uber (company) - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Uber,Inc.

Uber'slogo

Type Private

Industry Transport

Founded March2009

Founders TravisKalanick,GarrettCamp

Headquarters SanFrancisco,California,UnitedStates

Areaserved Worldwide

Keypeople TravisKalanick(CEO)

Services Taxi,vehiclesforhire

Slogan Wherelifestylemeetslogistics

Website www.uber.com(https://www.uber.com/)

Uber(company)FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

UberTechnologiesInc.isanAmericaninternationaltransportationnetworkcompanyheadquarteredinSanFrancisco,California.Thecompanydevelops,marketsandoperatestheUbermobileapp,whichallowsconsumerswithsmartphonestosubmitatriprequestwhichisthenroutedtoUberdriverswhousetheirowncars.[1][2]By28May,2015,theservicewasavailablein58countriesand300citiesworldwide.[3][4]SinceUber'slaunch,severalothercompanieshavecopieditsbusinessmodel,atrendthathascometobereferredtoas"Uberification".[5][6]

Uberwasfoundedas"UberCab"byTravisKalanickandGarrettCampin2009andtheappwasreleasedthefollowingJune.Beginningin2012,Uberexpandedinternationally.In2014,itexperimentedwithcarpoolingfeaturesandmadeotherupdates.Bymid2015,Uberwasestimatedtobeworth$50B.[7]ItisestimatedthatUberwillgenerate$10billioninrevenuebytheendof2015.[8]

ThelegalityofUberhasbeenchallengedbygovernmentsandtaxicompanies,whoallegethatitsuseofdriverswhoarenotlicensedtodrivetaxicabsisunsafeandillegal.

Contents

1Corporatehistory1.1Earlyhistory1.2Expansion1.3Additionalfunding1.4Recenthistory

2Uberappsoftwareandservices2.1Pricingandpayments2.2Surgepricing2.3Ratingscore2.4Reception2.5UberPopandUberPoolinParis2.6Developmenthistory2.7Productexpansion

3Marketing4Opposition

4.1Criticismandcontroversialissues4.1.1Lawsuitsbyprivateentities

4.1.1.1NationalFederationoftheBlindlawsuit4.1.2Protests4.1.3Sabotageagainstcompetitors

4.1.3.1OperationSLOG
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TravisKalanick,cofounderandCEOofUber,in2013

GarrettCamp,cofounderofUber,in2009

4.1.3.1OperationSLOG4.1.4Contractors,oremployees?4.1.5Threateningjournalists4.1.6Userprivacy4.1.7Safety

5Seealso6References7Externallinks

Corporatehistory

Earlyhistory

UberwasfoundedbyGarrettCamp,thefounderofStumbleUpon,andTravisKalanickin2009.[9][10]Thecompanyreceived$200,000inseedfundingthatsameyear.[11]In2010,Uberraised$1.25millioninadditionalfunding.[11]

Followingabetalaunchinthesummerof2010,Uber'sservicesandmobileappofficiallylaunchedinSanFranciscoin2011.[12][13]Initially,RyanGraveswasappointedasCEO,however,Kalanickreplacedhimintherolelaterthatyear.[12][14]

Gravessteppeddowntobecomethecompany'sCOO.[15]

Bytheendof2011,Uberhadraised$44.5millioninfunding.[16][17]Thatyear,thecompanychangeditsnamefromUberCabtoUber.[18]

Expansion

ThecompanyexpandedintoanewcityeachmonthstartinginMay2011,includingNewYorkCity,ChicagoandWashington,D.C.[16][17]TheUberapp'scoverageexpandedtoParisinDecember2011.[16]InMay2012,UberlaunchedabetatestinPhiladelphia,followedbyanofficiallaunchinthecitythatJune.[19]Uberexpandedrapidlyintooverseasmarketsin2012and2013.[20]

PariswasthefirstcityoutsideoftheU.S.whereUber'sservicebeganoperatinginDecember2011priortotheinternationalLeWebInternetconference.[21]In2012itlauncheditsservicesinToronto,Canada,[20]a90driverlaunchinLondon,[22]aSydney,AustralialaunchinNovember2012,[23]andasoftlaunchinSingaporeinJanuary2013.[24]SydneywasUber'sfirstlaunchintheAsiaPacificregion.[25]ConsumersinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,wereabletouseUberafteritwaslaunchedinSeptember2013.UberwasthenstartedinCapeTownonOctober10,2013,afterasixweek"testingphase".[26][27]
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InAugust,thecompanybeganofferingitsrideservicesinSeoul.[28]InJune2014,UberlauncheditsservicesinTijuana,Mexico.[29]

