD; udk,fha'o udk,hfrdbtdrfodk@jyef=uum tenf;pkonf "m;jyrsm;/ rxl;wyfzJG@rsm;txd jzpfoGm;=uayonf?



20

vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tajctaeonf wae@wjcm; qdk;&Gm;usqif;vm+yD; 1949 ckESpfeJ@rwlawmhyg? vufeufudkifwyfrsm;. tiftm;onfvnf; ododomomqkwf,kwfusqif;vmonf? txl;ojzifh 1951 - 52 rsm;wGif ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;vmaeonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDonf Ttajctaeukd [ef@wm;xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf vufeufudkifwyfrsm;ESifhqdkifonfhuGefz&ifh ESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; pDpOfusif;ycJhayonf? xdktpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;/ uGef z&ifhrsm;wGif wyfwGif;'Drdkua&pDjy\em/wyfrSL;wyfom; qufqHa&; jy\em/ aexdkifpm;aomufa&;jy\emrsm;tm; tav;xm; aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?

u|efawmfonf 1952 ckESpf w0dkufwGif jynfc±dkif aygufacgif;òr@ e,ftwGif;&Sdoufi,fusif; aus;&GmteD;Y usif;yðyvkyfcJhonfh ppfuGefz&ifhwcktm; wufa&mufcJh&onf? xdkumvu jynfol@wyfrawmfwGif u|efawmfrSwfrdor#rSm zJG@pnf;r_t&qdk&v#ifppfXmecsKyfESpfck &Sdaeacsonf? awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf (Southern Command S/C) ESifhajrmufydkif; ppfXm ecsKyf (Nouthern Command N/C) wdk@jzpf=uonf?

S/C.wm0efcHwyfrSL;onf wyfeDrS Adkvfatmifrif;jzpf+yD; N/C . wm0efcHrSSmRBA rS Adkvfpdefwifjzpfonf? u|efawmfwufa&mufcJh&onfh ppfuGefz&ifhonf awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf e,fajrtwGif;jzpfI awmifydkif;ppf XmecsKyfESifhqdkifonfh uGefz&ifh [kqdk&acsrnf? u|efawmfonf wyfom;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taeESifh wufcJh&jcif;jzpf.?

oufi,fusif;aus;&GmESifh ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onfa&tenf;i,fpDd;qif;aeonfh acsmif;i,fwck.ab;&Sd awm wae&mY TuGefz&ifhtwGufvlav;&m (400) r#qHhonfh tpnf;ta0; cef;raqmif}uD;waqmiftm; aqmufvkyfxm;avonf? uGefz&ihf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf ntdyfpuf&ef taqmuftODESifh xrif;pm;aomuf csufðywf&eftwGuf taqmuftODrsm;vnf; aqmufxm;=uonf? xdktaqmuftODrsm;onf 0g;jcrf;cif;/ 0g;jcrf;um oufi,frd k;I aqmufxm;onfhtaqmuftODrsm;yiffjzpfonf?

tpnf;ta0;cef;raqmif. t0if0wGif ezl;pnf;pmwef; csdwfqJG xm;onf?yxrt}udrfajrmuf jynfol@wyfrawmf. awmifydkif;qdkif&m ppfuGefz&ifh[laom pmwef;jzpfonf? uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0; yxrae@wGif obmywdpifjrifhY ae&m,lxdkifae=uonfhacgif;aqmifyk*~dKvfrsm;onf rSwfrdor# &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&efatmifESifha'gufwmewfpf (c) q&m0effOD;xGef;armif/ Adkvfatmifrif;/ Adkvf&Jarmif/ Adkvfatmifaz/Adkvfrif;'if/ Adkvfyk/ AdkvfvSaz æwkd@ jzpf=uonf?

A[dkaumfrwDwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmewfpf (c) q&mxGef;armifonf TuGefz&ifhY jynfol@wyfrawmf. Ed kifiHa&;Xme}uDd;rSL;wOD;tjzpfESif h wm0ef,lum



21

wyfrawmfwGif; EdkifiHa&;tajctae oHk;oyfcsufpmwrf;ukd zwf=um;wifoGif;rnfh yk*~dKvfjzpfonff? uGefz&ifhudk,fpm;vS,f av;&m (400) cef@r#onf a'gufwmewfpf wifoGif;onfh pmwrf;tay:Y tjyeftvSef t}udwffte,f tjiif;tckefrsm;ESifh wufºupGmaqG;aEG;=uonf? txl;ojzifh wyfwGif;'Drdkua&pD jy\em (EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;) 'Drdkua&pDoHk;&yfESifh wyfrSL;wyfom;qufqHa&;jy\em.tydkif;rsm;yif jzpfavonf?

uGefz&ifhaqG;aEG;yJG (11) &uffajrmufonfhae@wGif &efol (zqyv) tpdk;&ppfwyfu owif;&&SdI ppftiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh ppfa=umif; rsm;jzef@cJGum uGefz&ifhusif;yonfhae&mokd@ OD;wnfI xdk;ppfqifvmonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefz&ifhukd ±kwfw&uf&yfem;vdkuf&avonf? uGefz&ifhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tjrefvlpkcJGum [email protected];&Sd&m a'oqD jyefvnfcsDwuf=u&onf? tnma'o ‘roHk;vHk;’ (jrif;+cH/ rdwˆDvm/ rEWav;) e,fodk@ tjyefwGif t*Fvef qif;[mh'fppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif; AdkvfvSazonf &efol.ppfa=umif;wa=umif;ESifh awG@qHkwkdufyGJjzpfI &efol.zrf;qD;r_udk cHvdkuf&onf[k =um;odcJh&avonf?

1952 - 531952 - 531952 - 531952 - 531952 - 53

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf tqdk; buf(odk@r[kwf) tusbufokd@ ODd;wnf+rJ OD;wnfaeacsonf? jynfol@ wyfrawmf. wyf&if;wyfzJG@ toD;oD;wdk@onfvnf; jyefvnfpkzJG@r_rsm; ðyvkyf=u&avonf? wyfr/ wyfr[m/wyf&if;rsm;onf vltiftm; trsm;tjym; avsmhenf;oGm;=uojzifh tcsdK@ukd zsufodrf;um topfpkzJG@r_rsm;yif ðyvkyf&awmhonf?

zqyvtpdk;&onf wjynfvHk;tm; ppfa&;t& wpwp jyef vnfxdef;csKyfvmonf? Ed kifiHawmftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;onfvnf; aumif;pGmwnf+idrfvmaeayonf? wenf;tm;jzifh Armjynf vufeuf udkifawmfvSefa&; tajctaeonfaemufodk@qkwfcGmaeonfh tajctae? zqyvtpdk;&. tiftm;tajctaeum; a&S@odk@rSefrSef wdk;wufaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf?

19541954195419541954

wyf&if;(2)onf jynfol@wyfrawmf pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfuwnf;rSpI u|efawmfyg0ifcJhonfh wyf&if;jzpfonf? xdkwyf&if;onf wdkufcdkufa&;bufwGif emrnf&cJhonfh



22

wyf&if;vnf;jzpf.? wdkawmif;vSonfh ordkif; umvwcktwGif; Twyf&if; wdkufcdkufcJh&onfh wdkufyGJrsm;xJwGif v,fa0;òr@ vSSHpGyfxdk;wdkufyGJ/ ysOf;rem; vufwurf; teD;uyfwdkufyGJ/ a&eD om0wˆdwdkufyGJrsm;onf ausmf=um;xif&Sm;onfh wdkufyGJrsm;yif jzpfonf?‚tjyif wyfr}uD; (1) 'k-wyfr}uD;rSL;jzpfonfh wifxGef;atmif opPmazmuf tiftm;pktm; EdSrfESif;a&;wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkufyGJrsm;pGmudkvnf; wdkufcdkufcJh&ayonff?

wyf&if; (2) onf 1950 rS 1953 ckESpf oHk;ESpfwm tcsdefwdktwGif; wdkufyGJ}uD;(12) yGJESifh wdkufyGJi,faygif;rsm;pGm wdkufcdkufcJh&onfh wyf&if; jzpfonf? wdkufcdkuffa&;ol&Jaumif;trsm;tjym;vnf; ay:xGef;cJhonf? v,fa0;òr@ vSHpGyfxdk;wdkufyGJwGif ‚wyf&if;rS wyfcGJ (1) wyfcGJrSL; Adkvffaygufonf xif&Sm;onfh wdkufcdkufa&;ol&Jaumif;wODd;jzpfonf? olonf T wdkufyGJYyif touffay;oGm;avonf?

awmfvSefa&;'Da& usqif;aeonfhumvY wyf&if; (2)onfvnf; tjcm;wyf&if;wyfzGJ@rsm;enf;wl usqHk;'%f&m&wyfom;rsm;. pm&if;udk Ekwfvdkufv#if vufusefpm&if;onf xdktcsdefY ESpf&mr#yif jynfhrnf rxifyg? xdka=umifh wyf&if; (2)onfemrnfyg uG,faysmufcJh&ayonff? vufusefwyfom;tcsKd@tm; wyfr}uD; (1). ±Hk;tzGJ@ESifhtwl txufArmjynf csDwufa&;wGif vdkufygcJh&+yD; tcsKd@onf txl;wyfzGJ@ tjzpf&Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;a'owdk;cJs@a&;Y wm0efay;cHcJh&avonff?

&Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;a'owdk;csJ@a&; txl;wyf zGJ@pnf;&mwGif [email protected];onf Adkvfjroef; (c) AdkvfrSL; Avatmif jzpfonf? ‚onf 1970 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufae@ ocifwifxGef;ESSifhtwl usqHk;cJhayonf? xdkpOfu ‚.nD AdkvfjrpHvnf; usqHk;cJhygonf? &yfapmufe,f acsmif;i,f&GmESifh reD;ra0; aZmf*sDjrpfab; awmwGif;wae&mY &efol. vufcsuffjzifh usqHk;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf?

aygi f;avmif; eef @zma'o tjccsc J honf h txl;wyfz G J @ ?aygi f;avmif; eef @zma'o tjccsc J honf h txl;wyfz G J @ ?aygi f;avmif; eef @zma'o tjccsc J honf h txl;wyfz G J @ ?aygi f;avmif; eef @zma'o tjccsc J honf h txl;wyfz G J @ ?aygi f;avmif; eef @zma'o tjccsc J honf h txl;wyfz G J @ ?

Adkvfjroef; acgif;aqmifonfh e,fopfwdk;csJ@a&; txl;wyfzGJ@onf ysOf;rem;a'orS pwifcsDwufum wyfukef;òr@e,f ajrmufbufjcrf;&Sd o=um;[if;tdk;&GmY ,m,Dpcef;cs wyf&yfem;cJhonf? o=um;[if;tdk;&Gmonf xddkpOfu tdrfajcoHk;q,fausmf av;q,fr#om &Sdrnf[kxifygonfff? ywf0ef;usifw0dkufrSmvnf; aus;&Gmtrsm;tjym;&Sdaeonf? xkde,fajr tm;vHk;eD;yg;tm; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wyfukef;òr@e,frS wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyfaejcif;yif jzpfonf?

e,fopfwdk;csJ@a&; txl;wyfzGJ@onf o=um;[if;tdk;&GmrS aygif;avmif; eef@zma'o &Srf;±dk;rawmifay:odk@ pwifcsDwufcJhonff? csDdwufonfh vrf;wae&mY o=um;[if;tdk; &GmrS &Gmolrdef;uav; +rD;aumifayguft&G,f oHk;av;a,mufonf t0wfxkyf



23

uav;rsm;ukd,fpDjzifh apmifhae=u onf? wyfESifhawG@qHkonfESifh ‚wdk@onf wyfESifhtwlvdkufvdkonf[k qdk=uygonf? xdktcgwGif wyfrSL;onf xdkrdef;uav;wodkuftm; wae&mYac:I ar;jref;aqG;aEG;avonf? wyfudkvnf; csDwufae&mrS acwW &yfem;vdkuf&.?+yD;v#ifwyfrSL;onf wyfpkrSL;wOD;tm; ac:,lI wyfpdwf wpdwftiftm;ESifh &Gmolrdef;uav;rsm;udk &Gmoddk@jyefydk@cdkif;vdkufonf? wyfudkvnf; qufffIcsDwufapavonf?

xdkae@nae ae0if±dk;&DtcsdefwGif wyfudkcsDwufae&mrS awmifay: wufrnfhvrf;ab;wae&mY a&&Sdrnfhae&mwGif ntdyf&yfem;&ef pcef; csvdkufonf? r=umrDrSmyif+rD;aumifayguf rdef;uav;wpktm; vdkufydk@onfh wyfpkrSL;ESiff h wyfpdwfwpdwfonfvdkufrDa&muf&Sdvmygonf? wyfpkrSL;onff tajctaetusKd;ta=umif;ukd wyfrSL;xHowif;ydk@ tpDd&ifcHavonff? wyfpkrSL;onf ‚ESifhtwlygvmonfh ay;pmrsm;ESifh pm;aomufp&m oa&pmrsm;ukd emrnfyg&Jabmfrsm;tm; vdkufvHa0iSay;aeavonff? a0iScH&onfh &Jabmfrsm;xJwGif u|efawmfvnf; yg0ifaeonf? pmwapmifESifh rkef@xkyfwxkyftm; vufcH&&Sdayonff?

u|efawmfonf &&Sdonfh rkef hxkyftm;rpm;ao;yJ pmudk OD;pGmazmufIzwf=unfhvdkufavonff? +yD;v#if rdrdwOD;wnf; }udwfIðyH;rdygonf? ta=umif;rSmu|efawmfwnf;cdkcJhaom o=um;[if;tdk;&GmrS tdrf&Sif+rD;aumifaygufrav; rdacG; a&;vmonfh ay;pma=umifhyif jzpfonff? u|efawmfwnf;cdkcJhonfh o=um;[if;tdk;&GmrS tdrfonfwpHkw&m pD;yGm;a&;acsmifvnfonfh tdrf[k cef@rSef;&onf? xdktdrfY awG@jrifcJh&onfrsm;rSm cdkif;EGm; awmifhawmifhw&SOf;/ vSnff;aumif;aumif; wpDd;ESifh tdrfuvnf; oGyfrdk;ysOfumrsm; jzpfonf? toHk;taqmif ypPnf;rsm;jzpfaom tdk;cGuf yef;uefrsm;uvnf;oifhwifhaumif;rGefa=umif; awG@&onfff? ‚tjyiff ig;yd/ qD/ qm;/ i±kwff/ =uufoGefrStptdrfqdkiftjzpf a&mif;csae=uao;onff?

xdktdrf. tdrfOD;ewfa,mufsm;onf touft&G,ftm;jzifh av;q,f (40)r# &Sdayrnf? ‚.ZeD;rSmrl toufoHk;q,f (30) 0ef;usif &Sdrnf[k xif&onf? ‚wdk@wGif wpfq,hfav; wpfq,fhig; (14 - 15) ESpft&G,forD;wa,muf&Sd+yD; orD;jzpfoltm; tawmfyifcspfyHk&.? xkdorD; ukd rdacG;[k ac:=u+yDd; tjcm;trnf&Sdr&Sd rodcJh&ay?

u|efawmfhxH rdacG;a&;ay;vmonfh ay;pmonf olr.oli,fcsif; taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;rsm;u 0dkif;0ef; ajr‡mufyifhay;r_t& a&;vmonfh pm[k xif&onf?pmygta=umif;t&mY ,ckvdkyg&Sdavonf? rSwfrdor# rSm ‘uGrf;&GufESifhqm;’ wJh? atmfæ+rD;aumifayguft&G,f 'DvdkyJvdk@ awG;rd+yD; apmapmursm; vrf;ab;wGif t0wfxkyfav;awG udk,fpDydkuf+yD; wyftm; óuwifapmifhaeonfhtxJY rdacG;wa,mufygaecJhv#ifwyfrSL;onf u|efawmhftay: rnfodk@rsm; xifjrifygrnfenf;[k awG;rdaeacsonf?

u|efawmfwdk@wyfonf &nfrSef;csufokd@ acsmarmpGm a&muf&Sd=u+yD; ajccsEdkifcJh



24

avonf? Te,fajrokd@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS wyfukef;òr@ e,fESifh ysOf;rem;c±dkift&Hc±dkifaumfrwDwOD; acgif;aqmifI vufeufudkif wyftiftm; (30) cef@ESifh 1950 -51 ckESpfrsm;wGif a&muf&Sd tajcpdkufcJh=u+yDd; jzpfonf[k od&SdcJh&ygonf?

u|effawmfwdk@wyfzJG@onff ,cifa&muf&Sdae+yD;jzpfaom c±dkifacgif;aqmifESifh aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;oabmwlnDcsuft& Ta'o&Sd &Gmw&Gmjzpfaom ukef;csdKif;&GmY ae&m,lwyfpGJvdkuf=uonf? aygif;avmif; eef@zma'oonf &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;a'orsm;ESifhArmjynfr. tv,fydkif;a'orsm;jzpfonfh &rnf;oif;/ wyfukef;/ ysOf;rem; e,fajra'orsm;ESifh qufpyfe,fajrwck jzpfonf? Te,fajra'oonf vrf;yef;tquf toG,f cufcJ+yD; acsmifusonfh e,fajrwck jzpfonf? a'o xGufukefypPnf;qdkv#if xdkpOfu pyg;ESifh eEGif;wufESpfrsdK;om pdkufysdK;xGuf&Sdayonf?

Ta'o. obm00ef;usifwGif rkwfokHopfawm}uD;rsm;ESif h jrifhrm;rwfapmufvSonffh awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm; 0dkif;&Htkyfrdk; v$rf;ðcHaeonf? ajrmufrS awmifbufodk@ a&rsm;pD;qif;aeonfh aygif;avmif;acsmif;(ppfawmif;jrpf. jrpfn‡mydkif;) onf&moDdtcsdefumvra&G; a& tenf;trsm;qdkovdk pD;qif;aewwfonf?

xdka'oonf acsmif;ajrmif;tif;tdkif a&wHcGeffpdrfhprf;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;Ia'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf pdkufysdK;a&;ESiffh om;ig;[if;vsmrsm; twGuf tqifajyonf[kqdk&acsrnf? v,fESifh a&$@ajymif;awmif,mrsm;rS pyg;oDdd;xGufrsm;vnf; aumif;=uonf?wESpfywfvHk; w}udrfomv#if pdkufysdK;=uI woD;pm;pepfjzpfaomfvnf; a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf 0rf;pmzlvHk±Hkr#ru tydktv#Hrsm;yif &&Sd=uao;onf?

‚a'oonf rdk;-aqmif;&moDumvrsm;wGif awmifcdk;awmifaiG@ awmif&dyfrsm;a=umifh tHk@r_dif;aewwfonf? jrLawGuyg xyfqifha0aeI 0ef;usifwckvHk;onfaea&mifjcnfyif rawG@jrif=u&bJ rGef;vJGrGef;wnfhtcsdefusrSomv#if aea&mifukd pwifawG@jrif=u&acsonf? uarBmZXmae rJZmajr[k qdkavmufonf?

aygif;avmif;eef@zma'oonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &Srf;jynf e,fawmifydkif;c±dkif. tajccHa'ovnf; jzpfonf? xkde,fajronf xdkpOfumvu rD;&xm;/ um;vrf;rsm;ESifh tvSrf;a0;onfh e,fajrwckvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh awmfvSefa&;tzJG@ tpnf;rsm;ESifh wyfzJG@rsm; twGuf tajccHpcef; wnfaqmuf&ef toifhavsmfqHk;a'owck[kajymqdk=urnfrSm trSefyifjzpf.?

Ta'o. taetxm;onfvnf; ArmjynfrESifh &Srf;jynfe,f. e,fedrdwfrsOf;ay:wGif cGpD;xm;onfh taetxm;jzpfI ppfa&;ppf&mt& wpHkw&m aumif;rGefayonf? ajymufusm;wyfzJG@rsm;twGufvnf; v_yf&Sm;ppfupm;I aumif;aom a'owckjzpfacsrnf? a'o. yx0Dtaetxm;onf txufYazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; }uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom opf awm}uD;rsm;ESifh rsm;jym;vSonfh awmifwef;awmifukef; awmifxGwf



25

rsm;onf ppfa&;ppf&mtwGuf toHk;0ifvSonf?a'otwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uonfh vlrsdK;rsm;rSmvnf; u,m;/ u&if/ ytdk@0f/

&Srf;/ awmif±dk;/ ArmtrsdK;om;rsm; jzpf=u+yDd; ajymqdk=uonfh bmompum;rSmvnf;trsm;tm;jzifh Armbmompum;yif jzpf.? trsm;pkonf Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? vlOD;a&trsm;pkrSmvnf; ArmvlrsdK;rsm;jzpf+yD; &rnf;oif;/ wyfukef;/ ysOf;rem;a'orsm;rS jzpfayrnf? xdka'orsm;&Sd ArmvlrsdK;rsm; ta&muftaayguf toGm;tvmrsm;=uojzifh Armpum;ESifh Armh,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pHrsm;om t"duv$rf;rddk;aejcif;jzpfrnf[k ,lq&ygonf?

xdka'orS arG;zGm;vm=uonfh vli,fvl&G,f usm;§rrsm;onf ajrjyeff@vGifjyifa'orsm;rS vli,frsm;ESifhrwlbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_&Sda=umif; awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh &moDOwkESifhvnf; qdkifayrnf? Ta'o&Sd rdeff;uav;trsm;pkonf xkdpOfu a,bk,stm;jzifhtom;ta& jzLazG;=uygonf? rnf;onfhrdef;uav; tawmf&Sm;yg;ygonf? tysdKt&G,frdef;uav;rsm;qkdv#if ±kyf&nfoem;urm;&Sd=uolu rsm;jym;avonf? u|ef awmfwdk@xJu au'gwOD;.tajymESifhrSwfcsuft&qdk&v#if arjrifh/ ar&Djrifh(xkdacwfu ±kyf&Sifrif;orD;rsm;)awG v_difonfh *Edkift&yf[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf rdef;uav;trsm;pkonf vnfwH ra=umh&Sif;EdkifbJ vnfyif;}uD;a&m*g (Goitre) &Sdae=uonf? =um;zl;em;0t& ajym&v#if awmifay:olrsm;jzpfI tdkiftdk'if; (Iodine) "mwfcsdK@wJhaejcif;a=umifh[kqdk&acsrnf?

u|efawmfwdk@wyfrS tnma'o&Jabmfrsm;uawmh aygif;avmif; eef@zm vSysdKjzLrsm;ESifh zl;pm,Suf/ tdrfaxmifzuftjzpf vufwJGcJh=uonfrSm vloHk;q,f (30) r#&Sdavonf? oHk;ESpftwGif; Tokd@ tdrfaxmifusoGm;=ujcif; jzpfonf?

xdka'oESifhywfoufI Adkvfr–;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD;rS AdkvfcsKyf }uD;ae0if;xHpma&;I t}uHay;cJhzl;onf[k =um;cJhzl;ygonf? OD;atmif }uDd;. t}uHay;pmwGif aygif;avmif;eef@zma'otm; uGefjrLepfrsm;. ajcukwfpcef;wcktjzpf b,fenf;ESifhrS wnf&SdcGifh ray;oifhay? Te,fajra'oonf yJcl;±dk;rESifhqufoG,f&eff aumif;rGefonfh a'owckjzpfonf? &yfapmuf/ tifawm/ ausmufulESifh rdk;ukwf/ rdk;rdwf a'orsm;rS w±kwfjynf.e,fpyftxd qufoG,fqufpyf&ef uGif;qufus+yD; A[dkcsufrozG,f jzpfaeonf?xdk@a=umifh Te,fajrudk [dkcsDrif;qufoG,fa&;vrf;rtjzpf rwnf&Sd&eff vGefpGmyifta&;}uD;onf[k yg&Sda=umif; odcJh&ayonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf ppfOD;pD;csKyfwOD;taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&. 0eff}uD;csKyftaeESifhaomfvnf;aumif; aygif; avmif;eef@zma'oudk OD;atmif}uD;. t}uH^m%frsm;ESifhtnD uGefjrLepf rsm;udk ajcrcsEdkifatmif tpGrf;ukeff óu;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJhavonf?



26

,if;twGufa=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &Srf;jynfe,f awmif ydkif;c±dkif.tajccHTe,fajronf tm%m& tqufqufaom tpdk;&rsm;. ppfa&;xdk;ppf }uD;i,frsm;tm; }udrfzefrsm;pGm cHcJh&onfh a'owckjzpf vmcJh&onf? Ta'o&Sd jynfolrsm;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. a&S@aqmifr_atmufwGif &efolwdk@. xdk;ppftvDvDtm;ckcHwGeff;vSefcJhonfrSm &Snf=umonfh jynfwGif;ppfordkif;ESifhtnD oufwrf;&SnfcJhojzifha'oeDwck[k qdk&acsrnf?

vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf ajzmifhjzL;acsmarG@onfh vrf;rsdK; r[kwfay?=urf;wrf;+yD; twuftqif; tauG@taumufrsm;ESifh jynfhv#H aeonfh ca,mif;vrf;wckom jzpfavonf? xdkvrf;ay:Y wnf&Sdaeonfh aygif;avmif;eef@zma'oonfvnf;txdtcdkuf tyGef;tyJhrsm;pGm rv$J ra&Smifom awG@ñuHcHpm;cJh&avonf?

1948 rwfv 28 ae@wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh vlxkvlweff;pm; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wjynfvHk; twdkif;twmtxd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfzsufqD; zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm; cHcJh&onf? tvpftidkuf t=urf;zuf wdkkufcdkkufr_rsm;vnf; cHcJh=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdwdk@ESifh jynfolrsm;. &yfwnfa&;twGuf azmufjyefonfh zqyv tpdk;& udk vufeufudkif ckcHawmfvSefa&;rSwyg; tjcm;vrf;r&Sdonfhtavsmuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf vufeufudkifwefjyeffawmfvSefa&;udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh rvJ$ra&Smifom wkH@jyefqifE$J&jcif; jzpfonf[k xdkpOfu wdkif;jynfESifhjynfolrsm;tm; xkwfazmfa=unm today;cJhayonf?

1949 ckESpfonf Tvufeufudkif ckcHawmfvSefa&;ppf. txGwftxdyf tjrifhrm;qHk;umv[k qdk&ygrnf? vufeufudkifwyftiftm; onfvnf; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh1952 ckESpftxd }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif vufeufudkifwyf.tiftm;onf wpwp usqif; qkwf,kwfvmygonf?

ArmjynfuGeffjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDonf awmfvSefa&;'Da& twuftusESifh tajctae tajymif;tvJrsm;t& vrf;pOfay:vpDrsm;udkvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJ csrSwfcJh=u&onf? 1951 ckESpfwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;tpdk;&vrf;pOfudk csrSwfcJhonf?w±kwfjzL (KMT) . wyfrsm; onf Armjynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mtm; xdyg;vmIwrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wdkkufcdkufoGm;&rnf[k xdkvrf;pOfu !¸ef;qdkxm;onf? ,if;a=umifh ajr&Sifrsm;xHrS odrf;,lcJhonfh v,fajrrsm;udk qif;&Jonfh v,form;rsm;xH a0iSay;xm;cJh&mrS ,ckwzef jyefvnfodrf;,lI ajr&Sifrsm;xH jyefvnftyfESHcJh=uonf? Tajr,may:vpDtrSm; a=umifh vufeufudkifwyf (aus;&Gm awmifolv,form; om;orD;trsm;pk) wGif;rS &Jabmfrsm; wyfrSxGufum tdrfjyefoGm;=ujcif;a=umifh wyfòycJh&onf[k qdkavonf?



27

1955 ckE Sp f (55 vrf;pOf)1955 ckE Sp f (55 vrf;pOf)1955 ckE Sp f (55 vrf;pOf)1955 ckE Sp f (55 vrf;pOf)1955 ckE Sp f (55 vrf;pOf)

u|efawmfonf Tvrf;pOfESifhywfoufI xdktcsdefu aumif;pGm em;rvnfcJhacs? em;vnf&ef cufcJ±_yfaxG;aom vrf;pOf[kom odem;vnfcJh&onf? axmufcH-uefff@uGufr_udkyif rdrdðyvkyfcJhJjcif; &Sdr&Sd rrSwfrdawmhacs?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD. 55 vrf;pOfESifh ywfoufI oHk;oyfxm;aom oHk;oyfcsufwckwGif T 55 vrf;pOfonf Armjynf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkkufepfemapcJhonf[k qdkxm;avonf? u|efawmfyg0ifonfh&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; e,fopfwdk;csJ@a&; wyfzJG@onf 1955 ckESpfw0dkufwGif &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkif wyfzJG@tjzpf ajymif;vJwm0eff,lcJhonf? u|efawmfonfvnf;tif;av; a'oajrmufjcrf; anmifa&$e,fokd @ ajratmuf tvkyfwm0efjzifh ajymif;a&$@cJh&ygonf?

19561956195619561956

AdkvfbZHonf Te,fajrtwGif;yg0ifaom tif;av;a'o ajrmufjcrf;okd@a&muf&Sd+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. tvkyfwm0ef rsm;udk xrf;aqmifaecsdefjzpfonf?rnfonfhtqifhjzifh tvkyfrsm;vkyfaeonf qkdonfukdawmh twdtus rod&Sdyg? u|efawmfwOD;csif; tuJcwfcsuft& ‚onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. jynfe,ftqifhacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf? a'o.taetxm;ESifh ajratmufb0tajc taet& v#dK@0Sufa&;tm; tav;xm;vdkufemae=u&aoma=umifh twdtusrod&SdcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfodc J h&or# Ad kvfbZHu|efawmfodc J h&or# Ad kvfbZHu|efawmfodc J h&or# Ad kvfbZHu|efawmfodc J h&or# Ad kvfbZHu|efawmfodc J h&or# Ad kvfbZH

AdkvfbZHonf tif;av;trsdK;om;wOD; jzpf+yD; ‚. arG;Zmwdonf anmifa&$òr@e,f a¹rayG;aus;&Gm jzpfonf? xdk&Gmonf OD;wifat; (&Srf;jynf) . &Gmjzpfonfhiz,facsmif; (ig;z,facsmif;) &GmESifhreD;ra0;/ ta&S@taemuf rsufapmif;xdk;Y wnf&Sdaeygonf? ‚onf i,fpOfumv ausmif;om;b0wGif awmif}uD;òr@Y ynmoif=um;cJhonf?t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;atmif+yD;aemuf awmif}uD;òr@&Sd taumuf cGefXmeY taumufcGeft&m&Sd(Custom Officer) wOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf? ‚onf &Srf;jynfe,f vufa&G;pOfabmvHk;toif;wGif tv,fwef; abmvHk;orm;wOD;tjzpf emrnf&SdcJholvnf; jzpfonf?

olonff 1946 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf jyefvnf zJG@pnf;onfh



28

&Srf;jynf jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzJG@csKyf (&yv) tzJG@wGif 'k-OuUÏtjzpffvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? xdkpOfu &yvtzJG@ukd OD;aqmifcJh=uolrsm;rSm OuUÏ OD;cGefapm (yif;w,)/ OD;bZH 'k-OuUÏ/ OD;xGef;jrifhav; (awmif}uD;)- taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;/ OD;xGef;thH(anmifa&$)- wJGzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/ OD;wifat; (&Srf;jynf)- ynma&;rSL;/OD;xGef;az- jyef=um; a&;rSL;/ OD;a&$tkef;- b¾ma&;rSL;/ ODd; cGeffxDd; (yifvHk)- pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;wdk@jzpf=uonf?

&Srf;jynf-jynfol@vGwfvyfa&; tzJG@csKyf (&yv). t"du&nf &G,fcsufonffArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;+yD; vGwfvyfa&;t&,l&efESifh ya'o&mZfpepf wdkufzsufa&;wdk@yifjzpfonf[k od&SdcJh&onf?

AdkvfbZHonf tom;jzLjzLESifh t&yftarmif;aumif;+yD; Oy"d±kyfrSmvnf;cHhnm;onf? pum;ajymqdk qufqH&mwGifvnf; odrfarG@El;nHhonf? ‚onf &cdkifoltv,fweff;jy ausmif;q&mrwOD;jzpfaom a':oef;wifESifh tdrfaxmifuscJhonf? ‚wdk@onff awmif}uD;òr@Y aexdkifI om;orD;ESpfOD; xGef;um;cJhavonf? t}uD;qHk;rSm orD;rdeff;uav;jzpf+yD; ti,frSmrl om;a,musfm;jzpfum cifarmifjzL[lI ac:=uonf? udkcifarmifjzLonf &efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvfrS bJG@&cJholvnf; jzpfonf? olonf 1980ckESpfw0dkufwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wGif 0ifa&mufcJhonf? 1986 ckESpf0eff;usifrSm ausmuf*l &yfapmufa'obufwGif jyefvnfwm0ef,l&eftwGuf yefqef; A[kdXmecsKyfrStjyef vrf;c&D;wae&mY tpkd;&ppfwyfESifh rar#mfvifhbJyufyif;wdk;um wdkkufyJGjzpfyGm;cJh+yD; xdkwdkkufyJGwGif &JabmfaZmfxGef; (c) cifaarmifjzLusqHk;cJh&avonf? olonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ygwD0ifwOD;tjzpfESifh usqkH;oGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ‚. om;orD;ESpfOD;ESifh ZeD;onfwkd@ awmif}uDd;òr@Y useff&SdcJhavonf?

1956 ckESpfw0dkufwGif tif;av;a'o anmifa&$e,fbuf AdkvfbZH a&mufaepOfYyif tif;trsdK;om;rsm;. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tzJG@tpnf;w&yfjzpfonfhtif;OD;pD;tzJG@ ay:aygufae+yD[k a,bk,s rSwfrdaeygonf? twdtusrrSwfrdacs?aemifwGif u|efawmfonf tif;OD;pD;tzJG@wGif EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; t}uHay;/ ygwDuvmyfpnf;wGif uvmyfpnf;tzJG@0if wODddd;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&ygonf?

19571957195719571957Ad kvfbZHESif h OD;baqG awG@qH kaqG;aEG;=ujcif;Ad kvfbZHESif h OD;baqG awG@qH kaqG;aEG;=ujcif;Ad kvfbZHESif h OD;baqG awG@qH kaqG;aEG;=ujcif;Ad kvfbZHESif h OD;baqG awG@qH kaqG;aEG;=ujcif;Ad kvfbZHESif h OD;baqG awG@qH kaqG;aEG;=ujcif;

TESpftwGif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;rS AdkvfbZHonfzqyvtpdk;&tzJG@. umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;baqGESifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; uavmòr@



29

wGif rsufESmcsiff;qdkif v#dK@0SufawG@qHk aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? aqG;aEG;=uonfh ta=umif;t&mESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk twdtus rod&Sd&yg? a,bk,sod&SddcJh&onfrSm AdkvfbZHtm;vufeufcs tvif;0if&eftwGuf zqyv tpdk;&[email protected],fpm; OD;baqGu aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;om jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;&mwGif jr‡LqG,fjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmuftusyfukdifjcif;/ &mxl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;jcif; ponfh enf;emrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf[k t=urf;zsif;om od&SddcJh&ygonf?

xdkpOfumv AdkvfbZHonf anmifa&$e,f tif;av;a'owGif v#dK@0SufpGmaexdkifI ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. vkyfief;wm0efffrsm;tm; aqmif&Gufaeonfh tcsdefjzpfonf? TtajctaewGif zqyvtpddk;& onf &Srff;jynfe,f&Sd ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;(MI) wyfrS wyf=uyf}uDd;xGeff;pdef (anmifa&$òr@ -OD;ò[email protected];)OD;pD;aom ppfwyfrS wyfpdwfwpdwfjzifh AdkvfbZH tm; vma&mufqufoG,f ac:,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ‚wyfpdwfESifhtwlAkdvf bZHtwGuf zqyvtpkd;&u ay;ykd@vkdufaom pmwapmifvnf; yg&Sdvm onf?

AdkvfbZHonf vma&mufqufoG,fonfh axmufvSrf;a&; wyf=uyf}uD;ESifhtwl yJhcsdyfpufavSrsm;jzifh anmifa&$òr@okd@ vdkufygoGm;cJhygonf? anmifa&$òr@wGif axmufvSrf;a&;wyfrS wm0efcHwyfrSL; Adkvf}uD;azjrifh qdkol (Adkvf}uD;azjrifhonf uGefjrLepfygwDOuUÏocifoef;xGef;. wlawmf onf[k od&onf?) u apmifh}uKdaeonf? AdkvfbZHonfAdkvfazjrifhESifhtwl ppfwyfrS *spfum;rsm;jzifh uavmòr@odk@ qufvufoGm;=uygonf?uavm òr@Y OD;baqGESifh vlcsif;awG@um aqG;aEG;=uonf[k od&Sd&onf?

1957 ckESpfrsm;wGif &Srf;jynfe,fY ppfwdkif;[lI r&Sdao;acs? AdkvfrSL;}uD;odef;wkwfOD;pD;aom wyfrsm;om &Sdaeonf? AdkvfrSL;}uD;odef;wkwfukd xkdpOfu wyfrif;[lIac:a0:oHk;E_ef;cJh=uvonf?

AdkvfbZH oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;onfrSm tcsdef &ufowWwygwfr# =umygvdrfhrnf? OD;baqGESifh aqG;aEG;+yD;v#if+yD;csif; tif;av;a'okd@ jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmygonf?tif;av;Y oHk;av;&ufceff@ae+yD;v#if AdkvfbZHonf &Jabmfaomif;a&$ESifhtwl awmvrf;c&D;jzifh ytdk0fhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf a&;tzJG@ (ytvz) XmecsKyf&Sd&modk@ c&D;xGufcJh=ujyefonf? xdkXmecsKyfwGif xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifESpfOD; jzpfaom OD;vSaz (oxHk)/ ppfa&;wm0efcH AkdkvfusefZHkwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;ygonf? aqG;aEG;=uonfh ta=umif;t&mESifh tcsuf tvufrsm;tm; twdtusrod&Sd&aomfvnf; a,bk,sod&onfrSm ytvz tzJG@tpnf;taeESifh zqyv tpkd;&xH tvif;r0if&effESifh vufeufrcs&efwdk@yif jzpfygonf?

aqG;aEG;yJG+yD;I AdkvfbZHESifh &Jabmfaomif;a&$wdk@ESpfOD;onf awmvrf;twdkif;tif;av;a'oodk@ jyefvm&mY vrf;wae&m ta&mufwGif zqyv tpdk;&wyfrS wyfpkwpku toifhapmifhóuae=uonf? xdkwyfpkrS teD;uyff acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfI AdkvfbZHusqHk;+yDd; &Jabmfaomif;a&$onf '%f&mjzifh tzrf;cHcJh&onf?

onfhaemuf zqyv tpdk;&onf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifyd kif;c±d kif ygwD.



30

e,fajrrsm;jzpfaom (anmifa&$/ pum;/ puG,f/ yifavmif;ESifh aygif;avmif;eef@zm)a'orsm;tm; ppfa&;t& xdk;ppfqifawmhonf? ‚xkd;ppfukd wHjrufpnf;ppfqifa&;(Operation Broom) [k trnfay;xm;onf? Tppfqifa&;onf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;c±dkiftm; wpHkw&mtxdemapcJhonf? AdkvfbZHtygt0iff&Jabmf wcsdK@ usqHk;cJh&avonf?

19581958195819581958taxGaxGvufeufcsr _E Si f h zqyv tuG Jt+yJtaxGaxGvufeufcsr _E Si f h zqyv tuG Jt+yJtaxGaxGvufeufcsr _E Si f h zqyv tuG Jt+yJtaxGaxGvufeufcsr _E Si f h zqyv tuG Jt+yJtaxGaxGvufeufcsr _E Si f h zqyv tuG Jt+yJ

1958 ckESpf rwffvwGif zqyvtpdk;&. trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wck usif;ycJhonf? xdktpnf;ta0;wGif jynfwGif; +idrf0yfydjym;a&;tajctaeESifhpyfvsOf;I wyfrawmfrS tpD&ifcHpmwapmif wifjycJhonf? ‚tpD&ifcHpmwGif =oZm&SdEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u tum tuG,fay;xm;onfhtwGuf vlqdk;tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd tm%mydkifrsm; taejzifh Oya't& ta&;r,lEdkifbJ jzpfaeonf[k yg&SdcJhavonf? xdktcsufESifhywfoufI 0eff}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf azmfjyyg ta&;,lzrf;qD;&rnfholrsm;tm; jynfxJa&;ESifhppfwyf yl;aygif;+yD; zrf;qD;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf? ppfwyfonfocifwif/ ocifausmf'Gef;wdk@. aemufvdkuf aemufygrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJh+yD; OD;ausmf+idrf;.aemufvdkkufrsm;ukdrl tenf;pkomv#if zrf;qD;cJhonf? xkda=umifh ocifwif/ ocifausmf'Gef;wdk@Su 'g[m ODd;ausmf +idrf; vuffcsufyif jzpfrnf[k pGyfpJGajymqdk=uygonf?

