udc33 e ee e- ---49449949 ekonomistiekonomisti...

UDC33 E eE eE eE e----49494949

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

ekonomistiekonomistiekonomistiekonomisti

saersaersaersaerTaSoriso samecnieroTaSoriso samecnieroTaSoriso samecnieroTaSoriso samecniero----analianalianalianalitiktiktiktikuri Jurnaliuri Jurnaliuri Jurnaliuri Jurnali gamodis 2009 wlis ianvridangamodis 2009 wlis ianvridangamodis 2009 wlis ianvridangamodis 2009 wlis ianvridan

aprili aprili aprili aprili maisimaisimaisimaisi ivnisiivnisiivnisiivnisi 2222

2020202011111111

mTavari redaqtormTavari redaqtormTavari redaqtormTavari redaqtoriiii ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero----saredaqcio kolegiasaredaqcio kolegiasaredaqcio kolegiasaredaqcio kolegia

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebi:

vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqavavladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqavavladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqavavladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi:

iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, giorgi berugiorgi berugiorgi berugiorgi berulalalalava, vaxtang burduli, va, vaxtang burduli, va, vaxtang burduli, va, vaxtang burduli, revaz gogoxia, revaz gogoxia, revaz gogoxia, revaz gogoxia, mimimimixeil ToqmaziSvili, xeil ToqmaziSvili, xeil ToqmaziSvili, xeil ToqmaziSvili, revaz kakulia, Temur kandelaki, revaz kakulia, Temur kandelaki, revaz kakulia, Temur kandelaki, revaz kakulia, Temur kandelaki, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, iakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papaiakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papaiakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papaiakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papava, uSangi samava, uSangi samava, uSangi samava, uSangi samadadadadaSviSviSviSvili, li, li, li, roland sarCimelia, roland sarCimelia, roland sarCimelia, roland sarCimelia, avTandil sulaberiZe, avTandil sulaberiZe, avTandil sulaberiZe, avTandil sulaberiZe, Temur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZeTemur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZeTemur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZeTemur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZe, , , , nodar WiTanava, eTer xnodar WiTanava, eTer xnodar WiTanava, eTer xnodar WiTanava, eTer xaraiSvili, mixeil jibutiaraiSvili, mixeil jibutiaraiSvili, mixeil jibutiaraiSvili, mixeil jibuti.... akademiuri doqtorebi:

nanuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina dananuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina dananuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina dananuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina daTuTuTuTunaSvilinaSvilinaSvilinaSvili, lia , lia , lia , lia ToToToToTlaZeTlaZeTlaZeTlaZe (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea lazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodalazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodalazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodalazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodar r r r xaduri, xaduri, xaduri, xaduri, elene xarabaZe,elene xarabaZe,elene xarabaZe,elene xarabaZe, mamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtorismamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtorismamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtorismamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), moadgile), moadgile), moadgile), revaz jarevaz jarevaz jarevaz javavavavaxiSvili.xiSvili.xiSvili.xiSvili. ucxoeli wevrebi:

ana axvlediani (didi britaneTi, ana axvlediani (didi britaneTi, ana axvlediani (didi britaneTi, ana axvlediani (didi britaneTi, pasuxismgebeli mdivani ucxoeTSipasuxismgebeli mdivani ucxoeTSipasuxismgebeli mdivani ucxoeTSipasuxismgebeli mdivani ucxoeTSi), ), ), ), eldar eldar eldar eldar isisisismailovi (azerbaijani), mailovi (azerbaijani), mailovi (azerbaijani), mailovi (azerbaijani), daviT kurtaniZe (aSS, mTavari redaqtoris daviT kurtaniZe (aSS, mTavari redaqtoris daviT kurtaniZe (aSS, mTavari redaqtoris daviT kurtaniZe (aSS, mTavari redaqtoris moamoamoamoadgile), dgile), dgile), dgile), antanas maqstitusi (litva), vladiantanas maqstitusi (litva), vladiantanas maqstitusi (litva), vladiantanas maqstitusi (litva), vladimer menSikovi (latvia), mer menSikovi (latvia), mer menSikovi (latvia), mer menSikovi (latvia), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), slavomir slavomir slavomir slavomir partickipartickipartickiparticki (poloneTi), dimitri (poloneTi), dimitri (poloneTi), dimitri (poloneTi), dimitri sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis

Sexeduleba SesSexeduleba SesSexeduleba SesSexeduleba SesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs daaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs daaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs daaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs da igiigiigiigi pasuxs ar agebs pasuxs ar agebs pasuxs ar agebs pasuxs ar agebs informaciis sizusteze.informaciis sizusteze.informaciis sizusteze.informaciis sizusteze.

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

J. “ekonomisti”, #2, 2011

2

Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

EKONOMISTI International Scientific-Analytical Journal

Published from January 2009

April May June 2222

2020202011111111

Editor-in-Chief Ramaz Abesadze

SCIENTIFIC-EDITORIAL BOARD

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF GEORGIA:

Leo Chikava, Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES:

Klimenti Achelashvili, Iuri Ananiashvili, Roseta Asatiani, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Berulava, Vakhtang Burduli, Nodar Chitanava, Tina Chkheidze, Revaz Gogokhia, Mikhail Jibuti, Revaz Kakulia, Temur Kandelaki, Ete r Kharaishvili, Murman Kvaratskhelia, Alfred Kuratashvili, Jakob Meskhia, Elguja Mekvabishvili, Giorgi Papava, Ushangi Samadashvili, Roland Sarchimelia, Temur Shengelia, Avtandil Sulaberidze, Mikhail Tokmazishvili. ACADEMIC DOCTORS:

Nanuli Arevadze, Nana Bibilashvili, Lina Datunashvili, Merab Gvelesiani, Revaz Javakhishvili, Nazira Kakulia, Eteri Kakulia, Tea L azarashvili (deputy editor-in-chief), Iza Natelauri, Nodar Khaduri, Elene Kharabadze, Mamuka Khuskivadze (deputy editor-in-chief), Lia Totladze (executive secretary). FOREIGN MEMSERS:

Anna Akhvlediani (Great Britain, executive secretary abroad), Eldar Ismailov (Azerbaijan), David Kurtanidze (USA, deputy editor-in-chief abroad), Antanas Mackstitus (Lithuania), Vladimir Menshikov (Latvia) , Slawomir Partycki (Poland), Mikhail Roketlishvili (USA), Dmitri Sorokin (Russia ), Andrei Herman (Poland)

The journal follows the principles of free press. The views of editorial board do not necessarily reflect author's option and it accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of information.

Tbilisi


3

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

socialursocialursocialursocialur----ekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebi

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vaxvaxvaxvaxtang burdulitang burdulitang burdulitang burduli ____ siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli politikis ganxorcielebis meqanizmis srulyofis sakiTxebi

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marina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvili _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri krizisebis zegavlena sapensio sistemebze ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTze

13131313

makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

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ssssolomonolomonolomonolomon pavliaSvili pavliaSvili pavliaSvili pavliaSvili _ inflacia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriebi

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ekonomikekonomikekonomikekonomikuri Teoriauri Teoriauri Teoriauri Teoria

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anzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvili _ _ _ _ socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis politikur-samarTlebrivi problemebi

33333333

aRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditi

37373737

vlvlvlvl. . . . wverwverwverwveravaavaavaava, , , , iiii. . . . abulaZeabulaZeabulaZeabulaZe, , , , gggg. . . . bregvaZebregvaZebregvaZebregvaZe, , , , dddd. . . . narimanaSvilinarimanaSvilinarimanaSvilinarimanaSvili, , , , mmmm. . . . begiaSvilibegiaSvilibegiaSvilibegiaSvili, , , , mmmm. . . . siraZesiraZesiraZesiraZe, , , , llll. . . . beriSviliberiSviliberiSviliberiSvili _ _ _ _ buRaltruli aRricxvis sisitemis saerTa-Soriso standartebTan harmonizaciis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi

37373737

merab jiqia _merab jiqia _merab jiqia _merab jiqia _ balansis pasivis racionaluri struqturis Sefaseba 44444444

menejmentimenejmentimenejmentimenejmenti

49494949

giuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSvili ____ nanoteqnologiebis ganviTarebam inovaciuri menejmentis moTxovnebs unda upasuxos

49494949

regionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomika 54545454

lamara mindoraSvili _ lamara mindoraSvili _ lamara mindoraSvili _ lamara mindoraSvili _ saqarTveloSi regionuli sainovacio politikis miznebi da amocanebi

54545454

magistrmagistrmagistrmagistrantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebiantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebiantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebiantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebi

60606060

vasilvasilvasilvasil xizaniSvilixizaniSvilixizaniSvilixizaniSvili _ _ _ _ eTikuri ekonomikis sabazro, socialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi

60606060

siaxle ekonomikur mecnierebaSisiaxle ekonomikur mecnierebaSisiaxle ekonomikur mecnierebaSisiaxle ekonomikur mecnierebaSi

65656565

iubileiubileiubileiubile

72727272

informaciainformaciainformaciainformacia

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C O N T E N T S

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

5

Vakhtang Burduli – The Questions of Improvement of Mechanism of Carrying Out of Structural Policy of Decline in Poverty Level

5

Marina Muchiashvili – Impact of Economic Crises on Pension Systems: Experience of OECD Countries

13

MACROECONOMICS

22

Solomon Pavliashvili – Inflation and Modern Economic Theories 22

ECONOMIC THEORY

33

Anzor Kuratashvili – The Political-Legal Problems of a State Regulation of Socially Oriented Market Economy

33

ACCOUNTING AND AUDIT

37

Vl. Tsverava, I. Abuladze, G. Bregvadze, D. Narimanashvili, M. Begiashvilit, M. Siradze, L. Berishvili – Concerning the Harmonization of Georgian Accounting System with International Standards

37

Merab Jiqia – Assesment of Rational Structure of the Balance Liability 44

MANAGEMENT

49

Giuli Keshelashvili – The Development of Nanotechnologies Should Respond to the Requirements of Innovative Management

49

REGIONAL ECONOMY

54

Lamara Mindorashvili − The Goals and Tasks of a Innovative Regional Policy in Georgia

54

SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF UNDERGRADUATES AND DOCTORAL STU DENTS

60

Vasil Khizanishvili ____ Market, Social and Ecological Aspects of Ethic Economics

60

INNOVATION IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE

65

ANNIVERSARY 72

INFORMATION

73


5

socialursocialursocialursocialur----ekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebiekonomikuri problemebi

vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli politikis siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli politikis siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli politikis siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli politikis ganxorcielebis meqanizmis srulyofis sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis meqanizmis srulyofis sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis meqanizmis srulyofis sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis meqanizmis srulyofis sakiTxebi

(daboloeba) winamdebare statia warmoadgens Jurnalis wina nomerSi gamoqveyne-

buli statiis, romelSic aisaxeba qveyanaSi siRaribis donis Semcireba-ze mimarTuli struqturuli politikis koordinaciis komponentebi, da-boloebas.

10. ganviTarebis nebismier periodSi qveynebi, ama Tu im doziT, ker-Zod, siRaribis Semcirebis mizniT, iyeneben faswarmoqmnis koordinaciis xerxebs. ganvixiloT faswarmoqmnis koordinaciis instrufaswarmoqmnis koordinaciis instrufaswarmoqmnis koordinaciis instrufaswarmoqmnis koordinaciis instrumentebismentebismentebismentebis ga-moyenebis SesaZleblobebi siRaribis gamomwvevi elementebis moqmedebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis WrilSi. ar-sebobs faswarmoqmnis koordinaciis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri metode-bi [2, gv. 133-158]. zogierTi meTodi gamoiyeneba warmoebis ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis, zogierTi ki mosaxleobis keTildReobis garkveuli donis dasacavad. ukanasknel periodSi ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs ara-pirdapir (irib) meTodebs. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis regulireba xdeba Zi-riTadad saqonlis da momsaxurebis garkveul jgufebze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis, baJebisa da aqcizebis garkveuli donis dadgeniT. maga-liTad, garkveuli saxis importul produqciaze baJebis maRali ganakve-Tebis dadgena xorcieldeba adgilobrivi warmoebis funqcionirebis dasacavad, amcirebs imports, aviTarebs importCanacvlebiT dargebs da emsaxureba adgilobrivi warmoebis stabilur funqcionirebas, dasaqme-bis maRali donis SenarCunebas, eqsport-importis saldos gaumjobese-bas. im produqtebze an momsaxurebaze, romlis warmoeba qveyanaSi SeuZ-lebelia, an ekonomikurad araefeqtiania, SeiZleba baJebis dabali ganak-veTebis dadgena (Tu es produqcia moxmarebis aucilebel sagans war-moadgens), rac Seamsubuqebs mosaxleobis dabalSemosavliani fenebis mdgomareobas. msgavsi funqciebis Sesasruleblad faswarmoqmnis koor-dinaciis procesSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi iyeneben damatebuli Rire-bulebis gadasaxadis diferencirebul ganakveTebs. zogierT sasisocx-lo mniSvnelobis produqtze (puri, rZe da rZis zogoerTi produqti, burRuli da zogierTi sxva) fasebis koordinaciis pirdapiri meTodebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi ufro farTod gamoiyeneboda 50-70-ian wlebSi, fasebis droebiTi “gayinvis” an fiqsirebuli fasebis zogierT produqt-ze dadgeniT. xandaxan es xdeboda mewarmeebisaTvis garkveuli zomis dotaciebis gamoyofiT. amJamad aseTi tipis faswarmoqmnis koordinaciis pirdapiri meTodebi ufro iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. magram, amJamadac xSi-rad gamoiyeneba sagazafxulo subsidiebi soflis meurneobaSi da do-taciebi gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisaTvis. Tu subsidiebi uzrunvel-yofen warmoebis gafarToebas rogorc Sinauri, aseve sagareo bazrebi-saTvis, dotaciebi gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisaTvis metwilad gamoi-yeneba Sesabamisi produqciis eqsportis uzrunvelsayofad. zogierT qve-yanaSi, magaliTad, samxreT koreaSi, sxvadasxva saxis produqciis


6

eqsportis zrdisaTvis faswarmoqmnis koordinacia xdeboda pirdapiri gadasaxadebis (korporaciuli gadasaxadi) Semcirebis saxiT (ix., mag.: [9]) an pirdapiri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT (safrangeTi da sxva). faswar-moqmnis koordinaciis CamoTvlili saxeebi uzrunvelyofen siRaribis uzrunvelyofen siRaribis uzrunvelyofen siRaribis uzrunvelyofen siRaribis gamomwvevi elementebis moqmedebis Semcirebas,gamomwvevi elementebis moqmedebis Semcirebas,gamomwvevi elementebis moqmedebis Semcirebas,gamomwvevi elementebis moqmedebis Semcirebas, zogierTi kizogierTi kizogierTi kizogierTi ki pirdapir pirdapir pirdapir pirdapir mimarTuliamimarTuliamimarTuliamimarTulia eqsportis zrdisa da qveyanaSi teqnologiebis ganviTarebis stimulirebis meSveobiT qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uSualo qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uSualo qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uSualo qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uSualo amaRlebazeamaRlebazeamaRlebazeamaRlebaze.