InJune2014,Uberannouncedthatithadraised$1.2billioninfunding,[30]anditpublicizedan$18.2billionvaluation.[31]Insummer2014,Uberannouncedithadraised$1.5billioninventurecapital.[32]

FollowingasoftlaunchoftheUberappintheSanlitunshoppingdistrictinMarch2014,anofficiallaunchwasheldinBeijing,China,inmidJuly2014.Thecompany'sserviceoperatesinChinasfourlargestcities.[33]InJuly2014UberannouncedanationwiderolloutofUberXinIndia.InadditiontoaBangalorepresence,Uber'sinauguralIndianlocationthatwaspublicizedinAugust2013,driversinDelhi,Hyderabad,Chennai,MumbaiandPunemadeUberXavailabletousersinthosecities[34]AlthoughtheMetropolitanGovernmentofSeoulstatedinmid2014thatitwouldseektobanUberfromoperatinginitsjurisdiction,whilealsodevelopingitsownUberlikeappforregisteredtaxistobelaunchedinDecember2014,[35]UberintroduceditsUberXserviceinthecityattheendofAugust2014.AccordingtotheWallStreetJournal,UberXusesa"forpayridesharescheme"and"tripscostlessthanthesamejourneyinanordinarytaxi".Atthetimeofthelaunch,anUberrepresentativebasedinSeoulsaidthatachargewillnotapplytoridesinSeouluntilfurthernotice.[36]

ThecompanylaunchedblackcarservicesinWarsaw,Poland[37]anduberXservicesinSeoul.[28]UberalsobeganitsservicesinAnchorage,AlaskainSeptember,2014.[38]

DriversinWarsawbeganusingtheUberapponAugust18,2014.[39]TheservicewaslaunchedinMontrealinOctober2014.[40]TheservicewasintroducedinDenmarkinNovember2014,butonlytheUberBlackwasavailableinthecapitalcityofCopenhagen,whileUberPOPwasscheduledtobeaddedatalaterstage.[41]OnNovember28,2014,Thailand'sDepartmentofLandTransportdeclaredUber'scontinuedoperationwithinThailandillegal.[42]

UberunveiledIcePrinceZamaniastheRiderZeroinLagos,NigeriainJuly2014,signifyingitslaunchinthelargestcityinAfricaandmostpopulouscountryinAfrica.[43]

UberlauncheditsserviceinNairobi,Kenya,onJanuary21,2015.NairobiwasUber'sfirstcityinKenyaandintheEastAfricanregion.[44]OnthesamedayastheNairobilaunch,UberraisedUS$1.6billioninconvertibledebtfromwealthmanagementclientsofGoldmanSachsGroupInc.[45]

Additionalfunding

OnDecember12,2014,TechCrunchreportedthattheChinesesearchengineBaidu,themainland'slargest,isexpectedtomakeasignificantinvestmentinUber.[46]Thedeal,thedetailsofwhichwerenotsharedwiththemedia,wasconfirmedonDecember17,2014,followingaBeijingmeetinginvolvingKalanickandBaiduchiefexecutiveandchairmanRobinLee,whomadeacommitmenttoconnectthesearchengine'smapandmobilesearchfeatureswithUbersapp.Atthetimeofthearrangement,UberexistedineightChinesemainlandcities.Kalanicktoldthemediaafterwardofanabsenceof"pressingregulatoryissues"forUberinChina.[47]InMay2015,Uberrevealedplanstoraisebetween$1.5billionand$2billioninnewfunding,raisingthevalueofthecompanyto$50billionorhigher.[48]
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AnUberrideinBogot,Colombia.VisibleonthedashboardisaphonerunningtheUberapp.

GoogleVenturesinvested$258millionin2013.[49]TheChinesesearchengineBaidumadeaninvestmentinUberinDecember2014inadealthatalsoinvolvedconnectingUberwithBaidu'smappingapps.[46][50]

Recenthistory

AsUbergrewinternationally,italsobegantoexperiencedisputeswithgovernmentsandtaxicompaniesinthoseregions.InApril2014,UberwasbannedbythegovernmentinBerlin,althoughthecompanyremainsactiveinotherGermancities.ThebanisstillbeingdiscussedasofDecember2014.[51]TaxidriversinLondon,Berlin,ParisandMadridstagedalargescaleprotestagainstUberonJune11,2014.[52]

AlsoinFebruary2015,UberannouncedacollaborationwithCarnegieMellontofoundtheUberAdvancedTechnologyCenter,anewfacilityinPittsburghmeanttosupportresearchinthedevelopmentofselfdrivingvehicles.[53]Additionally,UberexpandeditsUberPOOLservicestoLosAngelesandNewYorkCity,[54]expandingfurtherinMarch,toofferUberPOOLinAustin,Texas,inanticipationoftheSouthbySouthwestfestival.[55]InApril2015,UberrenameditsUberFRESHprogramasUberEATS[56]andexpandedtheservicetoincludeBarcelona,LosAngeles,ChicagoandNewYorkCity.[57][58]