Todk@jzifh zqyvtpdk;&twGif; Ek-wiftkyfpk (oefff@&Sif;) ESifh wnf+rJtkyfpk(aqG-+idrf;) wdk@ ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;=uonf[k odcJh&avonf? xkd@tjyif &oHk;cef@rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;tm; twnfðy&efftwGuf ta&;ay: tm%moHk;+yD; jyÏmef;vdkufonfh ODd;Ek.vkyf&yfudkvnf; rauseyfI wnf+rJ tkyfpkonf ppfwyftiftm;ukd toHk;csum ppfwyfrStm%modrf;&eff vrf;cif;ay;cJhygonf? OD;Ekonf 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rS qiff;ay;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uDd; ae0iff;udk tdrfapmifhtpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf 1958 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif tm%mv$Jtyfvdkuf&awmhonf? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&. t"duwm0efonf vGwfvyf+yDd; w&m;r#wonfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGukd 6 vtwGif; usif;yay;a&;yif jzpfonf?

tm%m& zqyvtpdk;&onf tcsif;csif;tuGJt+yJa=umifh EdkifiHa&;t&tawmfyif txdemavonf? Ttajctaeukd tcGifhaumif;,lI rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tm; a&S@odk@wGef;wif&ef tcGifhtvrf; aumif;wck jzpfcJhygonf? odk@aomfArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tygt0if tjcm;aom vufeufudkiftzJG@tpnff;rsm;onf TtcGifhtvrff;tm; aumiff;pGmtoHk;csEdkifonfh tajctaersdK; r&SdcJhyg?

TESpfxJrSmyif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tygt0if wjcm;aom vufeufudkiff



31

tzGJ@tpnff;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tajctaersm;onf bufaygif;pHk tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae=u& avonf? xdktajctaewGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0iff;. tdrfapmifhtpddk;&onf vufeuffudkifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;rsm;tay:Y EdkifiHa&;/ppfa&;/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;wkd@t& tm;oGefcGefpddkuf wkdufckdufvmygonff?

ppfa&;t& ppftiftm;rsm;toHk;ðy+yD; xdk;ppf}uD;i,frsm;ukd ðyvkyfvmygonf?EkdifiHa&;t&vnf; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; vufeufcstvif;0if&ef/ vufeufESifh 'Drdkkua&pD vJvS,f&ef aqG;aEG;jcif;/ aphpyfjr‡LqG,fjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyffvmavonff?

jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@/ rGef/ ytdk@0f/ tif; ponfhtzGJ@tpnff;rsm; vufeufcstvif;0ifoGm;cJh=uonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepffygwDrSvnf; wdk kif;/ c±dkif/ a'otcsdK@ESifhtiftm;wcsdK@onfvnff; tvm;wl vufeufcs tvif;0ifoGm;cJh=uygonfff?

tdrfapmiffhtpdk;&.vufxufY pdwf"mwfppffqifa&;ESifh 0g'jzef@csd a&;wdk@udkvnf; enff;vrf;aaygif;pHkjzifh ðyvkyfcJhonf? tcsdefusI a&'D,dk cvkwfukdzGihf+yD; jrefrmhtoHukd zrf;vdkufv#if toHv$ifhZmwfvrf;rsm;/ aw;oDcsif;rsm;jzifh vufeufcstvif;0if&ef v_H@aqmfoHrsm; =um;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? u|efawmfrSwfrdor# =um;cJh&onfrsm;udkwifjy&v#if vufeuf cs&ef zdwfac:onfh ay:vpDaw;oDcsif;xJwGif “armifav;æarmifav;æ a&Smifrajy;ygeJ@/ aemifa&;ukdvnf; rr &ifav;rdygw,f? tartdkukd vkkkyfudkifau|;arG; armifav;rSS Smvnf; wm0ef&Sdygw,f” qdkonfh oabmt"dy`m,frsm;yg&SdcJhygonf?

xdkaw;oDcsif;ESifhywfouffI u|efawmfwdk@acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonfh jynfe,faumfrwD OD;bodef; (c) ocifarmif}uD;u &,farmp&mtjzpfESifh “'DoDcsif;[m igeJ@rqdkifbl;? riff;wdk@ESifhomqdkifw,f? ighemrnffu armif}uDd;” [kI ajymcJhzl;avonffff?

u|efawmfhtjrifrSm xdkaw;oDcsif;tygt0if ta=umif;rsKd;pHka=umifh vufeuffudkifawmfvSefa&; wyfzGJ@rsdK;pHkrS armifav;a&m armif}uD;yg trsm;tjym; vuffeuffcsoGm;=uonfffrSm trSefyif jzpfcJhonfff?

TtcsdefrSpI &Srf;jynffe,f awmiffydkif;c±dkiffonff ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;onffh tajctaersm;ESifh &iffqdkifcJh&ayonf?&Srf;jynfe,f awmifykdif;c±kdifonf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf; wckwnf;taejzifhom &efoludk pwiff&ifqkdif&awmhonff? a'o&Sd ytdk@0f/ tif;ponfh vufeufudkifftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf vufeufcs tvif;0ifa&mufoGm;cJh=uay+yDd?

&Srf;jynfe,ff awmiffydkif;c±dkifonf (rlv&Sda'oe,ffajrrsm;wGiff) &JabmftcsdK@tm;tiff;av;a'o anmiffa&$e,ffY ajratmufwm0eftjzpf ajymif;ay;cJh&onf? c±kdifwyf&Sdvltiftm;tcsKd@udkvnf; ajratmufwyf zGJ@tjzpfESifh ajymif;vJcsxm;ay;cJh&ygonf?aygif;avmif;eef@zma'oukdvnf; wyfukef;/ usnfawmifuef e,fajrrsm;ESifh wquf



32

wpyfwnf; jzpf&ef óu;yrff;cJhonfff? tv,fydkif;wkdif; (&rnf;oif;/ rauG;/ rdwDˆvm/ jrif;+cHc±dkifa'orsm;) udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdu wdkif;wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdkwdkif;tm; tv,ffydkif;Armjynfwdkif; odk@r[kwf tv,fydkif;wdkif;[k ac:=uygonf? tv,fykdif;wdkif;onf xdktcsdefxkdumv tajctaersm;t& ajrjyef@vGifjyifydkkif;Y &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;&efvGefpGm tcufftcJ}uD;rm;cJh&ygonf? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&ppffwyfrsm;onf a&&Sdonfhae&mwdkif;wGif wyfpGJxm;jcif;/ jynfol@ppfrsm; zGJ@pnf;I apmifh=uyfjcif;rsm;/ acG;aoaumifrsm; odk@r[kwf acG;rsm;owfI a&xJcsxm; jcif;wdk@a=umifh a&&Sm;yg;jcif; tcufftcJrSSm}uDd;rm;vSygonfff?/

,if;tajctaea=umifh tv,ffydkif;wdkif;rS ta&;}uD;yk*~dKvfwcsdK@ESifh vufeufudkiffwyffzGJ@tcsKd@onf &Srf;±dk;rawmifay:&Sd aygif;avmif;eef@zm a'ookd@ rvGJra&Smifoma&$@ajymif;=u&ygawmhonf? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf xdktajctaersm;udk od&SdoGm;+yD;&Srf;jynffe,f awmifydkif;c±dkifY tajccH e,fajr aygif;avmif;eef@zma'otm; ,cifxufydkItm±Hkpdkufvmavonffff?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmihftpdk;&onf aygif;avmif;eef@zma'owGifxyfrHI ppftiftm;tvHk;t&if;ESifh xdk;ppfqif&ef pdkif;jyif;vmonf? Txkd;ppfukd&ifqdkif&ef &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkif aumfrwD taejzifhvnf; vdktyfonfh jyifqifr_rsm;vkyf=u&ygonf?

u|efawmfESifh &JabmfwzJG@tm; cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf&&Sda&;twGuf tif;av;a'obufokd@ wm0efay; apv$wfcJhonf? tif;av;a'o&Sd c±dkifacgif;aqmifwOD;udk rdrdvmcJh&onfh tvkyfwm0efta=umif; wifjyvdkufonf? xdkc±kdifacgif;aqmifuvnf; csufcsif;pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;ygonf?

u|efawmfonf &JabmfoHk;a,muftzJG@ESifhtwl &&Sdonfh cJ,rf;rsm;tm;onfydk;um aygif;avmif;eef@zm tajccHa'okd@ tjrefqHk;enf; jzifh wufokwfESifcJhonf?tajccHa'oukd u|efawmfwdk@tzGJ@ ajccsrdonfESifhwòyifwnf; tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;onfvnf; a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf?

‚ppfwyfrsm;onf aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh awmawmifae&mtESH@ &Sif;vif;aeonf?u|efawmfwdk@onf tvmaumif;ayr,fh tcsdeftcg aESmif;cJhacs+yD? ppfa&;t& vufOD;r_&,l=u&mY ppftiftm;}uD;rm;onfh ppfwyfonf ppftiftm; csnfheJ@ao;i,faom wyfxuf a,bk,stm;jzifh vufOD;r_&&Sd&mwGif wyef;omayonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tzJG@onf yifrwyfzJG@ESifh tjreftquftoG,f&&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xkd@a=umifh o,f,lvmcJhonfh cJ,rf;usnfrsm;uddk vHkðcHpGm awmwGif;wae&mY0Sufxm;&ygonf? odk@rSom oGufvufayghyg;pGm v_yf&Sm;Edkifayrnf?

&efol@ppfa=umif;rsm;onf aus;&Gmrsm;. 0ef;usifY awmif,m rsm;ESifh &Gm



33

zkef;qdk;rsm;ygrusef ydkufpdwfwdkkuf &Sif;vif;aeonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf OD;pGm &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &&Sd&efvdk.? xdk@a=umifh aygif;avmif;acsmif; taemufbufurf;odk@ nbufY wdwfwqdwf 0g;azmifjziffh jzwful;vmcJhonf?

acsmif;.taemufbuf &Gmrsm;teuf &GmpGef&Gmi,f w&Gmjzpfaom rJvD u&if&Gmi,ftm; oGm;a&mufcsOf;uyf=uygonf? ‚.&Gmab; awmif,mzkef;qdk;wckwGif&Sif;vif;a&; ðyvkyfaeonfh ppfa=umif;wa=umif;ESifh wdk;rd+yD; wdkufyJGjzpfyGm;&m &JabmfwOD;vufarmif;wGif '%f&m&&Sdum vlcsif;uGJoGm;ygonf? wdkufyJGtwGif;Yyif usef&JabmfESpfOD;ESifhvnf; vlcsif;uGJoGm;onf?

u|efawmfwOD;wnf; wdkkufyJGjzpfyGm;onfh ae&mESifh rvSrf;rurf; awmwGif;wae&mY ykef;atmif;ae&onf? u|efawmfudkifaqmifonfh umbdkifaoewfwGif usnfqefESpfawmifhr#om usef&Sdawmhonf? &efolrsm; jyeffvnfqkwfcGmoGm;onfhtcsdefY u|efawmfonf ykef;ae&mrSxGufI vlcsif;uGJoGm;onfh &Jabmfrsm;uddk vkdufvH &SmazG&onf?

u|efawmfonf owif;pHkprf;&eftwGuf rJvD&GmxJokd@ 0ifa&mufcJhygonf?&Gm.jrifuGif;onf ppfwyfrS rD;±_d@xm;onffh jrifuGif;jzpfaeonf? tcsdK@aomtdrfrsm;Ytdrfwdkifrsm;onf rD;cdk;rsm;tlaeqJ jzpfonf? &Gm xJwGif rdef;rrsm;ESifhuav;rsm;/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdk tbdk;tbGm; wcsdK@ukdom awG@&ygonf? wcsdK@aom rdef;rrsm; atmf[pfidkaºu;ae=u&m ab;em;wGif &Sdaeonfh acG;rsm;onfyif tlae=uavonf?

TjrifuGif;tm; awG@jrif&ojzifh u|efawmfonf a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;tay:rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmifyif a'gotrsuf xGufaerdygonf? xdkuJhodk@aom tedÏm±Hkrsm;ukd ArmjynfwjynfvHk; ae&mtESH@wGif jynfwGif;ppf. oauFwtrSwfvuQ%mrsm;tjzpf jrifawG@=u&ayrnf? tbdk; tdkwOD;onf u|efawmf.teD;odk@ r0Hhr&Jjzifh a&muf&Sdvm.? “armif&if u b,foGm;rSmvJ”[k ar;vm&m u|efawmfonf tusKd;ta=umif;pHkvifpGm ajymjyvdkufavonf? xdktcgY tbkd;tdku “armif&ifjrefjrefoGm;/ ppfwyfawGoabFmukef;&GmrSmyJ &Sdaeao;w,f? 'dk@&Gmu a,musfm;rSefor#tm;vHk; ppfwyfu zrf;+yD;oabFmukef;&Gmudk ac:oGm;w,f? uGefjrLepf awG@w,fvdk@ owif;=um;&if tjrefqHk;owif;ydk@&r,f? rydk@&if &Gmudk tck vdk rD;±_d@r,f[k ajymoGm;w,f” [k &Sif;vif; ajymjyonf? rJvD&GmESifh oabFmukef;&Gmonfff wrdkifyifa0;rnff[k rxifyg?

u|efawmfonf rJvD&GmrS tjrefqHk;xGufcGmvmum ra0;vSonfh qdkifhus,f&Gmbufudk awmvrf;twdkif; ajcOD;vSnfhxGufcJhygonf? &GmESifh reD;ra0;ta&mufwGifudkifaqmifxm;onfhaoewftm; awmwGif; wae&mY vHkðcHpGmðzwfodrf; odk0Sufvkdufygonff? +yD;v#if u|Jcavmuf oH=um;&onfhae&modk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf? u|Jausmif;om;wOD;ESifh yuffyif;awG@&+yD; ‚ESifh pum;ajymqdkI tultnDawmif;cHum t0wftpm;csif; vJvS,f0wfvkduf=uygonfff?



34

u|efawmfonf csufcsif;yif u|Jausmif;om; jzpfoGm;awmhonf? u|Jausmif;om;wOD;taeeSifh u|Jaysmuf&SmyHkawmfZmwfvrf;udk o±kyffazmfcJh&ygonff? xdk;ppfqifaeonfh ppfa=umif;rsm;onf wckESifwck eD;eD;uyfuyf v_yf&Sm;aeonf? vGef;ysHozG,ftoGm;tjyef &Sif;vif;a&; vkyfaeonfudk awG@&onff?

&Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;tcsKd@onf u|efawmftm; wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajymqdk t}uHðy=uonff? twifhr&JeJ@/ &Gm0if&GmxGufowdxm;yg ponfwdk@jzpff.? &Gmom;rsm;.ajymqkdcsuftwdkif;yif u|efawmfESifh &efol@ ppfa=umif;rsm;onf oHk;}udrfoHk;cgxufrenf;&Gmt0iftxGufrsm;wGif wdk;rdqHkrd=uonf? u|efawmfonf Todk@jzifh w&Gm0if w&GmxGufu|J aysmuf&Smaomfvnff; u|Jvnf;rawG@/ yifrwyfzGJ@. owif;vnff; r&/ uGJoGm;onfh&Jabmfrsm;ESifhvnf; rawG@jzpfaeygonff? Todk@jzifh }uHrd}uH&m pOf;pm;rdonfrSm usnfawmifuef e,fbufokd@qif;+yD; a'ocH &Jabmfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðy&efyif jzpfonf?xdk@a=umifh usnfawmifuefbuf qif;onfhvrf;teD;&Sd awmifus&Gmudk ajcOD;vSnfcJh&jyefonff?

&GmxJ csufcsif;r0ifao;bJ awmif,mtvkyfoGm;=urnfh &Gmom;rsm;&GmxJrSxGuftvmudk u|efawmf apmifhaevkdufonff? ESpfem&D cef@r# apmifhaomfvnf;wa,mufwavrS ay:rvmojzifh &GmteD; csOf;uyfcJh&ygonf? &GmxJY xl;jcm;onfhtoHAvHrsm; r=um;&I u|efawmfonf &Gm.tpGeftzsm;&Sd tdrfwtdrfudk 0ifvdkufonff?tddrf&Sif a,musfm;wOD;ESif h awG@Iod&S dvdkonfh owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;&m ‚ubmowiff;rS rxl;yg? vGeffcJhonfh ig;&ufcefhu &Gmudk ppfwyfa&mufvmonf? uGefjrLepfawG a&mufrvmbl;vm;[k ar;+yD;jyefoGm;&m 'Daemuf ppfwyf ra&mufao;yg[k ajymjyygonff?

u|efawmfonf Todk@jzifh aus;&Gmvl}uD;. tdrfbufokd@oGm;um &Gmvl}uD;ESifhawG@+yD; tusKd;ta=umif; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;ygonf? qefwjynf ESiffh opfom;rD;jcpfwAl;/qefxnfh&efyvdkiff;i,fwvHk; 0,f,lvdkufonff? &Gmvl}uDd;onf aiGa=u;r,lbJ tvSL'geðyvdkufygonf?

u|efawmfonf wyfukef;/ usnfawmifuefbuf qiff;onfhvrf;okd@ tjrefxGufvmcJhonf? vrf;twdkif; rdepf 20 r# av#muf aecsdefY yif aemufrS tajy; tv$m;vdkufvmaeonfh vlajcoH=um;&I vrf;ab;&Sd csKHykwfxJ 0ifvdkufonf? awmifus&Gmom;wOD;jzpfrSef; odvkduf&onfESifh u|efawmfonf csufcsif; csKHykwfxJrSxGufum vrf;ay: jyefwuf+yD; xddk&Gmom;tm; atmfac:vddkufonf?

&Gmom;onffff tarmwaumjzifh u|efawmfqD a&mufvm+yD; oluyif pwifI“ciffAsm;odyf+yD; uHaumif;w,ff? cifAsm; &GmuxGuf+yD; b,favmufrSr=umao;bl;/ppfwyfvnf; &GmxJ a&mufvmw,f? &Gm vl}uD;eJ@ &Gmom;awGudk csufjcif;ac:pk+yD;



35

u|Jaysmuf&SmwJh u|Jausmif; om;wa,muf 'Dudka&mufvmw,f r[kwfvm;vdk@ar;awmh&Gmvl}uD;u twwfodaew,fvdk@xif+yD; trSeftwdkif; ajymjyvdkufw,ff? 'Dawmh ppfwyffu tcktJ'Dvl b,fudkoGm;ovJvdk@ ar;awmhwmaygh? &Gmvl}uD;u 'gawmhrodbl; 'DbufuawmxJudk 0ifoGm;wmyJvdk@ v$J+yD;vufn‡dK;xdd k; jyvdk k kufw,f” [k ta=umif;pkHajymjyygonff?

&Gmom;onf ol.tusôtdwffuyftwGif;rS pmtdwftm; xkwf,lum u|efawmfhudk ay;vmonf? u|efawmfonf xkd&Gmom;ay;vmonfh pmtdwfudk uref;uwef;azmuf+yD; zwf=unfhvdkufonfff?

pmwGif u|efawmf.trnfESifh arG;Zmwdòr@&[email protected]; yg&Sdovkd rauG;e,fbufY wdkufyGJwckwGif usqHk;oGm;onfh tudk0rf;uGJawmfol tv,fydkif;wdkif;. wdkif;wyfrSL; Adkvf}uD;wdk;atmif ta=umif;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;avonf? ,if;tjyif pma&;ay;vmolonf u|efawmfESifh aqGrsKd;eDd;pyffoljzpfa=umif;ESifh awmwGif;Y qif;&Jiwfjywf+yD;t"dy`m,frJh toufraooifha=umif; tcsdefrDtvif;0ifa&muf&ef yg&Sdygonff? atmufwGif pma&;ay;oltjzpf Adkvf}uDd;=unffarmif oeu (1) ppfa=umif; (2) [k yg&Sdonf?

u|efawmfonf Tay;pmtm; rD;±_d@zsufqD;um wyfukef;/ usnf awmifuefbufodk@ &Gmom;udkyg ac:I qif;vmcJhonf? wem&Dr# c&Dd; tuGmta0;ta&mufwGiftarmajz&yfem;vdkuf=uonf? &Gmom;ESifh tusdK;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;ajymqdk=u+yD; ol@ukd&Gmbufokd@ jyefv$wfvdkufonff?

u|efawmfonf &Gmom;xHrS rdrdwdk@.&Jabmfrsm; owif;tpteudk &&SdcJhonf?Ttpteowif;rsm;t& &Jabmfrsm;&Sdrnfh ae&mokd@ OD;wnfoGm;cJhonf? 'dkiffe,faumfrwD (wdkufe,faumfrwD) wOD;jzpfonfh &JabmfvSaqmifESifh &JabmfwcsKd@tm; aemufwae@wGiff vlcsif; awG@qHkrd=uayonffff?

&JabmfvSaqmifxHrS od&Sd&onfhowif;rsm;rSm c±dkifwyfonf eef@zm e,fbufa&mufIae+yD; aemufydkiff;wGif owif;tquftoG,f jywfoGm;a=umif;ESifh reD;ra0;awmwGif;wae&mY OD;av;odef; (c) ocifarmif}uDd;ESifh q&muGef;wdk@ &Sdaea=umif;/ ‚wdk@ESifhtwl &Jabmf (3 - 4) a,mufvnf; twlwuG&Sddaea=umif; wdk@yifjzpfonf?

&efol@xdk;ppfonf oJoJrJrJ jyif;xefaeqJ/ rdk;uvnf; oJ}uD;rJ}uD; ae@pOf&ufquf &GmoGef;aeqJæ? aygif;avmif;eef@zma'o&Sd aygif;avmif;acsmif;ESifh tjcm;acsmif;i,fajrmif;i,frsm;onfvnf; a&}uD;a&v#H ajrrsm;yifòyonftxd rdk;uaumif;aeavonf? u|efawmfonf &Jabmf vSaqmifESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifum OD;av;odef; (OD;bodef;)(c) ocifarmif }uD; (&Srf;jynfe,f jynfe,fygwDaumfrwD)xH pma&;+yD; rdrda&muf&Sdaea=umif; owiff;ydk@wifjy tpD&ifcHvkdufygonff?

OD;bodef;/ q&muGef;/ &JabmfxGef;&D/ xGef;=unfESifh xGef;oDwdk@ twl wuG&Sddae



36

=u.? OD;bodef;onf u|efawmf.wifjycsuft& csufcsif;qdkovdkyif jyefpma&;vkdufojzifh jyefpmtjrefa&mufvmonf? ‚.pm wGif u|efawmftm; tif;av;a'obufjyefoGm;&efESifh aygif;avmif;eef@zm tajccHa'otm; &efolxdk;ppfqifaeonfh tajctaeudk &Srf;jynfe,f jynfe,faumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfonfh Adkvfykudk wifjytpD&ifcH&ef wm0efay;vmjcif; jzpfonf?

u|efawmfonf Twm0eft& &JabmfvSaqmifESifh aqG;aEG;onf? ‚xHwGifwyfrS rusef;rmIxm;&pfcJhonfh &JabmffaiG/ wifOD;/ at;aqmif/ xGef;&ifwdk@usef&Sdaeojzifh‚wkd@tm; ac:oGm;&efjzpfonf? xdk&Jabmfrsm;wGif vufeufr&Sd=uay? ‚wdk@. vufeufrsm;ukd ‚wkd@wyfu ,laqmifoGm;cJh=uonf? u|efawmfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; vufeufrJh jzpfaeonf? &JabmfvSaqmifxHrS iSuf}uD;awmif"m;&Snfwvufudk ,lum wm0eft&tif;av;a'obufoddk@ tjrefqHk;c&D;xGufcJh&jyefonff?

&Jabmfav;a,mufESifhtwl aoewfvufeufrygbJ rdk;xJa&xJ &efol@xkd;ppfxJrSm csDwufcJh&jcif; jzpfonf? iSuf}uD;awmif "m;&Snfwvuf tm;ukd;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@wawGonf [dkkauG@ 'Da&Smif/ &efolrsm;ESifh rwdk;rdatmif csDwuf=u&ygonfffff?

aygif;avmif;jrpfab;ta&muf jrpfa&}uD;aeI &Gmom;ESpfOD;. tultnDESifh0g;azmifjzifh nOffhtarSmifrSm jzwful;cJh&onff? u|efawmfwkd@ ig;a,mufonf awmvrf;twdkif; ta&S@bufqDrSef;I wawmifausmfqif; wawmeif;um c&D;jyif; csDwufcJhonf?Todk@jzifh ESpf&ufc&D;t=umwGif yifavmif;vG,faumfoGm;um;vrf;. taemufbufwrdkifausmfr# tuGmwGif wnwm ntdyf&yfem;vdkkkuf=uygonf?

ntdyf&yfem;=uonfh&GmrSm ytkd@0f&Gmjzpf+yD; ytdk@0fbmompum;ESifhqdkv#ifxDcGxHk (a&at;&Gm) [kac:avonff? xdk&Gm. &Gmvl}uD;ukd tusKd;ta=umif;ajymqdkumol@tdrfrSm wnwm tdyfem;cJh=uonf? aemufwae@ rdk;rvif;rD armfawmfum;vrf;ukdul;jzwfrnff[k &Gmvl}uD;udk ajymqdddkaqG;aEG;&ygonf? &Gmvl}uD;onf acgiff;ndwfumytdk@0f bmomjzifh ‘vw&m;udpPPtifaxmif;’ (&ygonf udpPr&Sdyg) [kajymygonfff?

a&at;&Gm. ytdk0fhvl}uD;tdrfonf opfom;tdrfjzpf+yD; tdrf.tay:xyfacgif;&if;bufwGif bk&m;pifwck&Sdonf? xdkbk&m;pifY bk&m;±kyfyGm;awmfi,fwql &Sdaeavonf? ajc&if;bufwGif rD;zdkwck&Sdae.? ‚rD;zdkwGif nbufY rD;xnffhI ajcz0g;rsm;rD;uifum tdyfavh&Sdd=uonf? Ta'o. &moDOwku at;jrvSonfhtxJ avuvnf;wdkufaeao;onf? tdrfatmufxyfonf v,ff,moHk;ud&d,m wddd d kvDrdkvDypPnff;rsm;xm;&Sdonff? vlwcsKd@vnf; tdyfonf[k od&onf?

tdrf.ty:xyfESifh atmufxyfonf twuftqif;avSum;&Sd+yD; tdrfay:xyfwGif tdrfOD;=urf;jyifvnf; &Sdonf? u|efawmfwdk@ (5) a,muf onf acgif;&if;wGif &Sdaeonfhbk&m;pifatmufY toD;oD; ae&m,lum rdrdwdk@Y ygvmonfh t&yfvG,f tdwfav;



37

rsm;tm; acgif;tHk;vkyfI vHkcsnfrsm;ðcHum armarmESifh tdyfvdkkuf=uonff?aemufwae@ rdk;rvif;rD av;emeDtcsdefwGif tm;vHk; uysmu,m tdyf,mrSx

=u+yD; ðcHxm;onfhvHkcsnfrsm;udk acgufodrf;um vG,ftdwfrsm;xJ udk,fpDxnfht+yD;tdrfatmufxyfudk qif;=uygonf? xddktcsdefY tdrf&Sif&Gmvl}uDd;.om;onf atmufxyfrSuarsmaomyg; wufajy;vmonf? ‚u ytdk@0fbmompum;jzifh Armppfom;awG tdrfatmufwGif a&muf&Sdae+yDd[lI ajymqdkavonff?

TwGif u|efawmfonf iSuf}uD;awmif "m;&Snftm;vufrSudkifI atmufxyfokd@ a&S@rSae+yD;tqif; avSum;oHk;av;xpfta&mufwGif *sDo&D;aoewfukdukdifumtoiffhtaetxm;ESifh wufvmonfh ppfom; wOD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qddkif wdk;rd=u.? ppfom;a&m u|efawmfyg ESpfOD;om; aemufokd@ jyefajy;=uonff?

u|efawmfonf tdrfay:xyf&Sd bk&m;pifatmufY tvsm;arSmufvkdufonfwGif tdrfatmufxyfrS ypfcwfvmonfh aoewfoHrsm;onf txufb0*f v#HoGm;rwwf qlnHoGm;awmhonff? &efolrsm; rem;wrf;ypfcwfaeonfh aoewfoHrsm;a=umifh&JabmfwifODd;ESifh at;aqmifwdk@ ESpfODd;onf tvef@w=um;jzifh tdrfay:wGif [dkajy;'Dv$m;jzpfaeonff? u|efawmfonf ‚wdk@tm; ae&mYyif0yfae=u&ef atmfajym vkduf&onf?rdrdonf bk&m;pifatmufwGif tvsm;arSmufum wGm;I &efolrsm;. tajctaeukdtuJcwf&onf?

tdrftay:xyf bk&m;pifab;&Sd wHcg;aygufi,ftm; tomt,mzGifhumatmufuddkiHk@=unfhvdkufonf? wHcg;aygufi,fESifh wnfhwnfhY ajray:wGif tdrfrddk;onfhoufi,fyspfwyHk awG@&onf? ‚ae&mw0kdufY &efoltm; wa,mufwavr#yif rawG@jrif&ay? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfonff teD;&Sd&JabmfxGef;&iftm; avoHwdk;wdk;jzifh “ightajctaeudk=unfhaeuGmæ wjcm;&Jabmfrsm;vnf;ajymvdkkkuf” [kajymvkduft+yD; wHcg;aygufi,frS oufi,fyspfyHkab;okd@ ckefcsvdkkufonf? xdkrStdrf. +cHpnf;±dk;ukd ausmfv$m;umtjcm;tdrfrsm;udkul;I tumtuG,f,l+yD; &Gmjyifudk xGufEdkkifcJhonf?

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38

&efolu zrf;qD;um xkdae&mYyif aoewfESifhypfowfvdkufa=umif; =um;odcJh&onf?&Jabmfat;aqmifudkrl tdrftay:xyfrSmyif '%f&mr&&SdbJ zrf;qD;um tdrfatmuftdrf.+cHpnffff;±dk;ab;Yyif aoewfjzifh ypfowfvddkuf=uonfff?

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39

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Ttjzpftysufukd awmifusaus;&Gmom;wcsdK@. ajymjycsufrsm;t& od&SdcJh&jcif; jzpfonf? Ttjzpfatysufonfomv#if wu,fhtppftrSef jzpfayonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&.vufxufwGif &Srf;jynf e,fawmifydkif;c±dkif. tajccHa'o aygif;avmif;eef@zmonf txdemcJh&avonf? ArmjynfwjynfvHk;&SduGefjrLepfygwD. a'orsm;ESifh tjcm; aom vufeufudkiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;.a'orsm;tm; 14 vtwGif;Y ppfqifa&;}uD; 180 }udrf/ a'oEW&ppfqifa&; 323 }udrf/ wdkufyJG}uDd;386 }udrf/ wdkufyJGi,f 2743 }udrf/ &efoltustqHk; 1872/ '%f&m 1959/ zrf;rdvufeufcs 56583 &Sd+yD; Auy A[dkaumfrwD0if udka,m/ Adkvf!Gef@ armif (vufeufcs)/oHr%darmifarmif (udkatmifol zrf;rdvufeufcs)/ ocifwifaz (c) udkwif&Dd (usqHk;)/



40

wdkif;aumfrwD AdkvfxGef;jrifh/ AdkvfvSrdk;/ ODdd;}uD;aiG/ udkatmifoef;/ udkvGifarmif/ udkudk}uDd;(vufeufcs) Adkvfodef;/ AdkvftmVm/ OD;bodef;/ q&muGef;/ apmaemif}uDd;/ odef;ZH usqHk;[ktdrfapmifhtpdk;&. a=umnmcsufwGif yg&SdcJhonf?

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1964 - 65964 - 65964 - 65964 - 65964 - 65aEG jyif jyif a&jyifyifavmifòrufonf h r D;y Gm;ESi f h r D;awmufrsm;aEG jyif jyif a&jyifyifavmifòrufonf h r D;y Gm;ESi f h r D;awmufrsm;aEG jyif jyif a&jyifyifavmifòrufonf h r D;y Gm;ESi f h r D;awmufrsm;aEG jyif jyif a&jyifyifavmifòrufonf h r D;y Gm;ESi f h r D;awmufrsm;aEG jyif jyif a&jyifyifavmifòrufonf h r D;y Gm;ESi f h r D;awmufrsm;

aEG&moDaEGumvY a&jyifwGif rD;yGm;rD;awmufrsm; usa&muful;cwf avmifòrufcJhavonf? Tpum;ukd =um;v#if ya[VdozG,f jzpfaumif; jzpfaeayrnf? tajctaetrSefukd od&Sdv#ifrl TudpPukd em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif=uvdrfhrnf xifygonf?

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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwDtwGuf ckcHppfukd qufvufqifE$Jjcif;rSty tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sdacs? ‚twGufa=umifh jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaersm;tay:rlwnf+yD; vrf;pOfw&yfudk a&;qJGcsrSwfcJh&onf? ‚vrf;pOfonf ppfEdkifa&;/ tm%modrf;a&; vrf;pOf odk@r[kwf 64 vrf;pOf jzpfonf?

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42

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ppfwyfrS wyfpkwpkonf awmifwdk&GmY wyfpGJxm;onf? T&Gmonf tif;av;yHkjyifrsm;teuf wcktjzpf yg0ifonfh&Gm jzpfonf? xdk'¾m &DyHkjyifu Todk@ qdkacsonf?tavmif;pnfolrif;vufxufY rif;}uD;onf rdbk&m;rsm;ESifh tac|t&Hrsm;yg azmifp=umpD;I wdkif;cef; vSnfhvnfvm&m tif;av;a'ota&mufwGif azmifp=umonf awmifpGef;wck ESifh+idum azmif&yfI wifaeavonf? xdktcgY tavmif;pnfolrif;onf pdwfqdk;



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u|efawmf.ae&mwGif c±dkifaumfrwDwOD;jzpfonfh Adkvf!Gef@armifu wm0ef,l&avonf? Adkvf!Gef@armif/ Adkvf0if;wdk@ OD;pD;onfh vltiftm; 40 ausmfr#&Sdrnfhwyfonf a=u;pm;wyf. ppf0wfpHkrsm;jzifh yJhcsdwfpuf avSrsm;pD;I csDwufoGm;=uonf?xdkae@nae ae0ifzsKd;zstcsdefY wyfzJG@0iftm;vHk;onf owfrSwfxm;onfh qHkrSwfae&mokd@tðyH;ukd,fpDjzifh jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvm=uonf?



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olwdktm;vHk;. ajymqdkcsufrsm;t& Adkvf&JvSESifh or-refae*sm tyg wyfpdwfwpdwfonf vGefcJhonfh&ufuyif awmif}uDd;òr@odk@ wufoGm;=uavonff? &GmwGif wyfom; 2 OD;ESifh wyf=uyf}uD;wOD; usefcJhonf? ‚wdk@onfvnf; teDd;tem;&Sd &Gmw&GGmYr*FvmaqmifoGm;ae=uI &GmwGifr&Sd=uacs? or0g,rydkif aiG 10 odeff;vnf; &JvSESifhtwlygoGm;onf[k ajymqdk=uavonf?

xdk@a=umifh orydkifydk;xnfrsm;tm; odrf;,lI taqmuftODtm; a&eHqD "mwfqDrsm;avmif;I rD;wif±_d@cJhavonf? odrf;qnf;&&Sdonfh ydk;xnfrsm;udk ortvkyform;rsm;ESifh &Gmom;rsm;tm; a0iSay;cJhonf? ArmvufESdyfpuf 2 vHk;ukdrl odrf;,lvmcJhonf?

TwdkufyJ Gonf oJxJa&oGef jzpfcJ h&I &Jabmfrsm;rSm tHw}udwf}udwfjzpfae=uonf? ppfrufa&;&mrsm;Y TtjzpfrsdK;ESifh ñuH&avh&Sdayonf?

anmifa&$e,f tif;av;uef.taemufjcrf;ukd oef;awmif ig;ajrmif;[k ac:qdkavonf? xdka'owGif aEGtcgumvrsm;Yyif pyg;pkdufwwf=uonf? tif;av;uef.a&onf Ttcsdefumvrsm;wGif tawmfyif enf;yg;cef;ajcmufvmae.?

xdka&enf;aom ae&mrsm;wGif pyg;pdkuf=ujcif; jzpfonf? taemufbufawmifurf;.awmifajcwGif oef;awmifacsmif;ESifh em;aËmif;usacsmif;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf? Tacsmif;rsm;onf rdk;&moDwGif a&rsm;+yD; tif;av;uefxJodk@ a&oG,fajrmif;rsm;rSwqifh pD;0if=uonf? a&oG,fajrmif; 5 ajrmif;&SdI Tonfwdk@udk tpJGðyI oef;awmifig; ajrmif;[k ac:qkda=umif; od&onf?

‚a'oY aexdkif=uonfh tif;vlrsdK;rsm;onf xdka&oG,f ajrmif;rsm;tm;trSDðyI &Gmrsm;wnfum aexdkif=ujcif;jzpfonf? a&oG,fajrmif;rsm;. ab;wzufwcsufYvnf; uGrf;+cHrsm; pdkufysKd;xm;=uonf? T+cHxGufuGrf;&Gufrsm;ukd &Srf;jynfe,ftESH@tjyif u,m;jynfe,ftxd pD;yGm;jzpfa&mif;cs=uonf? pyg;&dwfodrf;=u&onfrSmrdk;&moDumv a&rsm;onfhtcsdefyif jzpfonf? xdka'o&Sdvlrsm; aoqHk; tedpP a&mufv#ifoD;jcm;okomefrsm; r&dSacs? uGrf;+cHrsm;.twGif;Yyif jr‡KyfESHo+*õK[f=u&ayonf?

oef;awmifacsmif;.ab;wGif bk&m;apwDwql wnfxm;onf? ‚apwDtm;oef;awmifbk&m;[k ac:=uonf? teD;rSmvnf; 5 &uf wywfaps; &Sdonf? xdkaps;udkvnf; oeff;awmifaps;[k ac:qdk=uayonf?

tif;av;vl&nfc|efpceff; teD;&dS acgifwdkifaus;&Gmaps;ESifh oeff; awmifaps;onfajray:aps;rsm; jzpfonf? awmifay:wGif aexdkif=uonfh ytdk0fhvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh awmif±dk;vlrsdK;rsm;onf Taps;rsm;tm; rSDcdkae=uonf?

oeff;awmifig;ajrmif;a'orS tif;trsdK;om;rsm; ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&;EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonfrSm 1946 ckESpf &yvacwfuyif &SdcJhavonf?



49

xdka'orS jynfolrsm;onf ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;. tcGeftaumuf }uD;jrifhr_tm;qef@usifonfh EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;w&yfudk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? xdktzJG@tpnf;ukd‘+cH,m v,form; tpnf;t±Hk;’ [k trnfay; ac:qkdcJh=uonf?

1960 ckESpfw0dkufYvnf; Ta'owGif tif;jynfolrsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@(tynz) tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfukd zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJh=uao;onf?