11. zogierTi kanoni, miRebuli ganviTarebul qveynebSi konzogierTi kanoni, miRebuli ganviTarebul qveynebSi konzogierTi kanoni, miRebuli ganviTarebul qveynebSi konzogierTi kanoni, miRebuli ganviTarebul qveynebSi konkrekrekrekretuli tuli tuli tuli dargebis efeqtiani ganviTarebis uzrdargebis efeqtiani ganviTarebis uzrdargebis efeqtiani ganviTarebis uzrdargebis efeqtiani ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad, erTdunvelsayofad, erTdunvelsayofad, erTdunvelsayofad, erTdroulad roulad roulad roulad muSaobs qveyanaSi muSa ZalismuSaobs qveyanaSi muSa ZalismuSaobs qveyanaSi muSa ZalismuSaobs qveyanaSi muSa Zalisaaaa da inteleqtualuri potenda inteleqtualuri potenda inteleqtualuri potenda inteleqtualuri potencialis zrdis, cialis zrdis, cialis zrdis, cialis zrdis, dasaqmebis zrdisa da siRaribis Semcirebis miznebze.dasaqmebis zrdisa da siRaribis Semcirebis miznebze.dasaqmebis zrdisa da siRaribis Semcirebis miznebze.dasaqmebis zrdisa da siRaribis Semcirebis miznebze. magaliTad, iaponiaSi 1978 wels SemoiRes kanoni “mrewvelobis zogierTi dargis stabilizaciis specialuri zomebis Sesazeb”, romelmac 1983 wels Sec-vala kanoni “mrewvelobis zogierT dargSi struqturis srulyofis specialuri zomebis Sesaxeb”. am kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebulia subsi-diebi samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis ganxorcielebisaTvis da iafi sabanko krediti sawarmoebis modernizaciisaTvis, gansazRvrulia sawar-moebis Sekvecis, modernizaciis, profilis Secvlis, gayidvis da a.S. we-sebi dargebSi sadepresio da racionalizaciis kartelebis Seqmnis meS-veobiT. aSS-Si 1981 wels miRebul iqna kanoni “ekonomikuri gajansaRebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic gansazRvrulia samecniero kvleviT samuSaoebze kompaniebis xarjebis waxalisebis, samecniero-sawarmoo procesebis sa-risko (venCuruli) dafinansebisa da sxva analogiuri wesebi. aqve 1980 wels miRebuli iyo kanoni “teqnologiuri siaxleebis Sesaxeb”, romel-Sic gansazRvrulia zomebi samrewvelo inovaciebis stimulirebis miz-niT. samxreT koreaSi 70-ian wlebSi specialuri kanonebiT gamoiyo Svidi pirvelrigovani yuradRebis dargi, romlebic sargeblobdnen sagada-saxado da sxva SeRavaTebiT (am SeRavaTebSi xandaxan Sedioda “arCeuli” eqsportiorebisaTvis saxelmwifos mier zaralis pirdapiri kompensire-bac). SvedeTSi 80-ian wlebSi miRebul iqna kanonebi, romlebic astimu-lireben meurneobis subieqtebis interesebs meurneobis modernizaciaze, saeqsporto produqciis gamoSvebaze da a. S., maT Soris kanoni Sesatane-bis Sesaxeb, kanoni kapitalur dabandebaTa saerTo rezervze, kanoni modernizaciis gansakuTrebul fondze, kanoni eqsportis dakreditebaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb [2, gv. 237]. ufro mogvianebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo sxva kanonebi da programebi [4, gv. 72, 73]. rogorc vxe-davT, yvela es CamoTvlili kanoni mimarTulia gansazRvrul dargebSi teqnologiebis ganviTarebis, samecniero samuSaoebisa da inovaciebis ganxorcielebis, eqsportis zrdis da a.S., safinanso da sxva saxis waxa-lisebaze, rac, saboloo jamSi, mimarTulia am qveynebis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis amaRlebaze. saqarTveloSi am mimarTu-lebiT arsebobs kanoni “investiciebis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”. am kanonis moqmedeba vrceldeba nebismier ucxour da adgilobriv investiciebze, romelic dabandebuli da gamoyenebuli iqneba saqarTvelos nebismier regionSi. kanoni adgens specialur normebsa da damatebiT xelSemwyob RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis investiciebis waxalisebi-saTvis [3, gv. 186, 187]. magram, Cveni azriT, es kanoni araa sakmarisad dax-vewili, kerZod, ar uzrunvelyofs investíciebis mimarTebas mizanSewo-nili restruqturizaciis ganxorcielebaze Tanamedrove teqnologiuri


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wyobis moTxovnebisa da siRaribis donis Semcirebis auciloblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

12. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, seqtoruli politikis efeqtiani ganxorcielebis mxardasaWerad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvagvari spespespespecialuri cialuri cialuri cialuri fondi da sxva saxis specialuri safinanso saSualebebi, romelTa fondi da sxva saxis specialuri safinanso saSualebebi, romelTa fondi da sxva saxis specialuri safinanso saSualebebi, romelTa fondi da sxva saxis specialuri safinanso saSualebebi, romelTa saxsrebis gamoyenebissaxsrebis gamoyenebissaxsrebis gamoyenebissaxsrebis gamoyenebis gzebis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben siRaribis gzebis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben siRaribis gzebis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben siRaribis gzebis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben siRaribis gamomwvevi elementebis Semcirebis aucileblobasgamomwvevi elementebis Semcirebis aucileblobasgamomwvevi elementebis Semcirebis aucileblobasgamomwvevi elementebis Semcirebis aucileblobas. magaliTad, sxva-dasxvagvari sainvesticio fondebis saxsrebis an saxelmwifo sainvesti-cio bankebis SeRavaTiani kreditebis gamoyenebisas seqtoruli restruq-turizaciis miznebisaTvis mxedvelobaSi Rebuloben eqsportorienti-rebuli da importCanacvlebiTi dargebis produqciis zrdis stimuli-rebis aucileblobas, rac amcirebs siRaribis gamomwvev iseT mniSvne-lovan faqtors, rogoricaa uaryofiTi eqsport-importuli saldo. ro-gorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, zogierTi qveynis saxelmwifo biujetebSi gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri muxlebi (xazebi) warmoebis mizanSe-wonili restruqturizaciis gansaxorcieleblad. bolo periodSi am miznebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobisaTvis Semovida specialuri miz-nobrivi sabiujeto transferebis, programul-miznobrivi dafinansebis (ix., mag.: [3, gv. 52-54, 195-200; 13, gv. 22-24, 74-78; 15, gv. 275-278]) an grantebis (ukanasknelebSi saxsrebis mozidva xdeba ucxouri qveynebis safinanso daxmarebis xarjze, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi msxvil mewarmeTa daxmarebis xarjze). mizanSewonili iqneboda, rom Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyo-bis Camoyalibebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri restruq-turizaciis ganxorcielebisas saqarTveloSi farTod gamoyenebuli yo-filiyo am punqtSi aRniSnuli meTodebi.

13. seqtoruli politikis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawils seqtoruli politikis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawils seqtoruli politikis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawils seqtoruli politikis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens samrewvelo politika, romlis saTanado marTva da warmoadgens samrewvelo politika, romlis saTanado marTva da warmoadgens samrewvelo politika, romlis saTanado marTva da warmoadgens samrewvelo politika, romlis saTanado marTva da realizacia (Sesabamisi meqanizmis gamoyenebis safuZvelze) qveynis da realizacia (Sesabamisi meqanizmis gamoyenebis safuZvelze) qveynis da realizacia (Sesabamisi meqanizmis gamoyenebis safuZvelze) qveynis da realizacia (Sesabamisi meqanizmis gamoyenebis safuZvelze) qveynis da misi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofimisi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofimisi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofimisi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofis, e. i. sis, e. i. sis, e. i. sis, e. i. siRaRaRaRa----ribis donis Semcirebis, saimedo garantias warmoadgens.ribis donis Semcirebis, saimedo garantias warmoadgens.ribis donis Semcirebis, saimedo garantias warmoadgens.ribis donis Semcirebis, saimedo garantias warmoadgens. ganviTarebul qveynebSi samrewvelo politikis sagans warmoadgenen ara marto mrew-velobis dargebi, aramed yvela masTan dakavSirebuli momijnave dargi: inovaciuri (mecnieruli kvleva, sacdel-sakostruqtoro, saseleqcio da sxva SemuSavebebi, danergva), vaWroba, specialuri momsaxureba, mSeneb-loba, turizmi da sxva.

farTo gagebiT, samrewvelo politika warmoadgens ekonomikuri, politikuri da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis kompleqss, romelic moq-medebs erovnuli ekonomikuri sistemis sxvadasxva doneze da romelmac unda uzrunvelyos mrewvelobis da momijnave dargebis sabazro or-ganizaciis srulyofa (dargobrivi struqtura, warmoebis ganlageba, investiciuri aqtiurobis da samrewvelo saqmianobis regulireba da stimulireba, msxvili kompaniebis aqtivizacia eqsportorientirebuli da importCanacvlebiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mimarTebaSi, samrew-velo klasterebis formireba, saSualo da mcire biznesis waxaliseba; dargebSi konkurenciis optimaluri reJimis dacva; erovnuli ekonomikis saeqsporto potencialis da konkurentunaríanobis stimulireba; mrew-velobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo da sabazro koordinaciis urTierT-Sexameba (ix.: [11, gv. 133, 134] da sxva).

samrewvelo politikis ZiriTadi amocanebia: Tanamedrove moTxov-nebisadmi adekvaturi struqturuli gardaqmnisaTvis instituciuri zo-


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mebis gansazRvra da da realizacia; samrewvelo politikis realiza-ciis maregulirebeli (saxelmwifo da sabazro koordinaciis) meqanizmis srulyofa ekonomikuri koniunqturis da Tanamedrove teqnologiur wyo-baze gadasvlis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad; muSa Zalis da specialistebis Tavisdrouli gadamzadebis uzrunvelyofa da sxva. samrewvelo politi-kis farglebSi muSavdeba damiznebis politika, romelic aSS-is saerTa-Soriso savaWro komisiis gansazRvrebiT, warmoadgens koordinirebul saxelmwifo RonisZiebebs SerCeul dargebSi sawarmoo resursebis mobi-lizaciisaTvis, romlis mizania erovnuli mewarmeebis daxmareba msof-lio bazarze maTi konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad [11, gv. 137].