Thefollowingmonth,UberlauncheditsUberMilitaryFamiliesCoalition,anewprojecttosupportitsexistingUberMilitaryinitiative.[59]TheprojectseekstopartnerUberwithexistingmilitaryfamilyorganizationsandhiremoremilitarydependents,inadditiontoveterans,asdrivers.[59]AlsoinMay2015,Uberupdateditsapptoincludeaccommodationsfordriverswhoaredeaforhardofhearing.[60]

Uberappsoftwareandservices

TheUberappsoftwarerequiresasmartphone.

Pricingandpayments

Uber'spricingissimilartothatofmeteredtaxis,althoughallhiringandpaymentishandledexclusivelythroughUberandnotwiththedriverpersonally.Insomecities,iftheUbercaristravellingataspeedgreaterthan11mph(18km/h),thepriceiscalculatedonadistancebasis,otherwise,thepriceiscalculatedonatimebasis.[61]Attheendofaride,thecompletefareisautomaticallybilledtothecustomer'screditcard.[62]Uberhassaiditspricesarethepremiumthatthecustomerspayforacabservicethatisnotonlyreliable,butalsopunctualandcomfortable.[63][64][65]

On12May2015,UberstartedtestingcashpaymentsinIndia.ThepilotprojectwasstartedintheIndiancityHyderabad.[66]

Surgepricing
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Uberusesanautomatedalgorithmtoincreasepricesto"surge"pricelevels,respondingrapidlytochangesofsupplyanddemandinthemarket,andtoattractmoredriversduringtimesofincreasedriderdemand,butalsotoreducedemand.[67][68]CustomersreceivenoticewhenmakinganUberreservationthatpriceshaveincreased.[67]ThecompanyappliedforaU.S.patentonsurgepricingin2013.[69][70]

Thepracticehasoftencausedpassengerstobecomeupsetandinvitedcriticismwhenithashappenedasaresultofholidays,inclementweather,ornaturaldisasters.[71]DuringNewYear'sEve2011,priceswereashighasseventimesnormalrates,causingoutrage.[72]Duringthe2014Sydneyhostagecrisis,Uberimplementedsurgepricing,resultinginfaresofuptofourtimesnormalchargeswhileitdefendedthesurgepricingatfirst,itlaterapologizedandrefundedthesurcharges.[73]UberCEOTravisKalanickhasrespondedtocriticismbysaying:"...becausethisissonew,it'sgoingtotakesometimeforfolkstoacceptit.There's70yearsofconditioningaroundthefixedpriceoftaxis."[72][74]

Ratingscore

Usersoftheappmayratedriversinturn,driversmayrateusers.Alowratingmightdiminishtheavailabilityandconvenienceoftheservicetotheuser.[75]

Reception

UberfacescompetitionfromlowercostrealtimeridesharingstartupssuchasLyft,Sidecar,OlaCabsandHaxi.Tocompeteatlowerpricelevels,UberintroducedUberGoonNov19,2014,[76]UberTaxi(partnershipswithlocaltaxicommissions)andUberX(nonluxurycarssuchasToyotaPriushybrids).[77]ThismoveledtodissatisfactionamongexistingUberlimodriverswhosawtheirearningsdecrease.[78]

In2011MarcAndreessenexpressedinterestininvestinginUber.HetoldCNET,"Uberissoftwareeatstaxis.[...]It'sakillerexperience.Youwatchthecaronthemaponyourphoneasitmakesitswaytoyou."[79]Thesameyear,theNewYorkTimescalledUber"cleverbutcostly",notingthecarsare"particularlynicebyliverystandards"andpickuptimeswereslowcomparedwithtraditionalNewYorkCitytaxisandblackcars.[63]

In2013USATodaynamedUberitstechcompanyoftheyear.[80]

However,ithasalsogottennegativereception.InOctober2014,Uberreceivedan"F"ratingfromtheBetterBusinessBureau(BBB),whichcitedcomplaintsoverunexpectedlyhighcharges.[81][82]

UberPopandUberPoolinParis

Inthefirsthalfof2014,theUberPopversionoftheappwaslaunchedinParis,France,wherebyusersarelinkedtodriverswithoutprofessionaltaxiorchauffeurlicenses,whileUbercoverssupplementalinsurance.UberPopwasexpandedtootherEuropeancitiesoverthecourseoftheyear.[83]