‚tzJG@tpnf;onf xdkumvrSmyif taxGaxGygvDref a&G;aumufyJGtm;0ifa&muf,SOfòyifcJh&m ygvDref trwfae&m 2 ck ,SOfòyif&mY trwfwae&mtwGuftEkdif&&dcJhavonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkifonf tif;av;a'otm;pwifpnf;±Hk;pOftcgY pum;a'oudk tajccHI oef;awmif ig;ajrmif;a'oudk v#dK@0Sufenf;jzifh pnf;±Hk;cJh&ayonf? Todk@jzifh u|efawmf wdk@ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; c±dkifonfxdka'otm; ajccsEdkifcJhavonf?

anmifa&$òr@&Jpcef;onf oef;awmifaps; vHkðcHa&;ay;&ef &J 2 pdwfudk apv$wfavh&Sdonf? &Jwyfpdwf 2 pdwfonf xdkaps;ae@wdkif;yif yJhcsdwfpufavSrsm;jzifh vma&mufIaps;vHkðcHa&;tm; apmifha&Smuf=u&onf? yJhcsdwfpufavSonf oef;awmifaps;txd oGm;Ir&acs? aps;u ukef;ajray:rSm &Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk&J 2 pdwftm; wdkuf&efu|effawmf jyifqif&onf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh oef;awmifaps;w0dkuf&dS ajrtajctaeudkavhvmuif;axmuf&onf? aps;teD;&Sd &GmrS &GmoGm;wcsdK@onf csdK;/ cg iSufrsm;wnfIa&mif;csavh&Sda=umif; od&Sd&onf?

u|efawmfonf &Jabmfwa,mufESifhtwl xdk&Gm&Sd todtdrf wtdrfodk@ oGm;cJhonf? ‚tdrfrS iSufaxmifonfh ud&d,mtm;iSm;&rf;um csdK;/ cg axmifonfh vlwOD;tvm; uif;axmufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh jyifqifp&m tvkyfrsm;+yD;I oeff;awmifaps; tóuae@nbufwGif rdrd. wyftm; wdkkufuGuftwGif; 0ifa&muf ae&m,laponf?

aemufae@ rdk;vif;I wdkufuGuftwGif;rS 0ef;usifw0dkuftm; tuJcwf =unfh±_rdonf? vm;ævm; rar#mfvifh onfh jzpf&yfwckESifh wdk;aeacs+yD? ‚rSm wdkufuGufESifhudkuf 500 r#a0;onfh ae&mY aumuf pdkuforwodkuf aumufpdkufae =ujcif; jzpfonf?olwdk@tm;oGm;I ajymv#if owif;ayguf=um;+yD; wdkufcdkufa&; tpDtpOf ysufacsrnf?rajymbJaecJhv#ifvnf; ‚wdk@tm; aoewfxdrSefcJhv#if EdkifiHa&;t& wpHkw&m xdcdkufvmEdkifonf? TtajctaerSm rdrdwdk@twGuf r±SLEdkifr±_dufEdkif taetxm;rsdK; jzpfaeonf? rwwfEdkifawmhay? rxdcdkufygap ESifh[k pdwfxJwGif }udwfIqkawmif; ae&onf?

oef;awmifaps;ae@. reuf 7 em&DcJG 8 em&D tcsdefwGif &Jwyftiftm; 2pdwfcef@onf wdkufuGuftwGif;udk ppfcsDtaetxm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmacs+yD? r=umvdkufyg? aoewfoHrsm; [def;nHay:xGufvmygawmhonf? 8 rdepfcef@ tcsdefwdk twGif; Yyif



50

'k-&Jtkyfpdef0if;tyg t0if 14 a,mufao+yD; 4 OD; aoewf'%f&mjzifh wdkufyJGtwGif;zrf;qD;rdcJhonf? odrf;ydkuf&&Sdonfh vufeufrsm;Y ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf 1 vuf/ ±dk;±dk;pwif; 2 vuf/ eHywf 3 b&if; ( MARK 3 Bren Gun) 1 vuf/ ,l*dkpwif; 2 vuf/usef ±dkifz,faoewfrsm;ESifh usnfrsdK;pHk 1000 cef@ odrf;ykkduf &&SdcJhonf? rdrdbufrS wOD;r#usqHk;'%f&m&&Sdjcif; r&Sdacs? aumufpdkuforrsm;onfvnf; xdcdk kufr_r&Sd? aoewfoH=um;puyif xGufajy;=uav+yD? wdkufyJGonff &mE_ef;jynfhatmifjrifaomfvnf; &&Sdonfhvufeufrsm;rSmrl &Jwyfom;rsm; udkifaqmif=u&onfh vufeufrsm; jzpfI &mE_efff;jynhfauseyfr_r&ay? odk@aomfvnf; &&mESifha&mifh&J=u&avbnf?

Armjynftv,fydkif;wdkif; wyfzJG@onf tif;av;a'o a&jyifay:wGif rD;awmuf&ef rD;yGm;rsm;tm; csay;cJhonfh rD;yGm;wyfyif jzpfayawmhonf? Twyf.yHhydk;r_jzifhtif;av;a&jyifwGif rD;v#HrD;awmufrsm; jzpfapcJh ayonf? &Srf;jynf e,fawmifydkif;c±dkif.rD;awmuf wyfzJG@onf rdrde,fajrY xdkodk@pGrf;&nfrsm; jyoEdkifcJhavonf?

tif;av;a'o uefa&jyifwGif aEG&moD aEGor,rSmyif rD;yGm;rS rD;awmuf&efpGrf;aqmifay;cJh=uonfh rD;yGm;ESifhrD;awmufwyf nDaemif ESpfazmfESifh‚wkd@. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;tm; aemufaemifwGifvnf; tif; av;jynfolrsm;u trSwfw& &Sdae=uvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; TpmESihf *k%fðyrSwfwrf;wiftyfayonf?

(2)tawG @tñuHop ftawG @tñuHop ftawG @tñuHop ftawG @tñuHop ftawG @tñuHop f

u|efawmfonf tvkyfwm0efrsm; rnfrnf&& r&Sdao;yg? txuftzGJ@tpnf;rS ñuHovdkoifhovdk wm0efay;apcdkif;onfudk aqmif&Gufae&onf? vkyfief;Xmevufudkifr&Sdaom tajctaerSm ocifwifxGef;&Sdrnfh &Srf;jynfe,f ygwDaumfrwD±Hk;pcef;okd@ oGm;a&mufaexdkifae&onf? Tpcef;wGif u|efawmfhenf;wl wm0eftwdtusr&Sdao;aom &JabmfwcsdK@udk awG@&Sd&onf? xdk&Jabmfrsm;xJwGif &Srf;jynfe,f tv,fydkif;c±dkifaumfrwD &JabmfvSarmif/ rkH&Gmc±dkifaumfrwD &Jabmfbarmif (c) pdefaxG;ESifh tjcm;trnfrod&Jabmfrsm; jzpf=uonf?

xdkpcef;wGif trsdK;orD;&Jabmf (6 - 7) a,mufr# &Sdae+yD; xdktxJY ocifwifxGef;/ ZeD; a':cifrav;ESifhorD;}uD; 0g0gxGef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifaeonf? pcef;onfausmuf*la'o&Sd awmifolukef;&GmESifh py,fukef;aus;&Gmrsm;.reD;ra0;Y wnf&Sdygonf?pcef;Y vlOD;a&onf usm;§r }uD;i,ftm;vHk; (50) r# &Sdygrnf? pcef;. vHkðcHa&;twGufoD;jcm; tapmifh wyf r&Sdyg? teD;tem;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rS vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf [email protected] ta0;uif;ozG,f wm0ef,l apmifha&Smufay;=uygonf? &efol@owif;&&Sda&;udkvnf; xdk&Gmom;rsm;uyif ulnDaxmufvSrf;ay;=uonf? Tpcef;onf



51

aus;&Gmjynfolrsm;. apmifha&Smuf ulnDr_jzifh aexdkifvmcJhonfrSm ESpf0uf (6 v) eD;yg;r#&SdcJhonf[k qkdygonf?

nbufY pcef;vHkðcHa&;udk pcef;wGif;&Sd touft&G,f i,f&G,faom &Jabmfrsm;rS vufeufrsm;jzifh uif;apmifh =u&ygonf? wnaewGif ocifwifxGef;onf ol.pm;yGJ (0g;jcrf;rsm;jzifh ðyvkyfxm;aompm;yGJ) &Sd&mudk u|efawmfhtm;ac:I aqG;aEG;ygonf?aqG;aEG;onfhta=umif; t&mrSm Ta'ow0dkufwGif aoewfoHxGuf&ef vdkaeonf?xdkudpPudk cifAsm;yif wm0ef,lapcsifonf? TtwGuf taumiftxnfazmf&efESifhtoHk;ðyEdkif&efwyfonf teD;tem;&Sd tv,fydkif;c±dkifwyfzGJ@udk toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? &JabmfvSarmifESifh &Jabmfbarmifwdk@ESpfOD;udk xnfhoGif; wm0efay;rnf[k qdkygonf? xdkumvY&Srf;jynfe,ftv,fydkif; c±dkifwyfzGJ@onf vlvufeuftiftm; (30) r#om &Sdygrnf?

u|efawmfonf rdrdtxufacgif;aqmifwOD;. wav;wpm; ac:,lwm0efay;onfudk acgif;cgjiif;qefI rjzpfyg? wm0ef,l&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrd.pdwfxJwGiftjyeftvSefpOf;pm;aeonfrSm trSefyif jzpfygonf?

1? u|efawmfonf e,fajra'o ru|rf;usifyg?2? a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifhvnf; odu|rf;&if;ESD;r_ r&Sdao;yg?3? wm0ef,lOD;pD;&rnfh rdrd.wyfzGJ@onf olpdrf;yrm jzpfaeygonf?4? twlwuGvkyfudkif&rnfh au'g (2) OD;onfvnf; vlyk*~dKvfcsif; &if;ESD;r_

r&Sd=uao;yg?5? ypfazmuf&rnfhaoewfoHonf atmifyGJoHjzpf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf?6? rdrdonf xdktajctaersm;ESifh Ttvkyfwm0efrsm;udk topftqef;

ozG,f jzpfaeygonf? ,if;a=umifh xdkwm0efrsm;udk xrf;&Guf& rnfjzpfI u|efawmfonftenf;i,fr# pdk;&GH@aeygonf?

ocifwifxGef;onf ArmjynfzGm; w±kwftrsdK;om; (oversea Chinese)

wOD;[kod&onf? ‚onf vlr_qufqHa&;wGif trsm;oligESifh rwl/ twk,lzG,f&maumif;onf? olonf udk,fhudk,fudk ESdrfhcsonf[k qdk&rnf? &Jabmfrsm;ESifh ajymqdkqufqH&mwGif touft&G,fra&G; wm0eftqifhtwef;ra&G; tm;vHk;udk cifAsm;u|efawmfjzifhqufqHajymqdkygonf?

u|efawmfonf ycHk;ay:Y usa&mufvmonfh tvkyfwm0efukd aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf jyifqifp&mrsm;udk OD;pGm vkyf&ygrnf? pum;t&mY vG,fuloavmuf tvkyfYrlcufcJygonfqdkaom qdk±dk;pum;onf vufawG@vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rSefuefayonf?txl;ojzifh ppfa&;ppf&m vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkIrSefuefrnf[k qdk&ygrnf?

ppfyGJ odk@r[kwf wdkufyGJrsm;onf vl.toufaygif;rsm;pGmESifh t&if;tESD;ðy+yD;vkyfudkif=u&aomvkyfief;rsm;jzpfI xdktvkyfonf wcsufrSm;v#if toufaygif;rsm;pGm



52

qHk;yg;=u&ygonf? ,if;a=umifh trSm; t,Gif; enf;Edkifor#enf;yg;&ef *±kðy=u&ygonf?ta&S@buf awmifxdyfzsm;ay:wGif ar;wifI xGufjyLvmaeaom aevHk;}uD;

onf wpwp eD&Jum ‚. tvif;a&mifonfvnf; 0if;xdef awmufyI awmawmifae&mtESH@Y jzef@cif;aeygonf? aus;iSufowW0gav;rsm;onfvnf; tkyfpkzGJ@um wae&mrS wae&mudk atmf[pfjrL;wl; ysHoef;um tpm;tpmrsm;yif pm;ae=uygonf?

u|efawmfonf t0wftpm;tenf;i,fxnfhxm;aom ppfausmydk;tdwfudkausmrSmydk;um / umbdkifaoewf udk ycHk;wGif vG,fvdkufygonf? +yD;v#if ocifwifxGef;udkowif;ydk@E_wfqufum AdkvfvSarmif/ &Jabmfbarmifwdk@ (2) OD;ESifhtwl pcef;rSxGufIc&D;ESifcJh=uygonf? tv,fydkif;c±dkifwyfzGJ@ESifh awG@qHk&ef csdef;qdkxm;aom ausmufqHk&GmESifhzuf&if;ukef;&Gmrsm;qDudk OD;wnfvm=uygonf? reufydkif; (11; 45) em&DwGif a&muf&Sd=u+yD; xdk&GmYyif reufpmxrif;udk pm;aomuf=uygonf? +yD;v#if (3) OD;om;onfwyfzGJ@&Sdrnfhae&m a&armif;udk oGm;cJh=uonf?

a&armif;qdk&mrSm a&tm;jzifh ajceif;armif;wHrsm;udk ºuap+yD; pyg;rS qeftjzpfvleif;ouJhodk@ axmif;onfudk a&armif;[lI ac:a0:a=umif; od&SdcJh&onf? xdka&armif;rsm;onf a&rsm;&Sdonfh ae&mY a&oG,fajrmif;uav;rsm; wl;&ygonf? wl;xm;aoma&ajrmif;rS a&rsm;udk oG,f,lum opfom;rsm;jzifh ðyvkyfxm;aom armif;ESifh ajceif;cGufae&mudk a&rsm;usapygonf? Tenf;ESifh vl.ajcaxmufESifh armif;wHtm; eif;ouJhodk@ ºuvmapygonf? odk@rSom pyg;rS qeftjzpf axmif;I&ygrnf? xdka&armif;rsm;onf oufi,fwJ}uD;rsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfum rdk;vHkavvHkjzifh ae@nrjywf qeftjzpfaxmif;=u+yD; tca=u;aiG,lI pD;yGm;jzpf vkyfief;wcktjzpfESifh vkyfudkif=uygonf? wyfzGJ@tygt0if rdrdwdk@tm;vHk;onf Ta&armif;wJrsm;rSmyif oHk;av; (3 - 4) &uf tcsdef,lIwdkufyGJtwGuf aqG;aEG; jyifqif=uygonf?

u|efawmfESifhwyfzGJ@onf ,ckrSyif pwifI rsufeSmcsif;qdkif awG@zl; jrifzl;=ujcif;jzpfonf? vltiftm; (30) r#&Sdonfh TwyfzGJ@wGif &Srf;/ "Ek vlrsdK; vli,ftrsm;pkyg0ifayonf? ArmvlrsdK; tenf;tusOf;r#om yg&Sdavonf? TwyfzGJ@Y ArmvlrsdK;'k-wyfpdwfrSL;wOD;onf tpdk;&ppfwyfrS ul;ajymif;vmolwOD;[k od&onf? ‚onfajymqdkqufqH&mY a=u;pm;wyfom;wOD;. ±kyfoGifjyiftwdkif;yif jzpfonf? olonfppfa&;t& usef &Jabmfrsm;tay:Y txifao;tjrifao; &Sdaeonf? olomv#ifppftawG@tñuH&Sd+yD; &JpGrf;owWdjynfhpHkolwOD;[k aoG;em;xifa&mufaeonfhyHk ay:vGifaeonf?

a,bk,stm;jzifh ppfwyf odk@r[kwf vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;wGif wyfwwyfodk@r[kwf wyfzGJ@wzGJ@udk wyfrSL;topf a&muf&Sdvmv#if xdkwyf&Sd wyfom;rsm;onftuJprf;r_rsm; &Sdwwf=uonf? ,ckvnf; ul;ajymif; 'k-pdwfrSL;&Jabmfonf u|efawmfhudk



53

tuJprf;csifyHk ay:aeygonf? jy\emr&Sdyg? EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufjzifh wdkufyGJ0ifaeonfhawmfvSefa&;ppfonfESifh a=u;pm;wyfom;tawG;tac:&Sdolwdk@. &JpGrf;owWdonfvufawG@wGif rSwfausmufwif=u&ygrnf?

u|efawmfwdk@onf v_yf&Sm;&efoltm; &SmazGwdkufcdkuf&ef ausmuf*le,frStaemufbufodk@ csDwufcJh=uygonf? txl;ojzifh ArmjynfrESifh &Srf;jynfe,f. e,fpyfjzpfaom ‘tkef;a=um[Jv,f’e,fajrbuf jzpfonf? xdke,fajrY rEWav;òr@tajcpdkufcv& (95) rS wyfpkwpkonf ukef;om&Gm wGif ajcukyf,l wyfpGJxm;ygonf? xdkwyfpktm;rEWav;òr@rS vpOf vukef&ufrsm;wGif &duQmESifhvpmaiGrsm; ydk@ay;&ygonf? Todk@ydk@&mYvHkðcHa&;twGuf ppfwyfrS tiftm; (2) pdwfjzifh ydk@aqmifay;onf[k owif;&&Sdxm;ygonf? ‚udkwdkuf&ef &nf&G,fygonf?

xdke,fajronf "EktrsdK;om;rsm; rSDwif;aexdkifaom awmawmif xlxyf+yD;toGm;tvmcufcJonfh a'owck jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ wyfzGJ@0iftm;vHk;onfrdk;wzGJzGJusaeonfh=um;rSmyif wawmeif; wawmifwufjzifh rdk;a&a&m ac|;rsm;ygvlwdkif;rSm pGwfpdkae=uygonf?

rkH&Gmc±dkifaumfrwD &Jabmfbarmifonf t&yf&Snf+yD; ukd,fcE<m ydefvSDvSIolonf óu;pm;um 0g;awmifa0S;wacsmif;tm;udk;jzifh csDwufaeygonf? &if;ESD;aom&Jabmfrsm;u ‚udk usDp,faemufajymif=uygonf? &Jabmfbarmifonf vlysdK}uD;vnf;jzpf+yD; uGrf;vnf;pm;um oGm;vnf;acgojzifh &JabmfawGu ol@udk 'DwoufwmrSmrdef;r&zdk@ rvG,fyg[lI wrsdK;/ awmif,mckwfEdkifv#if rdef;r&Ekdifonf[kwzHk rsdK;pHkatmifaemuf=uygonf? &Jabmf barmifonf rnfodk@yif aemufajymifapumrl pdwfqdk;jcif;r&Sd/cifrifI usDp,f=ujcif;omv#ifjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;ol jzpfonf?

u|efawmfonf awmifwvHk;wufaepOfrSm rdk;a&a=umifh ajcacsmfum awmifatmufodk@usrnftxd jzpfcJhygonf? wufae&onfh awmifonf txl;yif rwfapmufvSonf? a&S@udk ajcvSrf;vkdufwkdif; ezl;ESihfajr}uD; *a[quf=urnftxd jzpfygonf?awmifatmufusrnfqdkv#if rnfol rqdk t±dk;tom;yif &SmawG@=urnf r[kwfyg? rdrdonf uHaumif;onf[k qdk&ayrnf? ycHk;wGifvG,fxm;aom umbdkifaoewfonf ycHk;rSvnf+yD; aoewfajymif;onf ajr}uD;wGifpdkufI aoewf'ifonf &ifbwfudk axmufxm;ouJhodk@ jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh awmifatmufodk@usroGm;bJ udk,fudkxdef;xm;ovdkjzpfaeygonf? xdka=umifh u|efawmfonf aoab;rS vGwfajrmufcJh&onf[k qdk&ygrnf?

u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;onf ae0ifzsKd;zstcsdefY ukef;om&Gm. ta&S@ bufteD;a&muf&Sd=uonf? awmif,m vkyfudkifaeonfh a,mufsm;wOD;ukd awG@&Sd&I ac:,lumowif;rsm; ar;jref;&ygonf? bmowif;rS xl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&Sd[kqdkI xdk&Gmom;udk &Gmokd@jyefv$wf+yD; &Gmol}uD;tm; ac: vm&ef rSm&ygonf? em&D0uf rdepf (30) cef@t=umwGif



54

apv$wfvdkufaom &Gmom;onf wjcm;&Gmom;wOD;ESifhtwl a&muf&Sdvmonf? ‚&Gmom;u &Gmvl}uD; rvdkufvmEdkifa=umif;ESifh ‚tdrfwGif &JwyfzGJ@u vl}uD;wOD;&SdaeI&GmxJrSmvnf; tdrfwdkif;aph &Jom;awG &Sdaeonf[k ajymjyygonf? xdka=umifh u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;onfvnf; Tawmif ,mwJteD;. awmpyfwckwGif pcef;cs&yfem;&efqHk;jzwf=uygonf? &Gmom;ESpfOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifI wOD;tm; &Gmudkjyefv$wfum &Gm&Sd&JwyfzGJ@tiftm; tjynfhtpHk avhvm&efESifh usefwOD;onf rdrdwdk@ESifh twl&Sd&ef pDpOf&ygonf?

nbuf (9) em&DtcsdefY &Gmudkjyefv$wfvdkufonfh &Gmom;wOD;onf jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmum olod&SdcJhaom owif;tajctaersm;udk ajymjyygonf? &GmY&Sdonfh&JwyfzGJ@onf TnwGif &GmrSmyif tdyfrnf? vltiftm; (20) r# &Sdrnf? aemufwae@reufpmpm;+yD; ukef;om&Gmbufokd@ oGm;=uygrnf? vrf;jyrac:bJ ‚wdk@bmom awmifausmay:&Sd vloGm;vrf;twdkif; oGm;=urnf[k Adkvfvkyfolu ajymonf[k qdkonf?‚wdk@Y *sDo&D;aoewf[kxif&aom aoewfqkdI wvufESpfvufom awG@&+yD;usefaoewfrsm;onf ±dkifz,f (rifle) rsm;omjzpfa=umif; oljrifawG@cJh&or#udk ajymjyygonf?

xdkowif;rsm;tay:Y u|efawmfonf AdkvfvSarmif/ &Jabmf barmifwdk@ (2)OD;ESifh aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;ygonf? AdkvfvSarmifonf T&JwyfzGJ@udk xdknYyif &GmxJodk@0ifa&mufI wdkufvdkonf? &JabmfbarmifrSmrl wkdufa&;rwdkufa&; csDwHkcswHk jzpfaeyHkay:onf? tqHk;tjzwfonf &Jabmf cifndKjzpfrnf[k ajymvmonf?

u|efawmfhtjrifudk ,ckvdk wifjyygonf? wdkuf&rnfh&efol trsdK;tpm;onftrmpm;r[kwfyg? taysmhpm;&Jwyf jzpfonf? xdka=umifh wdkufoifhonf? odk@aomf&GmxJwGifjzpfI &Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk; uav;i,frsm;ygrusef aoausxdcdkuf=urnf?&Gmom;rsm;onf "m;pmcHrsm; jzpf=u&ygrnf? wdkufyGJonf njzpfI tkyfcsKyfr_ cufcJrnf?tcsdefvnf; =umEdkifonf? tjrwfxuf t±H_;ay:rnfjzpfI rwdkufoifh[k wifjyonf?tjyef vrf;c&D;wGif wdkufv#if tbufbufrS tusdK;&Sdrnf[k aqG;aEG;ygonf?

rdrdonf 1965 ckESpfcef@u ñuHcJh&aom udk,fawG@tjzpftysufwckudk pOf;pm;Edkif&ef wifjycJhygonf? odyfr=umao;rDu tif;av; a'oa&jyifwGif wdkufyGJwyGJwdkuf&eftxuftzGJ@tpnf;rS u|efawmhftm; n¸ef=um;aqmf=ocJhygonf? xdkpdwf"mwft&ajrjyifr[kwfaom a&jyifrSmyif wdkufcdkuf&rnfjzpfI tajctaeESifhudkufnDrnfhwdkufyGJudkpOf;pm;&onf? ^m%frDor# pOf;pm;&&Sdcsufudk pDrHcsufwcktjzpf a&;qGJwifjycJhonf?

1? tif;a&jyif&Sd &Gmw&GmrS aus;&Gmvl}uD;.tdrfokd@ vufeufudkifwyf tiftm; (40) cef@jzifh yJhcsdwfpufavS (3) pD;jzifh 0ifa&mufygrnf?

2? xdk&Gmvl}uD;udk [efjyzrf;qD;xm;rnf jzpfonf?



55

3? zrf;qD;xm;onfh &Gmvl}uD;udk usyfaiG (3) odef; awmif;rnf? ray;v#iftdrfom;tm;vHk; owfypfrnf? w&GmvHk;udkvnf; rD;±d_@rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufygrnf?

4? Ttajctaersm;udk xdk&GmrS &Gmom; (2 - 3) OD;udk yJhcsdwfpufavSpD;IteD;tem;&Sd tpdk;&pcef; odk@r[kwf &Jpcef;wcktm; owif;ydk@ wdkif=um;apv$wfrnf?

5? ‚owif;t& ppfwyf (odk@r[kwf) &JwyfzGJ@rS tiftm;wpkr# yJhcsdwfpufavSrsm;pD;I vdkufvmrnf? vdkufvmonfhwyfudk &GmESifhreD;ra0; yJhcsdwfpufavSrsm;oGm;aom vrf;.wae&mwGif ae&m,lI wdkufcdkufrnf?

6? tif;av;a&jyifwGif vltrsm;tjym;wufI&aom u|ef;arsm (ac:) 'dkufo±dkufrsm; &Sdonf? xdktay:rS ae&m,lI wdkufv#if rkcstvpftidkuf&rnf? ajrjyifr[kwfaom a&jyifjzpfI yJhcsdwfpufavSay:rS &efolrsm;onf vufOD;r_rJhum rdrdwdk@onf rkcstompD;&rnf?

TpDrHcsufudk &Srf;jynfe,f- jynfe,faumfrwDwOD;jzpfaom AdkvfykrSwqifhwifjycJh&m jynfe,faumfrwDrS vufrc/H y,fcscJhonf? ta=umif;rSm vlxktm; "m;pmcHvkyfI wkdufrnfhwdkufyGJonf Edkifvnf;±H_;- ±H_;vnf;±H_;rnfh wkdufyGJrsdK;jzpfrnf[k qdkonf?

tpdk;&onf Tvkyf&yftay:Y EdkifiHa&;t&/ vlxktay: xm;&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfrsm;.pdwfoabmxm;[lI zGifhcswdkufcdkufvmEdkifonf? xdka=umifh TpDrHcsufudkty,fcHcJh&jcif; jzpfonf[k &Sif;jyajymqdkcJhygonf? xdktcsdefY &Srf;jynfe,fygwDaumfrwDonf tif;av;a'owGif tpnf; ta0; ðyvkyfaeonfhtcsdef jzpfonf?

u|efawmfu rwkdufa&;tjrifukd ,ckvkd tusKd;ta=umif;ESifh &Sif;jyajymqkd&mtm;vkH;u vufcHoabmwloGm;ygonf? xdkoabmwl nDcsufudk qHk;jzwfcsuftjzpfESifhwyftm; csjyaqG;aEG;onf? wyfom; trsm;pku vufcH=uaomfvnf; a=u;pm;wyfrSul;ajymif; 'k-pdwfrSL; onf vufrcH jiif;qefaeygonf? trsm;pk vufcHxm;+yD;jzpfIrwdkuf&ef twnfðycJhonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;onf ntdyf&yfem;cJhaom awmif,mcif;ab;rS rdk;rvif;rD tdyf,mrSxum csDwuf=uygonf? awmifajc&Sd &Gmi,fav;rS ukef;om&GmbufoGm;onfh vloGm;vrf;bufodk@ csDwufcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkvrf;udk rdk;tvif;wGif a&muf&Sd=uum wyftm; vrf;ab; wae&mY tem;,lapygonf? wyfrS oHk;a,muftzGJ@ESpfzG J@udk vrf;xdyf wzufwcsufwGif uif;rsm;tjzpf csxm;&onf? u|efawmfESif hAdkvfvSarmifonf xdkvrf;wav#muftm; wdkufuGufae&mrsm; vdkufvH =unfh±_ &SmazG=uonf? awmifajc&Gmi,frSm ntdyfaom &JwyfzGJ@onf xdkvrf;twdkif;yif ukef;om&Gmudkvmrnf jzpfonf? ‚tm;wkdufcdkuf&ef jyifqifaejcif;om jzpf.?

TvloGm;vrf;onf awmifausmtwdkif; auG@ywfoGm;&aom awmifay:vrf;av;wckom jzpfonf? vrf;rSm (20) rDwmr#yif us,frnf rxifyg? xdk@xuf



56

ausmfv#if awmifapmufrsm; jzpfaeygonf? xdkvrf;. ab;wzufwcsufrSmvnf;opfyifrsm;onf cyf}uJ}uJ wyifwavom &Sdaeonf? jrufESifhcsHKykwfrsm;rSmvnf; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf? ,if;a=umifh rdrdwyftwGuf rsufuG,f,l&efyif tcuftcJ&Sdonf?

em&D0uf rdepf (30) r# tcsdef,l&SmazGaomfvnf; pdwfwdkif;rus jzpfaeygonf?xdkxuftcsdef,lv#if wdkuf&rnfh&efolonf a&muf&SdvmEdkifonf? wdkufyGJvnf; ysufoGm;Edkifygonf? xdka=umifh tem;,lcdkif;xm;aom rdrdwyfzGJ@udk ac:,lum ae&mcsxm;&ygonf? vrf;.taetxm;t& ab;wzufrS vrf;bufudk rsufESmrlI ae&m,l&onf? vrf;.xdyfwGifvnf; awmifajc&if; &Gmi,fbufrS wufvmrnfudk rsufESmrl+yD;ae&m,l&ygonf? TtzGJ@onf &efoludk pwifypfcwf&rnfhtzGJ@ jzpfouJhodk@ trdef@ay;tzGJ@vnf; jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@Y u|efawmfyg0ifouJhodk@ ul;ajymif; 'k-pdwfrSL;vnf; yg0ifaponf? olonf yxrwGif yg0if&efjiif;qef.? aemufwGif wyfrSL;.trdef@jzpfIrwwfombJ vdkufemcJh&onf?

ydwfqdk@jzwfawmufa&;tzGJ@. wm0efonf &efolrsm; twdkuf cH&onfhtcsdefwGif vmvrf;twdkif; jyefvnfrajy;Edkif&ef ydwfxm;a&; jzpfonf? xdktzGJ@tm; AdkvfvSarmifudk wm0ef,laponf? ypfcwf=u&rnfh usnfoGm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udkvnf;r±_yfaxG;ap&eftwGuf owfrSwfay;xm;&onf? tzGJ@vdkuf ae&m,lxm;=uonfhtwdkif;rdrdwdk@. rsufESm rl&mt&yfudk ypfcwf=u&rnf[lI jzpfonf?

&Jabmfbarmifonf vrf;.ab;wzufY ae&m,lxm;onfhtzGJ@wGif yg0ifaeonf? wyfzGJ@tm;vHk;onf ae&mtoD;oD;,lxm;=u+yD; rdepf (20) cef@t=umwGif &JwyfzGJ@wckvHk;onf owfuGif;twGif;udk tm;vHk; a&muf&Sd=u+yD; tpDtpOft& pwifypfcwf&rnfhtzGJ@. a&S@wvHr# ta&mufY pwifypfcwfwdkufyGJpygonf?

wdkufyGJonf tprStqHk; tcsdeftm;jzifh (15) rdepfcef@om =um ygrnf? tvpftidkuf,lI csKHcdk(ambush) wdkufcdkufojzifh Tr#om =umjcif; jzpfonf? a&S@qHk;rS wufvmonfh &Jom;onf pwifypfcwfcsdefwGif aoewfxdrSefum 0rf;vsm;arSmufESifh ul;ajymif; 'k-pdwfrSL;. a&S@wxGmr# tuGmwGif usvmonf? Tonfudk ul;ajymif;onftxdwfwvef@ jzpfoGm;ygonf?

TwdkufyGJonf tm;vHk;acsr_ef;EdkifcJhI &efol@xHrS ajcmufvkH; jyL;aoewftygvufeufrsdK;pHk (17) vufESifh usnfrsdK;pHk (1000) eD;yg;cef@ odrf;ydkuf&&Sdygonf? usefvufeufrsm;onf wdkufyGJtwGif; usnfxdI ysufpD;oGm;=uonf? &Jom; (5) OD;ukd wdkufyGJwGifaoewf'%f&mjzifh zrf;qD;&rdojzifh aq;ukoay;cJhonf? rdrdwdk@bufrS xdcdkufusqHk;'%f&m vkH;0r&Sdyg?

u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;onf &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifI &efolxHrS odrf;ydkuf&



57

&Sdonfh vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udk xrf;ydk;um atmifyGJ&rsufESmrsm;jzifh jyefvnfcsDwufcJh=uygonf? u|efawmfonf ocifwifxGef;.qENtm; jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifcJhIvnf;aumif;/wyfopfESifh a'oopfwGif tawG@tñuHopfESifh &efoludk acsr_ef;EdkifcJhIvnf;aumif;/udk,fhudk,fudk em;xifaoG;a&mufaeaom a=u;pm;wyfrSul;ajymif;tm; vufawG@ESifhynmay;EdkifcJhIvnf;aumif; auseyfcJh&ygonf? trsm;&Jabmfrsm;enf;wl u|efawmfonfvnf; ðyH;&$ifaysmfjrL;pGmjzifh &ifaumhum ausmuf*la'oodk@ jyefvnf csDwufvkdufygcJhygonf?

1969-70 ckESpfrsm;u 1969-70 ckESpfrsm;u 1969-70 ckESpfrsm;u 1969-70 ckESpfrsm;u 1969-70 ckESpfrsm;u cg;oD;cJh&aomtawG@tñu cg;oD;cJh&aomtawG@tñu cg;oD;cJh&aomtawG@tñu cg;oD;cJh&aomtawG@tñu cg;oD;cJh&aomtawG@tñuH

twdwfjzpf&yfwdk@onf rnfr#yif tcsdefumv=umjrifhonfjzpfap udk,fwkdifyg0ifywfouf=uaom vlyk*~dKvfwdk@tzkd@ arhaysmuf±dk; xHk;pH &Sd=urnfrxifyg? wcsdefr[kwfwcsdefwGif jyefvnfowd&wwf=uygrnf?

OD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf tpdk;&vufxufwGifñuHawG@cJh&aom u|efawmf.udk,fawG@tjzpftysufwckudk ,ae@txdyif owdw&jzpfaeqJyg? u|efawmf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; c±dkifY wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf umvwGifjzpfygonf? ‚tcsdefY jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) tpdk;&ESifh jynfaxmifpkytdk@0ftrsdK;om; tzGJ@csKyf (ytrz) wdk@onf v#dK@0SufqufoG,fr_ ðyvkyfum &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkif uGefjrLepfygwDudk tjywfacsr_ef;&eftwGuf yl;aygif;}uHpnfcJh=uavonf?

jynfaxmifpkytdk@0f trsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf (ytrz) ESifhywfoufI tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;vdkonf? 1949 ckESpfwGif ytdk@0fvlrsdK;rsm;onf vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefcJh=uonf?xdkumvY ytdk@0ftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (ytvz) trnfESifh zGJ@pnf;I OD;vSaz(oxHk)/ AdkvfusefZkefwdk@ acgif;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? T (ytvz) tzGJ@onf 1958ckESpfwGif zqyvtpdk;&tzGJ@ ESpfjcrf;ruGJrDtcsdefY tif;OD;pD;tzGJ@ESifhtwl awmif}uD;òr@wGifzqyvtpdk;&xH vufeufcscJh=uonf?

1960 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u taxGaxG ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;cJhonf? Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; ytdk@0ftrsdK;om;rsm;aexdkifaom e,fajrrsm;Y jynfaxmifpk ytdk0fh trsdK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (ytrz)trnfjzifh a&G;aumufyJG0ifcJhygonf? tzGJ@acgif;aqmif OD;vSaz tygt0if trwffae&moHk;av;ae&m (3-4) udk ta&G;cH&onf[k rSwfrdaeygonf?

1962 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrS awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfESifh tm%modrf;cJhonf?xdktcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd vlrsdK;pktrsdK;om;ygwD tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh



58

jynfe,ftpdk;& acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhygonf? xdktxJwGif(ytrz) tzGJ@rS OD;vSazESifh trwfwcsdK@vnf; yg0ifaeonf? OD;vSaz/ AdkvfusefZkefwdk@tzrf;cH&onfhaemufY (ytrz) tzGJ@wGif AdkvfpHodef; wm0ef,lacgif;aqmifonf[ka,bk,sem;vnfygonf? AdkvfpHodef;onf ,cif ytdk@0ftrsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;tzGJ@(ytvz) wGif 1958 ckESpf vufeufcsonfhtcsdeftxd e,fajra'owck. acgif;aqmifwOD;omv#if jzpfonf?

rqv tpdk;&ESifh AdkvfusefZkef/ AdkvfpHodef;wdk@. qufqHa&;onf txufYazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;yif ygwD. &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkifudk yl;aygif;acsr_ef;a&; jzpfonf?rqvygwD. wGJbuftaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaom AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;pdef/ (&yc)wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wifESifh awmif}uD;c±dkif (vtu) OuUX 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;vGifwdk@onf AdkvfusefZkef/ AdkvfpHodef;wdk@ESifh r=umc%vlcsif;awG@=uI vkyf}uHa&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf[k od&SdcJh&onf?

rqvtpdk;&onf AdkvfpHodef;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifhqufqH&mwGif tawG@tñuH&SdolwOD;tjzpfESifh a&S@wef;wif yGJxkwfvmcJhonf? ‚onf ytdk@0ftrsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;tjyif vlrsdK;aygif;pHkjynfolrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm; udkygvdkvm;aom yHkrsdK;jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;tm; vSnfhpm;&ef zefwD;vmonf? ‚rSm jynfaxmfpkytdk@0ftrsdK;om; tzGJ@csKyf (ytrz).trnftpm; &Srf; jynfe,fvlrsdK;aygif;pHk vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (&vvz) trnfopfjzifhtpm; xdk;ajymif;vJcJhygonf? TonfrSm oef;pdef/ oef;wifESifh pdk;vGiftp&Sdonfh ^m%f}uD;&Sif yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;. t}uHtpnfvnf; yg0ifEdkifygonf?

pHodef;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS jynfe,faumfrwDwOD;jzpfaom AdkvfykxHodk@ vlv$wfqufoG,fvmonf? xdkodk@qufoG,f&mY pHodef;onf 'kwd,t}udrfxyfrHI vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$Jvdkonf[k pmjzifh a&;om;vmygonf?TtwGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;tygt0if vdktyfonfrsm;udk tultnDay;yg&efvnf; awmif;qdkvmygonf? pHodef;. Todk@aomawmif;qdkr_ tay:wGifAdkvfykESifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; c±dkifaumfrwDonf awmfvSefa&;owduif;rJhpGmjzifhtvG,fwul ,Hk=unfvufcHcJh=uygonf? tpGrf;ukefvnf; ulnDtm;ay;cJh=uygonf?

xdktcsdefumvwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS 0g&ifhA[dkaumfrwDwOD;jzpfaom ocifwifxGef;onf A[dk.wm0efay;csuft& tif;av;a'owGif a&muf&Sdaeonf? Tonfudk rqvygwDtpdk;&ESifh AdkvfpHodef;wdk@ a,bk,stm;jzifh od&Sdrnf[kwGufq&ygonf? pHodef;onf ocifwifxGef;ESifhyg vlcsif;awG@vdkygonf[k xyfqifhawmif;qdkvmonftxd jzpfonf? Tonfudkrl vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fcJh&onf?

rolawmfcsif; yl;aygif;}uHonfonfh *VKefESifhrdk;vHk;[def; ppfqifa&;rsm;udkqufwdk fufðyvkyfvmygonf? xdkppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf wdkif;rSL; Adkvfoef;wifonf



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ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;vufatmufcH wyfr/ wyf&if;ESifh ppfAsL[mrSL;rsm;yg0ifaom av;vywfppfqifa&;tpnf;ta0;udk ðyvkyfcJ hygonf? xdktpnf;ta0;Y Ad kvfoef;wifonfatmufygppfa&; pDrHcsufrsm;udk csrSwfonf[k =um;&ygonf?

(1) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD yJcl;±dk;rA[dkESifh ta0;a&muf ocifAodef;wifwdk@qufoG,fr_ðy&mwGif tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJrS ocifwifxGef;onf uGif;qufozG,f &Sdaeygonf?

(2) awmif}uD;0ef;usifytdk@0ftzGJ@u ‚[email protected]_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk *±kpdkuf&ef vkdtyfvmygonf?

(3) vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfhenf;emrsm;rSm(u) Auy tv,fydkif;A[dkcGJocifwifxGef;eSifh tiftm;pkrsm;udk tav;xm;acsr_ef;oGm;&ef?(c) ytdk@0facgif;aqmifusefZkefudk zrf;qD;xm;&mrS jyefv$wfay;+yD; wdkif;rSL;udk,fwkdifOD;pD;um usefZkefESifhawG@I tvkyfrsm; vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef jzpfonf?(*) awmif}uD;AsL[monf u,m;jynfe,f&Sd a&mifpHkaomif; usef;olrsm;udkoHvGifjrpfta&S@bufurf;udk armif;ydk@ypf&rnf [laom pDrHcsufyif jzpfonf?‚pDrHcsufudk tm;vHk;u OD;pm;ay;tjzpf wufºupGm vkyfaqmif =u&rnf[k

qHk;jzwftwnfðy=uonf? *VKefppfqifa&;.OD;wnfcsufonf &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;c±dkif a'otm;vHk; jzpfonf? wyfr 88 rS ppfAsL[m 883 onf anmifa&$e,f tif;av;a'oESifh pum; yifavmif;a'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom ppfa=umif;rsm;onfaygif;avmif;eef@zm a'orsm;udkvnf;aumif; 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@ &Sif;vif;=uonf? u,m;jynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,ftpyf a'orsm;ESifh yifavmif;e,fawmifbufjcrf;udk wyfr88 vufatmufcH (pA[) 883 rS ppfa=umif;wcsdK@ESifh ytdk@0fpHodef;. wyfrsm;uvufcsif;,SufI um&efydwfqdk@xm;=uygonf?

pA[ 883 . vufatmufcH ppfa=umif;wcsdK@onf aygif;avmif; eef@zma'oudk wyfukef;/ usnfawmifuef/ ysOf;rem;/ a&qif;e,frsm;rS csDwufum 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@&Sif;vif;=uonf? cv& (7)rS ppfa=umif;wa=umif;onf [J[dk;/ atmifyef;bufrSncsDwufr_jzifh tif;av; taemufbuf&Sd awmifwef;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;avonf?

xdkodk@aom tajctaewGif u|efawmfwdk@tiftm;pkrsm;. tajctaerSmatmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf? ocifwifxGef;ESifh tiftm;pk tcsdK@ onf jynfaxmifpkvrf;r(c) rdwˆDvm-awmif}uD;oGm; um;vrf;. ajrmufbufjcrf;wGif a&muf&Sdaeonf?aygif;avmif; eef@zma'oY u|ef awmfwdk@. tv,fydkif;Armjynf wdkif;ppfa&;wm0efcHESifhwdkif;aumfrwDwOD;jzpfaom Adkvfatmifjrifhh.wyfzGJ@tiftm; 40 cef@wkd@ &Sdaeygonf?AdkvfykESifh &Jabmf 3 - 4 a,mufonf tif;av;taemufbuf&Sd awmifwef;ay:wGif



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a&muf&Sdv_yf&Sm;aeayonf?&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;c±dkif. tiftm;trsm;pkjzpfonfh wHwm;OD;e,fom;

wyfcGJrSL;&Jabmfpdk;vGif acgif;aqmifaom tpkonf yifavmif;e,f ta&S@ajrmufbufwGifpHodef;ulnDa&;twGuf a&muf&Sdaeonf? &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;c±dkifaumfrwD wOD;jzpfonfh AdkvfatmifxGef; (c) &Jabmf!dk ESifh u|efawmfonf vufeufudkifwyftenf;i,fESifhpum;a'owGif a&muf&Sdaeonf? anmifa&$e,f tif;av;a'o taemufbufjcrf; oef;awmif ig;ajrmif;e,fwGif trsdK;orD;&Jabmfi,frsm; yg0ifaom pnf;±Hk; a&;tzGJ@uav;rsm; v_yf&Sm;ae=uonf?