SeiZleba gamovyoT samrewvelo politikis instituciuri uzrun-velyofis Semdegi mimarTulebebi; sabazro infrastruqturis formireba da ganviTareba: saxelmwifo da sabazro regulirebis institutebis srulyofa da zogierTi axali institutis Camoyalibeba (amaze naSromSi ukve iyo saubari); sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofa (kanonebis savaraudo paketi zemoT iyo CamoTvlili), aseve samrewvelo politikis kanonebis Sesabamisi paketis srulyofa SeiZleba ganxorcieldes a. radiginis statiaSi motanili mosazrebebis Sesabamisad [12]). samrewvelo politikis ganxorcielebis instituciuri uzrunvelyofis gansamtkiceblad SeiZ-leba aSS-is magaliTiT dawesdes “konkurentunariani politikis sabWo” an “eqspertTa komiteti strategiuli konkurentunariani samrewvelo da savaWro politikis SemuSavebisaTvis” [10, gv. 160].

samrewvelo da damiznebis politikis marTvisaTvis arsebobs inst-rumentebis sakmaod vrceli nusxa, maT Soris: sagadasaxado zomebi (gadasaxadis ganakveTebi, sagadasaxado krediti, daCqarebuli amortiza-cia, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi); safinanso-sakredito zomebi (sesxebi, kre-ditebi, maT Soris SeRavaTiani, subsidiebi); RonisZiebebi dasaqmebis po-litikaSi (subsidiebi, swavlebisa da gadamzadebis programebi da sxva); faswarmoqmnis saxelmwifo da sabazro koordinacia; saxelmwifo Ses-yidvebi; instituciuri zomebi Serwymebis, teqnologiebis SemuSavebis, mcire biznesis, dargobrivi gardaqmnis, investiciebis stimulirebis da sxva; ucxouri investiciebis regulirebis berketebi); sagareo vaWrobis regulirebis berketebi (importi; satarifo da arasatarifo regulireba; eqsporti: safinanso da sagadasaxado iniciativebi, saeqsporto kredi-tebi da garantiebi, savaluto regulireba, Tavisufali ekonomikuri zo-nebis Seqmna da sxva).

samrewvelo politikis instrumentebis kompleqsuri gamoyenebis Se-degad xdeba samrwvelo politikis miznebis ganxorcielebis reguli-reba, romelTa Soris erT-erTi mTavari mizania qveynis da misi mosax-leobis keTildReibis amaRlebis mizani, romelic TavisTavad gulis-xmobs siRaribis donis Semcirebis gadawyvetis problemas.

14. ukanasknel periodSi (da zogierT qveynebSi ufro adrec) did yuradRebas aqceven qveynebis sasursaTo usafrTxoebassasursaTo usafrTxoebassasursaTo usafrTxoebassasursaTo usafrTxoebas, ris gamoc mra-val ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sasursaTo bazris saxelmwifo regulireba, anu sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneo da agromrewvis ganviTarebis posameurneo da agromrewvis ganviTarebis posameurneo da agromrewvis ganviTarebis posameurneo da agromrewvis ganviTarebis politika gadaiqca litika gadaiqca litika gadaiqca litika gadaiqca seqtoruli ganviTarebis mseqtoruli ganviTarebis mseqtoruli ganviTarebis mseqtoruli ganviTarebis meqanizmis faqtiurad damoukidebel Stoeqanizmis faqtiurad damoukidebel Stoeqanizmis faqtiurad damoukidebel Stoeqanizmis faqtiurad damoukidebel Stodddd da agromrewvis sasursaTo dargebis koordinacia ganixileba sasoflo meurneobasTan erTobliv kompleqsSi, samrewvelo politikis saerTo komleqsidan garkveul farglebSi gamoyofiT (ix., mag.: [6; 8; 14]). amasTan, sxvadasxva qveynis agrosamrewvelo komleqsis regulirebis meqanizmebi


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Zalian gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan instituciuri struqturiT da saSualebebiT, Tumca regulirebis instrumentebis nusxa TiTqmis erTnairia.

ganvixiloT agrosamrewvelo komleqsis regulirebis instituciuri uzrunvelyofis yvelaze Tvisobrivi elementebi. zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs mwarmoebelTa asociaciebi da kooperaciuli kavSirebi, romle-bic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben sasursaTo bazris regulirebaSi (kanada). saxelmwifo regulirebis ganxriT arsebobs federaluri kor-poraciebi da komisiebi calkeuli sasursaTo produqtebis mixedviT (kanada), saxelmwifo centraluri samomaragebo bazrebis saaqcio sazo-gadoeba (espaneTi), sasoflo sameurneo produqciis da sasursaTo mrew-velobis gasaRebis xelSewyobis centraluri fondi da centraluri sainformacio-statistikuri instituti (germania) da sxvadasxva qveynis mixedviT mravali sxva saxelmwifo da sabazro instituti.

daxmarebis saxeebi TiTqmis standartulia: subsidiebi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmeblebisaTvis, dotaciebi agromrewvis ga-damamuSavebeli sawarmoebisaTvis (rodesac es saWiroa, gansakuTrebiT, eqsportis xelSewyobis miznebisaTvis). SeRavaTebi xorcieldeba pro-duqciis calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT.

bunebis gabinZurebis, gadaWarbebuli meqanizaciis, zogierTi sa-sursaTo produqciis biosawvavze gadamuSavebis gamo niadagis produq-tiuloba nel-nela mcirdeba, ganuviTarebel qveynebSi ki produqtiu-loba Zalian mcirea miwis damuSavebis teqnikuri saSualebebis uqonlo-bis gamo. atmosferosa da msoflio okeanis wylebis gabinZurebis gamo okeanes bioproduqtiuloba 20%-iT Semcirda. msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis tempebi aswreben sasursaTo produqciis warmoebis zrdis tem-pebs. am pirobebSi TandaTanobiT matulobs sasursaTo produqciis Ri-rebuleba.

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis da agrosamrewvelo produqciis warmoebisas qveyanaSi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc am seqto-ris marTvis mowinave qveynebis magaliTi, aseve sasursaTo bazarze mim-dinare tendenciebi. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis da agromrewvis warmoebis koordinaciisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes: Sida moxmarebisaTvis daniSnuli produqciis warmoebis stimulireba, produqciis konkurentunarianobis zrdis stimulireba, eqsportis marke-tinguli da sakredito xelSewyoba, niadagis xarisxis dacvis da saWiro SemTxvevebSi rekultivaciis ganxorcielebis stimulireba. ukanaskneli zogierT SemTxvevaSi unda xorcieldebodes saxelmwifo xarjebis ga-moyenebiT. iseve, rogorc ganviTarebul qveynebSi, unda dadgindes ja-rimebi da sanqciebi konkretuli iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier bunebrivi garemos da, kerZod, niadagis gabinZurebis SemTxvevebSi.

niadagis xarisxis SenarCuneba da/an gaumjobeseba (e. i. rekultiva-cia), aseve eroziul movlenebTan efeqtiani brZola, iseve, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo da agromrewvis produqciis moculobis zrda da xa-risxis gaumjobeseba, warmoadgens qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis da siRaribisagan misi dacvis umniSvnelovanes pirobas.

15. bevr qveyanaSi importCanacvlebiTiimportCanacvlebiTiimportCanacvlebiTiimportCanacvlebiTi da, gansakuTrebiT, eqseqseqseqs----portorientirebuliportorientirebuliportorientirebuliportorientirebuli sawarmoebis wasaxaliseblad arsebobs an arse-bobda mTavrobasa da mewarmeebs Soris gansakuTrebuli instituciuri urTierTobebis praqtika (safrangeTi, samxreTi korea, aSS da sxva). ma-


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galiTad, mewarme Rebulobs konkurentunariani saeqsporto produqciis garkveuli (sawarmos masStabebiT mniSvnelovani) moculobiT warmoebis pirobas, saxelmwifo ki aniWebs mewarmes gansazRvrul SeRavaTebs. aseTi SeTanxmebebi ufro xSirad formdeba xelSekrulebebis saxiT. samxreT koreaSi, magaliTad, aseTi RonisZiebebi xorcieldeboda saprezidento doneze [9], amJamad ki gaTvaliswinebulia specialur programebSi, rom-lebic Sedgenilia regionebis da adgilobrivi warmonaqmnebis mixedviT [5]. iaponiaSi aseTi instituciuri urTierTobebis gaformeba xdeboda specialuri kanonebis miRebis safuZvelze, safrangeTSi, xSirad, uSua-lo SeTanxmebebis dadebiT mTavrobasa da mewarmes Soris da a.S., rac motanilia winamdebare naSromis Sesabamis adgilebze. zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sarekomendaciod arsebobs eqspertTa specialuri komitetebi (sabWoebi), msgavsi imisa, rac motanilia am statiis me-12 punqtSi.

16. Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobisadmi Sesatyvisi ekonomikis restruqturizaciis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs swori politikis SemuSavebas mizanSewonili ucxouri kapitalisucxouri kapitalisucxouri kapitalisucxouri kapitalis mozidvisa da mizan-Seuwonlis qveyanaSi SeRwevis Sekavebis politikis ganxorcielebisaT-vis.

mozidvisaTvis mizanSewonili ucxouri kapitalis saxeebi Semdegia: maRal da sakvanZo teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli kapitali, romelTa aTvisebisaTvis qveyanas gaaCnia xelsayreli pirobebi: momzadebuli per-sonali an kadrebi, romelTa swrafi gadamzadeba SeiZleba axali teq-nologiebis aTvisebisaTvis; Sida da, gansakuTrebiT, gare bazrebze uc-xouri sawarmos mier gamoSvebuli produqciis realizaciis SesaZleb-loba; ucxouri investorebis dapireba, rom qarxanaSi dasaqmebuli iq-neba ZiriTadad (ara nakleb 90%-isa) adgilobrivi mosaxleoba; ucxouri investoris mier Seqmnili qarxana kooperaciuli urTierTobebis meS-veobiT daasaqmebs ramdenime an mraval adgilobriv mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmos (detalebis da kvanZebis momzadebiT an sxvadasxvagvari momsaxurebis Tavisi qarxnisaTvis gawevis SekveTiT). ufro mizanSewoni-lia, rodesac ucxouri investori Semodis Tavisi teqnikiTa da teqno-logiiT da ar sWirdeba sawarmoo teqnologiebis sxva qveynebSi SeZena. ufro xSirad aseTi kapitali qveyanaSi Semodis transerovnuli korpo-raciis sawarmos saxiT.

naklebad mizanSewonilia teqnologiebis saxiT iseTi ucxouri kapitalis mozidva, romelTa aTviseba advilad SeuZliaT adgilobriv mewarmeebs. es ufro metad exeba tradiciul dargebs (romlebic winaT arsebobdnen qveyanaSi), gansakuTrebiT safeiqro, trikotaJis, tyav-fex-sacmlis da sxva msgavs sawarmoebs, romlebisTvisac qveyanas mraval SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia nedleuli da konkurentunariani produqciis gasa-Reba SeiZleba Sida bazarze da SesaZlebelia sagareo bazrebzec. aseTi saxis ucxouri kapitali SeiZleba iyos maRal- an sakvanZoteqnologiu-ric, im SemTxvevebSi, Tu gauwevs konkurencias adgilobriv mewarmeebs, romlebic awarmoeben anologiur produqcias, an apireben misi warmoe-bis aTvisebas sakuTari ZalebiT.

mizanSeuwonelia, ZiriTadad, iseTi kapitali, romlis sawarmoebi abinZureben garemos. mizanSeuwonelia aseve, ra Tqma unda, spekulaciuri kapitalis qveyanaSi mozidvis waxaliseba, romelic msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis arastabilurobis, anu volatilitulobis (volatility) piro-


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bebSi iCens Zlier aqtiurobas, amasTan, nebismieri qveynisaTvis Zalian mavnea da saboloo Sedegad mocemuli qveynisaTvis Zalian zaraliania. igi aseve iwvevs qveynis ekonomikis damokidebulebas saerTaSoriso spe-kulaciuri wreebisadmi da xdeba qveynis mosaxleobis gaRatakebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi.

mizanSewonili kapitalis mosazidad warmoebs sxvadasxva SeRavaTi, magaliTad, teqnologiebis Semozidvis ganTavisufleba ganbaJebisagan, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi korporaciuli gadasaxadis Semcirebuli ganakveTis gamoyeneba, aseve yvela is SeRavaTi, romliTac sargebloben adgilobrivi mewarmeebi axali teqnologiebis SemoRebis, inovaciebis danergvis, eqsportis moculobis zrdisa da sxv. SemTxvevebSi.

mizanSeuwoneli kapitalis qveyanaSi SeRwevis SekavebisaTvis SeiZ-leba administraciuli akrZalvebis gamoyeneba, dayrdnobili warmoebis standartebis dacvaze, upirveles yovlisa, garemos gabinZurebis Tval-sazrisiT, rogorc es miRebulia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Tumca zo-gierT qveyanaSi aseve arsebobs akrZalvebi zogierTi dargis sawarmoebis qveyanaSi mozidvaSi an adgilobrivi sawarmoebis SeZenaSi, qveynebis ume-tesobaSi agrZalulia ucxoelebis mier sasoflo-sameurneo daniSun-lebis miwebis SeZena, sxva saxis sawarmoo daniSnulebis miwebi gaicema mxolod ijariT (arendiT).

gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura

1. burduli v. siRaribis donis Semcirebis struqturuli

politikis ganxorcielebis meqanizmis Camoyalibebisa da srulyofis sakiTxebi. _ ekonomisti, 2011, #1.

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12. Радыгин А. Нормы корпоративного управлния в России и ЕС: перспективы унификации. – МЭиМО, 2004, №4.

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VVVVakhtang Burduli

Doktor of Economic Sciences, Professor

THE QUESTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANISM OF CARRY ING OUT OF STRUCTURAL POLICY OF DECLINE IN POVERTY LEVEL

Summary

The article, which is the sequel of article of published in previous number of journal

(Economisti, 2011, #1), considers the following block and instruments of mechanism of realization of structural policy of decline in poverty level: the instruments of coordination of price formation (pricing) oriented on regulation of processes favouring of decline in poverty level in the country; the laws favouring of increase of employment, revival of economic and promoting of decline in poverty level in the country; the creation of special funds promoting of structural improvement of economy; in the article the industrial policy are considered as a reliable guarantor of rise in living standards of population and of decline in poverty level in the country; in the article the structural questions of food security also are considered as a factor promoting of decline in poverty level in the country; the stimulation of import of expedient form of foreign capital, in particular, in export-oriented and import-replacing branches, also are considered as a factor promoting of decline in poverty level in the country.


