The contribution of city

development strategiesto urban

development

By Alexandra Ortiz

World Bank

Barcelona, March 14-15, 2011

The importance of cities

• Cities house large percentages of the population

- Half of the world’s population lives in cities- The levels of urbanization have reached a peak in many countries such as: Argentina 92%, Brazil 85%, Lebanon 87%, Gabon 85%, among others

• Cities contribute large percentages of GDP- Globally the top 30 cities ranked by GDP generated 16% of the world’s output in 2005- Tokyo and New York have estimated GDPs similar to those of developed countries- Mexico City contributes 30% to Mexico’s GDP using only 0.1% of its land

• In spite of crowding and congestion cities continue to attract migrants (who tend to be risk takers and entrepreneurial)- A third of Bogotá’s population growth is due to rural migrants

The importance of CDSsThe example of Cali, Colombia (1)

• Brought together many stakeholders at a time of crisis (1998, 1999)municipality, chamber of commerce,

association of NGOs, academia,

national government, civil society

• Developed excellent diagnostics and studiesmapping of urban violence, city surveys to inform municipal social policies, full labor market analysis, historical approach to understand governance crisis

18

15

16

19 13

9

11 14

7

Map 4.2. Distribution of poverty, 1999

12

17

10 20

1 3 8

6

4

5

2

14

16

17

185,000 poor

65,000 poor

3,200 poor

Table 4.12. Priorities for expansion of municipal programs, Cali, September 1999 (percent)

Program Income quintile Average

1 2 3 4 5

Education 31.3 30.9 29.2 32.3 34.8 31.7

Health 19.5 19.9 30.2 23.6 23.9 23.4

Employment & income prog. 18.9 22.2 18.6 18.7 19.8 19.7

Nutrition programs 8.8 4.4 5.6 5.6 1.2 5.1

Social housing 10.4 11.7 8.4 5.9 5.5 4.8

Police 3.2 3.1 2.6 7.2 7.8 4.5

Water 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.7

Electric lighting 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.5 1.5 1.3

Communal households (ICBF) 1.0 2.6 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.2

Public transport and roads 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 2.0 1.2

Sports arenas 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.0

Sewerage 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4

Garbage collection 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.3

Source: EPSOC, 1999.

The importance of CDSsThe example of Cali, Colombia (2)

• Highly participatory

250 people from different segments of society invited to participate in an exercise

to define major problems and priorities using Groupware and computer terminals that allowed for: (i) simultaneous registration of multiple entries; (ii) anonymity; (iii) equal value for all answers; and (iv) immediate calculation of results.

• Identified key structural needs to strengthen the municipality

via a north-south city exchange in the areas of: operational efficiency, financial

management, broad based economic development, engaging citizens and private sector in Cali’s economic recovery, and streamlining basic services.

The importance of CDSsThe example of Sfax, Tunisia (1)

• Sfax managed to go beyond the country’s framework for municipal development :

- Developed a strategic long-term vision for their city

- Ensured that the entire process was highly participatory, with almost all segments of society represented

- Succeeded in having the participation of surrounding municipalities throughout the entire process

- Developed many studies and tools of urban planning: GIS, urban observatory, typology of underserved neighborhoods

- Moved beyond the Municipal Investment Plan (PIC) by gathering international support

- Discussed with international partners and got exposure to international practices

- Became an example for other cities in Tunisia

The importance of CDSsThe example of Sfax, Tunisia (2)

• Showed very surprising results concerning underserved neighborhoods:

- 81 neighborhoods (many more than expected), 22% of the Sfax population

- 65 within municipal boundaries

- 42 from social housing programs, 27 invasions, 12 old traditional quarters

- Major problems: access, drainage, public lighting , no recreation opportunities

- Education levels low, illiteracy going from 6% to 17%

- Informal employment

- Large households (4-5)

- Rather rural population finding difficult to be integrated to the urban life

- 9% of households have handicapped children

The importance of CDSsThe example of Sfax, Tunisia (3)

• Aligned donors around their vision

GTZ, Medcités, World Bank, Cities Alliance, City of Barcelona

• Proved the importance and benefits of inter-municipal cooperation

Efficient use of municipal facilities (ex: slaughterhouse)

Geographic approach (ex: airport side urban upgrading)

• Ensured follow-up investments

Taparura, SMAP, urban observatory, Local Development Integrated Project

(forthcoming)