TuJhodk@jyef@}uJI wuGJwjym;pDjzpfaeaom [email protected];pkrsm;onf wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@ tquftoG,f r&&Sd=uyg? rdrdwdk@bmom tpktzGJ@rsm;tjzpfESifh &efol.xdk;ppfudk &ifqdkifae=u&onf? pHodef;onf xdk;ppf twGif;Yyif aumufuspf,kwfrmaomoabmxm;jzifh ytdk@0f trsdK;om;rsm;. ESpfpOfusif;y*k%fðyavh&Sdaom ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; tcrf;tem;rsm; (rnfonfht}udrfajrmuf[k rrSwfrdawmhyg) usif;ycJhonf?Ttcrf;tem;rsm;udk wufa&mufcsD;jr‡ifh tm;ay;&eftwGuf pmjzifh a'owm0efcHrsm;udk apv$wfI zdwf=um;vmygonf? AdkvfatmifxGef;ESifh u|efawmf&Sd&m pum;a'oudkyifavmif;òr@e,fwm0efcH ytdk@0facgif;aqmifwOD; (trnfaumif;pGmrrSwfrdyg) Armpum;a&vnfpGmajymwwfonfh &[ef;vlxGuf bDausmf[ef[k rSwfrdaeygonf? ola&muf&Sdvm+yD; zdwfpmvnf;ay; E_wfjzifhvnf; ajymqdkum zdwfrEWuðyygonf?

xdktcg AdkvfatmifxGef;onf Tzdwf=um;csuftay:Y ±dk;om;pGm ,Hk=unfIyifavmif;e,fwm0efcHESifhtwl tcrf;tem;wufa&muf&ef vdkufygoGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfonf zdwf=um;jcif;cH&aomfvnf; tenf;i,f aexdkifraumif;I vdkufygjcif; r&SdcJhyg?&Jabmftenf;pkESifh usef&pfcJhygonf?

AdkvfatmifxGef;xGufoGm;+yD; aemufwae@. vif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif usefcJhonfh u|efawmfESifh &Jabmf tenf;pkudk tvpftidkuf,lI wdkfufcdkufvmygonf? wdkufckdufvmonfhwyfonf a=u;pm;wyf r[kwfyg? pHodef;.vufa&G;pOfwyfrS tiftm; (60)cef@&Sdrnfh AdkvfrSL;wD;wvHk OD;pD;aomwyf jzpfaeonf? twdkufcH&onfhtcsdefY u|efawmfESESifh vltiftm; a,musfm; (3) OD;ESifh trsdK;orD;&Jabmfi,f (3) OD;om &Sdonf?trsdK;orD;i,f (3) OD;onf txufwef;ausmif;olav;rsm; jzpfonf? vufeufrSmvnf;u|efawmfudkifxm;aom umbdkifwvufESihf *sDo&D; *sDzdk;wvufpD pkpkaygif; (3) vufom&Sdonf? u|efawmfonf Ttiftm; Tvufeufrsm;jzifh wwfEkdifor# ckcHwkdfufcdkuf+yD;tjrefqkH; qkwfcGmcJh&onf? uHaumif;axmufronf[k qdk&rnf? xdkwdkufyGJwGif u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk; xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdjcif; r&Sd=uyg? ab;vGwf&modk@ qkwfcGmEdkifcJ@ygonf?odk@aomf *sDzdk;aoewf udkifaqmifxm;aom&Jabmfonf wdkufyGJae&mrStqkwfwGif



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vlcsif;uGJoGm;um aemufydkif;Y tzrf;cHvkduf&ygonf? oltm; zrf;qD;aomwyfrSmpHodef;.wyfyif jzpfygonf?

AdkvfatmifxGef;onf yifavmif;a'owm0efcHrS OD;pD;usif;yaom ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;udk wufa&mufcJhonf? tcrf;tem;t+yD; pum;a'obuftjyef vrf;c&D;wae&mY pHodef;.wyfzGJ@wzGJ@rS zrf;qD;jcif;udkcH&um vufxdwffcwf óu;csnfI pHodef;&Sd&modk@ ac:aqmifoGm;=uonf?

xkdenf;twl cGJrSL;&Jabmfpdk;vGifOD;pD;aom &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; c±dkifwyfzGJ@(vltiftm; (26) a,mufESifh vufeufrsdK;pHk (26) vufyg&Sd aomwyfzGJ@)onfvnf;æyifavmif;e,fwae&mwGif pHodef;wyfESifh twl&SdaepOf a=u;pm;wyfESifhyl;aygif;umvkyf}uHwdkufcdkufcHcJh&onf? xdkwdkufyGJrSmyif &Jabmfpdk;vGiftygt0if wa,mufrusefusqHk;cJh&ayonf? xdkvkyf&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI (&vvz) tzGJ@tpnf;. A[dkxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwOD;u twdtvif; ajAmifqef@usif uef@uGufcJhonf[k od&onf? ‚yk*~dKvfESifh ‚.ta=umif;rsm;udk tajctaeay;onfhtcgY awmifydkif;c±dkif ygwDtaeESifh azmfxkwf *k%fðyrSwfwrf;wifoGm;rnfom jzpfygonf?

aygif;avmif; eef@zmtajccHa'o&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. tv,fydkif;wdkif;rS Adkvfatmifjrifhonf 1969 ckESpf =o*kwfv (2) &ufae@ wGif usqHk;cJhonf? Adkvfatmifjrifhonf 1949 ckESpf awmrcdkrDumvwGif wyfrawmfwGif Adkvf}uD; (captain) ‚aemufjynfaxmifpk ppf&Jwyf&if; (Union Military Police UMP) . wyf&if;rSL; jzpfonf?1949 ckESpfwGif RBA tjzpfESifh awmcdkcJhonf?

AdkvfatmifjrifhESif h a&S@aemufqdkovdk Txdk;ppfYyif usqHk;oGm;=uaomtv,fydkif;wdkif;rS Adkvfcifatmif c±dkifaumfrwD (DC) ESifh &Srf;jynf e,fawmifydkif;c±dkifrSc±dkifaumfrwD &JabmfaiGoef; (c) Adkvf!Gef@armif (DC) wdk@ jzpfonf? tjcm;aom au'gESifhygwD0iftrsm;tjym;onfvnf; &efolESifhwdkufyGJtvDvDwdkufcdkufI usqHk;oGm;=uygonf?

pHodef;onf AdkvfatmifxGef;tm; rqv ppftm%m&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaomoef;pdef/ oef;wifESifh pdk;vGifwdk@vufodk@ rsufESmvdk rsufESm&ESifh tyfESHcJhonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. c±dkifaumfrwDwOD;udk vuf0,f &&Sd=uI ‚wdk@onf tljrL;0rf;ajrmufae=uonf? olwdk@onf &nf&G,fcsufatmifjrifonfhoabmjzifh AdkvfatmifxGef;udkb,fvdkvJuGqdkaom rxDav;pm; t=unfhrsdK;ESifh=unfh+yD; ppfa=uma&;tm; tyfvdkuf=uonf? ppfa=uma&;onf enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ppfaq;aomfvnf; rnfonfhtcsuftvufr#r&&Sd=uyg?

AdkvfatmifxGef;onf ol@tm;owfrnfqdkonfudk &dyfpm;rdaeyg onf? “rif;wkd@vlowf rqv tpdk;&[m ig&J@cE<mudk,fukd owfEdkif=urSm jzpfayr,fh igh,Hk=unfcsuf



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udkawmh b,fvkdrS owfvkd@ &EkdifrSmr[kwfbl;” [kqdkum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD t"Gef@&Snfygap[k aºu;a=umfpOfrSmyif aoewfoHrsm; xGufay:vmavonf[k aemifwGif jyefvnf=um;odcJh&ygonf? vif;vufaom =u,fwyGifhonf &J0HhpGmjzifh ajrccJh&aomfvnf;xdk=u,f.tvif;a&mifuawmh tpOfxm0& awmufyvif;xdefaernfom jzpfygonf?

AdkvfatmifxGef;onf awmifilòr@Zmwdjzpf+yD; ol.rdbrsm;onf a&$yef;wdrfvkyfief; vkyfudkif=uonf? ‚wGif nDtpfudkarmifESr (5) a,muf&Sd+yD; AdkvfatmifxGef;onf t}uD;qHk;om;[k od&onf? i,fpOfumv ausmif;om;b0wGif awmifilòr@&Sd u&iftrsdK;om; c&pf,mef txufwef;ausmif;Y ynmoif=um;cJhonf? ‚usqHk;csdefY ZeD;a':ykESifh om;orD; (2) OD; wyfukef;òr@wGif usef&SdcJhygonf?

tif;av;a'o ysm;yifaus;&GmrS touf (20) t&G,f t,fòrif (armifòrif)qdkol vli,fudk uGefjrLepftrmcHausm±dk;[k pGyfpGJum ppfwyfrS enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh n‡Of;qJowfjzwfjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? xdkvli,fonf at;at; aq;aq; ajymqdkaexdkifwwf+yD;&Gm.tusdK;/ trsm;olig. tusdK;udk aqmif&Gufay;wwfaom vli,fvlaumif;wOD;omjzpfonf? ysm;yif&GmrS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u t,fòrifudk owf=uonfholrsm;rSm vlrsm;r[kwf=uyg? tod^m%fuif;rJhaom t[dwfwd&p>mef acG;rsm;om jzpfonf[k a=uuGJemusnf;pGm a'gorsm;jzifh ajymqdk=uygonf? ol.tudk &Jabmfarmif[def (c) &Jabmfwifarmifonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ygwD0ifau'gwOD; jzpf+yD; ‚onfvnf; ol&Jaumif;yDopGm usqHk;oGm;cJhygonf?

ysm;yif&GmESifh &GmeD;csif;uyfaeaom oajyyif&Gmtxuf0dkif;rS touf (40)0ef;usifcef@&Sdrnfh a':!Gef@qdkol tdrfaxmif&SiftrsdK;orD; wOD;udkvnf; uGefjrLepftrmcHAdkvfyk.r,m;i,f[lI ±dkif;jy,kwfrmpGm r[kwfrw&m;pGyfpGJI ajymqdk+cdrf;ajcmuf=uonf? a':!Gef@onf olr.&GmY uav;/ vl}uD;/ a,musfm;/ rdef;r tm;vHk;uyifav;pm;cspfcif=uonf? olr.cifyGef;onf ukefonfwOD;jzpfI wpHkw&m ypPnf;OpPm&SdolwOD;vnf; jzpfonf? xdkyk*~dKvfonf tif;jynfolrsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (tynz) .A[dkacgif;aqmifwOD;vnf; jzpfonf? ‚onf T*VKefppfqifa&;Yyif ppfwyf. zrf;qD;r_udkcH&+yD; jrif;+cHaxmifokd@ tydk@cHcJh&ygonf?

a':!Gef@wGif om;orD; (3) a,muf&Sd+yD; t}uD;qHk;om;onf tif;av;a'otif;aygckef txufwef;ausmif;wGif (10) wef; pmar;yGJY *k%fxl; (2) ck &&SdcJhaomausmif;om;vl&nfc|efwOD; jzpfonf? olonf wuUodkvf qufrwufbJ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifaom vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJ yg0ifcJhonf? ‚onf 1968ckESpfw0dkufwGif &yfapmufe,f aZmf*sDjrpfab; awmwGif;wae&mY usqHk;oGm;cJhygonf?a':[email protected];onfvnf; tif;av;a'o [J,m&Gmr tpdk;& txufwef; ausmif;wGifynmoif=um;cJhonf? olronf (8) wef;ausmif;olb0wGif xdkausmif;&Sd ausmif;om;



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v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0ifcJhonf? ‚aemuf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifqifE$JcJhygonf?

&Srf;jynfe,f jynfe,faumfrwDwOD;jzpfonfh Adkvfykonf xdk*VKefppfqifa&;Yyif cv& 7 ppfa=umif;. vufcsufESifh usqHk;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? ‚ppfa=umif;onftif;av;a'o taemufbuf&Sd awmifa=umrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pOfY awmif,mwJwck &Sif;&mwGif AdkvfykusqHk;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? AdkvfykusqHk;aomae@onf 1969 ckESpf =o*kwfv 22&uf reuf 1 em&Ddcef@ jzpfonf?

cv& 7 ppfa=umif;rSL;onf Adkvfyk.±kyftavmif;tm; ppfaq;&mY ‚.tusôtdwfuyftwGif;rS "mwfyHkwyHk &&SdoGm;ygonf? &&SdoGm;onfh "mwfyHkESifh ywfoufIppfa=umif;rSL;onf wtHhw=o jzpfoGm;onf[k od&Sd&onf? ta=umif;rl tdwfuyftwGif;Y &&Sdaom"mwfyHkonf jreffrmhwyfrawmf (av) rS wyf=uyfwOD;. avwyf0wfpHkjzifh ±dkufxm;onfh "mwfyHkjzpfonf? ydkIxl;qeff;tHhzG,f jzpf&onfrSm "mwffyHk&SifonfTppfa=umif;rSL;ESifh Adkvfavmif;tywfpOf wckwnf;("mwfykH&Sifonf aemufykdif;Y =unf;wyfAkdvfoifwef;okd@ wufa&mufcJhonf) wufcJhzl;ol jzpfaeygonf? xkd"mwfyHk udpPESifhywfoufI tqifhqifh txufudkwifjy=u&mwGif ppf±Hk;csKyf (War Office) txd a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf? ppf±Hk;csKyfonf "mwfyHk&Siftygt0if ppfaq;ar;jref;=unfh&mY "mwfyHk&Sif.xGufqkdcsufukdvnf; &&SdcJhygonf? Armhwyfrawmf=unf;wyfrS t&m&SdwOD;. udk,fawG@tjzpftysufrsm; a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfY "mwfykH&Sif.xGufqkdcsufukd TuJhodk@azmfjyxm;onf?

“[kwfygw,ff? Adkvfyku u|efawmfhtazyg? 'gayrJh u|efawmfhtazeJ@taru'kwd,urBmppftwGif;rSm tdrfaxmifus+yD; u|efawmfhudk arG;w,f? tazu awmfvSefa&;rSmygaeawmh u|efawmfhudk jyefr=unfhEdkifbl;? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfhta':eJ@ OD;}uD;udkt+yD;arG;pm;zdk@ ay;vdkufw,f? 1945 ckESpfavmufu jzpfr,f? tJ'Dwkef;u u|efawmf2 ESpfom; 3 ESpfom; aygh? bmrS aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdbl;? ausmif;aeawmh ta':eJ@OD;}uD;u w&m;0if taztar jzpfoGm;w,f? u|efawmfhudkvnf; w&m;0ifom;tjzpfpmcsKyfpmwrf;eJ@ arG;pm;xm;w,f?”

“1963 ckESpf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJGvkyfawmh u|efawmfhtaz ygvmw,f?tJ'DtcsdefrSm u|efawmf[m avwyfxJ a&mufae+yD? tazu &efukefa&mufawmh u|efawmhfarG;pm;tazeJ@tarudk vmawG@w,f? “u|efawmfhom; b,frSmvJ” ar;awmh “rif;om;æ'DrSmav” qdk+yD;awmh arG;pm;tazeJ@ taru eH&HrSmcsdwfxm;wJh avwyf0wfpHkeJ@u|efawmhf"mwfyHkudk xdk;jyvdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh u|efawmhftazuvnf; tJ'D"mwfyHkudkðzwfoGm;owJh? 'gvJ arG;pm;tazeJ@tarajymvdk@ odwmyg? u|efawmfwdk@csif; wcgrSrawG@zl;ygbl;? om;tzqdkayr,fh olvnf; ol,Hk=unfwm olvkyf/ u|efawmfvnf;



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u|efawmf,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; avwyfuae tdkwDtufpf (OTS) atmif+yD; =unf;wyfrSmtcktcsdeftxd ay;wJhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeygw,f?” [lI jzpfayonf? okd@ESifhæxdkjy\emvnf; ajyvnfoGm;a=umif; yg&Sdavonf?

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0dkif;xm;aom &efolrsm;.tajctaerSm olwkd@tcsif;csif; wOD;ESifhwOD; wzJG@ESifhwz J G @ tjye ftvSe f vufqJ GE _w fqufI &onftxd r sm; jym; xlxyfp Gmydwfqdk@xm;ygonf? rnfodk@yif&Sdap u|efawmfwdk@tpkonf tjrefqHk;xGufcGmEdkifygrStouf&Sif &yfwnfEdkifygrnf? u|efawmfonf &Sdaeonfh ygwD0ifrsm;eSifh wdkifyifn‡dE_dif;umxGufcGm&ef jyifqif&ygonf? ausmif;olrdef;uav; 3 OD;udk a,musfm;av;rsm;toGifyHkaqmif&ef jyifqifcdkif;&ygonf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t& a=u;pm;wyfrsm;onf rdef;uav;rsm; yg&Sdonf[k owif;&v#ifvnf;aumif;/ qHyifjzLtouf}uD; tzdk;tdkrsm;ESifhpD;jrif;rsm; ygv#ifvnf;aumif; owif;&&Sdv#if ae@nra&G; tyifyef;cH vdkufavh&Sd=uygonf?

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=uygonfff? txl;ojzifh ausmuf*le,fawmifbufjcrf;&Sd awmifolukef;/ awmifxdyf/cr,fukef;&Gmrsm;tygt0iff &Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;rS &Gmvl}uD;ESifh &Gmom;rsm;udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;ygonf? awmifolukef;&GmrS OD;qdkif;qdkoludk ocifwifxGef;.vl,Hkawmf[kqdkum t}uD;tus,f ESSdyfpufygonf? OD;qdkif;onf "EkvlrsKd;jzpff+yD; touft&G,ftm;jzifh 60 ausmfr#&Sdygrnf? ‚yk*~dKvfonf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u Tawmawmifrsm;twGif;Y tiffwGJ (yGJ@vsuf) ESifh opfap;rsm;&SmazGI 0rf;a=umif;aeol jzpfonf?xdk@a=umifh OD;qdkif;onf Tawmawmifrsm;wGif u|rf;usifES@Hpyfol wOD;vnf; jzpfygonf?olonf awmifolukef;&GmwGif aexdkifI om;orD; 2 OD;&Sdonf? t}uD;orD;onf tdrfaxmifusI tdk;cGJum ti,forD;rSmrl 15 ESpft&G,f tysKdjzpfI twlaeorD; jzpfygonff?OD;qdkif;onf ±dk;om; yGifhvif;+yD; wzufom;tm; ulnDwwfonfh yk*~dKvfwOD;vnf; jzpfonf? OD;qdkif;udk u|efawmfwdk@ &Jabmftrsm;pku av;pm;±dkaoaomtm;jzifh OD;av;qdkif;[kac:=uygonf? OD;av;qdkif;onf awmu|rf;ovdk awm aumifrsm; ypfcwf&mwGifvnf;vufajzmifhaom rkqdk;wOD;vnf; jzpf onf? ausmuf*la'owGif &Gmwdkif;/ vlwdkif;qdkovdk&Srf;wlrD;aoewfrsm; udkifaqmif=uygonff? aoewfudkifaqmifcGifh vdkifpif,lp&mrvdkyg?tpOf tvmrd±dk;zvmt& &Srf;jynfe,fa'otESH@wGif acwftqufquf udkifaqmif=uaom aoewfrsm; jzpfygonf?

ocifwifxGef;ESifh tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJGonf &yfapmuf tifawmESifh ausmuf*loGm;um;vrf;. taemufbuf&Sd awmawmifrsm;udk tajccHI aexdkif=upOfwGif ODd;av;qdkif;udk rSDcd kae&ygonf? Tonfudk &Gmol&Gmom;wcsdK@xHrS a=u;pm;wyfrsm;onfod&SdEdkifygonf? &yc wdkif;rSL;oeff;wifonf ‚.vufatmufcH ajcvsifwyf&if;rsm;rSwyfcJGESpfcJGuspD xkwfEkwfI wyfcJGtawmfrsm;rsm;jzifh ausmuf*l/ tifawm/ a&OD;ESifh&yfapmufe,ftoD;oD;udk ae&m,lydwfqdk@ csxm;ygonf? ‚udk,fwdkifurl uGefref'dk2 pk ppfa=umif;ESifh cv& 57 &if;rSL;-AdkvfrSL;armifarmifcifESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfrSAdkvf}uD;cifarmifaqG/ pef;jrifhwdk@yg0ifI &duQm ajcmuf 3 &ufpmjzifh awmwGif;0ifa&muf&Sif;vif;ygonf?

xddkumvw0dkufwGif u|effawmfESifh A[dkXmecJG wyfzJG@onf ocif wifxGef;.wm0efay;csuft& &yfapmufESifh Axl;òr@rsm;. taemuf awmifbuf&Sd awmifbdk@e,f(vdarRmfoD;xGufonfha'o) ESifh rdk;vHk;[def; txl;pnf;±Hk;a&;e,fajrudk a&muf&Sdae=uygonf?

XmecJ GwyfzJ G @. &efolacsr_e f;a&; wd kufyJ GwyJ GXmecJ GwyfzJ G @. &efolacsr_e f;a&; wd kufyJ GwyJ GXmecJ GwyfzJ G @. &efolacsr_e f;a&; wd kufyJ GwyJ GXmecJ GwyfzJ G @. &efolacsr_e f;a&; wd kufyJ GwyJ GXmecJ GwyfzJ G @. &efolacsr_e f;a&; wd kufyJ GwyJ G

TwdkufyJGudk ra&;bJ csefxm;Irjzpfyg? ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;rSL; Adkvfoef;wif.



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rdk;vHk;[def;ppfqifa&; umvwGif wdkufcdkufcJhonfh wdkufyJGjzpfaeI jzpfygonf?u|efawmfwdk@ tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecJG wyfzJG@tjzpf pzJG@pnff;pOf umvjzpfonf?

[email protected];onf rrsm;yg? vl/ vufeuftiftm; onf 40 r#om &Sdygrnf? TwyfzJG@. EdkifiHa&;rSL; &JabmfvSarmifrSm awmifilc±dkif/ jzL;òr@e,frS jzpf+yD; ol.tpfudk0rf;uJGonf A[dkaumfrwDtzJG@0if &Jabmfarmifarmifpdef jzpfonf? [email protected];onfTpma&;olyif jzpfygonf?

tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecJG wyfzJG@wGif ArmjynfzGm; yifv,f&yfjcm; w±kwfausmif;om; vli,frsm; yg&Sdonf? Tausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf (1967) ckESpfY w±kwfArmta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;aemufwGif yg0ifvm =ujcif;jzpfonf? ‚wkd@onf &efukef&Sdeef,eftxufwef;ausmif;ESifh tjcm;aomw±kwfausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;vli,frsm;jzpfonf? A[dk XmecJGwyfzJG@onf tiftm; 40 r#om&Sdaomfjim;vnf; vufeufwyfqifr_wGif vlwdkif;eD;yg; atmfwdkrpfwpfaoewfrsm; wyfqifxm;=uonf? txl;ojzifh w±kwfjynfvkyf trf 22 (M22) aoewfrsm;jzpfonf? *sDo&D;/ *sDzdk; (G3, G4) aoewfrsm;vnf;tenf;pk yg0ifonf? u|efawmftygt0if &Jabmfrsm;onf Tvufeufrsm;udk rawG@rjrifzl;=uyg? ,ckrl rdrdwdk@. vufwGif;okd@ xdkaoewfrsm; a&muf&Sdaeyg+yD?

u|efawmfwdk@wyfzJG@onf tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJGwyf[k qdkaomfvnf; trnfemrESifh rvdkufzufatmifyif tiftm;t&mY ao;i,fcsnfheJ@aeonf? xkdwyfzJG@onfta&S@ajrmufppfa'owGif EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; 6 voifwef; wufa&mufavhusifhcJh=uonfhwyfjzpfonf? ,if;a=umifh &Jabmfwdkif;onf rdrdwdk@oif=um;xm;aom pmawG@ oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufawG@ppfajrjyifwGif jyousifhoHk;vdk=uygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh TwyfzGJ@onf vltiftm;t& csnfheJ@ao;i,faomfvnf; pdwf"mwfa&;&mwGif jrifhrm;aomwyfzJG@i,f jzpfaeygonf?

‚[email protected]&;rSL;onf wyfzJG@ESifhtwlr&Sdyg? tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecJGwm0efcH ocifwifxGef;ac:I wm0efay;xm;onf? wyfzJG@wGif u|efawmfESifh 'k-wyfrSL;&Jabmf0if;aqGwdk@omv#if &Sdaeonf? u|efawmfwdk@wyfzJG@onf ausmuf*laemifvHkESifhaemif0dk; rdkif;,Gif;a'orsm;wGif vSnfhvnfv_yf&Sm; vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufaeonf? xdkumvrSm yif rqv ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&onf Te,fajra'orsm;udkppfa&;t& xdk;ppf}uDd;w&yf qifE$Jvmygonf? ‚xdk;ppfonf rdk;vHk;[def;ppfqifa&;.tqifhrsm;jzpfrnf[k ,lq&onf? ausmuf*laemifvHka'oESifh aemif0dk; rdkif;,Gif; rdkif;vef;paom a'orsm;udk wyfr 88 vufatmufcH wyf&if; wyfzJG@rsm;rS ppfa=umif;rsm;onf0ifa&muf&Sif;vif;avonf? xdkppf a=umif;rsm;udk OD;pD;uGyfuJolonf 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmifcif jzpfonf? u|efawmfrSwfrdoavmufqkdv#if xdkarmifarmifcifonf±kyf&Sifrif;orD; tu,f'rD cifoef;Ek. yxrcifyGef;onf jzpfonf[k =um;odcJh&onf?



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aemifaomtcg olonf w±kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHrSL;wOD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf? a&S@wef;uGyfuJa&;rSL; armifarmifcifonfausmuf*le,fokd@a&muf&Sdum wyf&if;wyfzJG@ppf a=umif;rsm;udk aemifcsdKa'oESifh aemifvHka'o.'kXm0wDjrpfurf;wav#muf ydwfqdk@&Sif;vif;ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@A[dkXmecJGwyfzJG@onf ausmuf*le,fbufudk0ifum vHk0,f aus;&GmteD; awmwGif;wae&mY wyfudkazsmufxm;cJhonf? ocifwifxGef;wdk@ A[dkXmecJGtpkonf ausmuf*le,fawmifbufjcrf; tifawmausmuf*loGm; um;vrf;. taemufbufY TumvwGif &Sdaeygonf?

,if;umv. &ycwdkif;rSL;onf AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wifjzpf+yD; ‚onf wyfr88 wyfrrSL;tjzpfrS ajymif;vmol jzpfonf? Akdvfoef;wifonf rdrdudk,fukd,frddrdAD,uferfppfyJGumvu tar&duefwyfrsm;.AdkvfcsKyf 0DvsH0ufpfrdk;vif; (Willian West-

moreland) *dkufrsdK;eJ@ a&mufvm onf[k ajymqdkoHoJhoJh =um;cJhzl;ygonf? tar&duefe,fcsJ@orm;onf AD,uferfEdkifiHtm; usL;ausmfppfqifcJh&mwGif vufeuf/ aiGa=u;tiftm;rsm;ESifh acwfrDtwwfynmrsm;udkyg pkðyHtoHk;ðyI wdkufcdkkufjcif; jzpfonf?xdkppfyJGwGif AD,uferfjynfolrsm;onf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_/ ZJGowWdjynfh0r_/ wdkif;jynftm;cspfjrwfEdkf;r_wdk@ESifh w&m;aom ckcHppfudk qifE$J=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tar&duefwdk@. usL;ausmfa&;ppfonf 0ufpfrdk;vif;tygt0if tar&duef ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; cGufcGufvefatmif ±_H;edrfh+yD; zif"m;&rf; ajy;=u&aom ppfyJGjzpfygonf? xdkodk@aom tajctaersdK;rSmyif 0ufpfrdk;vif;u u|efawmfhudk vlawGxyfay;yg? vlrsm;rsm; ay;v#if tvkyfrsm;rsm; vkyfEdkifonf[k qkdaeao;onf? 0ufpfrdk;vif;um; aoonftxd 0rf;oGm;r&yfonfhol[kyif qdk&ygrnf?

u|efawmfwdk@ A[dkXmecJGwyfzJG@onf &Jabmfwdkif;Y ausmydk;tdwfrsm;wGif uwkwfusif;rsm; wl;&eftwGuf a'ovkyf vufw0g;r# tjym;&Sdaom wl&Gif;jym;uav;rsm;yg&Sd=uonf? Twl&Gif;jym;uav;rsm;jzifh vdktyfv#if uwkwfusif;rsm;udk wl;=uygonf?xdkwl&Gif;jym;. vufudkif±dk;udkvnf; awG@&Sdonfhopfudkif; odk@r[kwf 0g;udkif;rsm;jzifhtvG,fwul ðyvkyfEdkifygonf? rdrdwdk@wyfzJG@onf a&muf&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;wGif ppfa&;t& ta&;}uD;v#if }uD;ovdk cHuwkwfusif;rsm; wl;I wyfcsae&m,l aexdkif=u avh&Sdygonf? xdk;ppfqifvmonfh &efolwyfrsm;onf ausmuf*le,fY 0ifa&mufvm=u&mwGiffxdk;ppf.tpydkif;jzpfIvm; rajymwwfyg? tawmftxiftjrifao;onfhyHk ay:vGifaeygonf? txl;ojzifh wyfpktiftm;txd tvSrf;a0;a0; wyfrsm;jzef@cJGum v_yf&Sm;jcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@vdk ajymufusm;wyfzJG@i,frsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumiff; wck[k qdkk&ygrnf? &efolrsm; txiftjrifao;jcif;onf ‚[email protected]&; owduif;rJhjcif;om jzpfonf?



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azaz:0g&Dv. w&ufaomae@wae@Y u|efawmfwdk@wyfzJG@ESifh tvSrf;ra0;onfh vHk0,f&Gmudk &efolppfwyfwwyf a&muf&Sdvma=umif; T&GmrS &Gmom; 2 ODd;uowif;vma&mufay;ydk@onf? &Gmom; 2 OD;. ajymjycsufrsm;t& a&muf&Sdvmonfhppfwyfonf ausmuf*l wyfpcef; bufrS vmjcif;jzpfonf? TnY &GmrSmyif tdyfrnf[kajymonf? wyf.tiftm;onf odyfrrsm;yg/ tm;vHk;&Sdu vltpdwfoHk;q,f vGefa&mu|Ha&m &Sdrnf? ‚wdk@onf aemufwae@reufapm xrif;pm;+yD;csdefwGif ausmufqHk&Gmbufudk oGm;rnf[k Adkvfjzpfolu &Gmvl}uD;udk ajymjyaeonf? ausmufqHk&GmbufoGm;rnhf vloGm;vrf;udkvnf; ar;jref;aeI vrf;jyac:rnhfyHk r&Sdyg ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

u|efawmfonf owif;vmydk@onfh &Gmom; 2 OD;tm; nbufwGiff xyfrHIowif;ydk@&ef aqG;aEG;rSm=um;um rdrdwdk@onf TteD;w0dkufwGif &Sdaernfjzpfa=umif;udkvnf; ajymjyvdkufonf? xdk@tjyif wjcm;&Gmom;rsm; rod&Sd&ef aqG;aEG;I ‚wdk@udkjyefv$wfvdkufonf? nbuf 8 em&Dcef@wGif T&Gmom; 2 OD; xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmumowif;rsm;udk ajymjyygonf? ‚wdk@ajymjyonfh owif;rsm;t&qdkv#if &GmY ntdyfonfh ppfwyfonf trSefyif ausmufqHk&Gmudk oGm;=urnfjzpfonf? &Gmom; vrf;jyrac:bJ ‚wdk@bmom oGm;rnf[k od&Sd&onf?

rdrdonf owif;vmydk@onfh &Gmom; 2 OD; jyefoGm;=u+yD;aemuf csufcsif;yifwyftm; toifhjyifqifcdkif;+yD; ausmufqHk&GmbufoGm;aom vloGm;vrf;&Sd&mudk ajymif;a&$@cJh=uonf? xdkvloGm;vrf;onf awm vrf;jzpfI awmiftqif;twufrsm; tenf;tusOf;om &Sdonf? vHk0,f&GmY ntdyfaom &efol@wyfonf Tvrf;rSyif vmrnfjzpfI csHKcdkwdkufcdkuf&ef jyifqif&ygawmhonf?

a=u;pm;wyfrsm; csDwufoGm;vm=u&mY vkyfavhvkyfx&SdonfrSm csDwufoGm;vmrnfh vrf;. 0J,mab;ESpfzufudk wyfjzef@I &Sif;vif;avh&Sdonf? odk@jzpfI vrf;ab;ESpfzufwGif opfyifcsHKykwfrsm; uif;&Sif;&ef vdkrnf? odk@rSom vrf;tm; &Sif;vif;&efrvdkbJ oHo,uif;pGmjzifh csDwuf =uayvdrfhrnf? odk@jzpfI u|efawmfonf rsufuG,fusnfuG,f uif;&Sif;rnfh vrf;.tydkif;udk t"duxm; a&G;cs,f&onf? rdrdwyf ae&m,lwdkufcdkkuf&rnfh taetxm;onfvnf; xdktwkdif;om jzpf&ygrnf?

&efolrsm; csDwufvmrnfhbufonf wdkufuGuf. a&S@qHk;xdyfOD; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Ttydkif;wGif rdrdwyfrS vdktyfrnfh tiftm;udkoHk;I ykZGefvufruJhodk@ [xm;umjzef@um;+yD; ae&m,lxm;&rnf? TonfrSm csDwufvmonfh &efolrsm;u tu,fIvrf;.ab; 0J,m&Sif;vif;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvmv#if umuG,fEkdifap&ef }uKdwifjyifqifonfhoabmyif jzpf onf? tu,fI &Sif;vif;jcif; rðyv#if xdk&efoltm;vHk; wa,mufrusefwdkufuGuftwGif; 0if+yD;v#if TykZGefvufronf ±kwfcsnf;yifyl;n‡yf vkduf&rnfjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh zGifhxm;aomwHcg;udk jyefvnf ydwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?



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vloGm;vrf;. ab;wzufwGif rdrdwyf. tiftm;trsm;pkonf vrf;bufudkrsufESmrlI ae&m,l&rnf? rsufuG,fusnfuG,frsm; r&Sdonfh twGuf uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;&ygrnf? &efolrsm; vrf;twdkif; csDwufvm v#if ab;wdkuftaetxm;ESifh ypfcwfacsr_ef;&ef jzpfonf? wdkufuGuftwGif; 0ifa&mufvmonfh &efolrsm;udk pwifypfcwf&rnfhtzJG@onf wdkufuGuf.xdyfOD;ydkif; tzJG@jzpfonf? jzwfawmufydwfqdk@a&;tzJG@rSmrlausmufqHk&Gmokd@ oGm;aomvrf;. oifhawmfrnfhtydkif;wGif ae&m,l&rnf? TonfrSmu|efawmfwdk@pDpOfxm;onfh &efoltm; acsr_ef;wdkufcdkufrnfh csHLcdkvrf;jzwfwdkufyJG.a,bk,syHk=urf; taetxm; jzpfonf? TyHk=urf;udk rdrdwyftm;vnf; ajryHkrsm;ðyvkyfI tcsdef,l &Sif;vif;jyocJhonf?

azaz:0g& Dv. ae@wae@Yazaz:0g& Dv. ae@wae@Yazaz:0g& Dv. ae@wae@Yazaz:0g& Dv. ae@wae@Yazaz:0g& Dv. ae@wae@Y a[refaqmif;&moD. vwvyif jzpfygonf? aqmif;tukef aEGtul;aygif;ul;wHwm;cif;ay;rnfh v [kvnf; qdkEdkifygonf? xdkv. wae@aomeHeufcif; 8em&DtcsdefwGif ta&S@wcGifrS vif;a&mifjcnfonf ESif;r_efawG=um;rS wdk;a0S@um xGufjyL&eftm;,laeygonf? ajrmufbuf t&yfrS wdkufcwfvmaom aqmif;avat;uvnf;at;jrvSonf? xdkavEkat;a=umifh xif;±SL;&Gufrsm;onfvnf; w&SJ&SJjzifhjrnfum ,drf;EGJ@jrL;wl;ae=uygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ [email protected]@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf &efoltvmudk iHhvifhumtoifhae&m,lxm;=uonf? 0eff;usifwckvHk;onf avwdk;oH opf&Gufrsm;v_yfoHrStytm;vHk; wdwfqdwf+idrfouf tdyfarmusae=u ygonf? aus;iSufowW0gav;rsm;. toHAvHrsm;ukdyif =um;rvmyg? olwkd@onfvnf; wdkufyJGjzpfrnfudk &dyfpm;rdaeovm;[kqdk&ygrnf? u|efawmfwdk@&Jabmfrsm;onf uwkwfusif;rsm;xJY rdrdwdk@wOD;csif; udkifaqmifxm;=uonfh vufeufrsm;udk toifhtaetxm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ w±kwfjynfvkyfvufudkifvufypfAHk;rsm;.tzHk;rsm;ukd zGifhukdifxm;Ivnf;aumif; tm;vHk;toifhjzpfae=uonf? qdwf+idrftdyfarmusaeaom ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;udk v_yfIE_d;ovdk &efolrsm;. ppfzdeyfoH rsm; =um;vmae&onf? &efolwdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@ apmifhaeaom wdkufuGuftwGif;udk wa,muf+yD;wa,muf/ wzJG@+yD;wzJG@ a&S@aemufweff;um usD;uef;awmif;arSmuf 0ifa&mufvmaeygonf? aemufqHk;wzJG@ aemufqHk; wa,muf a&S@odk@ajctvSrf;wGif atmfwdkaoewfoHrsm;ESifh vufypf AHk;oHrsm;onf rdk;xuftmum okd@±dkufcwfjrnf[def;rwwfæ rdk;csKef;ovdk wawmvHk; qlnHoGm;ygawmhonf?

tcsdeftm;jzifh r=umvdkufyg? 15 rdepfcef@t=umrSmyif aoewfoH AHk;oHtm;vHk;&yfoGm;um &efolrsm;. nnf;oHnLoHrsm; =um;ae&onf? wdkufyJGcGif &Sif;vif;&mY &efol@tavmif; 22 avmif;/ '%f&mjzifh zrf;rdol 4 ODd; pkpkaygif; 26 OD; &Sdonf?



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vufeufrsm;rSmrl ypPwdk 1 vuf/ *sDo&D; 17 vuf/ *sDzdk; 4 vuf/ vufacgufarmfwm(ac:) AHk;ypfaoewf 1 vuf/ pkpkaygif; 23 vuf/ *sDo&Dd; 3 vufonf vufypfAHk;xdrSefIysufpD;oGm;onf? usnfrsdK;pHk 3000 ausmf/ ppfoHk;ajryHktcsyfa& 22 csyfESifh tjcm;aomypPnf;rsm; odrf;qnf;&rdygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@wdkufcdkufonfh &efolonf txl;uGefref'dkwyfpk (Special Com-

mando) jzpfonf? wyfpkrSL;onf t&mcHAdkvf (Warrant officer) armifusifqdkoljzpfonf? ‚onf a&S@wef;rSL; armifarmifcifxHokd@ ppfoHk;ajryHkrsm; oGm;a&mufay;ydk@jcif;jzpfonf? armifusifonf aoqHk;onfhtxJwGif ygoGm;ygonf? ol. ppfoHk;ab;vG,ftdwftwGif;rS ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfESifh "mwfyHkrsm;yg odrf;qnf;&rdcJhonf?