TheUberPoolservicewasthenintroducedtotheParisianmarketinNovember2014,amonthafteraFrenchcourthaddeemedthecompany'sUberPopservicetobeillegal.UberclaimedthatUberPoolwasthenextiterationoftheUberPopconcept.Uber'sWesternEuropechieftoldreportersatthetimethatitwas"veryconfident"aboutoverturningthecourtdecision.[83]AtthestartofFebruary2015,the
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UberPoolservicewasstilloperationalinParis,France,despitetheregulatoryoppositioninthatcountry.[84]OnJuly5,2015,UbersuspendedUberpopinthefaceofpressurebytheFrenchgovernmentwhileawaitingaconstitutionalcourtdecisiononthelegalityofUber'sservice.[85]

Developmenthistory

DuringtheinitialdevelopmentoftheUberapp,thecompanycreatedathinktankconsistingofanuclearphysicist,acomputationalneurosurgeon,andamachineryexpertwhoworkedonpredictingdemandforprivatehirecardriversandwheredemandishighest.[9][86]Laterin2012,UberlauncheditsUberGarageinitiativeinChicago.TheexperimentalprogramallowedUbertopartnerwithlocaltaxicabdrivers,alertingthemwhenanappuserrequestedaride.[18][87]ThecompanyalsointroduceduberXin2012,aserviceoptionwhichallowslocaldriverstorespondtonotificationsontheUberappbydrivingcustomersintheirownnonluxurycars.[88]During2013,UberoffereditsfirstnoncaroptionwhenitlaunchedUBERChopperridesfromNewYorkCitytotheHamptonsfor$3000each.[89]

InAugust2014,UberlaunchedUberPOOL,acarpoolingservice,inSanFranciscoandUberFRESH,alunchdeliveryservice,inSantaMonica.[90][91]

UberCEOTravisKalanickhasspokenabouthisdesiretoeventuallymovetousingselfdrivingcarsforUbervehicles.[92]ByMay2015thecompanyhadhiredalargenumberofCMUresearchersfromthevehicleautonomydepartment,toworkatUber'sAdvancedTechnologiesCenterinPittsburgh.[93]

Productexpansion

In2014,thecompanyexperimentedwithonlinefoodorders,pilottestinguberFRESHinSantaMonica,California.[94]InApril2014,UberannouncedacourierpackagedeliveryservicecalledUberRush,withpickupfromanywhereinManhattan.[95]WhileRushonlyoffersdelivery,[96]theUberEssentialsorCornerStoreservice,startingtestinginWashingtonD.C.inAugust2014,allowsonlineorderingfromalistofabout100items.[97][98]InApril2012,UberlaunchedtheUberGarageinitiative,aprojecttoexperimentwithotherideasforurbantransportationservices.ThefirstprojectfromUberGaragewastogiveUberuserstheoptiontohirearegulartaxidriver,oracrowdsourcedUberdriver.[99]

ThestartupannouncedanewcarpoolingservicecalledUberPoolatthestartofAugust2014,afterabetatestingphaseintheSanFranciscoBayArea.UberPoolmatchesriderswithanotherriderwhoistravelinginthesamedirectiontheappwillsharethefirstnameoftheotherriderandwhoisgettingpickedupfirst.Ifamatchcannotbefound,ridersareofferedadiscountonaregularUbertrip.[100][101]InDecember2014,UberexpandedtheUberPoolconcepttoNewYorkCity.TheUberblogannouncementofferedridersthepossibilityofreducingtheirjourneycostsby20to50percent,explaining:"Onanygivenday,thevastmajorityofUberXtripsinNYChavea'lookalike'tripatripthatstartsnear,endsnear,andishappeningaroundthesametimeasanothertrip".[102]

InJune2015,inIstanbul,UberlaunchedawatertaxiservicecalledUberBOAT,allowinguserstotravelbyBeneteauboatsacrossthecityscentralBosporusstrait.[103]

Marketing
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DeLorean"timemachine"providedbyUber

InJuly2012,inhonorofNationalIceCreamMonth,Uberlaunchedan"UberIceCream"programintheU.S.sothatusersinsevencitiescouldsummonanicecreamtruckforondemanddelivery,whilepurchaseswerebilledtousers'accounts.[104]

InJuly2014,UberpartneredwithBladetooffer"UberCHOPPER"helicopterridesfromNewYorkCitytotheHamptonsforUS$3,000,[105][106]includingavailabilityduringtheJuly4holidayweekend.[107]

Shorttermpromotionsinthesecondhalfof2013included:theSeptemberhireoficecreamtruckstodelivericecream[108]ridesintheDeLoreanDMC12carfromtheBacktotheFuturefilmfranchise,thatwerealsolaunchedinSeptember[109]anOctoberNationalCatDaypromotionforwhichUberdriversdeliveredkittens[110]andaChristmastreedeliveryservice.[111]