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marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili Eekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori

ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri kriziskriziskriziskrizisebebebebisisisis zegavlena sapensio sistemebze zegavlena sapensio sistemebze zegavlena sapensio sistemebze zegavlena sapensio sistemebze

ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTzeganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTzeganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTzeganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTze dRevandel globalur kriziss Tavdapirvelad saTave daudo fi-

nansurma krizisma. 2008 wlis msoflio finansuri krizisi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisis winapiroba gaxda. msoflio qveynebis umetesobaSi adgili hqonda mTliani Sida produqtis moculobebis mniSvnelovan da-cemas da Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis zrdas. 2010 wlisaTvis umuSevrobis maCvenebelma bevr qveyanaSi 10%–s miaRwia. xelfasebisa da samuSao saa-Tebis Semcirebis kvalobaze, mcirdeboda sapensio fondebSi kontribu-ciebi da izrdeboda moTxovna umuSevrobisa da sxva saxis daxmarebebsa da Semweobebze. am yvelaferma asaxva pova saxelmwifo finansebSi da safinanso krizisis saxiT mogvevlina. Sesabamisad, biujetis deficitma OECD-is bevr qveyanaSi 2010 wlisaTvis erovnuli Semosavlis 10 %–s miaRwia.

krizisebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve, kerZo sapensio sqemebze. safondo birJebis kolafsma gansakuTrebiT Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina kerZo pensiebze bevr qveyanaSi, romlebSic pensiis es saxe pensionerTa Semosavlis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenda. OECD-is 2009 wlis gamocemaSi “Pensions at glance” naCvenebia, Tu rogor gadaizarda finansuri, ekonomikuri da fiskaluri krizisi socialur krizisSi.

statiaSi SevecdebiT pasuxi gavceT Semdeg aqtualur kiTxvebs: rogori iqneba krizisis uaryofiTi Sedegebi moxucebulebis pensiis sidideze uaxloes wlebSi? ra unda gaakeTos xelisuflebam uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesarbileblad? rogori politikis gatarebisagan TavSe-kavebaa saWiro? ra daexmareba sapensio sistemebs momavali krizisebis Tavidan acilebasa an uaryofiTi zegavlenis SemcirebaSi?

finansuri bazrebi da kerZo pensiebifinansuri bazrebi da kerZo pensiebifinansuri bazrebi da kerZo pensiebifinansuri bazrebi da kerZo pensiebi

finansuri krizisis gamo 2008 weli iyo umZimesi kerZo pensiebisaT-

vis. kerZod, msoflios 23 qveynisaTvis investiciebis realuri ukugeba (inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT) xasiaTdeba Semdegi monacemebiT: yvelaze didi danakargebi dafiqsirda irlandiaSi (37,5%). investiciebis meoTxed-ze metiT Semcireba aRiniSneboda avstriasa (–26.7%) da aSS-Si (–26.2%); sxva qveynebis mixedviT adgili aqvs araTanabarzomier Semcirebebs. ker-Zod: islandia – 22.9%; belgia – 21.6%; kanada – 21.4%; ungreTi – 21%; iaponia – 20,1%; fineTi –19,5%; poloneTi – 17,7%; gaerTianebuli samefo – 17,4%; niderlandebi –16,9%; Svecia – 16,9%; dania – 16,8%; avstria – 15,7%; portugalia – 13,8%; Sveicaria – 12,6%; norvegia – 11,8%; espaneTi – 11,7%; slovakeTis respublika – 10,5%; germania – 8,5%; CexeTis respubli-ka – 7,2%; meqsika –5,2%. mTlianad OECD-is qveynebis mixedviT aqtivebis kleba (aSS–is maRali wilis gamo) 23%-s Seadgenda. Seuwonavi saSualo 23 qveynisaTvis daaxloebiT 17%-s.

mTlianad sapensio fondebma 2008 wels mTliani sididis 23% (5,4 trilioni dolari) dakarges.


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kerZo pensiebi da moxucebulebis SemosavlebikerZo pensiebi da moxucebulebis SemosavlebikerZo pensiebi da moxucebulebis SemosavlebikerZo pensiebi da moxucebulebis Semosavlebi

qveynebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu ra wili ukavia ker-Zo pensiebs moxucebis SemosavlebSi da aseve imiT, Tu rogoraa (ra sa-xis aqtivebSia) es fondebi investirebuli. qvemoT motanili monacemebi gvixasiaTebs Tu moxucebis Semosavlebis ra wili modis kapitalze, ro-melic moicavs yvela kerZo danazogs (umetes SemTxvevaSi is ZiriTadad aris kerZo pensiebi). pensiebis mTel moculobaSi ar Sedis: Semosavali, miRebuli SromiTi saqmianobidan (dasaqmebidan an TviTdasaqmebidan, ro-melic Seadgens 65 wels zemoT moxucebis mTliani Semosavlis saSua-lod mexuTeds). danarCeni nawili moicavs: saSemosavlo transferebs sa-xelmwifodan umTavresad, rasakvirvelia, saxelmwifo pensiebis saxiT.

kerZo sapensio danazogebis roli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxadasxvaa (monacemebi warmodgenilia 2005 wlis mdgomareobis mixedviT). kerZod, es maCvenebeli zogierTi qveynis mixedviT ase gamoiyureba: kanada – 50,6%; niderlandebi – 46,5%; aSS – 45,1%; avstralia – 44,7%; gaerTianebuli samefo – 43,8%; dania – 36,1%; irlandia – 32.9%; norvegia – 32,7%; axali zelandia – 24,3%; SvedeTi – 23,8%; Germania – 16,9%; islandia – 14,4%; iaponia – 13,2%; saberZneTi – 10,8%; luqsemburgi – 9,9%; safrangeTi – 8,6%; belgia – 8,1%; portugalia – 6,8%; espaneTi – 6,8%; italia – 5,3%; ungreTi – 2,9%; avstria – 1,9%; poloneTi – 1,2%; slovakeTis respubli-ka – 1,1%; CexeTis respublika – 0,7%. dRevandeli pensionerebis SemT-xvevaSi kerZo safinanso resursi sapensio Semosavlis 40 %-ze mets Sea-dgens O OECD-is mxolod xuT qveyanaSi: esenia: avstralia, kanada, nider-landebi, gaerTianebuli samefo da aSS. 5%-ze naklebiTaa warmodgenili kerZo safinanso resursi sapensio SemosavlebSi centraluri da aR-mosavleT evropis Semdeg xuT qveyanaSi: avstria, CexeTis da slovakeTis respublikebi, ungreTi da poloneTi. saSualod, OECD-is qveynebSi ker-Zo pensiebze 19,5% ( daaxloebiT mexuTedi) modis. situacia dramatulad Seicvleba momavalSi, radgan bevr qveyanaSi kerZo sapensio sistemaze gadasvla gaxda savaldebulo. aqedan gamomdinare, mosalodnelia, rom dRevandeli axalgazrda momuSaveebisaTvis kerZo pensiebi iqneba sapen-sio Semosavlebis erTi mesamedi ungreTSi, naxevari – poloneTSi, 60% slovakeTis respublikaSi da sami meoTxedi –meqsikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRvandel kriziss am qveynebze susti zegavlena aqvs, eWvgareSea am sistemebis moqnilobis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovnobis gazrda moma-vali (mosalodneli) krizisebis pirobebSi.

krizisebis sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebze zemoqmedebis xarisxikrizisebis sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebze zemoqmedebis xarisxikrizisebis sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebze zemoqmedebis xarisxikrizisebis sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebze zemoqmedebis xarisxi aqamde aqcenti ZiriTadad keTdeboda finansur krizissa da misi

zemoqmedebis xarisxze sxvadasxva qveynis sapensio sistemebze. axla gan-vixiloT ekonomikuri krizisis zegavlena sxvadasxva asakis pirebze am qveynebSi, ramdenadac krizisis zegavlena asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad icvleba.

ganvixiloT axalgazrda (35 wlamde) da saukeTeso (sabaziso) ganvixiloT axalgazrda (35 wlamde) da saukeTeso (sabaziso) ganvixiloT axalgazrda (35 wlamde) da saukeTeso (sabaziso) ganvixiloT axalgazrda (35 wlamde) da saukeTeso (sabaziso) asakis (35asakis (35asakis (35asakis (35––––54 wlis asakobriv54 wlis asakobriv54 wlis asakobriv54 wlis asakobriviiii SSSSuuuualedi) momuSaveealedi) momuSaveealedi) momuSaveealedi) momuSaveebis jgufebibis jgufebibis jgufebibis jgufebi

axalgazrda momuSaveebze (35 wlamde asakis) finansurma krizisma susti zegavlena moaxdina, radgan maTi sapensio danazogi mcire zomis


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iyo. magaliTad, aSS–Si 25–34 wlis momuSaveebis sabuRaltro balansebi maT kerZo sapensio gegmebSi gaizarda saSualod 5%–iT (mployee Benefit Research Institute-is monacemebis mixedviT). es moxda imis gamo, rom maTma axalma kontribuciebma (Senatanebma fondSi) gadawones sainvesticio danakargebi (zarali). miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba dazaral-dnen kidec Sromis bazarze ekonomikuri krizisis zemoqmedebis gamo, maT kidev rCebaT 30 an meti weli imisaTvis, rom ainazRauron sainves-ticio danakargebi da is Cavardnebi, rac SeiZleba hqondeT TavianT SenatanebSi aseT SemTxvevaSi.

finansurma krizisma sabaziso asakis (35–54 wlis Sualedi) momuSa-veebis kerZo sapensio danazogebze (sapensio Senatanebsa da sxva aqti-vebze) ufro meti zegavlena moaxdina, vidre axalgazrda momuSaveebze. magaliTad, 35–44 wlis momuSaveebis sabuRaltro balansebi Semcirda daaxloebiT 15%–iT. 45–54 asakis mqoneTaTvis dacema Seadgenda daaxloe-biT 18%–s. amis miuxedavad, am asakis momuSaveebs jer kidev sakmaod di-di dro rCebaT aqtivebis sididis aRsadgenad. Tumca, aq unda gaviTva-liswinoT, rom maT ufro metad emuqrebaT samuSaos dakargva ekono-mikuri dacemis dros, vidre maTze axalgazrda an maTze asakovan mo-muSaveebs.

pensionerebipensionerebipensionerebipensionerebi pensionerebs, sazogadod, krizisi ar exebaT. maTze ara aqvs pir-

dapiri zegavlena ekonomikur kriziss. pensionerTa umetesoba aseve daculia finansuri krizisis kerZo pensiebze zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi efeqtebidanac. im qveynebSic ki, sadac kerZo pensia aris moxucebis Se-mosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro, gamowveuli imiT, rom profesiuli gegmebi da anuitetebis gamcemi institutebi aqtivebs gankargaven im pirobiT, rom SemdgomSi gascen gansazRvruli zomis pensiebi. Tumca, aq aris gamo-naklisi SemTxvevebic.

pirveli _ esaa adamianebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian sapensio gegmas fiqsirebuli SenatanebiT. am sqemis mixedviT pensiebi gaicema akumulirebuli sapensio Senatanebis sididisa da sainvesticio ukugebis gaTvaliswinebiT. bevri pensioneri daculia krizisisagan, radgan isini pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg iZenen anuitetebis miRebis uflebas, afiqsire-ben adrindel sainvesticio mogebebs da sicocxlis bolomde sargeb-loben pensiebis miRebis uflebiT.

magram bevri adamiani ar iZens pensiaze gasvlis anuitets an am nabijis gadadgmas gadasdebs droSi. bevr pensioners aSS-sa da avstra-liaSi aqvs bevri aqtivi Tavis portfelSi da amdenad, krizisis zegav-leniT maTi danakargebi didi iyo. analogiurad, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi im adamianebs, visac finansuri aqtivebi Senaxuli aqvT sapensio sqemis ga-reT, krizisis gamo SesaZloa hqondeT didi moculobis danakargebi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu raSi hqondaT maT fuli investirebuli. maga-liTad, zogierT adamians fuli investirebuli hqonda binebSi, raTa esargeblaT am investiciebiT moxucebulobis dros. krizisma maTi ke-TildReobis done binis fasebis mniSvnelovani dacemis gamo mniSvne-lovnad Seamcira. aseve, pensionerebze krizisis uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba Zlieria im qveynebSi, sadac kerZo pensiebi aris avtomaturi Seswore-bebis subieqti (dakavSirebuli sapensio sqemebis dafinansebasTan).