TwdkufyJGwGif rdrdwdk@bufrS ytdk0fhvlrsdK; wyfom;&Jabmfpdefarmif wOD; usqHk;+yD; useftm;vHk; xdcdkufusqHk;jcif; r&Sdyg? &Jabmf pdefarmifonf &efoludk tm;yg;w&ESifhuwkwfusif;xJrSaeI *sDzdk;aoewfjzifh ypfcwfacsr_ef;ygonf? Tr#ESifh tm;r&ao;bJuwkwfusif;xJ xdkifae&mrS rwf wyf&yf ypfcwfygonf? xdktcg u|efawmfonf ‚udkowday;ygao;onf? odk@aomf r=um;yg? TwGif &efolvufajzmifh wyfom;wOD;. vufcsufjzifh &if0Y aoewfusnfoifhum usqHk;jcif;jzpfonf? T&efol@vufajzmifh wyfom;udkvnf; csufcsif;yif ypfcwfokwfoifEkdifvdkufygonf?

&Jabmfpdefarmifonf t&yftarmif;rStp udk,fum, awmifh wif;}uH@cdkifoljzpfonf? olusqHk;aom tcsdefwGif ol.toufonf 19 -20 r#om&Sdygrnf? ‚onfTwdkufyJGY &efoltrsm;tjym;udk ypfcwfacsr_ef;EdkifcJhaom wdkufcdkufa&;ol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfonf? &Jabmfpdefarmif. ±kyftavmif;udk wdkufyJGjzpfyGm;onfhae&mESifh tvSrf;uGma0;onfh ae&m wckwGif ajrusif;wl;um pepfwusjr‡KyfESHI wyfzJG@wckvHk; wef;pD+yD;ppftav;ðyjcif;jzifh tav;ðyum o+*õK[fcJh=uygonf?

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wdkufyJGjzpfonf? ‚tjyif &ycwdkif;rSL; Adkvfoef;wifudk,fwdkif OD;pD;a&S@aqmifonfhrdk;vHk;[def;ppfqifa&;udk wpHkw&mwkH@jyefcJhaom wdkufyJGvnf; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfESifh 'k-wyfrSL;&Jabmf0if;aqG (aemifwGif ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o. wyfr[m 12 .wyfrSL;jzpfol) ESifh wyfzJG@0iftm;vHk;rSm aqmif;&moDrSmyif taEG;"mwfudk,fpD tðyH;rsm;&$if=unfpGmjzifh wufºuauseyfaerd=uygonf?

E Si f ;ra0aomaEGE Si f ;ra0aomaEGE Si f ;ra0aomaEGE Si f ;ra0aomaEGE Si f ;ra0aomaEGtvSyefff;awG a0pDaom aEGv&moDudk a&S;pmqdkawGu pmyef;csD tvDvD

a&;jc,fcJh=uygonf? awmfvSefa&;. vif;a&mifjcnf xdefvif;awmufycJhonfrSmvnf;vSyaom xkdaEGor,rSmyif jzpfonf? Armh ajrjyifwGif zufqpf *syefudk tjrpfygrusefatmif awmfvSefwdkufcdkufonf rSmvnf; aEGrwfv 27 yifjzpfonf? zqyvtpdk;&ut=urf;zuf owfjzwfESdyfuGyfcJhI rwwfomonhfatmufY ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuckcHawmfvSefppf qifE$J JcJh=u&onfrSmvnf; TvSyaom aEGrwfv 28 yifjzpfonf?a[refudk *drSmefu awmfvSefaom wausmhjyefaEGtjzpf a&mufcJhjyefyg+yD?

u|efawmfonf wrmawG aus;OpDonfh tnmajrudk c&D;wzef csD&jyefavonf? ocifwifxGef;.wm0efay;csuft& ocifomn‡if;ESif htwl tvkyfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef jzpfonf? vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efonf txufArmjynf&Sd c±dkifa'owcsdK@Y ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. wdkif;/ c±dkif/ òr@e,ftqifh&Sd au'grsm;udk pkpnf;ac:,la&;yif jzpfonf? xdkvkyfief;tm; ODd;pD;vkyfudkifrnfhyk*~dKvfonf ocifomn‡if; jzpfonf?u|efawmfonf xdkvkyfief;twGuf yHhydk;ulnDol/ acwfumvpum;t& vlo,f,lol(CARRY) ESifh qufom; (Courier) tcef;u yg0if&ygonf? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mYrEWav;òr@udk ‘pk&yf’ tjzpf owfrSwfxm;ayonf?

rEWav;òr@onf txufArmjynf.òr@awmfjzpfouJhodk@ ppf axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; (MI) tifESifhtm;ESifh tuGufcs ae&m,l apmifh =unfh aeaom òr@}uD;vnf; jzpfonf?rEWav;òr@awmfwGif Armjynf uGefjrL epfygwDtygt0if vufeufudkif tzJG@tpnf;rsdL;pHkrSvufeufcsrsm; pka0;aexdkifonfh òr@vnf;jzpfonf? rEWav;òr@wGif tpdk;& ukef;a=umif;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;±Hk; (Regional Transpost Corporation RTC) wGif tqifhqifh0efxrf;rsm;teuf trsm;pkrSm Auyvufeufcsrsm; jzpf=uygonf?

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u|efawmfwdk@ 5 OD;onf em&D0ufausmfr# a0;uGmvmonfh c&D; ta&mufwGifwOD;rsufESmwOD;=unhfum ðyH;&$ifpGmjzifh cyfoGufoGuf ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh c&D;ESifcJh=uonf?'kXm0wDjrpf. wzufurf;a&mufrS touf00±SLEdkif=uum tarmtyef;ajz=uonf?&ifqdkifñuHawG@cJh=u&aom tjzpftysufrsm;udk tjyeftvSef ol@tjrifudk,fhtjrifudkajymqdkum pum;pm;ðrH@jyef=uygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ tokwfonf uHaumif;onf[kqdk&ygrnf? [email protected] ar;jref;ppfaq;aom ppfwyfonf ajcvsifwdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;r[kwfyg? ykvdyf&Jwyfvnf;r[kwfojzifh wenf;tm;jzifh ppfaq;r_tawG@tñuHenf;aomwyf jzpfaeygonf? txl;ojzifh tif*sifeD,mwyf (Burma Engneering

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TumvwGif ocifwifxGef;onf u|efawmfhudk pma&;I vlv$wf ac:vmygonf? u|efawmfonf ocifwifxGeff;. pm &&csif;yif wyfrS&Jabmf 4 a,mufwzGJ@udkac:I pmvmydk@onfh qufom;&JabmfESifhtwl vdkufygcJhygonf? 1970 ckESpf pufwifbm7 &ufae@ naeydkif;wGif aZmf*sDjrpf.ajrmufbuf wem&DcJGcef@c&D;tuGm awmifa=umwae&mwGif ocifwifxGef;ESifh vlcsif;qHkrd=uonf? ocifwifxGeff;onf u|efawmfhudka&mufrqdkufqdkovdk tajctaeudk ajymjyygonf? +yD;v#if ‚u pufwifbm 6&ufae@u &Jabmfausmfoef;- òr@e,faumfrwD (ausmuf qnf)ESifh &Jabmfausmf!Gef@tif;trsdK;om; (rlvwef;jyausmif;q&m) wdk@ 2 OD;udk aZmf*sDjrpfbufokd@ &efol@tajctaeaxmufvSrf;&ef v$wfvdkkufygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@ 2 OD;onf ntxd jyefa&mufrvm=uyg? xkd@twGuf u|efawmfu wm0ef,lI vkduf&Smay;apvkdonf[kqkdojzifh



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u|efawmfonf &Jabmf 4 a,mufESifhtwl aZmf*sDjrpfurf;wav#mufudkajc&mvuf&mrsm; vdkufvH=unfh±_ygonf? aZmf*sDjrpfonf ta&S@rStaemufodk@ a&pD;Ijrpf.ajrmufzufurf;udk jzwfonfhwae&mY jrpfurf;ab; ausmufwHk;i,fwckay:wGifn‡yfzdeyf 2 &H wifxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? xdkteD;0ef;usifrSmvnf; &efolrsm;.ppfzdeyfajc&mrsm; awG@&Sd&onf? u|efawmfESifh &Jabmf 4 a,mufonf pufwifbm 8&ufae@ rdk;vif;onfhtcsdefwGif OD;jrrif;&Sdonfh pcef;uddk jyefa&muf=uonf? TrSmyifreufpmxrif;pm;I u|efawmfonf OD;jrrif;udk tajctaersm; ajymjy&ygonf? xdktajctaeudkvnf; ocifwifxGef;od&Sd&ef pma&;I &JabmfwOD;ukd óuv$wfygonf?pmoGm;ydk@ onhf&Jabmfonf pceff;axmufudk tjrefyJjyefa&mufvm+yD; ocifwifxGef;a&;ay;vmaompmudk ay;ygonf? xdkpmwGif u|efawmfhudk tjrefwufvmzkd@ a&;xm;onf? u|efawmf onf &Jabmf 4 a,mufESifhtwl ocifwifxGef;xHokd@ tjrefyifwufoGm;ygonf? ocifwifxGef;&Sdaom awmifa=umay:wufrnftðywGif aoewfoHrsm;/ESpfvufrpdefajymif;oHrsm;onf qlnHaeonf? xdktcsdefonf 1970 ckESpf pufwifbm8 &uf reuf 10 ; 30 em&D tcsdefjzpfygonf?

u|efawmfonf aoewfoHrsm; p=um;&onfhae&m awmifajcYyif xdkifI tajctaeudk em;axmiftuJcwfaeygonf? 10 rdepfcef@t=umwGif aoewfoHrsm;usJIvmonf? xdktcsdefY wdkufyJGtwGif;rS ajy;vmaom &Srf;vlrsdK;&Jabmfav; tdkufarmifonf u|efawmfwdk@xH a&muf&Sdvmonf? ‚ESifh ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif trsddK;orD;&Jabmfcif(rcif) onfvnf; ESpfvufrpdefajymif;qH xdrSefI aygifwGif'%f&m tenf;i,f&uma&muf&Sdvmygonf? tvm;wl &JabmfvSaomif;vnf; wdkufyJGrS vGwfajrmufI ausmuf*le,fbufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfonf Tae&mrS aoewfoHrsm; r=um;&onftxd em&D0ufausmfr# apmifhygonf? rnfolwOD;wa,mufr# a&muf&Sdvmjcif;r&SdI xdkae&mrS pGef@cGm&ef &Jabmfrsm;u owday;vmI u|efawmfonf rpGef@csifpGef@csifjzifh ODd;jrrif; pcef;bufuddk jyefvnfxGufcGmcJhygonf?

ocifwifxGef;ESifh &Jabmfrsm;. uH=urRmonfvnf;aumif;/ awmifolukef;&Gm



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om;}uD; OD;av;qdkif;ESifh ‚.orD;i,fwkd@. a&S@a&;uH=urRmonfvnf;aumif; rnfodk@&Sd=urnfudk awG;awmpOf;pm;&if; u|efawmf. acgif;xJwGif v_dif;xefaeygonf? Todk@jzifhu|efawmfonf OD;jrrif;ESifh acgif;csif;qdkif&ygonf? u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk; A[dkXmecJG wyfzJG@&Sd&modk@ qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfygonf?

Adkvfoef;wifonf &Srf;jynfe,fta&S@ydkif; wdkifrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrpf0u|eff;ay:a'o ppfwdkif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ yJcl;wdkif; ppfwdkif;rSL;ESifh ppfqifa&;rSL;}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif olonf jzwf 4 jzwfppfenf;AsL[mudk csrSwf usifhoHk;cJhol jzpfa=umif;udk ‚a&;om;onfh ukd,fawG@ jzpf&yfrsm; “ppfqif a&;+yD; ppfqifa&;” pmtkyfwGif awG@&Sd&ygonf? ‚onf xdkppfenf;AsL[mrsm; ta=umif;udkvnf; ,ckuJhodk@ *k%f,l0ifhºum;pGm a&;om;xm;jyefonf?

(1) a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olwdk@. trmcHrsm;tm; azmfxkwfjcif;?(2) &duQmydwfqdk@jcif;?(3) qufa=u;rsm;jzwfjcif;?(4) aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd aomif;usef;olqef@usifa&;tzJG@rsm;/ wyfrawmfESif h

jynfolrsm;t&Sdefa=umifh a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm; vufeufcsvm&onf?

‚pmtkyf.wae&mY “Auy wdk@onf Armjynfaemufydkif;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,frSwqifh wzufEdkifiH uGefjrLepfrsm; v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh qufpyftultnD&,l&ef pdwful;,Of&nf&G,fxm;=uonf? ,if;a=umifh Auy 500 ausmf/ &Srf;aomif;usef;ol 300 ausmf/ytdk@0faomif;usef;ol 200 ausmf odrf;oGif;um wzufEdkifiHodk@v$wf+yD; oifweff;wufvufeuf wyfqifcJhygonf? xdktiftm;jzifh &Srf;jynfudk odrf;ydkufEdkif&ef jzpfonf? ‚rS&Srf;jynfudk r[mAsL[m tajccHpcef;tjzpf owfrSwf+yD; xdkif;EdkifiHESifh vmtdkEdkifiH&SduGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_,lI jrefrmEdkifiHjynfrudk xdk;azmuf=urnfjzpfonf?

,if;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh A[dkaumfrwD0if ocifwifxGef;udk &Srf;jynfe,f awmif}uD;c±dkifrS tifawm/ ausmuf*la'owGif AuyA[dkcJG zJG@pnf;cJhonf? &Srf;jynfA[dkcJGudkc±dkifoHk;ckcJGI ajrmufydkif;c±dkifwm0efcH Adkvfusifarmif/ tv,fydkif;c±dkifwm0efcH Adkvfpdk;armifESifh awmifydkif;c±dkifwm0efcH Adkvfykwdk@udk wm0efay;ygonf? pma&;ol wdkif;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfu Adkvfpdk;armifudkvnf;aumif;/ awmifydkif;c±dkifjzpfonfh tif;av;a'oESifh aygif;avmif;a'owm0efcH AdkvfykESifh Adkvfatmifjrifhwdk@ ESpfOD;ukdvnf;aumif;taozrf;qD;&&SdcJhonf? ‚tjyif A[dkaumfrwD0if ocifwifxGef;tm; &Srf;jynfe,fawmif}uD;c±dkif tifawm ausmuf*la'o wGif (pma&;ol) wdkif;rSL;udk,fwdkif OD;aqmif+yD;wa,mufrusef &Sif;vif;cJ h +yD; jzpfonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o&Sd a&mifpH kaomif;usef;olrsm;udkvnf; tjrpfvSef acsr_ef;EdkifcJhonf? yJcl;±dk;r}uD;udk &efolwa,mufrS



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rusef& atmif(wwdkif;vHk;tjzLa&mifjzpfatmif) xdk;ppfAsL[mrsm;tm;oHk;I atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufcJhonf?” [k tao;pdwf 0ifhºum;pGm a&;om;xm;onfudkvnf; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

Adkvfoef;wif a&;om;xm;ovdk yJcl;±dk;r Auy A[dkESifh &Srf;jynfe,f A[dkcJG/jrpf0u|ef;ay:wdkif; ponfhtiftm;rsm; ausðyef;cJh=u&onfrSm Adkvfoef;wif. ppfpGrf;&nfwckwnf;a=umifh r[kwfyg? wjcm;aom ta=umif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? txl;ojzifhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.ygwDwnfaqmufa&; vrf;pOftrSm;ESifh ppfa&;vrf;pOf trSm;rsm;onf t"dujzpfonf? ygwDwnfaqmufa&;vrf;pOfwGif t}uD;rm;qHk;trSm;rSm*dk%f;*%0g'jzpf+yD; (ðzwf/ xkwf/ owf) txd jzpfcJhygonf? ppfa&;vrf;pOfrSmvnf;&efol.ppfa&;xdk;ppfcGiftwGif;rS rnfonfhtajctaersdK;Yyifrqkd qkwfcGmjcif; rðy&qdkaom cHppfaooufouf trSm;yif jzpfonf? xdktrSm;rsm;onf ygwDtm; }uD;pGmxdcdkufapygonf? ,if;a=umifh Adkvfoef;wifwa,muf r&G,fbJESifh apmfuJrif;jzpfqkdovkdvufraxmifEkdifjcif; jzpfygonf?

Adkvfoef;wif. ppfenf;AsL[m jzwfav;jzwfa=umifhyJ yJcl;±dk;r&Sd awmifay:awmifatmuf ae&ma'otESH@&Sd vlrsdK;pHk jynfolrsm; acgif;jywf =u&ygonf? taerJhtajcrJhjzpfum twd'kuQ}uD;pGm a&muf=u&ygonf? Tonfudk Adkvfoeff;wifwa,mufbmha=umifhrsm; owWd&Sd&Sd rajymra&;bJ csefxm;onfudddk ar;vdkygonf?

u|efawmf/ OD;jrrif;ESifh &Jabmfrsm;onf nbufrSmyif aZmf*sDjrpfudk jzwful;=uonf? xdkrS rdk;vHk;[def;a'ookd@ ncsDwufr_ESifh csDwufcJh=uygonf? rdrdwdk@tpkonfrdk;vHk;[def;a'o txl;pnf;±Hk;a&;e,fajrudk acsmarmpGm a&muf&Sdygonf? e,fajrpnf;±Hk;a&;[email protected]& A[dkXmecJG wyfzJG@onf u|efawmf.jyeftvmudk rapmifhawmhbJ ausmuf*la'o bufudk jyefvnfcsDwufoGm;onf[k od&ygonf?

xdkumvtwGif;Yyif jrefrmhtoHa&'D,dk n 8 em&Dowif;Y Todk@=um;&onf? “1970 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &ufae@ reuf 10 ; 45 em&DtcsdefwGif ajryHk!¸ef;M / 809732 ae&mwGif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. A[dkaumfrwDESifh tv,fydkif;A[dkcJGwm0efcHjzpfol ocifwifxGef;ESifh ‚.ZeD; a':cifrav;udk aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;ESifhtwl Armhwyfrawmf ppfa=umif;wa=umif;rS taozrf;qD;&&Sdonf? ‚wdk@ESifhtwl ta&;}uD;onfh pm&Gufpmwrff;wcsdK@udkvnf; odrf;qnf;&&Sdonf?” [k a=unmoGm;onf? a&'D,dkrS xdkokd@a=unm+yD; aemufae@wGif ocifwifxGef;.a=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;XmerS a=u;eef;pufESifhtwl &Jabmf 3 OD;ESifh aq;XmerSwOD; aygif; 4 OD;onfwdkufyJGwGif;rS vGwfajrmufI u|efawmfwdk@xH a&muf&Sdvmonf? TwdkufyJGwGif ocifwifxGef;ESifhtwl usqHk;oGm;aom &Jabmfrsm; rSm &JabmfvSarmif/ &Jabmfbarmif/&Jabmfjroef;æpaom c±dkifaumfrwD rsm;ESifh &Jabmfjroef;.nD &JabmfjrpH/ &Jabmf



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at;armif/ &JabmfwifvSæpaom ygwD0ifau'grsm;vnf; yg0if=uonf?ocifwifxGef;usqHk;I tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJGudk acgif;aqmif&efrSm tcuf

tcJ&Sdaeonf? pnf;±Hk;a&;oabmt& TudpPonf ygwDA[dk.tceff;u¾om jzpfonf? ygwDA[dkonf yJcl;±dk;rwGif&Sd+yD; ‚ESifh a=u;eef;tquftoG,f vHk;0r&Sdyg?qufoG,f&ef jzpfEdkifacs&SdonfrSm Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD 'k-OuUÏyifjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfonf tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJGwyfzJG@. wyfrSL; wOD;taeESifhvnf;aumif;/ ygwD0ifwOD;taejzifhvnf;aumif; {nfhonf0g&ifhau'g}uD;rsm;ESifh wifjyn‡dE_dif;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ygonf? ‚[email protected]_t& pkaygif;pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf=u&ygonf? ygwDA[dk&Sdonfh yJcl;±dk;ronf tvSrf;a0;+yD; &efolxdk;ppfrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf?,if;a=umifh ygwD'k-OuUÏ ocifAodef;wif&Sd&m ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oodk@ csDwuf&efjzpfonf? TtwGuf tcdkiftrmwm0ef,l vkyfudkif&efrSm [email protected]; jzpfolu|efawmfyif jzpfonf [k qHk;jzwf=uygonf?

u|efawmfonf xdkoabmxm;t& OD;jrrif;ESifhtwl rdk;vHk;[def;a'o txl;pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG@tm; aqG;aEG;onf? ‚pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG@wGif wm0efcHrsm;jzpfonfh &JabmfaiG (q&mr}uD;a':aiG) &Jabmf[def (c) &Jabmf wifarmif (tif;trsdK;om;) wdk@ yg&Sd=uonf?‚-txl;pnf;±Hk;a&; tzJG@onf vuf&SdtajctaewGif vkdtyfrnfhau'gwOD;ESifh &Jabmf3-4 OD;udkomcsefI tm;vHk;qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf? usefcJhonfhtpkonf tajctae =unhfI tajctae 'Dxufqdk;&Gm;vmv#if wa,mufrusef ausmuf*le,fbufodk@ qkwfcGm&efjzpfonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ tiftm;pkonf aumif;rdk@e,f rdk;vHk;[def; txl;pnf; ±Hk;a&;a'orS ta&S@bufudk qkwfcGmcsDwuf=uonf? a&$anmif/ &yfapmuf/ Axl;oGm; um;vrf;onf ae@nrvyf txyfxyfjzifh ppfwyfa&m jynfol@ppfrsm;yg um&Hydwfqdk@xm;avonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf xdk=um;rSyif cufcJyifyef;pGmjzifh pGeff@pm;um xGuf=u&onf?uHtm;avsmfpGmyif &Srf; jynfe,f vlrsdK;aygifpHktzJG@ (&vvz) e,fajr rdkif;ysif;a'oudkatmifjrifpGm a&muf&Sd=uonf? xdkrS (&vvz) OuUÏAdkvfrSL;}uD; wmuv,f&Sd&mrJe,fawmifwef;bufokd@ qufvufcsDwuf=uygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tpkonf (&vvz) OuUÏ AdkvfrSL;}uD;wmuv,fESifh rJe,fawmifwef;ay:wGif awG@=u+yD; Ta'ow0dkufrSmyif &yfem;um tem;,l=uygonf?&uftwef=um tem;,l+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwdk@onf ausmuf*l/ aemif0dk;bufokd@ jyefvnfcsDwuf=uonf? jyefvnfcsDwuf&m vrf;wav#mufwGif tjrifr=unfvifonhf(&vvz) tzJG@tpnf;twGif;rS tenf;pk. vkyf}uHaESmihf,Sufr_rsm;vnf; }uKHawG@&ygonf? Todk@ jzifh u|efawmfwdk@onf ausmuf*l aemif0dk;buf a&muf&Sdum A[dkXmecJGwyfzJG@ESifh aygif;qHkrd=uonf?



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u|efawmfonf ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'oudk c&D;csDwufa&;twGuf tcdkiftrmxyfrHpDpOf&onf? &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (SSA) tzJG@ESifh vnf;aumif;/ wef,ef;e,f&Sdusef;csD;zl; acgif;aqmifaom vG,farmftzJG@ESifhvnf;aumif; qufoG,fpDpOf&onf?usef;csD;zl;onf ,cifu KMT wyfrS t&m&SdwOD;[k od&+yD; vG,farmftzJG@onfvnf;Armjynfa&muf KMT vufusefwyfzJG@yif jzpfonf?

tjcm;wzufrSmvnf; &Srf;jynfe,ftv,fydkif;c±dkifaumfrwDESifhvnf; awG@qHkum ygwD'k-OuUÏ ocifAodef;wifxH tpD&ifcH&ef/ c±dkifaumfrwDrS udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;xnfh&ef aqG;aEG;&onf? rdrd. A[kdXmecGJ wyfzJG@udkvnf; c&D;pOfESifh &nf&G,fcsufudk&Sif;vif;oabmayguf&ef aqG;aEG;&onf? Toddk@jzifh aqG;aEG;p&m jyifqifp&mrsm;udk&ufaygif; 20 eD;yg;cef@ tcsdef,lI jyifqif&onf? u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;onf aemif0dk;eef@zvefa'orS pwifI A[dkXmecJGwyfzG@JESifhtwl xGufcGmcsDwufcJh=uonf? &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (SSA) e,fajrrsm;/ usef;pD;zl;acgif;aqmifaom vG,farmftzJG@. e,fajrrsm;ESifh ucsifvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (KIA) . wyfr[m 4 e,fajrrsm;udk toD;oD;jzwfausmf csDwufcJh&ygonf? ‚tzJG@tpnf;rsm;.tultnDESifh c&D;rdkifaygif;rsm;pGmudk &efolrsm;=um;rS cufcJpGmjzifh csDwufcJh=u&jcif; jzpfonf? aemufqHk;wGif ta&S@ajrmuf rkef;udk;e,fodk@ ab;roD&efrc acsmarmatmifjrifpGmESifh a&muf&Sd=uygonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD.'k-OuUÏocifAodef;wifESifhvnf;aumif;/ ocifazwifhESifhvnf;aumif; vlcsif;wG@qHkI tjzpftysuf tajctaersm;udkwifjytpD&ifcHygonf? ‚tjyif tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJGESifh oufqdkifaom ocifwifxGef;csefxm;cJhonfh aumif;arGqdk;arGtm;vHk;udk 'k-OuUÏESifh ocifazwifhxHodk@ tyfESHygonf?'k-OuUÏocif Aodef;wifonf Todk@qdkvmygonf? ‘&Jabmfcif!dk (u|efawmf) u tpkwftEkwfygrusef txkyftydk; wckvHk;udkyg xdk;tyfonf’ [lIjzpfonf? ‚rS xyfIajymqdkonfrSm &,fp&mrsm;tjzpf ajymjcif;omjzpfygonf? &Jabmf. ,ckuJhodk@aqmif&Gufr_onf vHk;0rSefuefygonf? ocifazwifhuvnf; tvm;wl ajymqdkojzifhu|efawmfonf }uKd;pm;&usdK;eyfI tm;&0rf;om auseyf&ygonf?

1971 w&mh& Sp f (108) ppfa'ozJ G @pnf; jci f;1971 w&mh& Sp f (108) ppfa'ozJ G @pnf; jci f;1971 w&mh& Sp f (108) ppfa'ozJ G @pnf; jci f;1971 w&mh& Sp f (108) ppfa'ozJ G @pnf; jci f;1971 w&mh& Sp f (108) ppfa'ozJ G @pnf; jci f;

xdktcsdefumvY ocifAodef;wifonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. 'k-OuUÏESifhta0;a&mufA[dkudk,fpm;vS,[email protected];aqmifwm0efudkyg wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifaeygonf? ocifazwifhonfvnf; ta0;a&muf A[dkudk,fpm;vS,f tzJG@. 'k-acgif;aqmif



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wOD;jzpfygonf? Tta0;a&muf A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@onf atmufyg&Jabmfrsm;yg0ifaom (108) ppf'oukd zJGpnf;wm0efay;cJhygonf?

1? &Jabmfjrrif; (108) ppfa'o. ygwDaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh ppfa'oEdkifiHa&;rSL;jzpfonf?

2? &Jabmf&JxGef; (108) ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD 'k-twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh 'k-EdkifiHa&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;onf? (&Jabmf&JxGef;onf ygwDoufwrf;ESifh awmfvSefa&;oufwrf;rsm;t& tawG@tñuHrsm;t& y§twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh y§EdkifiHa&;rSL; jzpfoifhonf)odk@aomf touft&G,ft& (108) ppfa'oonf ajymufusm;a'ojzpfI vufeufudkifwyfzJG@ESifh t+rJrjywf v_yf&Sm;vdkufyg&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh tcuftcJ&SdEkdifonf? &Jabmfjrrif;rS y§wm0efudk u|efawmfyJ wm0ef,lrnf[k wifjytqdkðyI &Jabmf&JxGef;onfvufcHoabmwlcJhjcif;om jzpfonf?

3? u|efawmf (&Jabmfcif!dk) -ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDESifh ppfa'o.ppfa&;wm0efcH wyfrSL;wm0efjzpfonf?

4? &JabmfjrifhEdkif -ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDESifh ppfa'o. 'k-ppfa&; wm0efcH'k-wyfrSL;jzpfonf?

5? &Jabmfaomif;wif-ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDESifhppfa'o. axmufyHha&;ESifhb¾ma&;wm0efcH jzpfonf?

6? &Jabmfodef;a ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDESifh vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&; wm0efcH jzpfonf?7? &Jabmf}udKif (&S±l;oef;armif)- ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDjzpfonf? (‚onf

w±kwfjynf ynmawmfoifrsm;xJ yg0ifcJhonf? olonf 108 ppfa' ozJG@pnf;+yD; r=umrDwGif rdrdudk,fudk,f tqHk;pD&ifoGm;onf?)

108 ppfa'oonf ,cif ocifwifxGef; acgif;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhaom tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecJG.e,fajra'orsm; jzpfonf? 'k-OuUÏacgif; aqmifaom ta0;a&muf A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@onf 108 ppfa'oygwD aumfrwDudk ygwDwnfaqmufa&;ESif hppfa&;qdkif&m vrf;!¸efoabmxm;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; aqG;aEG;rSm=um;ygonf?

ygwDwnfaqmufa&;qdkif&m a,bk,s vrf;!¸efcsufrsm;ygwDudk EdkifiHa&;t&/ tawG;tac:t&/ pnf;±Hk;a&;ESifh vkyfenf; vkyf[eft&

wnfaqmufoGm;=u&ygrnf? pnf;urf;vnf;&Sd/ vGwfvyfr_vnf;&Sd/ nD!Gwfr_vnf;&Sd+yD;wOD;csif; pdwfcsrf;omr_vnf; &Sdaom ygwDwGif; b0rsdK;udk wnfaqmufzefwD;&rnf[lIjzpfonf?

oHr%dpnf;urf; 4 csuf?(1) wODd;csif;onf tzJG@tpnf;udk emcH&rnf?



84

(2) atmuftqifhonf txuftqifhudk emcH&rnf?(3) tenf;pkonf trsm;pkudk emcH&rnf?(4) wygwDvHk;onf A[kdudk emcH&rnf?Tonfudk ygwD0ifwdkif;onf wif;usyfpGm vdkufem=u&rnf [lIvnf; vrf;

!¸efayonf? ygwDwGif; jy\emrsm;onf ygwDwGif;Yyif ajz&Sif;&rnf? ygwD0iftcsif;csif;jzpfyGm;onfh jy\emrsm;onf jynfolwGif;jzpfyGm;onfh yËdyuQrsm;jzpfI a0zefa&;/rdrdudk,fudk,fa0zefa&; nD!Gwfa&;enf;emrsm;jzifh vkyfudkifajz&Sif;&rnf? cGifhv$wfjcif;/&efzufjcif; ESpfckpvHk; qef@usif&rnf? rnfonfhtqifhrsdK;yifjzpfap vdktyfI pnf;±Hk;a&;t& tjypfay;ta&;,lrnfqdkv#if OD;pGm ygwD'k-OuUÏxH tpD&ifcHwifjy&rnf? !¸ef=um;csuf awmif;cH&rnf? Tonfudk wif;usyfpGm vdkufem=u&rnf [lI jzpfygonf?xdktcsdefumvonf ygwDY t,ltq wdkufyJGrsm; ±_yfaxG;jyif;xefaeonhf umvjzpfI'k-OuUÏ ocifAodef;wifu TuJhodk@ aqG;aEG;rSm=um;jcif; jzpfygonf?

ppfa&;qdkif&m a,bk,svrf;!$efcsuf?

‘armf’ . ajymufusm;ppfw&m;rsm;twdkif; jzpf&ayrnf? &efoludk Edkifajc&Sdv#iftjrwf&rnfqdkv#if wdkuf&ygrnf? wdkufcd kuf&mwGif &efol.tiftm;xuf rdrd.tiftm;onf av;ig;ajcmufq&Sdaom tiftm;udk pkpnf;I omvGefonfh ppftifftm;jzifhwdkuf&ygrnff? tjrefwdkuff tjrefqkwfcGmonfh wdkufenf;jzpf&ygrnf? rdrdwyfonf&efol. ppfa&;t& +cdrf;ajcmufr_ tEW&m,fusa&mufv#if xdkae&mrS tjrefqkwfcGmoGm;&ygrnf? TumvwGif ygwDwGif;/ wyfwGif;Y ppfa&;t& t,ltqqdkif&m tawG;tac:wdkufyGJvnf; &Sdaeygonf? &efolxdk;ppfudk igwdk@xdk;ppfjzifh ±dkufcsKd;=u/ &efol. xdk;ppfcGiftwGif;rS qkwfcGmv#if rnfonfh tajctaeyifjzpfap ppfajy;jzpfrnf[k qdkxm;onf?TtcsdefumvwGif Armjynff uGefjrLepfygwDwGif;Y tawG;tac:t&vnf;aumif;/pnf;±Hk;a&;ESifhvkyf[efrsm;t&vnf;aumif; ±_yfaxG;onfh ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJ wnf&Sdaeygonf?

ta0;a&muf A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf u|efawmfwdk@ 108 ppffa'o ygwDaumfrwDudk acgif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf ,ckuJhodk@ vrf;!ïefcsufay;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ 108 ppfa'o ygwDaumfrwD0iftm;vHk;onf TtwGuf 0rf;omtm;& jzpf=u&onf? u|efawmfwdk@ ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD. t"duacgif;aqmifpkonf aqG;aEG; yJGrsm;+yD;ajrmufI wm0efusa'oudk jyefvnfcsDwuf=u&ef 1971 ckESpf/atmufwkdbmvwGif jyifqif=uygonfff?

u|efawmfwdk@ud k tjyefc&D; acsmarm&eftwGuf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o



85

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &efoludkqGJ aqmifonfh oabmESifh wdkufyGJ }uD;wyGJ wdkufcdkufay;=uygonf? u|efawmfwdk@tpkonf rdrd. ppfa'owyfzGJ@ tiftm; 60 cef@ESiffhtwl wdkufyGJaoewfoH tajrmuffoHawG =um;ae&onfh vrf;a=umif;teD;rSyif vG,farmfwyfzGJ@&Sdaom usef;csD;zl; XmecsKyf&Sd&m wef@,ef;e,fbufudk csDwufcJh=uygonffff? vG,farmfwyf(Montai- MTA) rS w±kwfvlrsKd; (yef;ao;w±kwf) rpPwmvD qkdolonf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ookd@ a&muf&SdvmcJhao;onf? ‚onff tjyeftvSef ukefoG,fa&; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'ookd@ vma&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ‚tjyef twlwuGjyef=u&ef u|efawmfwdk@tpkudk ta&S@ ajrmuf ppfa'orS pDpOfay;=uygonf? u|efawmfwdk@vnf; rpPwmvDESifhtwl oHvGifjrpfudkul;I wef@,ef;bufokd@ qufvufcsDwufcJhygonf? rpPwmvDudk vma&mufóuqdkaom trfwDatwyfzGJJ@wGif Adkvf}uD;qdkol vm;±_d;òr@om; &Srf f;w±kwfujym; c&pf,mefomoemðyausmif;xGufqdkolvnf; yg&Sdygonf?xdkyk*~dKvfESifh u|efawmhfudk rpPwmvDu rdwfqufay;ygonf? xdkyk*~dKvfonf Adkvf}uD;ausmf0if;qdkol jzpfonf? Armpum;ESifh Armpmudk a&vnfpGm ajymwwfa&;wwfrnf[k,lq&onf? ‚onf twlwuG csDwufc&D;oGm;aepOfrSmyif u|efawmhfteD; uyfvmum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESif h ta&S@ajrmufppfa'otay:udk rauseyfcsufrsm;ajymqdkvmygonf? txl;ojzifh ‚wdk@tzJG@ESihf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'owdk@ wdkuf±dkufukefoG,fa&;twGuf oabmwlnDr_ r&&SdI jzpfygonf? u|efawmf onf a&S@quf&rnfhc&D;vrf;twGuf tqifajyapa&;udk a&S;±_I onf;cHpdwfjzifh azsmif;zsonfhavoHESifhwkH@jyefajymqdk&ygonf? TudpPudk cifAsm;wdk@taeESifh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oESifh xyfrHaqG;aEG;v#if tqifajyEdkifygonf [laom pum;yifjzpfonf? ausmf0if;onf OD;jrrif;ESifhOD;&JxGef;wdk@ESpfOD;udk Tpum;rsdK;rajymbJ u|efawmfhudkom ajymqdkjcif;twGuf em; rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfcJh&ygonf? u|efawmfonf OD;&JxGef;/ OD;jrrif;wdk@xuf touftm;jzifhi,f&G,f+yD; wyfrSL;vnf;jzpfaeonfudk od&SdI jzpfrnf[k awG;rdygonf? xdktajctaetm; OD;&JxGef;/ OD;jrrif;wdk@ESpfOD;ESifh wyf&Sd ygwD0ifau'grsm;udk today;&ygonf? wyfudkvnf; tppt&m&m owd&Sd&ef wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajymxm;&ygonf?

u|efawmfonf OD;&JxGef;/ O D; jrrif;wd k @E Si f h wd ki fyifI 'k-OuUÏ ocifAodef;wifxHudk a=u;eef;jzifh wifjytpD&ifcHygonf? 'k-OuUÏxHrS csufjcif;yif a=u;eef;jzifhjyef =um;onfrSm &Jabmfwd k @ tajctaeray;v#if jyefvnf qkwfcGmvmcJ h&ef[lIjzpfonf?

u|efawmfwdk@onf vG,farmftzJG@ XmecsKyfwGiff wnwmtdyfpuf &yfem;=uonf? xdknY rpPwmvDESifh ausmf0if;wdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@udk npmxrif;pm;yJGjzihf{nfhcHygonf? w±kwfvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfI xHk;pHtwdkif;yif t&ufav; ig;rsdK; yg0ifaeonf?xrif;rpm;rD t&ufcGufrsm;udk tjyeftvSef cGufcsif;xd=u+yD; qkawmif;pum;rsm;



86

ajymqdk=uygonf? u|efawmfonf rdrdtvSnfha&mufonfhtcgY t&ufcGufcsif; wdkufIxdum cifAsm;wdk@usef;rmygapvdk@ u|efawmfqkawmif;ygonf[laom pum;udk ausmf0if;tm;=unfh+yD; t*Fvdyfvdk ajymvdkufygonf? wwfIr[kwfyg? rcHcsifpdwfjzifh ajymjcif;omjzpfygonf? xdktcg OD;jrrif;onf u|efawmfhudk vSrf;=unfh+yD; ðyH;aeygonf? xrif;rsm;pm;+yD;I ausmf0if;onf u|efawmfhqDudkvm+yD; oD;ar$;iSufaysmoD;yef;uefudk ,lvmumpm;yg[lI ajymvmygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@onf aemufwae@wGif vG,farmfXmecsKyfrS xGufcJh=uygonf?wae@ESifhwn rem;wrf;csDwufcJh&m nc&D;Y yavmifvlrsdK; &JabmfwOD;onf vrf;ay:wGifacwWtem;,lpOf tdyfaysmfI usef&pfcJhygonf? ‚tm; vdkufvH&SmazGaomfvnf;wef@,ef;e,fxJrSmyif zrf;qD;cH& um towfyifcHoGm;&onf[k od&ygonf? ‚wGif*sDoHk; aoewfwvuf ‚usnf 200 ESifh w±kwfjynfvkyf vufudkifvufypfAHk; 5 vHk;yg&Sdygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@onf &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (SSA) e,fajrokd@ acsmarmpGm a&muf&Sd=uygonf? xdkrS eef@rvef/ aemif0dk;a'orsm;udk atmifjrifpGmjzifh jyefvnfa&muf&Sd=uygonf? oHk;av;&ufr# tem;,l=uum ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD pHknDtpnf;ta0;udkac:,lusif;ycJhygonf?

108 ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; &Jabmfjrrif;onf 108 ppfa'ozJG@pnf;jcif;.ta=umif;&if;ESifh tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk wifjyavonf? ta0;a&mufA[dkaumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@. csrSwfay;vdkkufaom vkyfief; wm0efrsm;ukdvnf;wifjyum 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG; nd‡E_dif;=u&ef jzpfonf?

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;1? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk pepfwus zJG@pnf;

wnfaxmifoGm;&ef?2? awmifolv,form; or*~rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;/ vli,ftzJG@ tpnf;rsm;

udkvnf; pnf;±Hk;azmfxkwf zJG@pnf;oGm;&ef?3? TtwGuf vdktyfrnfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udkvnf; a&;qGJI vlxkenf;

ESifh aqG;aEG;twnfðy&ef?4? aus;&Gmwdkif;wGif touf 18 ESpfrS 45 ESpf=um;&Sd usef;rmoefpGrf;ol

a,musfm;rsm;ukd aus;&GmumuG,fa&;twGuf jynfol@ppfrsm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;zJG@pnf;oGm;&ef? zJG@pnf;&mY touft&G,fESifh usef;rma&; t& cJGjcm;I umuG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; jynfol@ppf 2 rsdK; 2-pm; zJG@pnf;oGm;&efwkd@ jzpfygonf?