InMarch2015,UberofferedluxurycarrentalserviceincollaborationwithDreamDriveinSingaporeuntil20May2015.[112]

OnSeptember4,2013,Uberannounceditsfirstsportsdeal.ThecompanyheldapromotionwiththeNFLPlayersAssociationtopromotesaferidesforNFLplayers.[113]

InJanuary2015,UberannouncedamarketingprogramKalanickcalled"principledconfrontation"thatincludedreachingcompromiseswithlocalmunicipalitiestocompromiseonnewtaxregulations.Sinceimplementingthisprogram,Uberhasseen17newcitiespassproUberordinances.[114]UberhadworkedoutanarrangementwiththecityofBostontosharequarterlydataontheduration,locations,andtimesofdayinwhichridersusedtheapptotravelinoroutofthecity.ThisinformationwasfirstdeliveredtothecityinFebruary2015,andthereportkeptallindividualuserdataprivate.[115]

OnMarch10,2015TravisKalanick,UbersfounderandchiefexecutiveannouncedapartnershipbetweenUberandtheUNWomen.TheyhadintendedtoinvestinlocalcommunitieswheretheUNWomensgroupwaslocatedhopingtocreate1,000,000jobsforwomengloballyby2020.However,afterpressurefromtradeunionsandwomen'srightsorganizations,UNWomendeclinedtoparticipate,citingUber'slegalstatus,safety,andprivacyconcerns.[116]

Opposition

Uberisthesubjectofongoingprotestsandlegalactionfromtaxidrivers,taxicompanies,andgovernmentsaroundtheworldwhoaretryingtostopUberfromoperatingintheirareas.ThesegroupssaythatUberpresentsunfaircompetitiontotaxisbecausethecompanydoesnotpaytaxesorlicensingfeesthatitendangerspassengersthatdriversareuntrained,unlicensedanduninsuredingeneral,thatthecompanybreaksthelaw.

Uber,whichisledbyDavidPlouffe,anexperiencedpoliticaloperative,expandsitsoperationsthoughcommencingoperation,thenengaginginapoliticalcampaignwhichmobilizespublicsupportfortheservice.If,asisusuallythecase,itsmodeofdoingbusinessdoesnotconformtolocalregulationsandlaws,Uber,supportedbyanumerouslobbyists,mountsacampaigntotrytochangethesituation.[117]
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Asofmid2015,protestshadbeenstagedinGermany,India,Spain,France,Italy,ChinaandEngland,amongothernations,anddangerousincidentsinvolvingpassengershavebeendocumented.[118][119]UberexecutiveswerearrestedinFranceinJune2015.InDecember2014,UberwasbannedinSpainandintwocitiesinIndia.Ubercontinuestobeinvolvedindisputeswithseveralgovernmentalbodies,includinglocalgovernmentsintheU.S.andAustralia.

GovernmentshavebeenlargelyunabletostopUber'soperationsintheirjurisdictionsbecauseitsoperationsareconductedprimarilyovertheInternet.Inaddition,Uberissaidtouseextremelyaggressivetacticssuchasbullyingandhiringinvestigatorsto"digupdirt"onjournalistswhocriticizethem.[120]Portland,Oregon'stransportationcommissionercalledUbermanagement"abunchofthugs".[121]AcommissionerinVirginiawhoopposedUberwasfloodedwithemailsandcallsafterUberdistributedhispersonalcontactinformationtoallofitsusersinthestate.[122]

Criticismandcontroversialissues

Lawsuitsbyprivateentities

InDecember2013,anUberdriverranoverandkilledasixyearoldgirlinSanFrancisco,severelyinjuringhermotherandbrotherinthesameincident.Thedriverwasnotcarryingapassenger,butthegirl'sfamilyfiledawrongfuldeathclaimagainstUber,claimingthedriverwasusingUber'smobileapplicationatthetime.[123][124][125]

InSeptember2014,aclassactionwasfiledbyAtlanta,GeorgiataxicabdriversandCPNCholdersastheplaintiffclass,againstUberTechnologies,Inc.,itssubsidiaryRaiserLLC(whichoperatesUberX),andinararemove,allofbothcompanies'driversasadefendantclassintheSuperiorCourtofFultonCounty,Georgia,forrestitutionofallmeteredfarescollectedviatheUberandUberXappsfortripsoriginatingwithintheAtlantacitylimits.[126]