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sapensio asakTan axlos myofi momuSaveebis jgufisapensio asakTan axlos myofi momuSaveebis jgufisapensio asakTan axlos myofi momuSaveebis jgufisapensio asakTan axlos myofi momuSaveebis jgufi momuSaveebi, romlebic axlos arian sapensio asakTan, arian ada-

mianebi, romlebzec yvelaze mwvaved imoqmeda rogorc ekonomikurma, ase-ve safinanso krizisma. es adamianebi arian maT Soris, vinc ekonomikis dacemis dros pirvel rigSi kargaven samuSaos, da imaT Sorisac, visac emuqrebaT grZelvadiani umuSevroba. umuSevrobis xangrZlivma periodma an ekonomikuri krizisis gamo pensiaze naadrevad gasvlam, SesaZloa xangrZlivi droiT Seamciros maTi Semosavlebi da aman gamoiwvios kontribuciebis istoriis dausrulebloba.

aseve, finansuri krizisis Semdeg am asakis adamianebs ar aqvT sak-marisi dro, raTa daelodnon finansuri bazrebis krizisidan gamosv-las, kerZo pensiebSi danakargebis aRmofxvrasa da aseve, sxva saxis da-nazogebis moculobis aRdgenas. pensiaze gasvlis gadadebac ki, maT mxolod imis saSualebas miscemT, rom aRadginon TavianTi zaralis (da-nakargebis) mxolod nawili.

finansuri krizisis zemoqmedebis zoma (masStabi) pensiebis sidide-ze damokidebulia imaze, Tu raSi aris ganxorcielebuli aqtivebis in-vestireba. zogierTi asakovani momuSave, rac ufro uaxlovdeba pensiaze gasvlis asaks, Tavisi investiciebis gadaadgilebas axdens dabalriski-ani aqtivebisaken. magram umetesoba amas ar akeTebs. magaliTad, aSS-Si 55–65 wlis asakis adamianebis daaxloebiT 45% TavianT kerZo sapensio aqtivebs floben aqciebis saxiT. SedarebisaTvis, 55 wlis qvemoT adamia-nebisaTis es maCvenebeli 50%–ze odnav naklebia. avstraliaSi ki es maCvenebeli 60%–is farglebSia.

finansur kriziss pirdapiri zegavlena gaaCnia im adamianebze, rom-lebic iReben pensiebs winaswar gansazRvruli sakontribucio gegmis mixedviT (defined contribution pension plans). islandiaSi, niderlandebsa da SeveicariaSi pensiebi aris fiqsirebuli gasacemlebiT da (Defined benefit pension plans) pensiebis sidide damokidebulia individebis Semosavlebis sididesa da sapensio sqemiT dafaruli wlebis raodenobaze.

kanadaSi, irlandiaSi, SveciaSi, gaerTianebul samefosa da aSS-Si kerZo pensiebi tradiciulad gasacemlebiT iyo fiqsirebuli. Tumca, yvela am qveyanaSi moxda gadasvla sakontribucio gegmis mixedviT pensiebis gacemaze, magram, sxvadasxva masStabebiT. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynebSi umetesi nawili asakovani momuSaveebisa pensiebs isev Zveli sqemebis mixedviT iRebs. Teoriulad, pensiebi am sqemebSi ganisazRvreba dadgenili wesebiT da gadaxdili unda iqnes sapensio fondis mdgoma-reobis miuxedavad. miuxedavad amisa, realurad, sainvesticio danakar-gebi am fondebze mZimed aisaxa. aq ganmsazRvreli aris Tanafardoba aqtivebsa da valdebulebebs Soris, raTa dafarul iqnas mimdinare da momavali valdebulebebi.

Tu krizisamde es Tanafardoba gaerTianebul samefosa da aSS–Si iyo 110–120%, krizisis Semdeg es koeficienti daeca daaxloebiT 75%–mde. es koeficientebi aseve Semcirda belgiaSi, fineTSi, SveicariaSi, magram is mainc 100%–ze maRali darCa.

krizisis gamo yvelgan daCqarda gadasvla Defined benefit sqemidan defined contribution sqemaze, ukve ara marto axalgazrda momuSaveebisaTvis, aramed asakovani xalxisaTvisac.


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avtomaturi stabilizatorebiavtomaturi stabilizatorebiavtomaturi stabilizatorebiavtomaturi stabilizatorebi

bevri saxelmwifo sapensio programa erTsa da imave sididis pen-sias ixdis, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogoria kerZo pensiebis sidide, magram aris sxva midgomebic. magaliTad, avstraliasa da daniaSi axlandeli pensionerebis umetesoba (65% da 75% Sesabamisad) iRebs resursiT tes-tirebul pensiebs. es pensiebi izrdeba, Tu kerZo pensiebis nawilis Semcirebis gamo mcirdeba sapensio Semosavlebi. kerZod, avstraliaSi kerZo sapensio Semosavlis 1 dolariT Semcireba bevri pensionerisaT-vis dRes niSnavs 60 centiT met saxelmwifo pensiis miRebas. moxucebu-lebis didi nawili – 20-35% – iRebs cxovrebis minimaluri doniT gansazRvrul pensiebs aseve kanadaSi, irlandiasa da gaerTianebul same-foSic.

es programebi moqmedeben rogorc avtomaturi stabilizatorebi, rac niSnavs, rom pensionerebisa zogierTi an umetesi nawili, srulad ar grZnobs TavianTi moxucebulobis Semosavlebze safinanso krizisis tvirTs.

sagadasaxado sistema aseve, muSaobs, rogorc avtomaturi sta-bilizatori: rogorc ki kerZo pensiebi da sxva danazogebi iZleva ufro mcire zomis Semosavlebs, mcirdeba gadasaxadi da Sesabamisad wminda pensiebSi klebac ufro naklebi sididisaa, vidre aqtivebis Rirebulebis dacema. im qveynebs Soris, sadac kerZo sapensio danazogebi aris mo-xucebulobis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawili da gadasaxadebi aris rogorc mniSvnelovani avtomaturi stabilizatori, aRsaniSnavia: dania, norvegia, Svecia. aseve, unda aRvniSnoT, rom iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa: avstralia, kanada, irlandia, gaerTianebuli samefo da aSS, pensionerTa mxolod mcire nawili ixdis gadasaxadebs, ase rom, am qveynebSi stabilizaciis efeqti limitirebulia mdidari pensionerebiT.

sapensio politikis SemuSaveba krizisis pirobebSisapensio politikis SemuSaveba krizisis pirobebSisapensio politikis SemuSaveba krizisis pirobebSisapensio politikis SemuSaveba krizisis pirobebSi

sapensio sistemebSi krizisma rigi cvlilebebis gamoiwvia. zogier-

Ti maTgani SemuSavda imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo pensiebis gacemaSi war-moqmnili struqturuli problemebis mogvareba, romlebic gamoikveTa da gaRrmavda krizisis gamo.

magram Cven, upirveles yovlisa, gamovyofT myisier nabijebs. zo-gierTma qveyanam CarTo moxucebisaTvis daxmarebis erTjeradad gasacem-lebis RonisZieba. daxmarebis Tanxebi meryeobs saberZneTis SemTxvevaSi – 140-180 dolaridan, 1000 dolaramde avstraliaSi. didma britaneTma da aSS–ma aseve gasces erTjeradi gasacemlebi. am da sxva qveynebma aseve ganaxorcieles grZelvadiani cvlilebebi moxucebulebis SemosavlebSi, romlebic mimarTulia umweo moxucebisaken. yvelaze didi cvlileba ganaxorciela fineTma. am qveyanaSi 2011 wlidan moxucebulobis pensiebi gaizarda 23%-iT. avstraliaSi gamocxadda minimaluri sapensio Semo-savalis zrda 23 %-iT, xolo espaneTSi–6%-iT, indeqsaciis ukve arsebul wesebTan erTad. belgiam, safrangeTma, koream da gaerTianebulma same-fom aseve, msgavsi politikebi SeimuSaves.

OECD-is qveynebidan, avstralia da korea xasiaTdeba siRaribeSi mcxovrebi moxucebulebis yvelaze maRali wiliT. moxucebis siRaribis done saSualoze maRalia espaneTSic. siRaribis daZlevis RonisZiebebi-


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dan umetesoba mimarTulia arsebuli socialuri problemebis mogvare-bisaken. Tumca, zogierTi maTgani, romelic mimarTulia pensionerebze, ar aris mimarTuli im adamianebze, romelTa asaki axlosaa pensiaze gasvlis asakTan, anu adamianTa im jgufisaken, romlebzec krizisi yve-laze did gavlenas axdens.

bevr qveyanaSi moxucebulebis dacva aris zrunvis erT-erTi mTa-vari sagani. krizisis zegavleniT dabalSemosavliani pensionerebis dacva (pensiis wili ekonomikaSi saSualo Semosavlebis mimarT) qveyne-bis mixedviT xasiaTdeba Semdegi monacemebiT: dania – 62%, islandia – 54.2%, luqsemburgi – 49,7%, saberZneTi – 47,9%, niderlandebi – 46,7%, TurqeTi – 43,5%, espaneTi – 40,5%, avstria – 40,1%, CexeTis respublika –3 9,6%, axali zelandia – 38,8%, ungreTi – 38,5%, Svecia –38,3%, kanada – 38,3, irlandia – 34,2%, italia – 34%, avstralia – 33,5%, fineTi – 33,3%, norvegia – 33,1%, korea – 32,1%, Sveicaria – 31,3%, safrangeTi – 30,9%, po-loneTi – 30,6%, belgia – 29,1%, slovakeTis respublika – 28,2%, meqsika – 27,7%, portugalia – 27,4%, gaerTianebuli samefo – 25,5%, aSS – 25,2%, iaponia – 23,6%, Germania – 21,5%. maSasadame, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa germania, iaponia da aSS, sruli karieris mqone dabalSemosavlian momu-Saveebs (pensionerebs, romelTac aqvT qveyanaSi saSualo Semosavlebis naxevarze naklebi) eqnebaT saSualo Semosavlebis 25%-is farglebSi moTavsebuli an masze ufro dabali pensia. krizisis dros, rodesac ad-gili aqvs pensiaze adreul gasvlas an grZelvadian umuSevrobas, mo-muSave dabalanazRaurebadi adamianebi imyofebian moxucebulobis dros Zalian dabali pensiis miRebis maRali riskis qveS.

zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs SesaZleblobebi, raTa Sesustdes eko-nomikuri dacemiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi. magaliTad, adamia-nebs daniasa da islandiaSi aqvT SesaZlebloba TavianTi sapensio da-nazogebidan ufro adre aiRon garkveuli Tanxa. riski mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am adamianebs SesaZloa finansuri siZneleebi gauCndeT maSin, roca isini gavlen pensiaze. Tumca, am or qveyanaSi es naklebadaa mosa-lodneli, radgan xelmisawvdomoba SesaZlebelia mxolod im danazogeb-ze, romelic gacilebiT maRalia im doneze, rac saWiroa komfortuli moxucebulobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

avstraliaSi mxolod mcire raodenobis adamianebi iyeneben da-nazogebs, isic mxolod mZime situaciebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, roca saWiroa ipoTekuri sesxebis safuZvelze SeZenili saxlebis SenarCuneba. aseve, aSS–Si momuSaveebs aqvT ufleba TavianTi kerZo pensiebidan aiRon sesxebi grZelvadiani periodiT. es ZiriTadad gadaixdeba procentiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi maT mouwevT sagadasaxado jarimis gadaxda. am poli-tikebis efeqturoba Semoifargleba mxolod garkveuli raodenobis pen-sionerebiT, radgan naklebadaa mosalodneli, rom, is adamianebi, ro-melTac gaaCniaT sakmarisze meti finansuri danazogi, krizisis dros Cavardnen mZime finansur siZneleebSi. saWiroa sifrTxile, raTa ada-mianebma aragonivrulad, naadrevad ar daxarjon TavianTi sapensio dana-zogebi, Tumca, sapensio danazogebis adreuli gamoyeneba ar unda iqnes mTlianad amoRebuli ekonomikuri politikis meniudan.


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sapensio angariSebis dacvasapensio angariSebis dacvasapensio angariSebis dacvasapensio angariSebis dacva

unda uSvelos Tu ara mTavrobam individebis sapensio angariSebs imave zomiT, ra zomiTac isini Svelas iTxoven? amaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs.

magaliTad, Defined benefit gegmebi dafarulia pensiebis dacvis fondiT gaerTianebul samefoSi da pensiebis garantiebis korporaciiT aSS–Si. es programebi finansdeba profesiuli gegmebiT mobilizebuli Senatanebidan, magram mTavroba moqmedebs, rogorc faruli (iribi) ga-rantori.

defined contribution sqemebis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo intervencia Se-moifargleba mxolod sapensio Semosavlebis sqemis CamoyalibebiT. is sustia im qveynebSi, sadac maRalia saxelmwifo pensiebis sqemiT dafarva da sadac adamianebs gaaCniaT sainvesticio arCevani. amis sapirispirod, mTavrobebs aqvT daxmarebis gawevis moraluri da aseve kanomdeblobiT dadgenili movaleoba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac defined contribution pensie-bi aris savaldebulo da ara nebayoflobiTi da sadac pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg anuitetebis gacema aris savaldebulo.

pirdapiri daxmareba – fulis gadaxda adamianebis sapensio angari-Sebze–SeiZleba iyos Zalian did danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli da sa-xelmwifo finansebi, rogorc cnobilia, aris SemosazRvruli. aq gvaqvs aseve moraluri zianis riskic: Tu aris molodini imisa, rom anazRaur-deba zarali, es waaxalisebs adamianebs investireba moaxdinon ufro riskian proeqtebSi. am mizezebis gamo, sainvesticio ukugebebze ad-hoc garantiebi da danakargebze kompensaciebi Tavidan unda iqnes acile-buli.

ekonomikuri siZneleebidan gamosvlisaTvis daxmareba azrs iZens im adamianebisaTvis, vinc axlosaa sapensio asakTan. magram es politikur siZneleebs warmoSobs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi axalgazrda momuSaveebi motyuebulni rCebian. analogiurad, pensionerebi, romlebmac TavianTi danazogebi ganaTavses naklebadriskian fasian qaRaldebSi, gamoxataven saCivars im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi asakis sxva adamianebi, vinc TavianT fuls inaxaven finansur bazrebze, kompensirebuli iqnebian saxelmwifos mier.

erTaderTi magaliTi, sadac danakargebis sruli anazRaureba xde-ba, aris israeli. amis miuxedavad, am sqemiT daxmarebebis moculoba Za-lian limitirebulia (faravs mxolod 2008 wlis Semdgomi periodis da-nakargebs) da aseve, danaxarjebis dafarva ganawilebulia 13 wlian periodze.