87

ppfa&;ESifh wyfwnfaqmufa&;u? awmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfwGif;udk 0ifa&mufvdkol usm;§r rsm;onf t

ouf 18 ESpf jynfholrsm;jzpf=u&rnf? ‚tjyif udk,fydkifEdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ESifh pdwfqENrsm;t& yg0ifcGifh&Sdonf?

c? wyfom;opfrsm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;&mY tajccH usef;rma&; aumif;rGef&rnf? txl;ojzifh ul;pufwwfonfha&m*grsm;ESifh tem}uD;a&m*g/ tqkwf a&m*grsm; uif;&Sif;=uolrsm; jzpf=u&ygrnf?

*? wyfom;rsm; pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;&mY +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ tusyfukdifjcif;/ tcGifhta&;jyjr‡LqG,fjcif;rsm;udk vHk;0a&Smif&Sm;=u&rnff?

ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDwGif; wm0efcGJa0r_?- &Jabmfjrrif;onf ygwDwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ynmay;a&; jzpfonff?- &Jabmfff&JxGef; (OD;&JxGef;) vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;ESifh wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;

jzpfonff?- &Jabmfcif!dk ppfa&;ESifh wyfwnfaqmufa&; jzpfonff?- &Jabmfaomif;wifonf b¾m/ axmufyHhXmetjyif/ vlxk pnf;±Hk;a&;

Xme. 'k-wm0efcHtjyif/ OD;&JxGef;ESifh wGJzufwm 0ef,l&ef?- &JabmffjrihfEdkifonf 'k-wyfrSL;tjzpf wm0ef,l&efESifh &Jabmff odef;azonf

vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;wGif wm0ef,l&effwdk@ jzpfonff?

e,ffajra'orsm;. a,bk,stajctaeESifh taetxm;rsm;?

1? ausmuf*la'oonf 108 ppfa'otjzpf zGJ@pnf;pOfwGif aus;&Gmaygif;27 &Gmr#&Sd+yD; tdrfajcaygif; 1500 ausmfr# &Sdrnff? aexdkif =uonfh vlrsKd;rsm;onf "EktrsKdf;om;rsm;ESifh &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; jzpf=uonff? ausmuf*l&Gmonf tdrfajc 200 ausmfr#&SdIig;&ufwywfaps;vnf; &Sdonf? xdkaps;udk &yfapmufòr@rS aps;onftcsKd@ pkaygif;I armfawmfum;}uD;wpD; iSm;&rf;um ausmuf*laps;uddk vma&mufa&mif;cs=uonfff?/ ausmuf*lrStifawm/ &yfapmufoGm; um;vrf;onf ajrvrf;jzpf+yD; tifawmESifh &yfapmuft=um;wGif ausmufcif;vrf;[k qkdygonf? tpkd;&ppfwyfrsm;onf ausmuf*l&GmwGif wyfcGJpcef;tjzpf tajcwnfxm;onf? ausmuf*lESifh tifawmt=um; aZmf*sDjrpftm; jzwful;onfhoHwHwm; wck&Sdonf? ‚wHwm;tm; ppfwyfrS tapmifhtjzpf wyfpkwpk csxm;ygonffff?

2? aemifvHke,fonf TumvY &Gmaygif; 15 &Gmcef@ESifh tdrfajc aygif; 800cef@r# &Sdygrnf? aexdkif=uom vlrsKd;rsm;onf "EkESifh &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; jzpfonf? tpdk;&ppfwyf



88

wyfpGJxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? uGefjrLepfygwD. tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o wckomv#ifjzpfonfffff?3? aemif0dk;a'oonf &Gmaygif; 23 &Gmr#&Sd+yD; tdrfajcaygif; 1000 ausmfr#

&Sdygonff? aexdkif=uaom vlrsKd;rsm;onf trsm;pkrSm &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfonff?tpdk;&ppfwyfonf Te,fajrtm; wyfcs wyfpGJxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? tvm;wl rdkif;,Gif;/rdkif;vef; e,fajrrsm;vnf; tpkd;&ppfwyfrsm; csxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? aexdkif=uaom vlrsKd;rsm;rSmvnf; &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;yiff jzpfonffff?

4? tifawm&Gmonf &Gm}uD;w&Gmjzpf+yD; ppfwyfrS wyfcGJpcef;tjzpf tcdkiftrmae&m,lxm;onf? xdk&Gm}uD;wGif awmif}uD;c±dkif. opfawm OD;pD;XmerS ±Hk;Xmersm;vnf;&Sdonf? ‚tjyif opfpufrsm;/ pyg;}udwfpufrsm;vnf; &Sd=uonff? tpdd k;&ppfwyfrsm;onf Axl;&yfapmufòr@rsm;rS tifawm/ ausmuf*l um;vrf;tm; r=umr=umppfum;rsm; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;=uygonf? ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&SdonfhtcgY ydkIyifppfum;rsm; toGm;tvm rsm;ygonf? Tonf e,fajra'orsm;. a,bk,stajctae jzpfonf?

108 ppffa'owyfzGJ@onf ausmuf*l/ tifawmum;vrf;wGif owif;pHkprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;ESifh vlxkrsm;tm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;tvkyfrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;ðyvkyfcJhygonf?xdktcsdefY owif;wckudkk rar#mfvifhbJ &&SdcJhygonf? ‚owif;rSm ausmuf*lrS tifawm/&yfapmufbufudk ppfavmf&Dum; 3 pD;jzifh ppfom; 30 cef@ oGm;rnfqdkaom owif;yifjzpfonff? Towif; rSefrrSefESifh rnfonfhae@&uf/ rnfonfhtcsdef oGm;rnfudk od&Sd&efvdkygonff? ,if;a=umifh xdkum;vrf;ab;&Sd &Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;wcsKd@udk ausmuf*laps;odk@aps;0,ftjzpfESifh v$wfIpHkprf;&ygonffff? a,bk,sowif;ESifh ppfwdkufI rjzpfyg? (No

Imformation No Operation) [k =um;zl;onf? vlv$wf pkHprf;csuft& trSefoGm;rnf[k xyfrHod&Sd&I u|efawmfwdk@ 108 ppfa'o wyfzGJ@onf xdkum;vrf;udk oGm;a&mufapmifh=u&onff?

u|efawmfwdk@. wyfzGJ@wGif vufeufwyfqifxm;r_onf &efolxuf romawmif nHhawmhrnHhyg? pdwf"mwfa&;&mY &efolxuf omvGefaeygonff? &efol.ppfavmf&Dum; 3 pD;udk aumif;pGm wdkufzsufEdkifaom w±kwfjynfvkyf wifhum;zsufvufeuf bZlum yg&Sdaeygonf? Tvufeufudk t&yfom;rsm;u iSufaysmmzl;aoewf[k ac:=uonffffff?

tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;onf? armfawmfum;rsm;jzifh oGm;vmcsDwufv#if a,bk,stm;jzifh um;wpD;ESifhwpD;. tuGmta0;onf udkuftm; jzifh (50) uGma0;avh&Sdonf?xdk@a=umifh rdrd. wyfuddk udkkuf 150 rS 200 t=um;wGif ae&m,l jzef@=uufcsxm;&onf?

xdkwd kufyG JwGif 108 ppfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh &Jabmf &JxGef;/&Jabmfjrrif;wdk@ uddk,fwdkif ‚wdk@. qENt& yg0if=uonff? yJcl±dk;r A[dkrS 108 ppfa'oudk



89

wm0efjzifh acwWa&muf&Sdaeonfh A[ddkaumfrwD &JabmfrsKd;jrifhonfvnf; ‚. qENt&yg0ifcJhonf? ‚wdkufyGJonf 1972 ckESpf 0ef;usifY jzpfygonf? &efolonf ausmuf*lrSppfavmf&Dum; 3 pD;jzifh &yfapmuf-Axl;òr@buf tjyefjzpf+yD; awmifxdyf&GmESifh 4 rdkifcef@tuGmwGif jzpfonf? ypfrSwf&efolrSm ppfa=umif;rSL;Adkvf}uD; atmifausmfjrifhESifh ‚.ppfa=umif;&Sd tiftm; 30 jzpfonff? wdkkufyGJwGif ppfa=umif;rSL;ESifh ‚. oufawmfapmifhaygif; 2 OD;om xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;onf? useftm;vHk;udk vHk;0acsr_ef;EdkkifcJhonfff?

odrf;qnf;&&Sdaom vufeufypPnf;rsm;onf ypPwdkaoewf 2/ ESpfvufrpdefajymif; 1/ *sD 3 *sD 4 tygt0if pkpkaygif; vufeufrsKd;pHk 29 vufESifh a=u;eef;puftaumif; 1/ jyif&ef,lvmonfh wyfcGJtqifhoHk; a=u;eef;puf 2/ "mwftm;oGif;puf 2/ppfoHk;ajryHk tcsyfa& 24/ usnfrsKd;pHk 6000 cef@ jzpfonf? tar&duefvkk kyf ‘61’ywfum;azmifwdef 1/ rD;cHaowWm 1/ ppfa=umif;rSL;. ae@pOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyf/ "mwfyHkrsm;/&mxl;wHqdyfrsm; (Adkvf/ Adkvf}uD; tqifhoHk; a&S@wef;/ aemufwef; toHk;ðyonfh &mxl;wHqdyfrsm;) yif jzpfonff?

ppfa=umif;rSL;atmifausmfjrifhonf usKdif;wkHc±dkif vHk+cHKa&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfr_ aumfrwD (vtu) OuUÏ vkyfcJholjzpfonf? r=umao;rDtcsdefurS ppfa=umif;rSL; jzpfvmcJholwOD;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚onf ypPwdkaoewf 1 vufudk udk,fydkifaiGjzifh 0,f,ludkifaqmifxm;jcif;jzpfonffhta=umif; ‚. ae@pOfrSwfwrf; (Diary) pmtkyfwGif awG@&Sd&onf? ppfavmf&Dum;}uD; 3 pD;udk "mwfqDavmiff; rD;±_d@zsufqD;vdkkufonf? &efol. ±kyftavmif; (26) xJwGif Adkvftqifh (Lieut) wOD;ESifh wyff=uyf}uD; 1 OD;/ wyf=uyf 2 OD;wdk@yg&Sdygonfff?

TwdkufyGJwGif rdrdwdk@bufrS &Jabmfrif;[ef touf 24ESpf (a*:& cg;vlrsKd;)wOD;usqHk;+yD; useftm;vHk; xdcdkkkufusqHk;r_ r&Sdyg? ‚wdkufyGJonf 108 ppfa'otjzpfESifhyGJOD;xGuf wdkuf&onfh wdkkkufyGJjzpfonf? ,if;a=umifh EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ ppfa&;ESifhwyfwnfaqmufa&;t&vnf;aumif;/ bufpHkaxmifhpHkrS tusKd;&Sdapygonf? ‚wdkufyGJudk Armjynf uGefjrL epfygwDrS 'k-OuUÏuvnf;aumif;/ yJcl;±dk;rygwDA[dkuvnf;aumif;csD;usL; *k%fðya=u;eef;rsm; toD;oD;ydk@vm=uygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ 108 ppfa'otwGuf ppfa&;t& ,ckuJhodk@ atmifyGJ&vkdufjcif;onf tpaumif;onf[k qdk&ygrnf? odk@aomf aemuf ydkif;umvrsm;wGif TuJhodk@aomtcGifhta&;rsKd; &&Sd&efrSm cufcJEdkkifonf? &efol/ rdrdtiftm; tcsKd;tpm;ESifh taetxm;rsm; vGefpGmjcm;em;aeI jzpffonfff?

108 ppfa'o. 0ef;usif a&S@aemuf0J,m ab;ywfvnfwGif &efolwyffrsm;onf txyfxyftvDvD ae&m,l csxm;ygonf? 108 onf f f ql; =um;wGi f



90

oD;yGifhae&onfh Al;oD;yrm jzpfae&onf? ,if;a=umifh &efolrsm;onff ‚wdk@tm;tEW&m,fay;rnfholuddk ryGifhroD;rDrSmyif csKyf+idrf;&ef tpGrf;ukef vkyfaqmif=uygvdrfhrnf?

1972 ckE Sp f1972 ckE Sp f1972 ckE Sp f1972 ckE Sp f1972 ckE Sp f

TESpftwGif; (108) ppfa'owyfzGJ@onf? rdkif;,Gif;/ rdkif;vef; a'orsm;wGifvlxkpnf;±kH;a&;tvkyfrsm; vkyfaqmifae=uayonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif rqv ppftpdk;&.ppfa=umif;rsm;ESifh rar#mfvifhyJ awG@qHkwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJh&onf?

wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;onfh ae&monf rdkif;,Gif;e,fESifh rdkif;vef;a'o ESpfcktpyf&Sdrdkif;,Gif;acsmif;ab; usKdif;crf;av;&Gm. teD;w0dkufyif jzpfonf? wdkufyGJjzpfonfh &efolppfa=umif;onf ±dk;±dk;ajcvsifwyf. ppfa=umif;r[kwfyg? &efukeftajcpdkuf avxD;wyf&if;(16) rS ppfa=umif;wck jzpfygonf? xdkppfa=umif;onf tjcm;aomppfa=umif;wa=umif;ESifh awG@qHk&ef csdef;qdkxm;onf[k od&ygonf? ‚wdk@csif; rawG@qHkrDyif wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&jcif; jzpfonf?

avxD; (16) . ppfa=umif;rSL;onf Adkvf}uD;odef;vGifqdkoljzpf+yD; TawG@qHkwdkufyGJYyif aoqHk;oGm;onf? ‚ESifhtwl wyf=uyf}uD; (1) OD;ESifh wyfom; (3)OD;ygaoqHk;=uonf? tcsKd@vnf; '%f&m&&Sdonf[k od&Sd &onf? u|efawmfwdk@bufrS(4) OD;usqH k;+yD; (1) OD;tenf;i,f '%f&m&&S donf? usqH k;onfh (4) OD;onfu&iftrsK d;om; tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU) tzGJ @rS jzpfonf? xdktcsdefY u&iftrsK d;om;tpnf;t±Hk;rS tzGJ@wzGJ@onf wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;jzifh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o -NEC) okd@oGm;&ef a&muf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf?‚tzGJ@onf vltiftm; av;q,fausmf ig;q,fcef@ &Sdygrnf? tzGJ@. acgif;aqmifonf(KNU) rS A[dktvkyftr_aqmif wOD;jzpfaom q&m paumv,fawm jzpfonf? 'k-tzGJ@acgif;aqmifrSm ‚tzGJ@tpnf;rS A[dkaumfrwDwOD;jzpfaom apmrD;owf yifjzpfonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; [kod&Sd&ygonf? xdkwyfzGJ@onf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o oGm;&mwGif vrf;}uKHI (108) ppfa'oudk acwWc%r# 0ifa&muf&yfem;jcif;om jzpfonf? Todk@ESifh tcGifñuHcdkufwGif &efoltm; yg0ifwdkufcdkuf vdkonf[kqdkI ‚wdk@qENrsm;t& wkdufckdufa&;wyfESifh vkdufygcJh&if;jzifh pDpOfwkdufckdufaomwkdufyGJr[kwfbJ a&Smifwcif &ifqkdif}uKHawG@&aom wkdufyGJwGif yg0ifwkdufckdufcJh&jcif;jzpfayonf?

xdkwdkufyGJonf rvGJra&SmifomI wdkufcJh&aom awG@qHkwdkuf yGJwyGJom jzpf.?wdkufyGJonf tcsdeftm;jzifh wem&DeD;yg;r# =umrnf xifygonf? rdrd. tpDtpOfjzifhpepfwuswdkufcdkuf&aom wdkufyGJr[kwfyg? xdkavxD; (16) wyf&if; ppfa=umif;ESifh



91

wdkufcdkufae&onfhtcsdefY &efol. tjcm; ppfa=umif;wa=umif;onf wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;onfhae&mESifh rvSrf;rurf;rSmyif a&muf&Sdaeonf? odk@aomf Tppfa=umif;onf wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdI u|efawmfwdk@twGuf oufom&m&onf[k qdk&ygrnf?

wdkufyGJY usqHk;onfh r[mrdwf autifef,ltzGJ@rS &Jabmfrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@(108) wyfzGJ@taeESifh &efolrsm; &SmrawG@Edkifonfh awmwGif;wae&mY ajrjr‡KyfI pepfwus tav;ðyum o+*õK[fay;cJygonf? +yD;v#if u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;onf tEW&m,fuif;onfh ae&mokd@ qkwfcGm EdkifcJh=uonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ (108) ppfa'owyfzGJ@onf aemufxyf wkdufyGJJwyGJ wdkuf&efjyifqif=uygonf? ausmuf*l/ tifawmoGm; um;vrf;&Sd aZmf*sDjrpful;wHwm; tapmifhwyfudk wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf? TwHwm;apmifhwyfpktm; wdkufrnfh wdkufcdkufa&; enf;emonf ta,mifaqmif yHkrSm;±dkufonfh enf;jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@wGif tpdk;&ppfwyf. ppf0wfpHkrsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;ESifh Adkvft=uyfrsm;. &mxl;wHqdyfrsm;vnf; tqifoifh&Sdaeonf? ‚wHqdyfrsm; wyfqifI wHwm;qDokd@ u|efawmfwdk@ csDwufcJhonf?aZmf*sDjrpful;wHwm; ra&mufrD um;vrf;ab; okefwef; &GmteD;Y cv& (12) rS wyfcGJppfa=umif;ESifhwdk;um wdkufyGJjzpfchJonf? rdk;rvif;wvif;tcsdefjzpfI ESif;rsm;vnf;tH k @qd ki f ;aeonf? wyfwwyfESi f h wwyftaetxm;onf cs Dwufae=upOfyifvufcsif;,Suf ycHk;csif;zuf&onftxd yl;uyfae=uonf? TtcgwGif a&S@uif;toD;oD;wdk@onf ae&m,lum tjyeftvSef ar;cGef;rsm;ar;=uonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ (108) wyfzGJ@onf wzuf. ar;jref;csufrsm;udk ajzEdkifcJhaomfvnf; aemufqHk;ar;cGef;jzpfonfh wyfcGJ. uvyfpnf;eHywfudk rajzEdkifbJ aoewfjzifhypfcwfI tajzay;cJh&ygonf? Todk@jzifh a&Smifwcif rar#mfvihfbJ wdkufyGJjzpfcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? xdka=umifh aZmf*sDwHwm; wdkufa&; tpDtpOfonfvnf; ysufcJh&onf?

xdkyufyif;wdk; awG@qHkwdkufyGJwGif &efolxHrS ppfausmydk;tdyf (6) vHk;ESifh ppfoHk;xrif;csKdifh (6) vHk; odrf;qnf;&rdum ESpfzufpvHk; wòyifwnf; qkwfcGm=uonf? TwdkufyGJwGif autifef,lrS &JabmfwcsKd@vnf; yg0ifonf?

u|efawmfwdk@onf aZmf*sDjrpfwHwm;apmifhwyfudk rwdkufrD jyifqif a&;umvwGif cv& (12) rS wyfcGJwcGJonf tifawmrS ausmuf*ludk vm&ef tpDtpOf&Sda=umif;=um;jzwf (Intercept) a=u;eef;owif;t& odcJh&onf? odk@aomf tcsdeftwdtus rod&SdcJh&yg? TESpfrSmvnf; rqv tpdk;&. ppfa&;xdk;ppfonf &Sd+rJ&Sdaeonf? Txdk;ppfudk(108) ppfa'o taeESifh rdrdwyfzGJ@tm; tzGJ@i,fuav;rsm; tjzpfzGJ@pnf;um ajymufusm;wdkufyGJuav;rsm; azmfxkwfI aqmif&GufcJh&onf? wenf;tm;jzifh &efoludk aESmifh,Sufjcif;/ zsufqD;[ef@wm;jcif;/ acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfjcif; paom pmuav;ppfqifa&;enf;jzifh &efol.xdk;ppfudk ckcHumuG,fcJh&onf? T&efolxdk;ppfwGif &efolwyfrsm;rS



92

(9) OD;r# aoqHkk;+yD; (12) OD;cef@ '%f&m&Sdonf? rdrdwdk@bufwGif wyfom; (1) OD; '%f&mtenf;i,f &&SdonfrSty xdcdkufr_r&Sdyg? Tonf 1972 ckESpf. (108) ppfa'ojzwfoef;csDwufcJh&aom yHk=urf;yef;csDum;wcsyf[k qdk&ygrnf?

(3 )(3 )(3 )(3 )(3 )19731973197319731973

TESpfxJrSmvnf; tpdk;&onf u|efawmfwkd@. (108) ppfa' oe,fajrudkatmufygwyfrsm;oHk;I ppfa&; xdk;ppfwck ðyvkyfvmjyefonf? xdkxdk;ppfY yg0iftoHk;ðyonfh ‚. wyfrsm;onf? csif; (3)/ ucsif (4)/ &Srf;(1) wyf&if;rsm; ESifh cv& (94)(99) wyf&if;rsm;tjyif Axl;ppfausmif;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&onfhwyfrSxl;atmifppfa=umif;vnf; yg0ifonf? Tppfqifa&;onf ausmuf*l/ aemifvHkESifh aemif0dk;/ rdkif;,Gif;/ rdkif;vef;a'orsm;udk tav;xm; OD;wnfayonf? xdka'orsm;wGifaexdkif=uaom &Srf;/ "Ek/ yavmif/ ytdk@0f vlrsKd;rsm;udk zrf;qD; owfjzwf ESdyfpuf=uonf?aus;&Gmvl}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;ac:aqmifum txufArmjynf&dStoD;oD;aom axmifrsm;okd@ ydk@aqmifcsKyfaESmifxm;=uygonf?

&Srf;/ "Ek/ yavmif/ ytdk@0f paom a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;. orD;ysKdrsm;udkvnf;a=u;pm;wyfrsm;onf apmfum;rk'drf;usifh=uonf? a=u;pm; wyfrsm;onf Ta'orsm;&Sdaus;&Gm;rsm;wGif ntdyfpcef;cs &yfem;=uv#if xdk&Gmrsm;&Sd =uuf/ bJ/ 0ufrsm;ESifh tdrfarG;wd&p>mefrsm;jzpfaom acG;/ a=umifrsm;udkyifra&Smif cdk;0Sufvk,ufum pm;aomuf wwf=uonf?

&Srf;/ "EkvlrsKd;rsm; aexdkif&m aus;&Gmrsm;wGif tdrf&Sd orD;ysKdav;rsm;onfreufrdk;rvif;rD tdyf,mrSxum tdrf&Sdvltm;vHk;twGuf xrif;[if;rsm; csufðywf=uonfh tavh&Sd=uonf? Tonfudk tcGifhaumif;,lI a=u;pm;wyfom;rsm;onf tdrfatmufrSaeI taygufE_duf=uonf?

aemif0dk;e,f&Sd nJhpifaus;&GmwGif &Srf; (1) wyf&if;rS ppfa=umif; wa=umif;onfxdk&Gmudk ntdyfpcef;cs &yfem;avonf? xdktcgwGif Tppfa=umif;rS 'k-wyf=uyftqifh&Sdaom a=u;pm;wOD;onf reufapmapmxI xrif;[if;csufaeonfh &Srf;rdef;rysKdav;wOD;udk rD;zdk acsmifatmufrS xrDpudkqGJonf? xdkrdef;uav;onf rodusKd;u|efðyumxrif;tdk;rS yGufyGufqlaeaom a&aEG;jzifh ‚ppfom;. OD;acgif;ay:udk avmif;csvdkufygonf? xdka=u;pm; 'kwyf=uyfonf ol. tdyf,m&Sd&mokd@ tajy;tv$m; ajy;oGm;umtdyf,may:Y vl;vSdrfhatmf[pf+yD; nnf;nLaeygonf? a&aEG;yljzifh tavmif;cH&aomxdka=u;pm;udk xrf;pifjzifh aemuf ydkif;okd@ ydk@vdkuf&onf? ‚onf aoqHk;oGm;onf[k



93

aemufydkif;wGif =um;od&ygonf? ppfa=umif;rSL;onf Tjzpf&yftm; &dyfpm;rdaomfvnf;anmifjrpfwl;ouJhodk@ jzpfrnfpdk;I vspfvsL±_ae[efwlygonf?

xdk;ppf+yD;I ppfwyfrsm;qkwfcGmoGm;+yD;aemufwGif Trdef;uav;udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. a'owm0efcHrS xdkvkyf&yftay:wGif csD;usL;*k%fðyr_rsm; ðyvkyfay;ygonf? TtjzpftysufrsKd;onf (108) ppfa'o tESH@tjym;wGif jzpfay:cJhygonf? Tonf a'ocHjynfolrsm;. a=u;pm;wyfrsm;tay: em=unf;ojzifh wkH@jyefaom vkyf&yfrsm;teufrS wckom jzpfygonf?

ppftiftm;tqaygif;rsm;pGm }uD;rm;omvGefonfh &efolxdk;ppfudk &ifqdkif=u&onfrSm rnfr#cufcJonfudk }uKHzl;olwdkif; em;vnf=uygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmfwdk@onf rdrd. vufeufudkifwyfudk tpktzGJ@uav;rsm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;um pmuav;ppfudk qifEGJ=u&onf? rdrdwyf. wyfom; trsm;pkonf a'ocHrsm;jzpfI e,fajru|rf;usifr_wGif wyef;omvGefaeygonf? xdk@tjyif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. yHhydk;axmufcHr_a=umifhT pmuav; ppf-ppfqifa&;udk us,fjyef@pGmðyvkyfEdkifcJhonf? ,if;a=umifh T&efolxdk;ppftwGif; &efolpkpkaygif; aoa=u'%f&m& (20) ausmfr# &Sdrnf[k wGufq&ygonf?

xdk;ppft+yD;wGif (108) ppfa'owyfzG J@onf &Srf;jynfe,f vlrsK d;aygif;pH kvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (&vvz) e,fajrwGif ‚wdk@. wyfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? xkdumvYyif wyfzGJ@ (2) zGJ@onf yl;aygif;um awmif}uD; usKdif;wkHoGm;um;vrf;.wae&mY vrf;jzwfwdkufyGJwyGJ ðyvkyfcJhonf? txl;ojzifh awmif}uD;òr@rS usKdif;wkHòr@okd@ oGm;onfh a=u;pm;wyfrsm;. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;um;wef; (Convoy)ukd wdkufcdkufjcif; jzpfonf? TwdkufyGJonf rdrdwdk@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf &efol. tiftm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;aeI rodrf;ydkufEdkifbJ qkwfcGmcJh=u&onf? (108) ppfa'owyf zGJ@rS pdwfrSL;wOD;ESifhwyfom;wOD; usqHk;cJh&onf? xdkwdkufyGJwGif u|efawmf rygEdkifbJ tif;av;a'ookd@txl;vkyfief;wm0efjzifh oGm;a&mufae&csdef jzpfygonf?

Tonf (108) ppfa'o. wESpfwm b0c&D;udk jzwfausmf av#mufvSrf;cJh&onfh c&D;pOfwck[k qdk&ygrnf?

19741974197419741974

TESpf. ESpfw0ufajrmuf ajcmufvumvwGif &Jabmf&JxGef;ESifh &Jabmfjrrif;wdk@ (2) OD;onf ygwDA[dk&Sd&m yefqef;udkwm0efjzifh oGm;=uonf? xdktcsdefrSpI u|efawmfonf (108)ppfa'o. wyfrSL;wm0efrS ppfa'oEdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifh ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;(&Jabmfjrrif; .ae&m) udk ,m,D0ifa&muf tpm;xdk;wm0ef,lcJh&avonf?



94

xdkESpfrSpI (108) ppfa'oonf rqvtpdk;&. ppfa&;xdk;ppf rsm;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdk;[def;. tufpf,ltm&fat wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd aomf vnfaumif; &ifqdkifvm&aom tajctaejzpfvmonf? tufpf,l tm&fat (SURA)wyfzGJ@rsm;onf (108)ppfa'o.e,fajrjzpfonfh rdkif;,Gif; rdkif;vef;a'orsm;twGif; r=uc% 0ifa&muf v_yf&Sm;vmonf? rqv ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;vnf; ausmuf*l/ aemifvHk/ aemif0dk;ESifhwkefavm a'orsm;wGif [efcsufnDnD v_yf&Sm;vmonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? (108)ppfa'owyfzGJ@onf rvGJra&SmifombJ ppfrsufESm (2) ckudk wòyifwnf; &ifqdkifae&onfhtajctaersKd; jzpfaeonf?

TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif (108) ppfa'o.vufeuf udkifwyftiftm;}uD;xGm;a&;rSm rsm;pGm tcuf}uKH&ygonf? "rRwmoabmyif vlrsm;onf 'kuQaygif;pHk}uKHawG@ae&+yD; twd'kuQrsKd;pHkESifh jynfhv#rf;aeaom wyfzGJ@rsKd;wGif rnfolr# yg0ifvdk=urnf r[kwfyg?

u|efawmfwdk@ (108) ppfa'o. xdkvufeufudkifwyf rwdk;yGm; r}uD;xGm;jcif;onf ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdyg vdrfhrnf?

atmufygta=umif;rsm;onf ta&;ygonfh ta=umif; tcsufrsm; jzpfrnf[k,lqygonf?

1? (108) ppfa'oonf ESpfpOfrjywf tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;. ppfa&;xdk;ppfrsm;ESifh&ifqdkifae=u&onf?

2? (108) ppfa'oe,fajr.ywf0ef;usifY tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;onf ppftiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh txyfxyf0dkif;&HI ae&m,l wyfpGJxm;=uyg onf?

3? (108) a'o. ab;0ef;usifwGif vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pkwyfzGJ@rsm; wnf&Sdaeayonf?

4? (108) ppfa'oe,fajrY rSDwif;aexdkif=uonfh vlrsKd;rsm;onf &Srf;/ "Ek/yavmif paom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf?

5? (108) ppfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh Arm vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD;&Srf;bmompum; rwwf=uyg?

6? wyfom;rsm; pnf;±Hk;vufcHa&; oabmxm;onf atmufyg twdkif;qHk;jzwfxm;ygonf?

(u) (108) ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDonf wyfom;opfrsm; pnf;±Hk; odrf;oGif;&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tajccH&rnf?

(c) wyfom;opfrsm; pnf;±Hk;vufcH&mwGif usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD; touf (18)ESpf jynfholrsm;udkom vufcH&rnf? ‚wdk@onf rdrdwdk@pdwf qENrsm;t& wenf;tm;jzifhEdkifiHa&;todt& wyfwGif; 0ifa&mufvkdonfqkdygu æ‚usm;§r tm;vHk;ukd yg0ifap&ef



95

vufcHEdkifonf?(*) wyfom;opfrsm;tjzpf wyfxJ0ifa&mufvm=uonfh usm;§r yk*~dKvfrsm;

onf &mZ0wfjypfr_rsm; uif;&Sif; &rnf? txl;ojzifh "m;jyr_/ rk'drf;r_/ vlowfr_wdk@jzpfonf? ul;pufa&m*gESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; uif;&Sif;olrsm; jzpf=u&rnf?

(C) wyfom;opfrsm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;&mwGif +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ tusyfudkif jr‡LqG,fjcif;/ Oya'/ trdef@tm%mrsm;oHk;I aumufcHjcif;ESifh tvSnfhuspepf/tcsKd;uspnf;pepfrsm; owfrSwfusifhoHk;jcif;udk vHk;0cGifhrðyay?

7? azmfjyygtcsuftvufrsm;onf ta&;ygonfh tcsufrsm;[k ,lqonf?,if;tcsuftvufrsm;t& (108) ppfa'o. vufeufudkif wyftiftm; wdk;yGm;}uD;xGm;apa&;rSm tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;aeygvdrfhrnf?

xdktajctaersm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rðybJ ygwDwGif;rS vlyk*~dKvfau'gtenf;pkonf tjypfwifonfh avoHrsm; xGufvm=uonf? ‚wdk@u (108) ppfa'o. vufeufudkifwyftiftm;onf anmifyif0dkif;w0dkif;pmyif &Sdrnfrxif[lI ajymqdkvmygonf? xdkyk*~ d Kvfrsm;xJwGif A[dkaumfrwDtopfpufpuf vl}uD;rif;rsm;vnf;wOD;pESpfOD;p yg0if=uonf?

(108)ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDonf xdkok d @aomjypfwif ajymqdk=uonfh=um;Yyif pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh 1971 ckESpfrSpI 1975 ckESpf txd 4 ESpfausmf 5 ESpfeDf;yg;umvrsm;wGif tcuftcJaygif;pH k=um;wGif ql;=um;rSm oD;yGif h&onfh bl;oD;yrm&yfwnfcJh&ygonf?

1975 ckESpfwGif ygwDA[dk (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[dk). “7510” pDrHudef;t& ta&S@ajrmufppfa'orS vltiftm;&Spf&meD;yg;r# yg0ifaom wyfr[m (683)onfu|efawmfwdk@. ajymufusm;a'o (108) e,fajrokd@ a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ‚wdk@ESifhtwla=u;pm;wyfrsm;vnf; aemufawmfyg;rS ajcwz0g;ruGm vdkufygvm=uygonf?

(683) wyfr[monf oHvGifjrpftaemufbuful;onfESif h wòyifwnf;a=u;pm;wyfrsm;onf xef;vsufcJudk yk&Gufqdwfrsm; tHkouJhodk@ 0dkif;tkHae=uygonf?a&S@rSydwf/ aemufuvdkuf/ ab;rS0d kufum pkðyHvdkufae=uonf? rqv tpdk;&.ajcjrefwyfrrS enf;AsL[mrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ ppfwdkif;rsm;rS ppfAsL[mrsm; onfvnf;aumif; 0dkif;0ef;umqD; ydwfqdk@=uygonf?

(683) wyfr[monf xdkuJhodk@ &efolrsm;0dkif;aeonfh=um;rS ae@nrjywfr&yfrem;xdk;azmufcsDwufcJhonf? Todk@csDwuf&mY xrif;udkyif eyfrSefatmif rpm;cJh=u&yg? rqv tpdk;&. &efukefòr@&Sd ppf±H k;csKyfonf wyfr[m (683) oHvGifjrpftaemufbuf ul;IcsDwufvmjcif;wGif rnfonfht}uHtpnfrsm; yg&Sdrnfqkdonfudkod&Sdvdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh a=u;pm;wyfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tawmf}uD; a,muf



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,ufcwfum txdwfwvef@ jzpfaeyHk ay:vGifaeygonf?‚wdk@. ajcjrefwyfr (55) rS enf;AsL[mwckESifh wyfrawmf(av) yg wGJzuf

toHk;ðyvmygonf? wyfrawmf(av)rS ppfav,mOf (3) pif;onf wyfr[m (683) .csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;wav#mufudk uif;axmufjcif;/ xdawG@wdkufyGJjzpfv#if ulnDIAHk;rsm;}uJcsjcif;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfjcif;rsm;udk ðyvkyfvmygonf? yefqef;&Sdu|efawmfwdk@. A[dkppfaumfr&Sif±Hk;onfvnf; wyfr[m (683) . tcuftcJrsm; avsmhyg;ap&eftwGuf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o&Sd wyftcsdK@tm; !̧ef=um;um &efoludkqGJiifonfhwdkufyGJwcsKd@udk ðyvkyfay;ygonf? r[mrdwfjzpfonfh &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (SSA)wyfrsm;uvnf; ulnDyHhydk;ay;=uonf? T odk@jzifh (683) wyfr[monf &Srf;jynfwyfrawmfa'oudk acsmarmpGm a&muf&SdvmcJh=uygonf?

u|efawmfwkd@. A[dkppfaumfr&Sif±Hk;onf a=u;eef;jzifh u|efawmfhudkf wyfr[m(683) EdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifh tjrefqHk; vlcsif;awG@&ef !̧ef=um;vmygonf? T!̧ef=um;csuft&u|efawmfonf a=u;eef;puftzGJ@ESif h umuG,fa&;twGuf wyfpdwfwpdwfygac:I&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (SSA) e,fokd@ csDwufcJhygonf? u|efawmfonf a=u;pm;ppfwyfrsm;. ppfa=umif;rsm;udk uGif;a&Smifum c&D; (3) &uft=umwGif (683) wyfr[mESifhvlcsif; awG@rdoGm;=uygonf?

u|efawmfonf (683) wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDESifh ta&;ay: aqG;aEG;yJGðyvkyfygonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif wyfr[mEdkifiHa&;rSL;vDusHK;csef;u oabmxm;wck wifjyygonf? xdkoabmxm;rSm a&S@vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tpnf;ta0;wck ðyvkyfvdkonf?TtwGuf vltiftm; (800) cef@twGuf qefESifhusef&duQmrsm;&&SdEdkifrnfh ae&mudk,m,DtajcðyEdkif&ef pDpOfay;apvkda=umif; aqG;aEG;ygonf?

u|efawmfonf xkdtajctaeudk (108) ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ axmufyHha&; Xme.wm0efcH &Jabmf aomif;wifESifhaomfvnf;aumif;a=u;eef;jzifh n‡dE_dif;&,l&ygonf? ‚wkd@. oabmwlnDcsuft& wyfr[mwckvHk;udk(108) e,fajrokd@ csDwuf&ef qHk;jzwffygonf? odk@aomf TqHk;jzwfcsufudk oabmrwlrausvnfaom wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDtwGif;Y vlyk*~dKvfwcsdK@ &Sdaeygonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrSm &Srf;jynfwyfrawmfe,fajrtwGif;&Sd a'owckjzpfaom vG,fac;a'oudktajccsvdkygonf? vG,fac;awmifwef;onf w±kwfjynf. usifuef;pef;ESifh wlonf[lIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tajccHpcef; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf a&ajrawmawmif yx0Dtaetxm;rStp tqifajyonfhae&m[lIaomfvnf;aumif; ajymqdk=uonf?

TvG,fac;awmifwef;ay:wGif w±kwfvlrsdK;wcsdK@ aexdkif=uonf? ‚wdk@onf jrif;vm;rsm;jzifh ta&mif;t0,ftul;toef;rsm; ðyvkyfI pD;yGm;a&;toifhtwifhajyvnf=uonf? wzufrSmvnf; yJykwfap/h *sHK/ ajymif;zl;ESifh bdef;yifrsm;yg pdkufysdK;=u



97

onf? arG;jrLa&;rSmvnf; 0uf/ bJ/ =uufrsm;arG;jrL=uonf? xdkawmifay:wGif &Gmrsm;rsm;r&Sdyg? &Srf; vlrsKd;rsm;onf ajrjyef@vGifjyifawmifatmufY aexdkif=uolrsm; jzpfonf?vG,fac;awmifwef;onf rdrdodor# qdk&v#if }uD;rm;us,fjyef@jcif;r&Sdyg? tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;onf tvG,fwuljzifh tcsdeftcgra&G; a&muf&SdEdkifygonf? ‚yk*~dKvfonf ygwDA[dk. “7510” pDrHudef;ESifhtòyif vG,fac;pDrHudef;tjzpf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o ygwDaumfrwDokd@ wifjyonf[k =um;cJhzl;onf? ,if;onf wjcm;vlr[kwf (683) wyfr[m. 'k-EdkifiHa&;rSL; vDppf±lyif jzpfonf? Tjy\emtm; ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'orS 'k-wyfr–;&Jabmfwdkufatmif qif;vmI udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&onf? vufcH-vufrcH/ ajyvnfonf-rajyvnfonfudk tckdiftrm rod&Sd&yg? um,uH&Sif yk*~dKvfrsm;vnf; toufxif&Sm; r&Sd=uawmhI qdkif&mtzJG@tpnf;rsm;omv#if od&Sd=uygrnf?

(683) wyfr[mwGif wyf&if; (3) &if;&Sdonf? xdkwyf&if;rsm;onf 4045/4047/ 502 wyf&if;rsm;jzpf.? xdkwyf&if;rsm;wGif 57 vufr aemufyGifhtajrmufodk@r[kwf 75 vufr aemufyGifhtajrmufrsm; wvufpD yg&Sd=uonf? w±kwfjynfvkyf81 rr armfwmrsm;vnf; yg=uonf? wyfr[m±Hk;wGif cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;wifonfhjrif;ESifhvm;rsm; taumifa& 30 eD;yg;r# yg&Sdygrnf? wyfom;trsm;pkonf 0,vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf+yD; au'gwyfrSL;rsm;onf udk;uef@w±kwfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh 0,vlrsdK;wcsdK@yif jzpfygonf?