InDecember2014,CheckerCabPhiladelphiaand44othertaxicompaniesinPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniafiledalawsuitintheFederalCourtoftheEasternDistrictofPennsylvania,allegingthatUberwasoperatingillegallyinthecity.[127]

In2015,aDelhiwomanwhoclaimstohavebeenrapedbyUberdriverShivKumarYadavinhercityissuingthecompanyfornegligenceinUScourts.[128]

InMay2015,theMilanCourtbannedUberpopalleging"unfaircompetition"andviolationofthelocaljurisdictionregulatingtaxiservices.ThelawsuitwasoriginallyinitiatedbytheItaliantaxidriversunion.[129]

InJuly2015,a$400MclassactionlawsuitwasfiledagainstUberXandUberXLinToronto,CanadaonbehalfofOntariotaxiandlimodrivers,brokersandowners.ThestatementofclaimallegedthatUberXandUberXLviolatedsection39.1oftheprovincesHighwayTrafficActbyhavingunlicenseddriverspickinguppassengersandtransportingthemforcompensation.[130]

NationalFederationoftheBlindlawsuit

AlawsuitwasfiledintheU.S.stateofCaliforniaonSeptember9,2014bythestatechapteroftheNationalFederationoftheBlind,inresponsetothereporteddenialofservicesto"morethan30"blindcustomersthelawsuitclaimedthattheconductwasinviolationoftheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct
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AprotestagainstUberinPortland,OregoninJanuary2015

of1990andCaliforniastatelaw.TheWashingtonPostpublishedadirectquotefromthecomplaint,inwhichtheFederationclaimsthatitsconstituency"facethedegradingexperienceofbeingdeniedabasicservicethatisavailabletoallotherpayingcustomers."TwocasesweredescribedinthePostarticle:First,aCaliforniaUberXdriverallegedlystoredaservicedoginthetrunkofhisvehicleandrefusedtoacknowledgetheblindpassenger'sconcernuponthelatter'srealizationofwhathadoccurredsecond,adriverallegedlycursedatablindpassengerduringaverbalexchange,inwhichthelatterwasexplainingthenatureoftheguidedog.Accordingtothecomplaint,thedriversuddenlyaccelerated,andnearlyinjuredthedog,whilealsostrikingthepassengersblindfriendwithanopencardoor.[131]

Uberrespondedtoanumberofblindpassengerswhoreportedtheirexperiences,statingthatsinceUberdriverswereindependentcontractors,thecompanywasunabletooverseetheirconduct.TheFederationrepliedinapublicstatementthatUbercloselymonitoreditsdrivers'workpracticesthroughtheUberapp,thatUberadvisedblindpassengerstonotifydriversabouttheirguideanimalsinadvance,andthattheFederationwasproceedingwiththefilingofthelawsuitafterUberrefusedtoenterintoanegotiationwiththemtoresolvetheissue.[131]

Protests

OnJanuary13,2014,cabdriversinParisattackedanUberdriver'scarnearCharlesdeGaulleAirport,protestingcompetitionfromthetransportationstartup.[132]OnJune11,2014,inaconcertedaction,taxisblockedroadsinmajorEuropeancitiesinprotestagainstwhattheyperceiveasathreattotheirlivelihoodsfromcompaniessuchasUber.ThecabbiescontendedthatUberandsimilarsmartphoneappbasedserviceshaveanunfairadvantagebecausetheyarenotsubjecttothesamekindsoffeesandregulationsplacedontaxis.[133][134]

OnJune25,2015,cabdriversinParis"lockeddown"ParisinanantiUberprotest.[135]MusicianCourtneyLovegotcaughtintheprotestandlivetweetedasherUbercabwasviolentlyattackedandsheandherdriverwereheldhostage.[136]

OnJuly24,2015athousandtaxidriversinRiodeJaneiroblockedtrafficduringthemorningrushhourprotestingUber'sexpansionthere.(LawmakershavevotedtobanUberinSoPauloandBrasilia.).[137]

Sabotageagainstcompetitors

UberissuedanapologyonJanuary24,2014,afterdocumentswereleakedtotheValleywagandTechCrunchpublicationssayingthat,earlierinthemonth,UberemployeesinNewYorkCitydeliberatelyorderedridesfromGett,anewlyestablishedcompetitor,onlytocancelthemlater.Thepurposeofthefakeorderswastwofold:wastingdrivers'timetoobstructlegitimatecustomersfromsecuringacar,andofferingdriversincentivesincludingcashtojoinUber.[138]Uberapologizedinastatementonitswebsite.[139]