Tanasworobisa da fiskaluri danaxarjebis mizezebis gaTvalis-winebiT mTavrobebi unda daeyrdnon saxelmwifo sapensio sqemebs, raTa darwmundnen imaSi, rom sainvesticio danakargebi anazRaurdeba siRa-takeSi myofi pensionerebisaTvis. kompensaciebis gadaxda saxelmwifo pensiis saxiT gaanawilebs danaxarjebs am sqemaSi CarTuli adamianebis mimarT, Seamcirebs politikur daZabulobas da aseve, Seamcirebs mo-ralur zians.


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investiciebi da riskebiinvesticiebi da riskebiinvesticiebi da riskebiinvesticiebi da riskebi pensiebi aris grZelvadiani investiciebi da Zalian araSorsmWv-

reteluri iqneboda gadawyvetilebis dafuZneba mxolod bolo–2008-2009 wlebze, rodesac safondo birJebma dakarges fasiani qaRaldebis Rire-bulebis daaxloebiT naxevari, Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom saxelmwifo obligaciebma aCvenes dadebiTi ukugeba.

O OECD-s qveynebis mixedviT aqciebisa da obligaciebis ukugebebis analizma 45 wliani droiTi periodisaTvis aCvena, rom am droiT pe-riodSi ukugebebi Tanabar droiT periodebSi iyo medianur mniSvnelo-baze dabla da maRla. dabalansebuli portfelis SemTxvevaSi (roca naxevari modis aqciebze da naxevari–obligaciebze) medianuri ukugeba aris 7.3% (inflaciis zemoT). is ufro maRalia aqciebisaTvis –8.9% da dabali obligaciebisTvis – 5.2%. sxvadasxva wlebSi sxvadasxva Sedegebi iyo da ukugebebi meryeobda weliwadSi 5.5%-dan 10%-mde. drois ganxi-lul periodSi 10 %-is SemTxvevaSi is aRemateboda 9%-s. aqciebi iZleo-da ufro maRal ukugebas, rac maRali riskis fasad xdeboda. sasur-velia, rom sapensio asakTan axlos myofi adamianebis sapensio danazo-gebis didi nawili Cadebuli iyos dabalriskian investiciebSi. Tumca, arsebobs strategia, romelsac SeuZlia Seamciros riski, ukugebis ga-riskvis gareSec. kerZod, cxovrebis ciklis Sesabamisi investireba moi-cavs ufro mRalriskiani aqtivebidan (rogoricaa aqciebi) gadaadgi-lebas dabalriskian aqtivebze – rogoricaa depozitebi da saxelmwifo obligaciebi da rogorc ki adamianebi uaxlovdebian sapensio asaks, saxelmwifom, rogorc minimumi, unda waaxalisos es adamianebi, raTa maT swored es strategia airCion.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1. Edward Whitehouse, Anna D’Addio and Andrew Reilly (2009), “Inveestment risk and pensions: Impact on individual retirement incomes and government budgets” OESD Social, Employment And Migration working Papers # 87

2. Pension Systems. Sustainabilitty and Distribution Effects in Germany and United Kingdom. Birgit Mattil.2006. Physica-Verlag Heideberg.

3. Antolin, P. and E.R. Whitehouse (2008), “Filling the pension gap:Coverage and value of voluntary retirement saving”, Social, Employment and Migration W/P, # 69, OECD.

4. Bikker,J. and P. Vlaar (2006), “conditional Indexation in defined Benefit Pension Plans”, W/P # 86, Central bank of the Netherlands, Amsterdam.

5. OECD(2009), Pensions at a Glance: Retirement –Income systems in OECD Countries, Paris.

6. OECD(2009), Private pension outlook, Paris. 7. Stewart, f. (2007), “benefit Security Pension fund Guarantee Schemes”, W/P on

Insurance and Private Pensions”# 5, OECD Paris. 8. Whitehouse, E.R. Pensions, “Purchasing Power Risk, Inflation, and Indexation”,

Social, Employment and Migration W/P, # 77, OECD. 9. Sweeting, P. (2006) “Correlation and the pension protection fund”, Fiscal Studies,

vol. 27, # 2. pp. 157-182.


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Marina Muchiashvili Academical Doctor of Economics, Professor

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CRISES ON PENSION SYSTEMS: EXPERIENCE

OF OECD COUNTRIES

Summary

The current financial and economic crisis has highlighted the importance of investment risk for pension systems. The dramatic spread of defined- contribution pension provision around the world shows that investment risk has direct effect on living standards in old age. This paper explores how uncertainty over investment returns affects individuals’ retirement income and State budgets. Analysis show that public pensions, and the tax system act as ”automatic stabilizers” of retirement incomes in the face of investment risk in defined contribution pension plans. However, the degree of protection offered by these policies varies significantly between countries. Analysis Show that it is impossible to make Investment risks go away: it is only possible to reallocate the risk between private and public sectors in the pension system.

Study of the experience of the OECD countries will help Georgian government in the preparation and implementation future pension reforms in the country.


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makroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomikamakroekonomika

solomosolomosolomosolomon pavliaSvilin pavliaSvilin pavliaSvilin pavliaSvili stu sruli profesori

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

inflacia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriebiinflacia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriebiinflacia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriebiinflacia da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoriebi

mimdinare mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi da globalizaciis procesi Zireulad cvlis qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. dRes wina planze gamodis codna, informacia, msof-lio ekonomikaSi integraciis xarisxi, Tanamedrove menejmenti da krea-tiuli winadadebebis realizacia. Tanamedrove etapze Zalze mniSvne-lovania grZelvadiani strategiis sworad SemuSaveba. amis safuZvelze prognozebisa da RonisZiebaTa nusxis sworad gansazRvra. sxvanairad saqarTvelo ver uzrunvelyofs msoflios konkurentunarian garemoSi Tavisi adgilis dakavebas da CamorCenilobis daZlevas.

saqarTvelosTvis `kargi magaliTi~ iyo gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dawyebuli transformaciuli krizisi, aseve kargad gvaxsovs 1997-1998 wlebSi ruseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, rogor mtkivneulad aisaxa saqarTvelos ekonomikaze. TiTqmis analogiur mdgomareobaSi aR-movCndiT mimdinare msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis fonze da 2008 wels ganviTarebuli saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad. am movlenebma naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgrad da usafrTxo ganviTarebaze gadasvlis grZelvadiani strategiis ganxor-cieleba. qveyanam unda miaRwios ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT zRvrul parametrebs, romelic Zlier ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi gadasv-lis saSualebas miscems. “am pirobebSi, rodesac bazari aRiarebulia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel meqanizmad, saxelmwi-fos ekonomikuri siZliere damokidebulia mis globalur konkurentuna-rianobaze... msoflio bazarze sakuTari segmentis damkvidrebisa da ga-farToebisaTvis”1.

msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma kidev erTxel dagvanaxa, Tu ram-denad mniSnvelovania saxelmwifoebis mzad yofna mosalodneli ekono-mikuri problemebis Tavidan asacileblad. dasamali ar aris, rom zog-jer am ekonomikur `Cavardnebs~ aqvs ara marto lokaluri xasiaTi, ara-med globaluri xasiaTis matarebelia. TavisTavad gasagebia, rom ro-desac msoflio ekonomikur krizisze vsaubrobT, mas udavod globa-luri xasiaTi aqvs da misi gavrcelebis ZiriTadi principi aris _ e.w `dominos principi~, Tumca msoflioSi iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac kriziss hqonda ufro lokaluri xasiaTi, magaliTad, iaponiis, koreis, axlo aR-mosavleT qveynebis krizisi da sxva, romlebmac gavrceleba ver hpoves regionis miRma.

dRes mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa saqarT-velos erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani strategiuli amocanaa, amitom aucilebelia mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis grZelvadiani pro-

1 i. mesxia. saqarTvelos globaluri konkurentunarianobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Jurnali socialuri ekonomika, #2, gv.10 2011w.


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gramis, rogorc momavalSi saxelmwifo strategiisa da politikis ganmszaRvreli dokumentis, SemuSaveba da ganoxrcieleba2.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli imis dasturia, rom Tu qveyanas ar gaaCnia kargad damuSavebuli, yovlis momcveli, Sesabamisi `mexamride-bis~ Semcveli grZelvadiani ganviTarebis strategia, maSin patara wi-naaRmdegobebis SemTxvevaSic ki, saxelmwifo SesaZloa saerTod Camoi-Salos. ismis kiTxva: mainc ra aris yvelaze mTavari qveynis ekonomikis mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTarebisaTvis?

pirvel rigSi mTavaria qveyanas gaaCndes ekonomikis ganviTarebis swori makroekonomikuri da mikroekonomikuri strategia, romlebic da-balansebulebi unda iyvnen yvela doneze da SesabamisobaSi iyvnen erT-maneTTan erTiani sinergiuli efeqtis misaRebad. erovnuli ekonomikis masStabebSi biznesis makro garemo sameurneo subieqtis saqmianobaze irib, magram arsebiT zegavlenas axdens. is moicavs qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, bazris institutebs, samecniero teqnikur progress, politikur da saerTaSoriso faqtorebs3.

saqarTveloSi 90-iani wlebis da Semdgomi krizisebi naTeli maga-liTia imisa, Tu raoden uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebaze makroekonomikuri da mikroenomikuri interesebis, poli-tikis SeuTavsebloba. makroekonomika qmnis ekonomikur garemos mikro-ekonomikis funqcionirebisaTvis, xolo mikroekonomikaSi marketinguli kavSirebi qmnis garemos makroekonomikasTan erTad mTeli erovnuli meurneobis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis4. am ori donis, makroenomikis da mikroekonomikis SeTavsebadoba, rogorc moklevadian, ise grZel-vadian periodSi, maTi miznebisa da amocanebis sworad SerCeva, infla-ciis dauSvebloba ekonomikis xangrZlivi mdgradi ganviTarebis safuZ-velia. mniSvnelovania TiToeuli donis marTvis sworad ganxorcieleba.

saqarTvelosTvis upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseTi ekonomikuri politikis formirebas da ganxorcielebas, romelic ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis saSualebas mogvcems, romlis saboloo mizanic aris aR-dgenili da sicocxlisunariani qarTuli ekonomikis Seqmna.

mocemul naSromSi Cven ganvixilavT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teo-riebis Sexedulebebs inflaciasTan dakavSirebiT, gavaanalizebT infla-cias, rogorc ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebel makroeko-nomikur pirobas. “rogorc cnobilia, zomieri inflacia xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas, radgan mewarme dainteresebulia, rac SeiZleba swra-fad daasrulos warmoebrivi cikli, rom droze miiRos mogeba da misi nawili kvlav Cados warmoebaSi, raTa amonagebi inflaciam ar gaaufa-suros5”. sabazro ekonomikas aqvs zrdis unari, magram xelisufleba zogjer inflaciis SiSiT axorcielebs ekonomikur politikas, romelic SeuZlebels xdis zrdas. ufro xSirad ki mTavroba akeTebs sapirispiro Secdomas: igi Warbi mastimulirebeli politikiT iwvevs ufro maRali zrdis tempebs, vidre saWiroa warmoebis realuri moculobis bunebrivi zrdisTvis. rogorc wesi, amis Sedegia ekonomikuri zrda inflaciis

2 a. abralava. erovnuli ekonomika da globalizacia. Tbilisi, 2005w. gv. 303 3 T. Sengelia. biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2008 w. gv. 57 4 s. pavliaSvili. warmoebis efeqtianobis marTvis kompleqsuri sistema. Tbilisi, 1998 w. gv. 33 5 vl. papava. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 262


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TanxlebiT. es aris inflacia, gamowveuli erToblivi moTxovnis si-WarbiT. aseTi zrdis analizidan gamomdinareobs Semdegi daskvnebi ekonomikuri politikisTvis: moklevadian periodSi faqtorebs, romle-bic ganapirobeben warmoebis realuri moculobis bunebrivi zrdis temp-Tan SedarebiT erToblivi moTxovnis ufro swrafi tempiT zrdas, SeuZ-lia daaCqaros warmoebis realuri zrdis tempi da Seamciros umuSevro-bis done. am efeqtis miRweva xdeba zomieri inflaciis fasad, romelic gamowveulia moTxovniT, magram momdevno periodSi am Tavdapirveli dadebiTi Sedegis Semdeg mdgomareoba icvleba. firmebi da momuSaveebi moelian fasebis Semdgom zrdas mza produqciaze da iyeneben warmoebis sul ufro met faqtors. maSasadame, erToblivi moTxovna unda gaizar-dos sul ufro swrafad ufro imisTvis, rom Seaferxos warmoebis rea-luri moculobis Semcireba mis bunebriv donemde da umuSevrobis nor-mis gadideba mis bunebriv normamde. amitom Cqardeba inflaciis tempi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos erToblivi moTxovnis ufro swrafi zrda, xolo warmoebis realuri moculobis zrdis tempis mcirdeba. “amgvarad, inflaciur zrdas Tavisi maRali dasaqmebiT grZelvadian periodSi au-cileblad mohyveba warmoebis zrdis tempebis Semcireba da umuSevrobis zrda. amdenad igi efeqtianobis zrdis Semaferxebel faqtorad gadaiq-ceva. aq motanili tendenciebi da meqanizmebi dadasturebulia ukanask-nel aTwleulebSi dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis sinamdviliT”6.