(10*) ppfa'owGif qefpyg;xGufonfhe,frsm;rSm ausmuf*l/ rdkif;,Gif;ESifhrdkif;vef;/ rdkif;jyif; e,frsm;jzpfonf? ajryJxGuf&Sdonfh e,frSm aemifvHk/ aemif0dk;e,frsm;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh wyfr[m (683)udk qefpyg;xGuf&Sdonfh ausmuf*l/ rdkif;,Gif;/rdkif;vef;e,f 3 ck. qHkcsufae&mjzpfaom eef@vrf;jrpfab; awmwGif;wae&mY ,m,Dpcef;cs tajcðy&ygonf?

ausmuf*lonf &efolwyfcJGpcef;tjzpf tajcðyxm;onf? xdk&GmrS qefwif;(80) (Ta'oYwwif;v#if (2) cJG&Sd+yD; wcJGwGif (10) jynf/ wjynfv#ifEdk@qDAl; (10)vHk;&Sdonf?) rdkif;,Gif;/ rdkif;vef;ESifh rdkif;jyif;e,frsm;rS qefwif;tcsKd@ &&Sdapa&; pDpOf&ygonf? wcsdK@udk0,fI wcsdK@udk vlxku tultnDtjzpf ay;=uonf? tvm;wlaemifvHke,frS ajryJqD (5) ykH; (yd\m 50) / aemif0dk;e,frSvnf; tvm;wl ta&twGuf&&SdcJhygonf? ‚tjyif EGm;/ 0uf/ bJ/ =uuf ponfh [if;v#mtom;rsm;ESifh toD;t&Gufrsm;udkvnf; a&mif;csjcif;/ ulnDjcif;ðyvkyf=uonf? wyf&if; wyfzJG@rsm;onf wyfr[m±Hk;.ab;ywfvnf&Sd awmifukef;rsm; awmifwef; rsm;tay:wGif cHuwkwfusif;rsm;wl;Itqifoifh jyifqif ae&m,lxm;=uonf? wyfzJG@wcsdK@udk xkwfEkwfI ta0;uif;rsm;ozG,f v_yf&Sm;apygonf?

ausmuf*l&Sd &efolwyfcJGonfvnf;aumif;/ wkefavm/ eef@rvef&Sd ppfwyfrsm;onfvnf;aumif; wGif;atmif;ºuufrsm;yrm ‚wdk@. wyfpcef;&Sd uwkwfusif;rsm;xJ



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rSmyif ykef;atmif;ae=uygonf? a=u;pm; ppfwyfrsm;onf ‚wdk@xuf vlvufeuftiftm; omvGefaumif;rGefonf[k ,lqv#if ‚wdk@onf usm;opfeH@&onfh acG;rsm;yrmajr}uD;ESifh zif'&GwfwdkufaeouJhodk@yif zifoDae=uygonf?

xdktajctaeY wyfr[m (683) . ygwDaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;udk usif;y=uygonf? wyfr[mEdkifiHa&;rSL; vDusHK;csef;u u|efawmfhtm; tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufygqdkI wufa&mufcJhygonf? tpnf;ta0;Y u|efawmfonf atmufygoabmxm;tjrifrsm;yg&Sdaom t}uH^m%f rsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf?

(1) wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDtaejzifh ‚[email protected];jzpfaom wyf&if; 3&if;udk wae&mwnf; pkpnf;xm;v#if tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm;&SdEdkifonf?

(2) tcuftcJtusy ftwnf;rsm;r Sm ætcuftcJtusy ftwnf;rsm;r Sm ætcuftcJtusy ftwnf;rsm;r Sm ætcuftcJtusy ftwnf;rsm;r Sm ætcuftcJtusy ftwnf;rsm;r Sm æ(u) ,cka&muf&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;onf oHvGifjrpf ta&S@ bufe,fajrrsm;ESifh rwlyg? txl;ojzifh &efol. twGif;pnf; jzpfaeygonf?(c) &efolrsm;onf ‚wdk@twGif;udk a&muf&Sdvmonfh (683) wyfr[mudk ppfa&;t& acsr_ef;wdkufcdkuf&efrSm rsm;pGmtcGifhtvrf;omygrnf?(‚[email protected];tm; tjref pkpnf;Edkif+yD;tjrefvnf; jzef@cJ GEd kif.?wenf;tm;jzifh tjrefpk/ tjrefwdkuf/ tjrefjzef@cJGEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;onf &efoltwGufomvGef+yD; rdrdtwGuf csnfheJ@aeygonf?)(*) u|efawmfwdk@wyfrsm;onf ppftiftm;}uD;rm;onfh &efolESifh &ifqdkif&rnfjzpfI tqHk;t±_H;txdtcdkuf rsm;Edkifygonf? a&&SnfYrl tcuftcJ}uD;rm;Edkifonf?(C) ppfa&;t&qdkv#if u|efawmfwdk @.wyfrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;ppfrqifEdkifbJ cHppfaob0 usa&mufoGm;Edkifonf? cHppfaob0jzifh vufOD;r_rJhum &efolðyor# Ek=u&rnhf tajc jzpfonf?(i) rdrdwyftiftm;udk tºuif;rJhpkpnf;xm;v#if &duQmvnf; cuf/wyfom;rsm;vnf; tem;&=urnf r[kwfyg? udk,fa&m pdwfyg ppfyef;EGrf;e,fvmonfh b0a&muf=u&rnfom jzpf ygonf?

(3) rdr dtiftm;rsm; jzef @c J G jcif;E Si f h ae&mcsxm;jcif; ærdr dtiftm;rsm; jzef @c J G jcif;E Si f h ae&mcsxm;jcif; ærdr dtiftm;rsm; jzef @c J G jcif;E Si f h ae&mcsxm;jcif; ærdr dtiftm;rsm; jzef @c J G jcif;E Si f h ae&mcsxm;jcif; ærdr dtiftm;rsm; jzef @c J G jcif;E Si f h ae&mcsxm;jcif; æ(u) rdrdtiftm; jzef@cJG&mY tºuif;rJh jzef@cJGjcif;udk qef@usif&rnf? wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDonf vdktyfonfhtiftm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfh tajccHrS jzef@cJGr_udk ðyvkyf&rnf?(c) wyf&if;udktjccHaom jzef@cJGae&mcsxm;a&;udk ðyvkyfoifhygonf?(*) wyf&if;ygwDaumfrwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. wyf&if;rsm;udk ae&mcs



99

xm;onfh e,fajrtwGif; vlxktzJG@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif=u&rnf?jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;udk wnfaqmuf=u&rnf? vdktyf+yD; oifhavsmfrnfh tcGeftwkwfrsm;udkvnf; aumufcH&rnf? aiGa=u;b¾mrsm;udk pepfwuscef@cGJ toHk; ðyoGm;=u&rnf?(C) wyf&if;ygwDaumfrwDrsm;onf rdrdwyf&if;. ppfa&;/ vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;ESifh ygwDwnfaqmufa&;/ wyfwnfaqmufa&;/b¾maxmufyHha&;/pD;yGm;a&; ponhfvkyfief;rsm;udk ESpfpOfpDrHcsufa&;qGJ vkyfaqmifoGm;=u&rnf? Tonfudkvnf; wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDokd@ wifjytwnfðycsuf &,l&efvdkygonf?

(4) wyfr[mygwDaumfrwD±Hk;onf &efol.tajctaersm;t& v_yf&Sm;±Hk;jzpfoifhonf? Twyfr[m±Hk;udkumuG,f&eftwGuf wyf&if; w&if;rS vl/ vufeuftiftm; 30 &Sdonfhwyfpkudk ay;=u&rnf? wyfpk 3 pk tiftm; 90 jzifh umuG,f&rnf?Ttiftm;onf a=u;pm;ppfwyfrS ppfa=umif;wa=umif;udk &ifqdkifEdkifayrnf?

u|efawmfonf azmfjyygoabmxm;rsm;udk t}uHðywifjycJhonf? xdkwifjycsufudk wyfr[m 'k-EdkifiHa&;rSL;jzpfonfh vDppf±lonf tpydkif;Y vufrcHEdkif[kqdkonf?,if;oabmxm;onf ykef;aea&;oufouf [kqdkygonf?

vDppf±lonf ,ckvdk ol.tjrifudk ajymqdkaqG;aEG;&mwGif w±kwfbmompum;jzifh ajymqdkojzifh EdkifiHa&;rSL;jzpfonfh vDusHK;csef;rS Armbmomjzifh tusOf;jyefqdkay;ygonf? vDppf±lonf pum;ajymqdk&mY }uKHcJhzl;or#wGif tjrifrwlv#if a'gojzifhezl;a=umrsm;wif;um acgif;rS qHyifrsm;yif axmifvmonftxd ajymqdkwwfygonf?Tonf ADZtusifhyJvm; rajymwwf? TtajymtqkdrsKd; r}uKHpzl; }uKHcJh&ygonf?

u|efawmf. Toabmxm;wifjycsufudk a,bk,staeESifh wyfr[mygwDaumfrwDu vufcHygonf? (683) wyfr[mEdkifiHa&;rSL;ESifh wyfr[mygwD aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL; vDusHK;csef;onf wyf&if;toD;oD;tm; ae&mcsxm;a&;ESifh e,fajrowfrSwfay;a&;udk tcdkiftrm pDpOfaqmif&Gufoljzpfonf? ‚u wyfrsm;rjzef@cGJrDwGif&efol.ppfa=umif;wa=umif;udk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;vdkonf[k ajymqdkonf? Tonfudktm;vHk;rS oabmwl=uygonf?

Axl;òr@&S d Axl;ppfausmif;udk umuG,f&onfhwyfrS xkwfEkwfvmonfhwyfwwyfonf ‘xl;atmif’ ppfa=umif;trnfESifh v_yf&Sm;aeonf? xkdppfa=umif;(One

Column) udk wdkufcdkuf&ef a&G;cs,f owfrSwf=uonf? xdkwdkufyGJtm; pDpOfOD;pD;rnfholonf vDusHK;csef;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? u|efawmf.wm0efrSm wdkufyJGrS'%f&m&&Sdolrsm;udk vHkðcHpGm aq;ukoEdkif&ef pDpOfay;a&;jzpfonf? ,if;a=umifhu|efawmfonf(683) wyfr[m. aq;tzJG@ESifh (108) ppfa'oaq;tzJG@udk oifhav#mfrnfh &Jabmfrsm;ESifh



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yl;aygif;zJG@pnf;um wm0efay;ygonf? aq;±HkESifh aq;pcef;udkvnf; (108) ppfa'owyfrSwyfpkwpkudk ac:,lwm0efay;&avonf? ab;ywfvnf&Sdaus;&Gmrsm;rS jynfolrsm;udkvnf; owif;&&Sda&;ESifh vHkðcHa&;twGuf tultnDrsm; awmif;cH&ygonf? ‚tjyif&efo@l a=u;eef;owif;rsm;tm; =um;jzwfzrf;onhf (Intercept) tvkyfudkvnf; (108)ppfa'oa=u;eef;tzJG@udk ac:,lwm0efay;&onf? &&Sdonfh owif;rsm;udk vdktyfv#ifvDusHK;csef;xHydk@&ef wyfr[ma=u;eef;XmerS 2 OD;udk ac:,lwm0efay;&ygonf?

atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;tm; wd kufc d kufacsr _e f; jcif;atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;tm; wd kufc d kufacsr _e f; jcif;atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;tm; wd kufc d kufacsr _e f; jcif;atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;tm; wd kufc d kufacsr _e f; jcif;atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;tm; wd kufc d kufacsr _e f; jcif;tpdk;&ppfwyfrS ppfa=umif;rsm;onf (683) wyfr[m±Hk; ,m,Dwnf&Sd&m

ausmuf*l/ rdkif;,Gif;ESifh rdkif;vef;e,fajrrsm;udk OD;wnfI xdk;ppfqifvmaeonf? TumvwGif (683) wyfr[m±Hk;onf ausmuf*la'o cJ[D;&Gm. ta&S@awmifbuf eef@vrf;jrpfab;awmwGif; wae&mY &Sdaeayonf?

eef@rvefòr@ESifh wkefavmbufrSvnf; ppfa=umif;wa=umif;u aemif0dk;e,fxJudk 0ifa&muf&Sif;vif;ygonf? tjcm;aomppfa=umif;rsm;vnf; rdkif;,Gif;rS taemufbufeef@vrf;jrpfudkOD;wnfI &Sif;vif;aeonf? tifawme,fbufrSvnf; ppfa=umif; 2a=umif;u eef@vrf;jrpf udk ab;csif;,SOfI ajrmufzufokd@ OD;wnf&Sif;vif;aeonf?

atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;onf ausmuf*le,f qDqHk*Edkif&GmrS cJ[D;&Gmbufudkawmvrf;twdkif; eef@vrf;jrpfzuf udk OD;wnfI csDwuf &Sif;vif;ygonf? Tppfa=umif;rsm;udk OD;pD;uGyfuJonfrSm ajcjrefwyfr 55 rS 'k-wyfrrSL;[k od&ayonf? xdkwyfrrSL;onf ‚wdk@e,ftwGif; t&JpGef@0ifvmonfh (683) wyfr[mudk rSwfom;avmufatmifqHk;rjy rnf[k }udrf;0g;aeoljzpfonf?

atmifvif;xl;ppfa=umif;onf cJ[D;&Gmawmifbuf v,fuGufrsm;ESif hv,fwJrsm;udk ppfAsL[majrmuf &Sif;vif;ae.? u|efawmfwdk@. wyfrsm;uvnf; Tppfa=umif;udk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;&ef toifhae&m,lxm;=uonf? owfuGif;twGif; tm;vHk;r0ifao;I apmifhae=u&jcif; jzpfonf? r=umyg? aoewfoH/ vufypfAHk;aygufuGJoHrsm;ESifh 60 rr armfwmoHrsm; AZlumusnfaygufuGJoHrsm;onf ywf0ef;usif&Sd awmawmifrsm;udk ±dkufcwfyJhwifoGm;ygawmhonf?

Tppfa=umif;wckvHk;eD;yg;udk acsr_ef;Edkifonf[k qdk&ygrnf?ay:vpDtm; rSm;,Gif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJ h jcif;ay:vpDtm; rSm;,Gif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJ h jcif;ay:vpDtm; rSm;,Gif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJ h jcif;ay:vpDtm; rSm;,Gif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJ h jcif;ay:vpDtm; rSm;,Gif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJ h jcif;

Ttcsufudk arhcsefxm;cJhI rjzpfay? u|efawmfwkd@ (108) ppfa'otwGuftrSwfw&tjzpf oifcef;pm,l&rnfhtcsuf jzpfaeygonf? xdktcsufrSm ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDw&yfvHk;ESifh rywfoufyg? (108) ppfa'ozJG@ pnf;+yD;aemuf wESpfcef@t=umwGif (1972 - 73) ESpfrsm;yif jzpfrnf? ‚ESpfrsm;Y ppfa'o&Sd &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifaomaemif0dk;ESifh rdkif;,Gif;a'orsm;wGif qif;&Jom;v,form;or*~rsm; pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;&ef



101

jzpfonf? TudpPESifhpyfvsOf;I ppfa'oygwDaumfrwDtwGif;Y zGJ@oifh rzGJ@oifhESifh tcsdefumva&mufra&mufudk t}udwfte,faqG;aEG; jiif;cHk=u&avonf? ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; &Jabmfjrrif;u qif;&Jom;v,form;or*~rsm; zJG@pnf;xlaxmifjcif;onf tcsdefumvtm;jzifh apmaeonf[k tjrif&Sdonf? ‚u ynmay;jyifqif&rnfhtcsdefESifh ppfa&;t& wpHkw&m wnf+idrf&ef vdkao;onf[k qdkavonf? xdk@jyif vlrsdK;pka'orsm;jzpfI EdkifiHa&;t& vlwef;pm;todt& vHkavmufr_rjynfhpHk[kvnf; qdkayonf?

ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD 'k-twGif;a&;r–; &Jabmf&JxGef;.tjrifrSm aemif0dk;/rdkif;,Gif;a'orsm;onf 1949-50 ESpfrsm;rSpI Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS vufeufudkifwyfrsm; a&muf&SdtajccscJhonhfa'orsm; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlwef;pm;tod tpdrf;oufoufe,frsm; r[kwf=uyg? ,if;tjrift&qdkv#if qif;&Jom;or*~rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;azmfxkwfoifhonf[k qdkvdkonf?

u|efawmfu &Jabmf&JxGef;.tjrifudk axmufcHcJhonf? qif;&Jom;v,form;or*~rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;xlaxmifoGm;&rnf? TtwGuf aemif0dk;ESifh rdkif;,Gif;e,frsm;&Sdaus;&Gmvl}uD;rsm;udk pkpnf;um vlwef;pm;ynmay;onfhoabmrsdK;jzifh oifwef;wckzGifhvSpfydk@csoifh.? TtwGuf &Jabmf&JxGef;rS t"duwm0ef,l+yD; &Jabmfaomif;wifonfwGJzufwm0ef ,loifhygonf? &Jabmfaomif;wifonf &Srf;pum;ESifh &Srf;pmyg wwfonfhyk*~dKvfjzpfI bmomjyefqdkay;Edkifygonf?

&Jabmfjrrif;onf TudpPudk qufI tjiif;ryGm;vdkonfhoabmESifh trsm;pk.tjriftm; oabmwl acgif;ndwfvdkufyHk&onf? u|efawmf.ADZvlwef;pm;onf aus;vufqif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;jzpfonf? rdbrsm;onf tnmaus;vufa'orS jzpfonf? u|efawmfonf rvdrfrnm ±dk;om;pGm0efcH&v#if rdrd.vlwef;pm;ta=umif;udkodem;vnfjcif; r&Sdyg? xdk@a=umifh &Jabmf&JxGef;.qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;or*~ pnf;±Hk;azmfxkwfa&;tay:udk pdwf0ifwpm; &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf?

jynfol@'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;onf tESpfom&tm;jzifh ajr,m awmfvSefa&;yif jzpfonf[k qdkonf? TawmfvSefa&;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg axmufcHonfh tiftm;rsm;rSmvnf; aus;vufqif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;yif jzpfonf? udkvdkeDwydkif; ya'o&mZfwydkif; EkdifiHrsm;wGif qifE$J=u&rnfh awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifhe,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&; 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;yif jzpf.?Tawmf vSefa&;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vrf;a=umif;vrf;oG,f trsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkifygonf?tqifhrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap aus;vufa'o rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;.tajccHpcef;rsm;tjzpf qufvufwnfaqmuf Edkifao;onf? aus;vufa'orsm;onftm%m&tkyfpd k;olrsm;. =oZmtm%mcsnhfeJ @tm;enf;onfh ae&mjzpfygonf?



102

xdk@a=umifh aus;vuf v,form;vlxktm; pnf;±Hk;&ef vdk+rJvdktyfayonf? rnfodk@pnf;±Hk;rnfenf;? Ttcsufudk u|efawmfonf tawmfpdwf0ifwpm;&Sdonf? odk@aomfTtwGuf vufawGvkyfaqmif&ef A[kokw vGefpGmtm;enf;ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ (108) ppfa'o ygwDaumfrwDonf aemif0dk;/ rdkif;,Gif;e,fudkprf;oyfe,fajrrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfygonf? Te,fajrrsm;wGif qif;&Jom;v,form;or*~rsm; aus;&GmESifhaus;&Gmtkyfpk 40 ausmfY zJG@pnf;xlaxmifcJh=uonf? xdkodk@zJG@pnf;=u&mY vlwef;pm;tv$m cGJjcm;owfrSwf=u&ygonf? tv$mcJGjcm; owfrSwf=u&mY a,bk,stm;jzifh pHxm;&rnfh tcsuf 3 csufESifh cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm=u&ayonf?

TpHxm;csuf 3 csufrSm æ(1) ydkifqdkifrydkifqdkifrydkifqdkifrydkifqdkifrydkifqdkifr_? ydkifqdkifr_qdk&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh ajr,mrsm;/ O,smOf

+cHajrrsm;ESifh aetdrftaqmuftODrsm; v,f,mvkyfud&d,mrsm; (u|J/ EGm;rsm;ESifh xGefwkef;/ xGefoefrsm;) ESifh twGif; ypPnf;rsm; pdef/ a&$/ aiG vuf0wfvufpm;rsm; jzpfonf?

(2) cJGa0toHk;csr cJGa0toHk;csr cJGa0toHk;csr cJGa0toHk;csr cJGa0toHk;csr_? TcGJa0toHk;csr_onf txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh ajr,mESifh O,smOf+cHajrrsm;tygt0if ypPnf;OpPm tm;vHk;onf rnfokd@rnfyHk cGJa0toHk;csonfudk qdkvdkygonf? (Oyrm ydkifqdkifxm;aomv,f,mrsm;ESifh O,smOf+cHajrrsm;udk oD;pm; odk@r[kwf tzufay; jcif; odk@r[kwf vliSm;rsm;ESifh vkyfudkifjcif;udkqdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf?)

(3) vlvlcsif;qufqHr_vlvlcsif;qufqHr_vlvlcsif;qufqHr_vlvlcsif;qufqHr_vlvlcsif;qufqHr_? vlcsif;qufqHr_tydkif;onf t&Sif;vif;qHk;ESif htvG,fulqHk;ajym&v#if tvkyf&SifESifhtvkyform; qufqHa&;/ ajr&SifESifh ajru|efqufqHa&;/ ypPnf;&SifESifhypPnf;rJh qufqHa&;/ ocifESifhu|ef qufqHa&;wdk@yif jzpfonf?

azmfjyygpHxm;csuf (3) csufwGif vlvlcsif; qufqHa&;tcsufonf t"duESifhy"meusaom tcsufyif jzpfonf? xdkvkyfief;udk wm0ef,l vkyfudkif=u&onfh &Jabmfrsm;onf pHðy&rnfh rloabmxm;rsm;t& vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=uaomfvnf; trSm;t,Gif;rsm;/ twdrf;tapmif;rsm; &SdcJhygonf? ay:vGifxif&Sm;onfh trSm;onf csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;tay: xm;&Sd&rnfh oabmxm;ESifh vkyf&yftcsdK@yifjzpfonf?

u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD. (ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD) ajr,mvrf;pOfwGif qif;&JudktajccH/ tvwfudk r[mrdwfðy/ csrf;omudk =um;xm;/ ajr&Sif udkOD;wnfwdkuf[k azmfjyyg&Sdonf? ajr&Sifvlwef;pm;udk OD;wnfwdkufEdkifa&;twGuf csrf;omonfhv,form;vlwef;pm;udk aumif;pGm =um;xm;EdkifrSomv#if wdkufcdkuf&rnfh&efoludk xdxdrdrd



103

wdkufcdkufEdkifrnf[k qdkygonf?

csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;udk =um;xm;&rnfh oabmxm;csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;udk =um;xm;&rnfh oabmxm;csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;udk =um;xm;&rnfh oabmxm;csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;udk =um;xm;&rnfh oabmxm;csrf;omaom v,form; vlwef;pm;udk =um;xm;&rnfh oabmxm;Toabmxm;onf &Sif;ovdkESifh ±_yfaxG;onf[k qdk&ygrnf? csrf;omonfh

v,form;vlwef;pm;udk =um;tjzpfxm;&mwGif a,bk,s taeESifh atmufygtcsuf(3) csufjzifh udkufnD&ygrnf?

(1) EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;ray;&(2) vkyfief;rsm; csKyfcs,f(3) pD;yGm;xddef;odrf;æqdkonfwdk@ jzpfonf?EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; ray;& qdk&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh aus;&Gm odk@r[kwf

aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;wGif awmifolv,form; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ or*~rsm;wGif yg0ifa&G;cs,fydkifcGifh/ qENrJay;cGifh r&Sd&yg? vkyfief;csKyfcs,fqdk&mwGif ‚vkyfudkifonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif aoG;pkyfonfhtydkif;udkom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;&rnf jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;xdef;odrf;&rnfqdkonfhtydkif;rSmvnf; ‚ydkifv,f,majrrsm;ESifh O,smOf+cHajrrsm;/v,fvkyfud&d,mrsm; ( u|J/ EGm;rsm;) udk awmifolv,form;or*~rsm;tm; todray;bJrdrdoabmESifh a&mif;csjcif;/ iSm;&rf;jcif;/ aygifESHa&$@ ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk rðyvkyf&ef xdef;odrf;xm;&Sd&rnf[k qdkvdkygonf?

txufazmfjyygoabmxm;rsm;t& vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJh=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif trSm;t,Gif; twdrf;tapmif;rsm; &SdcJhavonf? csrf;omaom v,form;vlwef;pm;onf ‚[email protected],f,mvkyfief;rsm;udk odompGm av#mhcsvkyfudkifvm=uonf?‚ydkifypPnf; OpPmrsm;vnf; v#Kd@0SufpGm ajymif;a&$@a&mif;cs=uonf? wzufrSmvnf;ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;rsm; usqif;um aus;vufa'o pD;yGm;zGH@òz;a&;onf ,kwfav#mh usqif;vm.? T'%f&m'%fcsufrsm;. wdkuf±dkuftusKd;cHpm;=u&onfholrsm;rSm qif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;yif jzpfonf? Ttcsufonf u|ef awmfwdk@ rSm;,Gif;usL;vGefcJhaomvuf0Jwdrf;apmif;r_trSm;[k qdk&ygrnf?

v,form;qdk&mrSmvnf; v,fvkyfolwdkif;udk v,form;[k rac:qdkEdkifyg?v,form;qdkonfrSm v,f,majrrsm;udk t"duxm;I toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyfudkifpm;aomuf=uolrsm;omv#if v,form;[k qdk&ygrnf? wenf;qdkaomf v,f,mvkyfief;wGif ta&;}uD;onfh tvkkyfcsdefumvonf a,bk,stm;jzifh oHk;}udrfr# &Sdygrnf?‚rSm xGef,ufcsdef (uqkef/ e,kef/ 0gqdk) (3) v jzpfonf? pdkufysKd;csdef (0gacgif/awmfovif;/ oDwif;u|wf) (3) v jzpf.? &dwfodrf;csdef (waqmifrkef;/ ewfawmf/ jymqdk)(3) v pkpkaygif; (9)v &uftm;jzifh 270 r#&Sdrnf? xdktvkyfcsdefudk rdrdudk,fwdkiftcsdefjynfheD;yg; yg&Sdvkyfudkifaom yk*~dKvfukdrS v,form;[k ac:qdkEdkifygrnf?



104

Tonf u|efawmfwdk@. ajr,mvrf;pOfudk vufawG@vkyfaqmifcJhaom tawG@tñuHxJrS tcsuftvuftcsKd@udkom oifcef;pmtjzpfESifh xkwfEkwfazmfjyjcif;omjzpfonf?

v,form;jy\emESSifh ajr,mjy\emonf us,f0ef;euf±_dif;ygonf? ae&ma'o rwljcm;em;ouJhodk@ ajr,mrSmvnf; rwluGJjym;onfh pnf;pepfrsm; ArmjynfwGifwnf&S daeygonf? Armjynf&S d v,f,majrjy\emrsm;udk pepfwutcsdef,lumavhvm okawoeðyoifh=uygonf?

jynfolr sm;acgi f ; jywf =u&wJ h jzwfav;jzwf?jynfolr sm;acgi f ; jywf =u&wJ h jzwfav;jzwf?jynfolr sm;acgi f ; jywf =u&wJ h jzwfav;jzwf?jynfolr sm;acgi f ; jywf =u&wJ h jzwfav;jzwf?jynfolr sm;acgi f ; jywf =u&wJ h jzwfav;jzwf?

u|efawmfwdk@&J@ ajymufusm;a'o (108) e,fajrudk tpdk;&onf tjrpfjzwfonfhenf;jzifh acsr_ef;zdk@ vkyfvmygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf ausmuf*le,frSm pwifvkyfaqmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ‚a'orSm aexdkif=uonfh &Srf;/ "Ek/ yavmif a'ocHjynfolawGudk t}uD;tus,f twd'kuQ a&mufapcJhygonf? vlawG tajcrJhtaerJh 'kuQa&muf=u±kHomru wd&dp>mefawGjzpfonfh u|J/ EGm;/ bJ/ 0uf/ =uufygrusef tm;vHk; twd'kuQa&muf=u&onf[k qkdEkdifygonf?

rqv ppftpdk;&onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk ausmuf*la'orSm ajcrcsEdkifatmif jzwfav;jzwf pDrHudef;cs ðyvkyfvmjcif; jzpfygonf? ‚umv 1978 ckESpfavmufrSm ausmuf*le,fwGif aus;&Gmaygif; 27 &GmeJ@ vlOD;a&pkpkaygif; 20000 ESpfaomif;eD;yg;r# &Sdaeygonf? a'owckvHk;u &GmawGtm;vHk;udk w&Gmrusef ppfpcef;&Sd&mausmuf*l&Gmokd@ ajymif;a&$@aexdkif=u&rSm jzpfonf? ausmuf*l&Gmonf ppfwyfrS wyfcGJwcGJ tajcðyxm;onfh pcef;tjzpfwnf&SdcJhaomfvnf; ppfa&;t& xdk;ppfrsm; ðyvkyfvmonfhtcgwGifrl ‚wyfpcef;onf ppfa=umif;±Hk;/ AsL[m±Hk;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;wufygonf/

ausmuf*la'o &Gmtrsm;pkrSm ESpfy&dap>'&Snf=umpGm aexdkifvmcJh=uaomaus;&Gmrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚&Gmrsm;wGif ysOfaxmifoGyfrdk; tdrf}uD;tdrfaumif;rsm;vnf;&Sd=uonf? &GmOD;rSm aqmufvkyfudk;uG,fxm;aom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;rSmvnf;'g,dum/ 'g,dumrrsm; trsm;tjym;u vSL'gef;aqmufvkyfxm;=uonfhtwGuf ysOfumoGyfrdk;rsm;ESifh tcdkiftrm&Sdae=uygonf? Ak'<bmom udk;uG,fonfha'ojzpfI tcsKd@&GmawGrSm bk&m;apwDykxdk;ESifh odrfZ&yfawGyg tcdkiftrm &Sdae=u onf? &Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm t&dyftm0goaumif;vSonfh anmifyif/ ydEMJyif/ refusnf;yifrsm;vnf;&Sd=uonf? ‚opfyifrsm;onf ESpfaygif; &Snf=umpGm &SdcJh=uonfh ouf&ifhyif}uD;awGjzpf.? &Gmwdkif; tdrfwdkif;u udk,fpDudk,fiS rdrdwdk@. tdrf+cH0ef;awGrSm pdkufysKd;xm;=uonfh



105

iSufaysm/ oabFm/ o&uf/ rmvmumyifawGuvnf; O,smOfwr# pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaus;iSufom&umawGyg em;cdk&m pH&dyfðrHawG jzpfaecJhygonf ? ,ckuJhokd@ ESpfv&Snf=umwnf&SdvmcJh=uonfh rdrdwdk@&Gm rdrdwdk@tdrfrsm;udk pGef@cGm+yD; ae=u&rnfqdkv#if rnfolrSaevdk=urnfr[kwfyg? ppfwyf.trdef@ tm %mjzpfonfhtwGuf rvGefqefEdkif=uawmhbJrajymif;csif=uaomfvnf; }udwfrSdwf+yD; rausreyf pdwfESvkH; rcsrf;ajr@pGmjzifh ajymif;=ua&$@=u&rn@fb0 qkdufa&mufoGm;=uygonf?

jzwfav;jzwfqdk&mrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtygt0if vuf eufudkifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;onfh ppfa&;enf;AsL[m wckom jzpfygonf?wenf;ajym&v#if vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk jynfolvlxkrsm;ESifhtquftoG,f rðyvkyfEdkifatmif wm;qD;[ef@wm; ydwfqdk@xm;a&;yJ jzpfygonf? rqvtpdk;&ppfwyfawG.tac:t0:t&qdkv#if awmfvSefa&;tiftm;awGudk jynfolvlxkESifhtqufjzwfa&;/ &duQmjzwfa&;/ owif;rsm; r&&S datmif jzwfawmufxm;a&;/jynfolawGvlxktm; OD;acgif;udk jzwfawmufokwfoifa&;qdkonfh jzwfav;jzwfyifjzpfygawmhonf?

b,fvdkyJ tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&; vkyfcJhvkyfcJh/ jynfwGif;ppfumv wav#mufvHk;rSm b,folu b,foludkrS tjrpfjywfatmif rjzwfEdkifcJh=uyg? 'gudk jynfwGif;ppfordkif;u xif&Sm;yDjyifpGm oufaoxlcJhygonf? oufao xlaeygonf? wjynfvHk;uvlrsKd;aygif;pHk vkyfom;jynfolrsm;omv#if acgif;jywf=u&wm rsm;ygonf? jynfwGif;ppf&J@'%fudk tqdk;&Gm;qHk;cH&olrsm;rSm ajrpmyifjzpf=u&aom jynfolawGom jzpfygonf?,ckvnf; ausmuf*la'ou &Srf;/ "Ek/ yavmif vlrsKd;awGrSm tdk;ypftdrfypf &GmudkyifpGef@ypfxm;cJh=u&+yD; ausmuf*l&Gmwyfpcef;teD; ab;ywfvnfrSm ae=u&wmjzpfonff?ppfwyfu pcef;rSL;qkdol owfrSwfcsay;xm;onfh ajruGufvyfav;awGrSm ae=u&jcif;jzpfonf? t&dyftm0gouif;rJhaeonfh vGifwD;acgifrSm jzpfovdk aexdkif=u&onfh b0yg?trsm;pkrSm ,dkifeJ@eJ@ 0g;tdrf uav;rsm;udkaqmuf+yD; ae=u&wm jzpfonf? &Gmaygif;27 &Gmu vlOD;a& 20000 ESpfaomif;wkd@onf ¹ywfodyfusyfnyfpGmjzifh avmu i&JwGif;okd@ t&Sifvwfvwfusa&mufaeonfhyrm aexkdifcJh=u&avonf?

aEG rdk; &moDawGa&muf+yDqkdv#if 0rf;ysuf/ 0rf;azma&m*gESifh iSufzsm;a&m*g/tla&mifief;zsm;a&m*grsm;a=umifh uav;/vl}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm; toufqkH;±_H; cJh=u&ygonf? 'D=um;xJ rlv&Gmrsm;wGif usef&pfcJhonfh pyg;/ ajryJ/ ESrf;æpaom oD;ESHrsm;ukdtjrefqkH; oGm;a&muf o,f,l =u&ygao;onf? olwkd@owfrSwfxm;onfhae&mrSmom&duQmawGukd pkpnf;xm;&Sd&rnfqkdonfh ppfwyf.trdef@twkdif; &Gmom;rsm;crsm vkdufemxm;&Sd=u&jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdr#omru ae@pOfae@wkdif; &Gmtvkduf w&Gmv#if &Gmom;okH;av;OD;pDyg0if+yD; tvSnfhusoabmrsKd;jzifh ausmuf *lppfwyfpcef;.t&yfav;rsufESm



106

okH;rkdifc&D;ywfvnf{&d,mtwGif; vSnfhvnfppfaq;um awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;.ajc&mudk vkdufvH =unfh±_ &+yD; awG@rawG@ owif;ydk@=u&ygao;onf? nbuftcsdefrSmvnf;&Gmtvdkuf vufeufryg tvSnfhus uif;apmifh=u&ygonf?

v,fvkyfcsdef ,mvkyfcsdef a&mufv#ifvnf; reuf 7 em&DrS aetdrfrsm;uxGuf=u&onf? nae 5 em&DtcsdefrSm rdrdwdk@ aetdrftoD;oD;okd@ ta&mufjyef=u&onf? ppfwyfu 'Dvdkpnf;urf;awG csrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf tdrfrS tvSrf;a0;uGmaomv,f,majrwGif vkyfudkif=u&aomolrsm;rSm oGm;&jyef&ESifh tvkyfvkyfcsdef enf;yg;onfhtwGuf tcuf}uKH&jyefygao;onf? v,f,mvkyfief;cGifokd@ oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif=u&onfhtcgwGifvnf; xrif;xkyf,lroGm;&/ aq;ayghvdyf oHk;vdyfxuf ydkr,l&/ opfom;rD;jcpfqH ig;qHxuf ydkr,l& ponfhtrdef@pnf;urf;rsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? 'DypPnf;awG tydktv#H ,laqmifoGm;rdygu olykefoluefrsm;udk tm;ay;axmufcHol[k ajymqdk+cdrf;ajcmufygao;onf? t&m&m ppfwyfu xdef;csKyfxm;vdk@ tdrfoltdrfom;rsm; ae@pOfcsufðywfpm;zdk@ qefudkyif ppfpcef;twGif; xkwf,lpm;aomufae=u&onfh b0yg?

'gawGtm;vHk;[m jzwfav;jzwf.'%f&m'%fcsufESif h tusKd;qufawGyJjzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawGESifh awmfvSefa&;wyfom;awGtzdk@ 'Dvkyf&yfawGa=umifh wpHkw&m tcuftcJ&Sdayr,fh &ifqdkifausmfv$m;Edkifygonf? u|efawmfwdk@rSma'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh v#Kd@0SufqufoG,fr_rsm;&Sd=u+yD; ‚wdk@. t}uH^m%frsm;twdkif;vdkufemaqmif&Guf=uonfhtwGufvnf; tckvdk ausmfv$m;EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@. a'oqdkif&m oabmxm;ay:vpDudkvnf; ,ckuJhokd@ csrSwfcJhygao;onf?

oabmxm;ay:vpDtusO f ; ?oabmxm;ay:vpDtusO f ; ?oabmxm;ay:vpDtusO f ; ?oabmxm;ay:vpDtusO f ; ?oabmxm;ay:vpDtusO f ; ?

aus;&Gmvl}uD;rsm;taeESifh rsufESmESpfzufudk wòyifwnf; r#wpGm rsufESmrl=u&ygrnf ? vG,fvG,fajym&v#if ysm;vnf;pGJom &SOfhvnf; av#mufom oabmxm;vkyf[efudk usifhokH;zdk@yJ jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tiftm;}uD;ol. =oZmtm%mpufonfydkIpl;&Sxufjrufygvdrfhrnf? 'gudkvnf; todtrSwfðy&ygrnf? qdkvdkwmu EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. tqifhqifhaom tm%mrsm;ESifh tvkyfrsm;ukdyg tav;xm;vkyf=u&rnf[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG.tvkyfudkvnf; vspfvsL±_xm;Irjzpfyg?

'Doabmxm; ay:vpDudk p+yD;taumiftxnfazmfpu tawG@ tñuHr&Sdao;onfhtavsmuf aus;&Gmvl}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm rvkyfwwfrudkifwwf jzpf=u&ygonf? wcsdK@&GmawGu &Gmvl}uD;ae&mukd tvSnfhusvkyfa&;qdk+yD; vkyfvmwmtxd



107

jzpfcJhygonf? 'DaemufrSmawmh vkyf&if;udkif&if; tvkyftawG@tñuHESifh b0ay;todt&vkyfwwfudkif wwfjzpfvmygonf? aus;&Gmvl}uD;awGudk axmufulyHhydk;rnfh aus;&Gmudk,fpm;vS,fESpfOD;udkvnf; xyfrHa&G;cs,fI acgif;aqmifr_ tiftm;udk jznfhcJh=u&ygonf?'DtcgusrSyJ rsufESmESpfzuf(ESpfzufrsufESm ay:vpD) udk yDyDjyifjyif òyifwlðyrl v_yf&Sm;vmEdkif=uygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwdk@. ESpfzufrsufESmoabmxm;ay:vpD.OD;wnfcsufrSm ajrpmyifb0 a&muf&Sdae=uaom jynfolawGudk touf±_acsmif apzdk@yJ jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifhjynfwGif;ppfrD;v#H=um;rSm tnyfcH=u&onfh aus;&Gmvl}uD;awG.b0udk oufomapvdkonfh &nf&G,fcsufyJ jzpfygonf?

rqv tpdk;&. jzwfav;jzwf ppfa&;r[mAsL[m pDrHudef;onf tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# tvkyfrjzpf/ xda&mufr_vnf; r&Sdyg? aemufqHk;awmh a'ocHjynfolawG0dkif;0ef;qef@usif=ujcif;a=umifh ESpfESpfcef@ t=umrSmyJ rqv tpdk;&u tav#mhay;umrodrom zsufodrf;cJh=uygonf? TonfrSm 1978 ckESpftwGif; (108) ppfa'o ajymufusm; e,fajrrSm &ifqdkifñuHawG@cJh&onfh jzwfav;jzwf ppfa&;tawG@tñuHwckudk wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf? TtawG@t}uHKrSm a'ocH "Ek/ &Srf;/ yavmif jynfolawGomv#ifaoG;ac|;rsuf&nfaygif;rsm;pGm uscJh=u/ay;qyfcJh=u&aom tawG@ t}uKH jzpfygonf?

(4 )(4 )(4 )(4 )(4 )19791979197919791979

'DESpfxJwGif yefqef;rSm wdk;csJ@A[dkaumfrwD tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJh ygonf?'Dtpnf;ta0;u ,cifygwDA[d k (yJcl;±d k ;r) u csrSwfcJ haom ðzwf xkwfowfygwDwnfaqmufa&; ay:vpDtrSm;ud k vH k ;0 zsufodr f ;c J hy gonf? tvm;wl&efolxdk;ppfudk igwdk@xdk;ppfESif h ±d kufcsK d;=uqdkonfh ppfa&;vrf;pOf trSm;udkvnf;zsufodrf;cJh=uygonf?