InAugust2014,Lyft,anotherridesharingservice,reportedtoCNNMoneythat177Uberemployeeshadorderedandcancelledapproximately5,560ridessinceOctober2013,andthatithadfoundlinkstoUberrecruitersbycrossreferencingthephonenumbersinvolved.TheCNNMoneyreportidentifiedoneLyftpassengerwhocanceled300ridesfromMay26toJune10,2014,andwhowasidentifiedasanUberrecruiterbysevendifferentLyftdrivers.Onthisoccasion,Uberdidnotissueanapology,butsuggested
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uber_Protest_Portland_(15655460313).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Posthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_doghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Lovehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleywaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney



inastatementonitswebsitethattherecruitmentattemptswerepossiblyindependentpartiestryingtomakemoney.[140][141]ALyftspokespersonstatedtoCNNMoney:"It'sunfortunateforaffectedcommunitymembersthattheyhaveusedthesetactics,asitwastesadriver'stimeandimpactsthenextpassengerwaitingforthatdriver."[140]

Followingaseriesof2014mediaarticles,inwhichseveralallegationssurfacedthatUberemployedaggressivebusinesspractices,thenewswebsiteSalonpublicationpublishedanarticleonAugust31,2014bystaffwriterAndrewLeonard,titled"WhyUbermustbestopped."LeonarddescribedUberas"theclosestthingwevegottodaytotheliving,breathingessenceofunrestrainedcapitalism,"andwarnedoftheharmsthatwilloccurifthecompanyachievesa"dominantmarketpositionineverymajorcityontheglobe."[142]

OperationSLOG

InAugust2014,theonlinepublicationTheVergereportedthatasecretUberproject,called"OperationSLOG"whichrecruitsmemberswiththeassistanceofTargetCW,aSanDiego,Californiabasedemploymentagencyappearedtobeanextensionofthecompany'sactivitiesinrelationtoLyft.Asreported,onJuly9,2014followingLyft'sexpansionintoNewYorkCity,Ubersentanemailofferingwhatitcalleda"hugecommissionopportunity"toseveralcontractorsbasedonthe"personalhustle"oftheparticipants.[143]ThosewhorespondedmetwithUbermarketingmanagerswhoattempted,accordingtooneofthecontractors,tocreatea"streetteam"togatherintelligenceaboutLyftslaunchplansandrecruittheirdriverstoUber.RecruitsweregiventwoUberbrandediPhones(oneabackup,incasethepersonwasidentifiedbyLyft)andaseriesofvalidcreditcardnumberstocreatedummyLyftaccounts.[143]Afterbeingcontactedforcomment,TargetCWwarneditscontractorsagainsttalkingtothemedia,statingthatitrepresentedaviolationofanondisclosureagreementtheysigned.[143]

Contractors,oremployees?

Ubercontractswiththeirdriverpartnersunderlegalarrangementsascontractors,andnotemployees.Sincetaxation,workhours,overtimebenefits,andsoforthmaybetreateddifferentlybyvariouspoliticaljurisdictionsglobally,thisdesignationhasbeencontroversial.[144]

IntheUnitedStates,theFederalgovernmentlaboragencyissuedguidelinesinJuly2015todealwith,whatitconsiders,"misclassification"ofworkers.Itarguesthatany"workerwhois'economicallydependent'ontheemployershouldbetreatedasanemployee.Bycontrast,aworkermustbeinbusinessforhimselforherselftobeanindependentcontractor."[145]Theguidelineisnonbinding,butisexpectedtohavesomeinfluenceinvariouscourtcaseswhichmayestablishnewcommonlawaroundtheissue.[145][146]

Threateningjournalists

AtaprivatedinnerinNovember2014,EmilMichael,seniorvicepresidentofUber,suggestedthatUberhireateamofoppositionresearchersandjournalists,withamilliondollarbudget,todigintothepersonallivesandbackgroundsofmediafigureswhoreportednegativelyaboutUber.Specifically,hetargetedSarahLacy,editorofthetechnologywebsitePandoDaily,whohasaccusedUberofsexismandmisogyny.[147]ThecontroversymadenationalnewsandstirredcriticismagainstUber."Thecomments,reportedlymadebyseniorvicepresidentforbusinessEmilMichaelataNewYorkdinnerattendedby
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leonardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vergehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_contractorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_hourshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Laborhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Michaelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PandoDaily



BuzzFeededitorinchiefBenSmith,"wroteaWashingtonPostcolumnist,"ignitedapowderkegofcriticismaboutacompanyalreadyperceivedascutthroatlandingUberonthefrontpagesofTheWashingtonPost,USATodayandtheNewYorkTimes."[148]

Michaelissuedapublicapology.[149]Later,hesentanemailtoLacy:"Iwasataneventandwasventing,butwhatIsaidwasneverintendedtodescribeactionsthatwouldeverbeundertakenbymeormycompanytowardyouoranyoneelse.IwasdefinitivelywrongandIfeelterribleaboutanydistressIhavecausedyou."[150]

