u05 biosphere ecosphere
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 5
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The biosphere and the ecosphere
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Components
The biosphereThe ecosphereEcosystemsTrophic levelsHabitatsEcological niche
Transmission of matter and energy
Cycle of matterFlow of energy
Adaptations of living beings
Adaptations to terrestrial ecosystemsAdaptations to aquatic ecosystems
Trophic dynamics
Food webFood chain
Relationships among organisms
Biotic relationsSelf-regulation of population
The biosphere and the ecosphere
Trophic pyramids
Trophic pyramids
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The biosphere The ecosphere Ecosystems Habitats
Ecological niche
Trophic levels
Cycle of matter
Flow of energyFood chain Trophic pyramidsFood web
Biotic relations Self-regulation of population
Adaptations to terrestrial ecosystems
Adaptations to aquatic ecosystems
Links
Food chains
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The biosphere
The biosphere is the life
zone of the Earth.
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The ecosphere
The large-scale ecosystems of the world
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Ecosystems
SEE BIOCENOSIS
SEE BIOTOPE
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Biocenosis
Ecosystems
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All the living beings which inhabit a natural area and the relationship between them: an ecological comunity.
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Ecosystems
Biotope
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The physical environment of the ecosystem and its characteristics.
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Trophic levels
Producers Consumers Decomposers
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
fungi
bacteria
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HabitatsA habitat is the physical place where a species lives.
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Ecological niche
herbivores
insectivores
They occupy different
ecological niches.
They share the same habitat.
They occupy different ecological niches.
This is the function a particular species has in an ecosystem.
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A food web
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Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Tertiary consumer
A food chain
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Trophic pyramids
Number pyramidnumber of individuals at each trophic level
unit of area or volume
producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
tertiary consumers
producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
Biomass pyramidamount of organic matter
unit of area or volume
Energy pyramid
energy stored at each trophic level at a certain time
producers
primary consumers
tertiary consumers
solar energyheat
heat
heatheat
secondary consumers
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Flow of energy
Producers Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Decomposers
solar energy
Released energy (heat)
A one-way flow of energy
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Cycle of matter
Producers Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Inorganic matter
Decomposers
A closed cycle of matter
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Biotic relations
Gregarious
Familial
Colonial
Social
INTRASPECIFIC RELATIONS
Mutualism
Commensalism
Depredation
Inquilinism
Parasitism
INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONS
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Self-regulation of population
SEE PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEM
Number of individuals
Carrying capacity (equilibrium population size) (K)
1
2
3
4
Time
Settlement period1
Exponential growth2
K limits growth and the population stabilises.3
Number of individuals fluctuates around K.4
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Self-regulation of population
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rabbit lynx
YEAR
Number of individuals
1845 1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
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Adaptations to terrestrial ecosystems
Abiotic factor
Adaptations of living things
humidity
light
temperature
large leaves
height
nocturnal activity
spines
stomata
scales
substances
exoskeleton
homeotherms
poikilotherms
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Adaptations to aquatic ecosystems
Abiotic factor
Adaptations of living things
light
water movement
pressure
bioluminescensepigments
shape
round shape
ways fish swim
fixed to surfaces
shelter
flat body shape hydrodynamic shape
swim bladder
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Links
Food chains revision, activity and quizhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks2bitesize/science/revision_bites/food_chains.shtml
Food chainshttp://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/fooodchains.htm
Energy flow quizhttp://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section2.1.htm
Food webs interactive activityhttp://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/kids_web.htm
Food chain reaction gamehttp://www.ecokidsonline.com/pub/eco_info/topics/frogs/chain_reaction/play_chainreaction.html
Food puzzle chainhttp://www.zephyrus.co.uk/foodpuzzlechain.html
Ecosystems and resourceshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/ecosystems/ecosystemsresourcesrev1.shtml
Fun with food webs interactive activityhttp://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/food/food_menu.html
Food chain: Play the Quizhttp://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0309/quickflicks/