'Dwdk;csJ@yefqef;A[dkaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;u oifhawmfonfh ygwD0if 0g&ifhau'gwcsKd@udk A[dkaumfrwDESifh t&HA[dkaumfrwDrsm;tjzpf wdk;jr‡ifhwm0efay;onf[kod&Sd&onf? 'Dtpnf;ta0;uyJ ygwDu a&S@vkyf aqmifoGm;rnfh vrf;pOf ay:vpDrsm;ESifhygwD&J@zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkyg qHk;jzwf jyÏmef;cJhonf? Tt}udrftpnf;ta0;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGuf wpHkw&m ta&;ygonf[k qdk&ygrnf? yJcl;±dk;r&Sd A[dkXmecsKyfwGif OuUÏocifZifESifh twGif;a&;rSL;ocifcspfwdk@ ESpfOD;rSmrqvtpdk;& ppfwyfrsm;.vufcsufjzifh usqHk;cJh=u&onf? 'DvdktajctaersdK;wGifwdk;csJA[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0; ac:qdkusif;ycJhonfrSm wygwDvHk;tzdk@ tusKd;&Sdygonf?rSm;,Gif;onfh wabmxm;wcsKd@ESifh vkyf[efwcsKd@udkvnf; ðyjyifEdkifcJhI ygwD0ifrsm;tm;



108

tm;wuf&$ifvef;apygonf? okd@&mwGif 'Dtpnf;ta0;onf wESpfeD;yg;r# tcsdef=umcJhonfqkdjcif;a=umifh jynfwGif;ppfESifh&ifqdkifae&aom ygwDtzdk@ tcsdef,lvGef;onf[kqkd&ygrnf?

pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&;rSm 'Dtpnf;ta0;uyJ A[dkXmecGJESpfckudk topfzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? ajrmufydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (Northem Bureau ) ESifh tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (Cen-tral Bureau) wdk@ jzpfonf? yefqef;wdk;csJ@ A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;+yD;onfhaemufrSmwjynfvHk;&Sd tqifhqifhau'grsm;ESifh ygwD0ifrsm;udk csjyonfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk wzefðyvkyf=u&jyefygonf?

(108) ppfa'oeJ@ (683) w,fr[me,fajr&Sd au'gESifhygwD0ifawGudk topfzGJ@pnf;cJhonfhtv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;u wm0ef,l=u&jcif; jzpfonf?tv,fydkif;AsL±dkacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uonfh &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;/ &JabmfwdkufatmifESifh&Jabmfjrrif;wdk@u wm0ef,l=urSmjzpfI yefqef;rS (108) ppfa'ookd@ xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;qif;vm=uygonf? acgif;aqmifyk*~ dKvfoHk;OD;onf 1980 ckESpf w0dkufrSmyJ (108)ppfa'o. aemifvHke,fokd@ a&muf&Sdvm=uygonf?

aemifvHke,f ta&S@jcrf;&Sd eef@vrf;jrpfab; awmwGif;wae&mrSm ,m,Dpcef;ðy+yD; aum'gwcsKd@ESifh tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfcJhonf? 'Dtpnf;a0;rSm 79 A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ygwD. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya' qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkyg &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;u aqG;aEG;ygonf? ‚tjyif tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJudkwyfr[m (683) e,fajrwckvHk;ESifh tiftm;wckvHk;udkyg yg0ifap+yD; (108) ppfa'ovnf;xnfhoGif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom A[dkXmecGJ zGJ@pnf;yHkudkvnf; wifjyygonf?

tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ (CENTRAL BUREAU)))))(1) &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;- ygwDaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh EdkifiHa&;rSL;?(2) &Jabmfwdkufatmif-ppfa&;wm0efcHwyfrSL;? 'k-ygwDaumfrwD twGif;

a&;rSL;?(3) &Jabmfjrrif;- 'k-EdkifiHa&;rSL;?(4) &Jabmfcif!dk- XmerSL; - EdkifiHa&;Xme?(5) &JabmfvDusKH;csef;- XmerSL; -ppfOD;pD;Xme?(6) axmufyHhb¾mXme XmerSL;- udk;uef@ w±kwfvlrsK d;/ rlv (683)

wyfr[mrSL;?(7) &JabmfvDppf±l -'k-XmerSL; EdkifiHa&;Xme?(8) &Jabmfayguf,dkcsef;- 'k-XmerSL; ppfOD;pD;Xme?(9) 'k-XmerSL;/ ppfOD;pD;Xme- udk;uef@ w±kwfvlrsKd; (,cif (683) wyfr[m



109

'k-wyfr[mrSL;) wdk@jzpf=uygonf?

xdktcsdefu tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecGJ vufatmufrSm vufeufudkifwyfrsm;tjzpfESifh rlv (683) wyfr[mvufatmufu wyf&if; (4) &if;/ ‚tjyif topfxyfrHzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh wyf&if;yg aygif;v#if (5) &if;cef@ jzpfonf?

topfzGJ@pnf;onfh wyf&if;rSm òr@e,f (3) ckrS òr@e,fwyfrsm;udk pkzGJ@xm;jcif;jzpfonff? ausmuf*lòr@e,fwyfudk cGJ (1) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemif0dk;òr@e,fwyfudk cGJ(2) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ [dkcJòr@e,fwyfudk cGJ (3) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wyf&if; (1) tjzpfzGJ@pnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? 'DzGJ@pnf;r_udk tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifhrlt& vufcHoabmwl cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? okd@&mwGif ‚wyf&if;opfonf vufawG@wGif yDyDjyifjyif taumiftxnf jzpfrvmcJhacs? aemif0dk;òr@e,ftaejzifh 'Dwyf&if; zGJ@pnf;r_udk olwm0ef,l&rnfhtydkif;wGif rwufrºu jzpfaeonf? aemif0dk;òr@ e,fwm0efcHonf ‘0’ vlrsKd; wOD;jzpfonf? olonf vDppf±l acgif;aqmif onfh (4045) wyf&if;rSm'k-cGJrSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhzl;ol wOD;jzpfonf? olonf wjcm;aom ‘0’ &Jabmfrsm;ESifhrwlbJ jynfolvlxktay:/ atmuf ajcwyfom;xktay:rSm EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyrlqufqHwwfol wOD;jzpfonf? ‚onf ae@nrjywf t&ufaomufpm; rl;±l;aewwfI pdwfrxif&if rxifovdk vufeuftm;udk;ESifh ðyrlwwfavonf?

Tae&mwGif ol@ta=umif; vufawG@ jzpf&yfav;wckudk tvsOf;oifhojzifhwifjyvdkygonf? &Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&;ygwD (Shan State Progress Party; SSPP)

e,fajrjzpfonfh erf@rvefa'orSm &Srf;vlrsKd;wkd@. ±dk;&mbmoma&;yGJawmfwck usif;ycJh=uonf? 'DyGJwGif oDaygòr@rS &Srf;t+idrf@wckudk iSm;&rf;um ujyazsmfajzcJhonf? ywf0ef;usif &Srf;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;u vma&muf=unfh±_=uonfhtwGuf tawmfpnfum;onf[kqdkonf? t+idrfhu (2) n ujy&onfjzpf&m aemufqHk;n ujyt+yD; rdk;vif;It+idrf hyG J±kyfodrf;&yfem;=uonf? ‚t+idrf hyG Judk Auy aemif0d k;òr@e,f wm0efcH‘0’trsKd;om;onfvnf; aemufyg oHk;av;OD;ESifhtwl oGm;a&muf=unfhonf[k =um;&onf?rdk;vif;I t+idrfhyGJodrf;onfwGif olu t&ufrl;rl;ESifh t+idrfhpifay:wuf+yD; qufu&rnf[k ajymonf? 'gudk teD;&Sd aumif;cH&GmrS ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf bkef;}uD;u tusKd;ta=umif;ESifh awmif;yefygonf? xkd aemif0kd;òr@e,frS wm0efcH 0trsKd;om;u xdkq&mawmfudk }udrf;armif;qJqdkum OD;acgif;udk usifi,fa&ESifh yef;onftxd ±dkif;jyapmfum;cJhonf? xdkudpPudk rauseyfonfhtwGuf &Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&;ygwD (SSPP) xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwOD;u Auy tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecGJwm0efcH &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;xH pma&;wdkif=um;onftxd jzpfcJhonf? 'Djy\emudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;zdk@ u|efawmhfudk &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;u wm0efay;onfhtwGuf wm0ef,lajz&Sif;cJ h&onf? aemufyd kif;rSm



110

tao;pdwf azmfjyygrnf?au'gtpnf;ta0;yGJ xdkifaepOfumvrSm jzpf&yfav;wckudk wifjycsifygao;

onf? aqG;aEG;yGJae&mESifh rvSrf;rurf; rdepf (30) cef@ tuGmrSm tpdk;&ppfwyfu wyfcGJ(2) cGJyg tiftm;ESifh ppfa=umif;wa=umif; a&muf&Sdaeonfqkdaom owif;ukd owif;=um;jzwf(Intercept) rS &&Sdvkdufonf[kqkdonf? &Jabmf wdkufatmif. ppfa&;t}uHay;&Jabmfu ppfoHk;ajryHkESifhtwl ajryHk!¸ef;ESifh wuG ol@xifjrift}uHay;csufukd pmyga&;+yD; &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;/ &Jbmf wdkufatmifwdk@ (2) OD;udk wifjyvmonf? Tppfa&;t}uHay; &Jabmf.wifjycsuft& acgif;aqmif (2) OD;rSm tpnf;ta0;yGJudk acwW&yfem;xm;um ppfoHk;ajryHkESifh tvkyf±_yfae=uonf? +yD;rS &Jabmfjrrif;/ vDusKH;csef;ESifhu|efawmfudkyg ac:onf?

&Jabmfwdkufatmifu owif;eJ@ owif;oHk;oyfcsufudk ajymjyum ae&ma&$@zdk@ajymvmygonf? 'DtcgrSm u|efawmfu 'Dowif;[m rjzpfEdkifyg? ppfa=umif; a&mufaeonfhae&monf ajryHk!¸ef;t&qdku opfawmrsm;r&Sdyg? teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;ut+rJwrf; oufi,f&dwfaewJh oref;awmyg? ppfa=umif;a&muf±dk;rSef&if &Gmom;rsm;ESifhawG@=urnf? awG@v#if teD;tem;&GmawGu owif;vmydk@Edkifonf[k wifjyvkdufygonf?

wyfu&Jabmf (2) OD;udk t&yf0wfjzifh &Gmokd@v$wf+yD; pHkprf;cdkif;rnf? 'D&JabmfESpfOD;jyefa&mufrS pcef;a&G@a&;udk pOf;pm;v#ifaumif;rnf[k ajymonfhtay:oabmwl=uonf? &Gmokd@v$wfvdkufonfh &JabmfESpfOD; r=umrD jyefa&mufvm=uygonf? olwdk@ESpfOD;u oufi,fawmae&m ppfa=umif; ra&mufyg? tckyJ oufi,f&dwf+yD;jyefvm=uonfh &Gmom;awGu ajymonf? wcsdK@qdk tJ'Dae&mrSmyJ usefae=uao;onf[k ajymygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;vnf; taerysuf tajcrysuf qufvufum aqG;aEG;yGJudk usif;yEdkifcJh=uonf? ppfa&;t}uHay; &Jabmf. oHk;oyfcsuft& ae&ma&$@ ajymif;&yguvESifhcsDum vkyfief;rsm;&yfem;ae&rSm jzpfonf? tpdk;&ppfwyfawGrSm a=u;pm;wyfrsm;yDyD ajryHk=unfh+yD; atmufu txufudkvdrf txufu atmufudknmæ txufESifhatmuf tjyeftvSef vdrfnmae=uonfh a=u;pm;wyfawGqdkwmudk Tjzpf&yfutxift&Sm; oufaojyaeygonf? u|efawmfwdk@tzdk@vnf; a0[ifrS &onfhowif;udkajrjyifESifhaygif;pyfrSom ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&onfhowif; jzpfEkdifonfqkdaom todw&m;udk&&Sdvdkufygonf?

aemif0dk;òr@e,frSL; ‘0’trsdK;om;ta=umif;udk qufvufazmfjy ygrnf? olonft&yftarmif; ykyswfyswf&Sd+yD; udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfrSm rSefwrf;[k qkdEkdifygonf? touft&G,frSm (30) 0ef;usif&Sdygrnff? olonf ‘0’ trsKd;om;wOD;jzpfayr,fh w±kwfbmompum;ESifh &Srf;bmompum;rsm;udk tawmftwef em;vnfajymqdkEd kifygonf?



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u|efawmfonf &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;. wm0efay;csuft& aumif;cH&Gm ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfESifhoGm;a&mufawG@qHkygonf? q&mawmfudk tjzpftysuftay:rSm tEl;tnGwf0efcsawmif;yef &Sdcdk;av#mufxm;cJhygonf? q&mawmfu “'um}uD;æ bkef;}uD;&J@b00Éfºu;a=umifh jzpfvm &wmygæudpPr&Sdygbl;”[k ajymygonf? u|efawmfuquf+yD;“q&mawmfbk&m;æwynfhawmfwdk@vla=umifh jzpf&wmyg? wynfhawmfwdk@vl[mvlenf;pktrsKd;om;wOD;jzpfovdk Ak'<bmomeJ@ywfoufvdk@vnf; aocsm*% em;vnfolr[kwfyg t&Sifbk&m;? 'D&Jabmfudk wynfhawmf wdk@tzGJ@rS xdkufoifhovdk ta&;,laqmif&Gufygr,fbk&m;? t&Sifbk&m;udk wynfhawmfwdk@tzGJ@tpnf;u aq;ukozdk@twGuf aiGoHk;axmif (3000) udk vSL'gef;ygw,f? cGifhðyawmfrlygbk&m;” [kqdkum vSLcJhygonf? q&mawmfu “auseyfygw,f”qdkojzifh 'Djy\emrSm tqifhwqifht&awmhajyvnfatmif aqmif&GufvkdufEkdifonf[k xifrdygonf?

‚ ‘0’trsKd;om; òr@e,frSL;onf 1983 ckESpfrSm ol. rdbrsm;&Sd&m oHvGifjrpfta&S@ yefqef;a'oudk cGifhjyefygonf? 'DcGifhudk u|efawmfuyJ tvG,fwulESifh cGifhðycJhwmjzpfonf? xdktcsdefumvu tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJrSm xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; r&Sd=uyg? yefqef;ygwDA[dk±Hk;okd@ a&muf&Sdae=ucsdef jzpfonf? tv,fydkif;A[dkXmwcGJwckvHk;udku|efawmfu wm0ef,lyg[k wm0efay;xm;onfhtwGuf wm0ef,lxm;&onfh umvjzpfonf? xdkumvu tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ vufatmufrSm&Sd=uonfh ygwDwGif;wyfwGif;tajctaerSm ajymr,HkEd kifatmifyif qdk;&Gm;aeygonf? wyfwGif;ygwD.tcef;u¾onf vHk;0eD;yg; tvkyfrvkyfEdkifyJ &Sdaeygonf? wyfwGif;rSmvnf; *dk%f;*%rsKd;pHkESifh rauseyfonfhvkyf[efaygif;pHku ae&mwdkif;rSm xif[yfjyoaeaom tajc



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awG wdrfðryf+yD; a'ocHjynfolawGtay:rSm xifovdk AdkvfustEdkifusifhonfh vkyf&yfawGu v$rf;rdk;vmaeonf? ppfbk&if0g'ESifh rif;rJh0g'wkd@ wòyifwnf; ay:aygufvmonf?ygwDu wyfudk trdef@ay;vdk@r&onfhtjyif wyfuom ygwDudktusyfudkif Adkvfusvmonf? wyf&if;wdkif; òr@e,fwdkif; raumif;aom tedÏm±HkawGjzpfonfh avmif;upm;yGJrsm;/t&ufaopm aomufpm;yGJrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& jynfolawGtay:rSm tEdkifusifh aps;ESdrfonfh ta&mif;t0,ftvkyfrsm; ay:vmygonf? wzufrSmvnf; tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;utqufrjywf ppfa&;xdk;ppf}uD;§i,f rsm;udk tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJe,fajrrSm ðyvkyfaeygonf?

u|efawmfonf txufrSm azmfjycJhaom tajctaersm;atmufwGif tv,fydkif; A[dkXmecGJ&Sd wyf&if; (4) &if;ESifh òr@e,f (4) ckudk wm0ef,lacgif;aqmifae&jcif; jzpfonf? u|efawmf.acgif;aqmifr_wm0efonf f0g;vHk;acgif;xJrSm qifacgif;0if&ovkdrsKd;jzpfaeonf[k qdk&ygrnf? 'D=um;xJrSm vlrd kufvl&rf;um; wyf&if;au'[email protected]_/ vlv$wfI vufeufESifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;yg ñuHawG@&ifqdkifcHcJh&ygao;onf?

u|efawmfudk,f u|efawmfvnf; 'Dumv 'DtajctaerSm ig[m tcsdefae&mra&G; acgif;jywfoGm;Ekdifonf[k wGufqxm;ygonf? tawG@tñuH&SdcJh ñuHcJhzl;onfhtwGufjzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ (108) ppfa'ob0u avhusifharG;jrL ysKd;axmifvmcJhaomrdkif;,Gif; rdkif;vefa'ou &Srf;vlrsKd;wyfcGJ au'gwOD;jzpfonfh &Jabmfaomfu tvkyf}uHcHcJh&ygonf? 'D&Jabmfonf ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwf+yD; vlxkESifh wom;xJusatmif aexdkifwwfol jzpfonf? olonf tvkyfwm0efukd }uKd;pm;vkyfudkifwwf+yD; a'ocHjynfolawGu av;pm;cspfcif=uonfh &JabmfwOD;vnf; jzpfonf? ‚udk rdkif;,Gif;acsmif;tul;wae&mrSm olESifhol@tul&Jabmfudkyg acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJh=uygonf? tvm;wl &Jabmf0gvdrfonfvnf; tpteray:bJ aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhygonf?TonfrSm 1983 ckESpfw0dkufu jzpfygonf? topfzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh wyf&if; (1) .wyf&if; au'g (2) OD;jzpfaom &Jabmfoef;0if;/ &JabmfxGef;vif;wdk@ (2) OD;onf tif;av;vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD; ‚wdk@ (2) OD;onfvnf; wdkufyGJrsm;twGif; usqHk;oGm;=uonf?olwdk@vnf; *dk%f;*%.v_dif;wHydk;awG=um;rSm v_dif;tykwfcHb0ESifh ñuHcJh=u&zl;onf?



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19851985198519851985

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&Jabmfcifarmif}uD;/ &Jabmfjrrif;wdk@u u|efawmfudkac:+yD; “1985 ckESpfxJrSmygwDA[dktaeeJ@ jynfvHk;qdkif&m ygwDuGef*&ufudk usif;yrSm jzpfw,f? 'DuGef*&ufudktv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJtaeeJ@ wyf&if;wyfzGJ@toD;oD;u uGef*&ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fum wuf=u&rSmjzpfw,f? yef;qef;/ em;avmheJ@ ‘0’ ajrmufa'owcsKd@rSmau'gwcsKd@eJ@ ygwD0ifwcsKd@a&muf&Sd ae=uw,f? wcsKd@u tvkyfwm0eft&jzpf+yD;wcsKd@u rdbeJ@ZeD;r,m; om;orD;rsm;xHudk cGifheJ@a&mufae=uwm jzpfw,f? tJ'D au'gygwD0ifawGudk pkpnf;um 1985 ckESpf usif;yðyvkyfr,fh wwd,t}udrfajrmufygwDuGef*&ufudk wuf=u&r,fh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf a&G;=u&r,f? 'DtwGuf tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfzdk@vdkw,f? tpnf;ta0;udk em;avmh&GmrSm vkyfoifhw,f? 'gudk &Jabmfjrrif;/ &Jabmfcif!dk/ vDppf±lwdk@u wm 0ef,laqmif&Gufyg”[k wm0efay;vmonf?u|efawmfonf ‚wm0efudk OD;jrrif;/ vDppf±lwdk@ESifhtwl aqmif&GufcJh&onf?

uGef*&ufwufrnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,f=u&mrSm Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD.zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHpnf;rsOf;yg tcef; (3) yk'fr (31) eJ@ (40) (41) rsm;t&vkyfaqmif=u&ygonf? tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ udk,fpm;ðy uGef*&uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf u|efawmf (cif!dk)/ vDppf±l/ ayguf,dkcsef;ESifh wyf&if;wyfzGJ@ toD;oD;rS au'gygwD0ifwcsKd@udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uygonf?

u|efawmf (cif!dk)udk tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJrS uGef*&ufwuf a&muf=urnfhudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@acgif;aqmiftjzpf a&G;ygonf? em;avmhtpnf;ta0;u ygwDuGef*&ufwufa&muf=urnfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,f&mrSm aemif0dk;òr@e,frSL; ‘0’trsKd;om;vnf; yg0ifvmygonf? 'gudk u|efawmfu [ef@wm;uef@uGufcJhonfhtwGufxkdaemif0kd;òr@e,frSL; 0trsKd;om;rSm uGef*&uf wufa&muf&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrSðywfoGm;ygonf? 'Dtcsdef'DumvawGu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.ygwDwGif; tajctaerSm u|efawmfu xkdòr@e,frSL; ‘0’trsKd;om;udk uGef*&ufudk,f pm;vS,ftjzpfuqef@usifuef@uGufonfh tvkyfrsKd;udk b,fau'g b,fygwD0ifrsKd;urS vkyf=urnfhtajctaer&Sdyg? 'grSr[kwf ,if;okd@ vkyfrnfholrsKd; enf;yg;&Sm;yg; ygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmfuawmh trSeftwdkif; vkyfwm jzpfonf? ab;tEW&m,f&Sdr&Sd tav;rxm; rpOf;pm;bJ



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TuGef*&ufwGif u|efawmfonf tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJu uGef*&ufudkwufa&muf=uonfh udk,fpm;vS,[email protected];aqmiftaeESifha&m udk,fpm;vS,f wOD;taeESifhyg wufcJh&onfhtwGuf wu,fhukd *k%f,l0rf;ajrmufrdcJhygonf? u|efawmftzkd@ yxrqHk;aom uGef*&uftawG@tñuHvnf; jzpfygonf? 'DuGef*&ufrSm A[dkaumfrwDu EdkifiHwumtajctaeESif h jynfwGif;tajctaersm;udk aygif;±H k;oHk;oyfumtpD&ifcHpmwapmif wifoGif;ygonf? uGef*&ufwufa&mufvm=uonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taejzifh 'DtpD&ifcHpmtay:rSm tcef;u¾tvdkuf rdrdwdk@. tpktzGJ@rsm;twGif;aqG;aEG;=u&ygonf? +yD;ygu oabmwlrwl uGJvGJcsuf &Sdr&SdESif/h &Sdygu b,ftcef;b,fu¾rSm &Sda=umif;udk tpnf;ta0;cef;rrSm tm;vHk; jyefvnfpkpnf;=uaomtcsdefwGif wifjy=u&ygonf? 'DtcgrSm wm0ef&Sdaom uGef*&ufobmywdtzGJ@0ifwOD;OD;u jyefvnf&Sif;vif; aqG;aEG;ygonf?

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u|efawmfu 'Dtjrifudk vufrcHa=umif;ESifh rsufarSmufawmfvSefa&; tajctaerSm 'Da&jrifhvnf;r[kwf/ 'Da&edrfhvnf; r[kwf/ 'D (2) ck=um;u tajctaersKd;qkdonfrSm vHk;0rSm;,Gif;onf/ wu,fhtajctaerSm 'Da&edrfhumv vHk;vHk;jzpfonf-qdkwmudk wkd&Sif;±dk;pif;pGm oabmw&m;tukd;tum;awG rygbJ jymqdkwifjycJhygonf?'DtcgrSm tpnf; ta0;cef;raqmif&Sd udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rodrom ESmacgif;±_ H@=uygonf? xdktjrif xdkt,ltqrSm wwd,t}udrfajrmuf jynfvHk;qdkif&m ygwDuGef



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TuGef*&ufu topfa&G;cs,frnfh A[dkaumfrwDpm&if;xJu u|efawmhftrnfudk qENrJjzifh z,f&Sm;cJhygonf? rqef;vSyg? uGef*&ufrSm udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taejzifh u|efawmf wufºupGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhygonf? ta=umif;wkdufqkdifojzifhTuGef*&ufumvtwGif; u|efawmfvkyfaqmifcJhaom omrefto;tr$m; tvkyfav;wckta=umif;udkyJ ajymqdkwifjyvdkygao;onf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. wwd,t}udrf jynfvHk;qdkif&m ygwDuGuf*&ufwGif y%mrtzGifh aw;oDcsif;pmom;wcsKd@udku|efawmf a&;cJhygonf? 'gudkuGef*&uft+yD; aemufqHk;&ufrSm uGef*&ufusif;ya&;aumfrwDu *k%fðycsifonfqkdI u|efawmfhtm; zdwfac:ygao;onf? u|efawmf rwufa&mufbJ aecJhygonf? ta=umif;uawmh u|ef awmfa&;cJhonfh oDcsif;pmom;awGudkzsuf+yD; uGef*&ufudk,fpm; vS,fwcsKd@u uGef*&ufusif;yaepOfrSmyif t&uf0dkif;rsm;rSmtckvdkqdkwmudk =um;&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

rlvaw;oDcsif;pmom;wcsKd@rSm “jynfvkH;ae&mtESH@u udk,fpm;vS,fawGpHknDwufa&muf=u v_dufvSJ0rf;om qD;óu*k%fðy&”[k yg&Sdonf? xdkpm;om;rsm;udkzsufum tckvdkqdk=uygonf? “jynfvHk;ae&mtESH@u udk,fpm;vS,fawG pHknDwufa&muf=u/ aomuf=u rl;=u tm;yg;w&” wJh? pHðy&rnfh uGef*&ufudk,fpm; vS,fawmf}uD;rsm;qdkwmudk Tjzpf&yfu odomapygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk; r[kwfyg?taumif;eJ@tqdk; ta=umif;eJ@tusKd;qdkwm obm0uspGm &Sdwwfp+rJyg? 'gudk uGef*&ufudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taeeJ@ u|efawmfhudk,fawG@jzpf&yfrSef waphwapmif;udka&;om;azmfjyvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

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T 1982 udk csefvSyfxm;cJhI rjzpfyg? TESpfonf u|efawmfb0twGufrSwfwdkif[k qdk&ygrnf? u|efawmhfta=umif;udk a&;v#if u|efawmf@ZeD;ta=umif;ygrSydkIpHkvifjynfhpHkygrnf? u|efawmfonf rdrd.ZeD; tay:wGif wm0ef0wW&m; taºu;



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xdk@ aemuftdrfaxmifonf ArmvlrsKd;jzpf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD anmifav;yifòr@e,frS òr@e,faumfrwD0ifwOD;[k qdkygonf? rdcifESifh zcif (yaxG;) wdk@u awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpf=uovkd uGefjrLepfygwD. tzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? ,if;a=umifh rrdk;onfvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;tjzpf uGefjrLepfygwD.atmifvHawmfatmuf a&muf&SdvmcJh&oljzpfonf? olronf yJcl;±dk;r&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkXmecsKyf.aq;XmewGif aq;vkyfom;wOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhygonf?

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a':=unf=unfonf rrdk;udk awmfvSefa&;rsKd;quftjzpf qufvufI ðypkysKd;axmifay;ygonf? Tonfudk rrdk;.rdcifu oabmrawG@vSyg? odk@aomf &yfaqG&yfrsKd;wOD;vdk cspfcifav;pm;aom a':=unf=unfjzpfI uef@uGuf[ef@xm;jcif;awmh rðyvkyfyg? rrdk;onf a':=unf=unf. pnf;±Hk;ynmay;r_t& vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGif;wzefjyefvnfyg0if&ef tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJokd@ 1980 ckESpfw0dkufrSm a&muf&Sdvmygonf?

TumvwGif u|efawmfonf tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ&Sd EdkifiHa&;XmerSm XmerSL;tjzpf wm0ef,laeygonf? xdk@tjyif ajratmufvkyfief;Xmeudkvnf; wGJbufwm0ef,lcJh&ygonf? ,if;a=umifh òr@ay:rSa&muf&Sd vm=uaom usm;§r &Jabmftm;vHk;rSmu|efawmfESifh wdkuf±dkufqufoG,f qufqH=u&ygonf? a':=unf=unfonf rrdk;udkyefqef;A[dkodk@ ydk@ay;&ef rSm=um;vmygonf? TrSm=um;csufudk yefqef;&Sd ygwDA[dkodk@u|efawmfonf a=u;eef;jzifh wqifhwifjy tpD&ifcHcJhygonf?

tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJrS yefqef;&S dygwDA[dk±H k;okd@ oGm;vm&onfhc&D;rSmvG,fulvSaom c&D;r[kwfyg? c&D;ua0;+yD; obm0twm;tqD;rsm;vnf; rsm;jym;ygonf? txl;ojzifh oHvGifjrpfonf }uD;pGmaom twm;tqD;wck jzpfaeygonf?xdk@tjyif tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;. ppfpcef;rsm;ESifh umuG,fa&;wyfrsm;.pcef;rsm;vnf;tESH@tjym;&Sdaeygonf? oHvGifjrpf . urf;wzufwcsuf&Sd vrf;tqif;twufrsm;ESifhawmawmifrsm;rSm axmifxm;aom ajrðryfAkH;rsm;uvnf; &maxmifru &Sdaeygonf?tpdk;&ppfwyfawGa&m awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@ toD;oD;wdk@uyg axmifxm;=uaom AkH;rsm;jzpfygonf?

tvkyfwm0efjzifh tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJrS yefqef;okd@ oGm;=u&aom wyfzGJ@rsm;rSm tenf;qHk; wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm; wyfpkwpkcef@yg&Sdzdk@ vdktyfygonf? odk@rSomvrf;wGifñuHawG@&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm ajz&Sif;Edkifygrnf? xdk@a=umifh rrdk;udkyefqef;A[dk±Hk; ydk@a&;rSm c&D;vrf;tqifajyonftxd apmifhqdkif;jyif&jcif; jzpfonf?



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Todk@apmifhae&aom tcsdefumvtwGif; rrdk;udk tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ EdkifiHa&;XmewGifoihfavsmfaom vkyfief;wm0efwck ay;xm;ygonf? xdkwm0efrSm a=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;Xme. 0Sufpmudkifaomwm0ef jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfonf tvkyfwm0efjzifh aemifvHke,fbufokd@ vHkðcHa&; tapmifhwyfpdwfESifhtwl c&D;xGuf&ygonf? Tc&D;rSm rrdk;vnf; yg0ifygonf? aemifvHka'ota&mufrSm awmwGif;wae&mudka&G;+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ pcef;cs&yfem;=uygonf? pcef;cs&yfem;aom ae&mw0dkufrSm aus;&GmwcsdK@ rvSrf;rurf;wGif &Sdaeygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf rnfonfhtcsdefumvrqdk a,bk,stm;jzifh &Gmrsm;rSm pcef;cs+yD; tdyfem;avhr&Sd=uyg? ta=umif;rSm ajymufusm;a'ojzpfI tcsdeftcgra&G; tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;&Gmrsm;udk a&muf&SdvmEdkifI jzpfonf? a&muf&Sdvmygu &GmtwGif; wdkufyGJjzpfv#if xdk&Gmonf rsm;pGmxdcdkufepfemwwfygonf?

u|efawmfESif htwl tapmihfygvmaomwyfpdwfrS wyfom;&Jabmfrsm;rSmteD;tem;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;okd@ c%wðzwf oGm;a&muf vnfywfvdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh‚wyfom;rsm;udk &GmrSmnrtdyfbJ vnfywf&ef cGifhay;&ygonf? pcef;rSm u|efawmfESifhrrdk;ESpfOD;omv#if pcef;apmifhtjzpfESifh usef&Sdum tm;vHk;tvnfoGm;=uygonf? rrdk;(c) rcdkifonf ‚.opfcufrsm;rdk;xm;aom wJuav;twGif;rSm vJavsmif;um pmzwfaeygonf?

u|efawmfonf xdkodk@aom tcGifhta&;rsKd;udk ar#mfvifhaeolwOD; [k qdkv#ifvnf; rSm;rnfrxifyg? u|efawmfESifhrcdkifwdk@onf wlnDaom EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk vrf;a=umif;wckxJrSmyif twlwuG av#mufvSrf;ae=uolrsm;jzpfonf?‚tjyif ESpfOD;pvHk;onf vGwfvyfuif;&Sif;=uolrsm;jzpfovdk taoG;tom;rsm;jzifhwnfaqmufxm;=uaom ykxkpOfvlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;vnf; jzpfonf? vlom;wdk@onfwOD;ESifh wOD; twlwuG eD;uyfpGmaexdkif=u&v#if oHa,mZOf óu;r#ifav;rsm;onfyifhultdrfozG,f qufoG,f&pfywf zGJ@aESmifwwf=uygonf? Tonf vlom;rsm;.obm0wˆ[k qdk&rnfxifygonf?

u|efawmfonf ±dk;om;pGm0efcH&v#if rcdkiftay:rSm wdwfwcdk; arwWm&Sdaerdygonf? Tonfudk rsKdodyfatmifhtnf; rxm;bJ zGifh[ajymqdk&ef óu;pm;&ygrnf?u|efawmfonf udk,fhudk,fudk &Jaq;wifum r0Hhr&Jaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh rckdif&SdaomopfcwfwJav;qDokd@ vSrf;csDcJ hygonf? rckdifonf u|efawmfvmaeonfudk jrifIvJavsmif;pmzwfae&mu xxdkifum vSrf;+yD; “EdkifiHa&;rSL; b,foGm;rSmvJ”[k ar;vmygonf? xdktcg u|efawmfonf “cifAsm;qDyJ vmwm”[kajymum opfcufwJav;twGif;0ifxdkifvdkufygonf? u|efawmfa&m rcd kifyg bmpum;rS rajymEd kif=ubJ acwWr#+idrfaeygonf? +yD;vsif u|efawmfonf rdrd. &nf&G,fcsufudk t aumiftxnfazmf&ef



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óu;pm;&ygawmhonf? odk@aomf ajymrnfhpum;rsm;rSm toHrxGufbJ vnfacsmif;xJrSmwpfqdk@aeygonf? renf;tm;wif; óu;pm;um ajymvdkufygonf? u|efawmfajymqdkaompum;vHk;rsm;rSm wHk;wdwJhwkd;EdkifvSygonf? “rcdkifudk u|efawmfcspfae+yD”wJh? Ttcgrcdkifonf acgif;udkiHk@um pum;csufjcif; jyefrajymEdkifbJ jzpfoGm;avonf? twef=umrSacgi f;i H k @&mu“a':a':u (a':=unf=unfud k qd kvd konf) awmfvSefa&;vkyfz d k @v$wfvkdufwm”[k ajymygonf? TtcgrSm u|efawmfonf xyfrHpOf;pm;um tajzay;yg&ef ajymqdkI TopfcufwJuav;twGif;rS xGufcGmum rdrdwJ&Sd&mudk aES;auG;aomajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh qkwfppfqifcJh&ygawmhonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tpkonf aemifvHke,frS tvkyfwm0efrsm; +yD;pD;I eef@vefe,fbufudk jyefvnfcsDwufcJh=uonf? eef@vefjrpfab;ta&mufrSm &efol@owif;wckt&yfom;xHrS od&I u|efawmfwdk@onf c&D;rqufbJ &yfvdkuf=uonf? xdkjrpfab;awmwGif;wae&mrSma&G;+yD; ,m,Dpcef;cs ntdyf=uygonf? &JabmfESpfa,mufudkt&yf0wft&yfpm;ESifh &GmwcsdK@udkv$wf+yD; owif;pHkprf;&ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@tpkonf nbufrSm uif;ESpfae&mcJGI apmifh&ef vdktyfygonf?vltiftm;rvHkavmufI u|efawmfa&m rcdkifyg uif;0ifI apmifh=u&ygonf? rcdkif.uif;tvSnfht+yD;rSm u|efawmfonf xdkae&mudk tpm;xdk; uif;0ifapmifh&ygonf?xdktcgrSm u|efawmfonf uif;wm0ef vJ&if; wzef rcdkifudktajzay;&ef awmif;cHygonf? u|efawmf. vkyf&yfonf vrf;ab;&Sd u|wfowW0grsm;vdk toH=um;&mrSef;+yD;tirf;r& vdkufwG,fwwfovdk jzpfaeavonf? rcdkifonf xdktcgrSm “u|efrpOf;pm;+yD;yg+yD? vdkcsifwJhtajz&ygvdrfhr,f? tckuif;apmifhaewJh ae&mrSm =um=um pum;ajymvkd@roifhyg”[kqdkum xGufcGmoGm;avonf?

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aemufwae@reuf xrif;pm;aomuf+yD;aemufwGif xl;jcm;aom owif;r&SdIXmecGJ±Hk;&Sd&mudk csDwufcJh=uygonf? u|efawmfonf ygvmaompD;jrif;udkrpD;bJ &Jabmfrsm;ESifhtwl ajcvsifav#mufygonf? u|efawmhf .v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf cgwdkif;ESifhrwloGufvufayghyg;aeygonf? Tonfudk u|efawmfESifhrcdkif ESpfOD;rSty rnfolr# &dyfpm;rd=urnf rxifyg? oGm;vm csDwuf&mvrf;rSmvnf; u|efawmfonf rcdkif=um;EdkifaomavoHESif h taemufeef;rawmf rjrav;. “cspfcsif;i,fòyif jrpfrif;yd kiftÀ0gujyefrombJ ,Gif;ap0okef aiGpef;aomfwm ,kefodk@ urBmukefus,foI i,fudk b,farhvdrfhvJ ”æ [lI oDqdkvdkufygao;onf?



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xdkodk@jzifh 1981 ckESpfodk@ ul;ajymif;cJhygonf? xdkESpfxJrSmyif u|efawmfESifhrcdkifwdk@onf ESpfOD;om;vufrSwfa&;xdk;um tdrfaxmifbufrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyay;yg&ef tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ. ' k§EdkifiHa&;rSL; &Jabmfjrrif;xH pma&;wifjycJhonf?TtcsdefrSm y§EdkifiHa&;rSL; &Jabmfcifarmif}uD;onf yefqef;A[kdokd@ a&muf&Sdaeygonf?wESpfusL;I 1982 ckESpf.ESpfopfokd@ ul;cJhavonf? xdkESpfopfrSm ESpfOD;om; pkvsm;&pfywf vufxyfzkd@ oabmwlum tzGJ@tpnf;xH pma&;wifjycJhygonf? txufau'g}uD;rsm;u &ufvudka&G;um vufxyfay;ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk@. vufxyfyGJrSm 1982 ckESpf. ESpfv,fw0dkuf jzpfygvdrfhrnf?&ufvrsm;udk rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ysufpD;oGm;I aumif;pGm rrSwfrdawmhyg? u|efawmfwkd@. vufxyfyGJrSm awmfvSefa&;[ef awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh wm0ef&Sdaom &Jabmfjrrif;.a&S@arSmufwGif vufxyf pm&Gufpmwrf;udk ESpfOD;om;udk,fpD vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uaomomref tcrf;tem;uav; wckr#om jzpfayonf? Ttcrf;tem;onf awmwGif;wae&m tv,fydkif;A[dkXmecGJ±Hk;rSm jzpfonf? wdwfqdwfat;aq;vSaom u|efawmfwdk@. vufxyfyGJonf tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm; v_yf&Sm;aeonfh=um;rSm usif;ycJh&jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? tvm;wl u|efawmfwdk@. r*FvmOD;nuvnf; wrlxl;onf[k qdk&rnfxifygonf? TnrSm topfusyfc|wf =uifpOD;armifESHwdk@onf wuGJwjym;pD tdyfpufcJh=u&avonf? tHk;puf&moÌmcef;tjzpf wlESpfudk,farS;puf&efae&m tcuftcJa=umifhjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. A[dkcGJ±Hk;qkdonfrSm t+rJwrf; v_yf&Sm;ajymif;a&$@ae&onfh±Hk;jzpfI a&muf&Sd&m ae&mrsm;rSm jzpfovdktdyf=u&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

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c&D;oGm;ae&if;uyif u|efawmfonf tazmf&Jabmftm; toHcsJ@ pufzGifhae



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aemufwae@ eHeufcif;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ESpfOD;om;onf xkd&GmrS xGufcGmvmcJh=ujyefonf? awmifwufc&D;vrf; jzpfaeaoma=umifh pdwfxifoavmuf c&D;ra&muf=uyg? oGm;vkduf/ em;vkduf/ a&aomufvkdufESifh c&D;raygufEkdifbJ jzpfaeygonf? Tokd@jzifhESpfOD;om;onf awmif wufc&D;ukd }uKd;pm;yrf;pm; ZGJebJESifh qufvufcsDwufcJh&m yJcl;±kd;rwkdif;XmecsKyf±kH;okd@ ae0ifzsKd;zs arSmif&dyfoef;ptcsdefrSmusrS a&muf&SdoGm;=uygawmhonf?

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