SpeakingwiththeAustralianmediapublicationTheConversationonNovember20,2014,EuropeanPRagencyFINNpartnerRafWeverberghsaidthatUberdoesnotrealizeexactlyhowupsetjournalistsareinthewakeoftheMichaelincident.Onthesamedate,thepublicationreportedthatmorejournalistsdeletedtheirUberapps.Uber'sBrisbanespokespersonstatedthatjournalistswillnotbeinvestigatedbythecompanyintheAustralianstateofQueensland,inlightofthelegislativedifficultiesthatwereoccurringatthetime.[151]

Userprivacy

Kalanickreceivedaletter,datedNovember19,2014,fromSenatorAlFranken,ChairmanoftheUnitedStatesSenateJudiciarySubcommitteeonPrivacy,TechnologyandtheLaw,overuserprivacy.Inadditiontoalistof10questions,Frankenstatedthatthecompanyhada"troublingdisregardforcustomerprivacy"andthathewas"especiallytroubledbecausethereappearstobeevidenceofpracticesinconsistentwiththepolicy[Uberspokesperson]Ms.Hourajianarticulated"andthat"itappearsthatonprioroccasionsyourcompany[Uber]hascondoneduseofcustomersdataforquestionablepurposes."FrankenconcludedhisletterbyaskingforaresponsebyDecember15,2014.[152]

Concernshavebeenraisedaboutinternalmisuseofthecompany'sdata,inparticulartheabilityofUberstafftotrackthemovementsofitscustomers,knownas"GodMode".Inadditiontotheaforementioneduseoftheservicetotrackjournalistsandpoliticians,aventurecapitalistdisclosedin2011thatUberstaffwereusingthefunctionrecreationallyandviewedbeingtrackedbyUberasapositivereflectiononthesubject'scharacter.[153]AnindividualwhohadinterviewedforajobatUbersaidthathewasgivenunrestrictedaccesstoUber'scustomertrackingfunctionaspartoftheinterviewprocess,andthatheretainedthataccessforseveralhoursaftertheinterviewended.[154]

OnFebruary27,2015,Uberadmittedthatithadsufferedadatabreachmorethanninemonthsbefore.Drivernamesandlicenseplateinformationonapproximately50,000driverswereinadvertentlydisclosed.[155]UberdiscoveredthisleakinSeptember2014butwaitedmorethanfivemonthstonotifythepeopleaffected.[156]

Safety

OnAugust4,2014,thecompanyannouncedthescheduledremovalofadriverfromtheservicependingamedicalreview,afterthedriversufferedanepilepticseizurewhiledrivingthatresultedinanaccidentwithapedestrianinSanFrancisco.The56yearolddriverwashospitalizedafterhittingthreeparkedcarsandthenamanonthesidewalkanUberspokespersonsaidintheannouncementthatthedriver"hasanoutstandingrecordofserviceandsafetywithnopriorincidents."[157]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Frankenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Privacy,_Technology_and_the_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizure



InDecember2014,theNewYorkTimesreportedonconcernsregardingthemannerinwhichtheUber'sappnotifiesdriversaboutnewrequestsforpickupfromcustomers.[158]Whenacustomermakesarequest,driversarenotifiedonanofficialUbermobileappandprovidedinformationaboutwherethecustomeris.Inordertoaccepttherequest,thedriverhasapproximately15secondstotaptheirphonetoaccepttherequest.[159]AnUberdriverreportedthatdriverscanbetemporarilysuspendedforignoringtheserequests.[158]DeborahHersmanoftheNationalTransportationSafetyBoardcriticizedthe15secondsystem,sayingthatitpresentsasignificantdistractiontodrivers,asdriversarefinanciallymotivatedtorespondtofareswhiledriving.[158]Inresponse,Uberhasstatedthattheapp"wasdesignedwithsafetyinmind,"andthatdriversarenotrequiredtophysicallylookatthedevicetoacceptafare.[158]

Seealso

Onlineplatformsforcollaborativeconsumption

TimelineofUber

SidecarSummon

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158. Richtel,Matt(December22,2014)."DistractedDrivingandRideHailingApps"(http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/distracteddrivingandtherisksofridehailingserviceslikeuber/).NewYorkTimes.p.B5.

159. Cook,James(December22,2014)."PeopleAreAskingWhetherUberDriversCauseMoreAccidentsBecauseThey'reDistractedBehindTheWheel"(http://www.businessinsider.com/appslikeubercouldbeaseriousdistractionfordrivers201412).BusinessInsider.RetrievedDecember23,2014.

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