Cven migvaCnia, rom makroekonomikuri marTvis ZiriTadi miznebi un-da iyos: sabiujeto-safinanso da fulad-sakredito politikis sworad gansazRvra; inflaciis daZleva-Semcireba, misi erTniSna ciframde day-vana; biujetis deficitis minimizacia (2-5%-mde); investiciuri aqtiobisa da struqturuli gardaqmnebis regulireba. samomxmareblo saqonlis da momsaxurebis wingamswrebi warmoeba; erovnuli valutis kursis mdgra-dobis uzrunvelyofa; sagadamxdelo balansis wonasworobis miRweva, am mizniT import Canacvlebadi produqciis warmoebisadmi saxelmwifos maqsimaluri mxardaWera.

yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani problema ekonomikis stabiluri, mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis aris swored is inflaciuri procesebi, ro-melic saqarTveloSic gamoikveTa. saSualovadian periodSi makroenomi-kur politikas gaaCnia sami ZiriTadi mizani, esenia:Lekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa, inflaciis dabali donis miRweva da adgi-lobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis zrda7. dasamali ar aris, rom maRa-li inflacia xels SeuSlis investiciebis mozidvas qveyanaSi, radgan igi xels uSlis investiciebis ukugebis amaRlebas da sainvesticio klimats auaresebs. “inflaciis tempebis zrda ucxoeli partniorebis TvalSi, Zalze didi albaTobiT, aRqmuli iqneba, rogorc makroekono-mikuri stabilizaciis kursidan gadaxveva, rac, Tavis mxriv, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas kvlav gadaavadebs8”.

dResdReobiT msoflios winaSe dgas problema, Tu rogor ebr-Zolos inflacias. ekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT Tu vimsjelebT,

6 e. dolani. makroekonomika. sankt-peterburgi, 1994w. gv 277-378 7 i. mesxia, kaxaber gabelaSvili. `saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema~. Tbilisi, 2010w. gv. 170 8 vl. papava. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 266


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brZolis meTodebi Teoriebis mixedviT radikalurad gansxvavebulia da xSir SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobrivi.

makroekonomikuri Teoriis fuZemdebeli j.m.keinsi, romlis “zogadi Teoriis” gamoyenebam gasuli saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi wina planze wa-moswia makroekonomikuri kvleva, kerZod, dinamikuri wonasworobisa da mdgradobis problema, rogorc keinsuri Teoria, ixilavda ra fasebsa da inflacias, fasebs mudmiv sidided miiCnevda, miuTiTebda, rom ekono-mika reagirebs fulze, moTxovnis cvlilebaze, warmoebisa da dasaqmebis zrdiT an SemcirebiT, da ara fasebis zrdiT an SemcirebiT. Tumca, amave dros, keinsi Tvlida, rom grZelvadian aspeqtSi aRiniSneba fasebis zrdis tendencia, rac, misi azriT, gamowveulia xelfasis erTeulis ufro swrafi zrdiT warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdasTan SedarebiT. man safuZveli Cauyara danaxarjebis inflaciis Teorias, rac dakavSire-bulia xelfasis zrdasTan manmade, sanam miRweuli iqneba sruli dasaq-meba.

keinsma faqtiurad aRiara, rom ar arsebobs srulyofili konku-renciis pirobebi da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wonasworobis pirobebi, kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia cikluri ganviTareba krizisebiTa da aRmavlobis faziT, arasruli dasaqmeba. daasabuTa, rom saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi, mTavrobis funqciebis gafarToeba erTaderTi sa-Sualebaa arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisebis Tavidan asacileblad da sabazro ekonomikis warmatebiT funqcionirebisaTvis. igi mivida im dask-vnamde, rom fulad-sakredito politika krizisidan gamosvlis ab-soliturad araefeqturi saSualebaa, misi daskvniT krizisis daZlevi-saTvis mTavaria rwmenis dabruneba mewarmeTaTvis investiciebis gansa-xorcieleblad, rac SeiZleba miRweuli iqnas ara fulad-sakredito, aramed saxelmwifos sabiujeto politikiT, saxelmwifo investiciebis gadidebiT, radganac swored saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansazRvros saWiro resursebis saerTo raodenoba da am resursebis mflobelTa anazRau-rebis ganakveTebi9.

SemdgomSi j.xiksis mier Camoyalibebuli neoklasikuri sinTezi gaxda ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis keinsuri politikis safuZ-veli, romelmac moicva rogorc fiskaluri, ise fulad-sakredito politika. regulirebis instrumentad aRiares sabiujeto politika, ker-Zod saxelmwifo gasavlebisa da Semosavlebis, sagadasaxado ganakveTe-bis gamoyeneba moTxovnis Sesamcireblad an gasadideblad da fulad-sakredito politikis RonisZiebebi, procentis ganakveTis cvlileba Se-sabamisi RonisZiebebiT Ria bazarze.

xiksTan erTad neoklasikuri sinTezis realizaciaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis p. samuelsons, d. patinkins, f. modelianis, j. tobins. Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi “ekonomika” samuelsoni aRniSnavs, rom “neoklasikuri sinTezi, sakredito, fuladi da fiskaluri politikis gaerTianeba eko-nomikis mkveTri dacemis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva... sabo-lood spobs did gansxvavebas mikro da makro ekonomikas Soris”10.

neoklasikuri sinTezis sxva mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba iyo is, rom sruli dasaqmebis ideis nacvlad wina planze wamoiwia dasaqmebasa

9 s. pavliaSvili, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Teoriebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 44 10 p. samuelsoni. ekonomika. moskovi, 1964. gv.396


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da inflaciis Soris alternativis, anu arCevanis problemam. aqcentebis aseTi gadaadgileba gamoiwvia “filipsis mrudis” koncefciam, romelic gamoxatavda funqcionalur damokidebulebas dasaqmebasa da inflacias Soris. rac ufro maRalia umuSevroba, miT ufro naklebia xelfasis mateba da fasebis zrda da piriqiT, rac ufro naklebia umuSevroba da maRalia dasaqmeba, miT ufro didia xelfasis mateba da fasebis zrdis tempi. maSasadame, inflaciis done ganisazRvreba dasaqmebulobis doniT da piriqiT. empiriuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze Catarebulma namuSev-rebma 50-60-ian wlebSi daadastures am debulebis arseboba. ekonomistebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris arsebobs stabiluri da winaswar ganWvretadi ukukavSiri. aseTi kavSiris gaTva-liswinebiT am periodSi dgeboda erovnuli ekonomikuri prognozebi mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi.

momdevno periodSi, am problemebis gamokvlevebma da realurma sinamdvilem dasaqmebasa da inflacias Soris rTuli winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba Camoayaliba, rac ekonomikur literaturaSi “mastabi-lizebeli politikis dilemis” saxemwodebiT aris cnobili. gairkva, rom tradiciuli fuladi da fiskaluri politika Semoifargleboda mxolod erToblivi moTxovnis gadanawilebiT. es RonisZieba araviTar zegavlenas ar axdenda Sromis bazris disproporciebsa da bazarze batonobis sistemaze, romlebic inflacias iwvevdnen sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobis miRwevamde.

amasTan, gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis ekonomikurma ganvi-Tarebam daadastura, rom inflaciis donesa da umuSevrobis dones Soris myari alternatiuli kavSiri ar arsebobs. am wlebSi ekonomikaSi inflaciisa da umuSevrobis erTdrouli gadideba SeiniSneboda, rac stagflaciis axali kategoriiT iqna daxasiaTebuli. am periodSi infla-ciis yovel axal dones Tan axlda mzardi umuSevroba. keinsuri mimar-Tulebis mkvlevarebi stagflaciis miwodebis SokebiT anu safaso So-kebis seriebiT xsnida. am Sokebidan aRsaniSnavia navTobis Sokebi 1974 da 1979 wlebSi, rodesac navTobze fasi gaizarda Sesabamisad 4-jer da 5,5-jer, soflismeurneobrivi deficiti 1972-1973 wlebSi, ramac ganapi-roba maRali danaxarjebi mrewvelobis im dargebSi, romlebic sursaTsa da naturalur boWkos amzadebdnen. dolaris gaufasureba 1971-1973 wleb-Si. 1971-1974 wlebSi aSS-Si arsebuli xelfasisa da fasebze kontrolis gauqmeba.

monetaristebi miiCneven, rom inflacia yovelTvis fuladi mov-lenaa da masTan brZola SeiZleba mxolod fulis mimoqcevis sferoSi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, inflacia ar aris fasebis zrdis Sedegi. fasebis zrda warmoebis iaraRebze _ nedleulze, masalebze, energiaze, xelfasis gadideba, ar iwvevs yvela saqonlis erTobliv fa-sis momatebas da ar aris inflacia manmade, sanam momxmareblebi ar mii-Reben ufro meti raodenobis fuls, e.i ar gadiddeba fulis masa mimo-qcevaSi. ekonomikuri mizezobriobis TvalsazrisiT, iseTi movlena, ro-goric aris danaxarjebis inflacia, saerTod ar arsebobs. is, rasac uwodeben inflacias fasebis gadidebis Sedegad, aris mimoqcevaSi fu-lis gadidebis Sedegi, rac xorcieldeba umuSevrobis Semcirebis miz-niT.

mimoqcevaSi fulis masa rom ar gaizardos, maSin warmoebis faq-torebze fasis gadideba gamoiwvevda ara fasebis saerTo donis amaR-


27

lebas, aramed gayidvebis Semcirebas da umuSevrobis zrdas. amasTan meurne subieqtebi xasiaTdebian fulze stabiluri moTxovniT Tu fulis raodenoba mimoqcevaSi moTxovnaze metia, isini cdiloben ganTavisuf-ldnen zedmeti fulisagan, rac iwvevs inflacias. amitom antiinflaci-uri RonisZiebaa fulis raodenobis Semcireba mimoqcevaSi. am SemTxveva-Si SesaZlebelia: kerZo seqtoris moTxovnis Semcireba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze; fasiani qaRaldebis raodenobis Semcireba, rac gamoiw-vevs procentis amaRlebas. Sedegad Semcirdeba warmoeba, xolo garkve-uli drois Semdeg gaizrdeba fasebi. gaizrdeba gacvliTi kursi, rac Seamcirebs fasebs importul saqonelze, aseve Semcirdeba saeqsporto saqonlis warmoeba, radganac inflacia gamowveulia mxolod moTxov-naSi cvlilebebiT da ar aqvs xarjviTi xasiaTi. monetarizmi saerTod uaryofs Semosavlebis politikas, monetarizms saWirod miaCnia fulis miwodebis gadideba fiqsirebuli, winaswar gansazRvruli procentiT, romelic Seesabameba mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis grZelvadian temps. monetaristebi moiTxoven fulis masis Tanabarzomier zrdas wi-naswar gansazRvruli tempiT, erovnuli produqtis zrdis tempTan Sesa-bamisobiT. isini Tvlian, rom am gziT fulis miwodeba SesabamisobaSi mova moTxovnasTan da TviTon fulis masis zrdis stabiluroba uzrun-velyofs ekonomikis zrdis reJimSi yofnas11.

monetarizmma saerTod uaryo danaxarjebis inflaciis Teoria, Semoitana analizis iseTi umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti, rogoric aris bunebrivi umuSevroba da daasabuTa sruli dasaqmebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli miuRebloba. monetarizmma gansazRvra anti-inflaciuri po-litikis ZiriTadi meqanizmebi, romelic mraval qveyanaSi wamratebiT iqna gamoyenebuli. am politikis mTavari elementebia: fulis masis zrdis stabilurobis SenarCuneba, sazogadoebrivi produqtis realuri zrdis Sesabamisad; mkacri fulad-sakredito politika; biujetis defi-citis ar daSveba; mTavrobis finansuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-lebis ar daSveba dausaqonlebeli fulis emisiiT. man garkveuli roli mianiWa investiciebsac, Tumca fulad-sakredito politikasTan urTierT-kavSirSi.

samecniero kvlevebma daadastures, rom gardamaval ekonomikasa da ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikaSi moqmedebs erTnairi kanonzomierebebi _ rac ufro swrafad izrdeba fulis masa, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba fasebi, swrafad ecema erovnuli valutis kursi da piriqiT. fulis emisiis Seneleba iwvevs inflaciis tempebis Semcirebas, erovnuli va-lutis stabilizacias. inflaciisa da fulis masis dinamikis mkacri ur-TierTdamokidebulebis xarisxi iseTia, rom praqtikulad gamoricxulia inflaciis ara fuladi faqtorebiT gamowveva. finansuri stabilizaciis mqone qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom inflaciis ara nulovani tempebis SenarCuneba dakavSirebulia fulis masis ara nulovan tempebis SenarCunebasTan.

11 Р. Хейлбронер. Л. Туроу. Зкономика для всех. М. 1994. стр. 163-164.


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grafiki12: saSualo inflaciis done saqarTveloSi % rac Seexeba dRevandel sagangaSo mdgomareobas, saqarTveloSi

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 2011 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT wli-urma inflaciam gadaaWarba 13.4%-s. pirvel rigSi mosaxleobisaTvis yve-laze mZimea is, rom fasebi gaizarda sasursaTo produqciaze 28%-iT, purze fasma moimata daaxloebiT 25.8%-iT, mcenareul zeTsa da cximebze _ 34.5%,-iT, kartofilze – 30-35%-iT, xaxvze TiTqmis 50%-iT, rZis pro-duqtebze _ 15-20%-iT, asevea navTobproduqcia, romlis fasic yoveldRi-urad imatebs. transportze fasma moimata 8%-iT gasul welTan Seda-rebiT.

cxrili13: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (inflacia) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 saSualo wliuri wina

wlis saSualo wliurTan 108.2 109.2 109.2 110.0 101.7 107.1

dekembris wina wlis dekemberTan

106.2 108.8 111.0 105.5 103.0 111.2

wliuri inflaciis done 6.2 8.8 11.0 5.5 3.0 11.2 rogorc monacemebidan Cans, bolo 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis

zrdis tempi aseTi maRali ar yofila, rogorc dResdReobiT aRiniSneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2006-2008 wlebSi sainvesticio “bumi” iyo qveyanaSi. marto am sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 4.5 miliardi dolaris investicia iqna Semosuli. dRevandeli inflaciis aseTi sagangaSo mdgomareoba gamow-veulia rogorc gare, ise Sida faqtorebiT. gare faqtorebidan mniSv-nelovania navTobis fasis mkveTri zrda, romelic bolo 6 TveSi barel navTobze 50-60 dolaridan 110 dolaramde gaizarda. amis mizezia ara

12 wyaro: http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/price/2011-aprili-geo.pdf 13 wyaro: http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=127&lang=geo


29

marto krizisis Semdgomi ekonomikis gamococxleba, aramed isic, rom CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebSi _ alJirSi, egvipteSi, tunisSi, iordaniaSi, libiaSi mimdinareobs revoluciuri da samoqalaqo omebi. ganviTare-bulma qveynebma daiwyes sakuTari navTobis rezervebis Sevseba, rac pirdapir aisaxa mis fasze. eqspertebis SefasebebiT 1 milioni bareli navTobis gazrda iwvevs bareli navTobis daaxloebiT 7-8 dolariT gaz-rdas. agvistodan dRemde xorblis fasi 180 dolaridan TiTqmis 360 dolaramde gaizarda.

gaeros monacemebiT 2011 wels msoflios 50 milioni tona xorblis deficiti eqneba. amas emateba isic, rom gasuli wlis seqtembris TveSi ruseTma saerTod akrZala qveynidan xorblis eqsporti da xaxvis eqs-porti aikrZala indoeTidan. cnobisaTvis, ruseTidan yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 12-15 milioni tona xorblis eqsporti xorcieldeboda. aR-saniSnavia, rom arc erT did saxelmwifos am sakiTxze aranairi pre-tenzia ar gamouTqvams. maSin, roca ruseTi Zlier aris dainteresebuli msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebiT, aseT “egoistur” nabi-jebs aRar unda dgamdes. amas daemata wyaldidoba avstraliaSi, buneb-rivi kataklizmebi braziliasa da argentinaSi. fasebze garkveulad imoqmeda gasul wels CineTSi miRebulma kanonma xelfasis minimumis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic 140 dolaramde gaizarda. es Seexo daaxloebiT 500 milionze met adamians. ramac momentalurad gazarda fasebi CineTSi warmoebul pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, tansacmelze, fexsacmelze, bambeulze da sxva. niSandoblivia, rom sursaTze fasebis zrda SeiniSneba msoflioSic. gaeros monacemebiT marto gasuli wlis dekembris TveSi sursaTze fasebi 4.2%-iT gaizarda.

rac Seexeba inflaciis gamomwvev Sida faqtorebs, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom samomxmareblo bazris 70-80% importzea damokidebu-li. amitom mimaCnia, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani unda iyos saxelmwifo biujetidan mxardaWera soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze. qveynis eko-nomikis “lokomotivis” roli turizmma ki ara, soflis meurneobam unda Seasrulos. soflis meurneobisaTvis gamoyofili 150 milioni lari Ta-visTavad kargia, magram es panacea ar aris. soflis meurneobaSi gan-xorcielebuli ekonomikuri politika unda iyos mTlianad qveynis mak-roekonomikuri politikis Semadgeneli nawili. saxelmwifom unda Seqm-nas yvelanairi makro da mikroekonomikuri piroba soflis meurneobis stabiluri da Seuferxebeli ganviTarebisaTvis. saxelmwifo reguli-reba, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs samomxmareblo fasebis gansazRvras ama Tu im saqonelze, an raime formiT Carevas, magram saxelmwifom perma-nentulad unda ganaxorcielos seqtorebis demonopolizacia. dRevan-deli mdgomareobiT, veranair kritikas ver uZlebs samedicino, farma-cevtuli, sadazRvevo, navTobis seqtorSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba.

qveyanaSi investiciebis didi odenobiT Semosvla iwvevs erovnuli valutis kursis gamyarebas, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, roca mTavroba icavs valutis kurss gamyarebisgan, es xels uwyobs inflaciuri potencialis warmoqmnas. Semosuli kapitalis ganeitralebis mizniT erovnuli bankebi mimarTaven Ria bazris sxvadasxva operaciebs. aseTi SeiZleba iyos sa-xelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi (saxazino valdebulebebis gayidva), ro-melic amcirebs safinanso likvidurobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 2004-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semovida 6 miliardze meti investicia, erovnulma bankma SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina laris kursis mkveTri ryevebi.


30

laris kursis gamyarebam, rac dRes saxezea, zogadad ekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, grZelvadian periodSi importirebul saqonel-ze fasebis kleba unda gamoiwvios, sinamdvileSi amis msgavsi araferi xdeba. gasuli wlis zafxulSi, lari dolaris mimarT 4%-iT gaufasur-da, importiorebma ra male moaxdines reagireba. rogorc navTobi, aseve medikamentebi TiTqmis 10-12%-iT gazardes. “saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas iseTi kanonebi, romlebic minimumamde daiyvans monopoliur mdgomareo-bas bazris ama Tu im segmentSi. saqarTveloSi ki, nebismier sasaqonlo jgufze arsebobs monopolia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkara oligopolia. rodesac ramdenime moTamaSe inawilebs bazris ama Tu im segments. Sedgom isini SeTanxmebulad aweseben fasebs da axal moTamaSes bazarze Sesvla ar SeuZlia. swored amitomac ar mcirdeba fasebi laris gam-yarebisas14”.

kvlavac ucnobia qveyanaSi araformaluri savaluto bazris mocu-loba, romelic Cveni azriT, mTliani Sida produqtis statistikidan gamomdinare, 20-25% unda iyos. es ki SemaSfoTebeli maCvenebelia gacv-liTi kursisadmi kontrolis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT. kvlav daba-lia komerciuli bankebis mier grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis dakre-diteba, moklevadian sesxebze ki procentebi Zalze maRalia, romlebic maRal riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca sakredito ganakveTebi gasul wlebTan SedarebiT mainc mcirdeba, gazrdili konkurenciisa da ucxo-uri kapitalis Semodinebis gamo, romlebic ZiriTadad evropisa da ev-raziis bankebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT Semodis. maRali ganakveTebi bankebis kreditebis naklebobasa da maT Soris kon-kurenciis mimarTebaze miuTiTebs. kreditebis nakleboba ki pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli bankebis uunarobasTan – gazardos depozitebi masze arc Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTebis miuxedavad. saqarTveloSi, bankebis sakredito ganakveTebTan dakavSirebiT metad saintereso ram xdeba ro-melic aranair ekonomikur logikas ar eqvemdebareba. maSinac, roca ga-suli 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis zrdis tempebi SedarebiT sta-biluri iyo da igi 6-7%-s aRwevda, bankebs saprocento ganakveTebi ar SeumcirebiaT da axla, roca inflaciis zrdis wliuri tempi 13%-s gadascda, sakredito ganakveTebi ucvleli darCa.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia gavaanalizoT, Tu ra mizezebma ganapirobes inflacia saqarTveloSi, rom maRali inflacia momavalSi ar davuSvaT. i.fiSeris mixedviT

MV=PQ

anu aqedan

P=MV/Q sadac P fasebis donea, M - fulis masa, V – fulis brunvis siCqare, Q

– realuri saqonlis da momsaxurebis raodenoba. maSasadame, fasebis indeqsi tolia fulis masis indeqsis da fulis mimoqcevis siCqaris

14 vl. papava. ratom ubrundeba lari vardebis revoluciamdeli periodis niSnuls da ratom aris gardauvali misi Seuqcevadi devalvacia. wyaro: http://tbiliselebi.ge/?mas_id=4233


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indeqsis namravli gayofili mTliani Sida produqtis indeqsze15. aR-saniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma mniSvnelovani roli iTa-maSa ekonomikis finansur stabilizebaSi da inflaciis alagmvaSi 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi16, saqarTvelom SeZlo hiperinflaciis daZleva 1995-1996 ww. ZiriTadad mkacri fulad-sakredito politikis gatarebiT, biujetis deficitis araemisiuri dafinansebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebidan miRebuli kreditebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, 1995 wels biujetis Semosavlebma sul Seadgina 188,4 mln lari, xarjebma 341 mln lari, romelic dafinansda savaluto fondis sistemuri transfor-maciis kreditiT da msoflio bankis sareabilitacio kreditiT. 1996 wels biujetis daficitma Seadgina 256,2 mln lari, romelic dafinansda msoflio bankis mier mTavrobisaTvis gamoyofili sesxiT.17

Cveni azriT, aucileblad unda gagrZeldes mkacri fulad- sakre-dito politika, Zviri fulis politika, fulis miwodeba ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aucilebelia maqsimalu-rad SeizRudos mTavrobis emisiuri dakrediteba. ganxorcieldes biuje-tis deficitis minimizacia.”xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos sazoga-doebis dacva kanoniT gansazRruli 6%-ian zRvars zemoT inflaciis zrdisgan“18 saWiroa erovnuli bankis sarezervo moTxovnebis maRali donis SenarCuneba. savaluto politika unda eyrdnobodes Tavisuflad mcuravi kursis reJims, romelic qveynis garedan Semosuli savaluto na-kadebis Sesabamisad gansazRvravs laris gacvliTi kursis wonasworul dinamikas da Seasustebs sagareo Sokebis realur seqtorze gavlenas. erovnulma bankma unda ganaxorcielos mkacri monitoringi komerciuli bankebis mier sakredito da sainvesticio saqmianobis ganxorcielebaze, dasamali ar aris, rom xSirad bankebi ZiriTadad dakavebulebi arian sainvesticio saqmianobiT, uSualod ipoTekuri kreditebis gacemaze, zo-gierTi banki lamis samSeneblo kompaniad gadaiqca. erovnuli bankis saqmianoba maqsimalurad orientirebuli unda iyos komerciul bankebSi saprocento ganakveTis Semcirebis mizniT. dReisaTvis maT mier komer-ciuli bankebis refiransireba ZiriTadad kerZo bankebis mogebis zrdas emsaxureba, romelic zog SemTxvevaSi saxifaToc aris, kargad gvaxsovs is `Savi paraskevi~, ramac kinaRam mTlianad daangria sabanko sistema. aucilebelia aseve gaizardos komerciuli bankebis mier sawarmoebis dakreditebis done grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad arsebuli maRali ganakveTebi bankebis kreditebis naklebobasa da maT Soris konkurenciis uqonlobaze miuTiTebs. kreditebis nakleboba pirdapir aris dakavSire-buli bankebis uunarianobasTan _ gazardon depozitebi, rac jer kidev sazogadoebis garkveuli undoblobis Sedegia.

15 s. pavliaSvili. warmoebis efeqtianobis marTvis kompleqsuri sistema. sistema mrewvelobaSi. Tbilisi, 1998. gv. 429 16 k. Rurwkaia. ekonomikis principebi (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi, 2007. gv. 414 17 saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. Tbilisi. 1995. gv.8 18 მ. ჯიბუტი. ინფლაციისა და უმუშავრობის პარადოქსი საქართველოში. ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა და

ბიზნეს-პროცესების მართვა.საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო -პრაქტიკული კონფერენცია.თბილისი 2001.

გვ.29


32

Solomon Pavliashvili Doctor of Economic Sciences

Full Professor of STU

INFLATION AND MODERN ECONOMIC THEORIESINFLATION AND MODERN ECONOMIC THEORIESINFLATION AND MODERN ECONOMIC THEORIESINFLATION AND MODERN ECONOMIC THEORIES

SummarySummarySummarySummary

In the article there is considered the compatibility of macroeconomic and micro-

economics both in short-term and in the long-term period is a basis for stable and safe development of economy. There is discussed the views of modern economic theories connected with the inflation processes. Their advantages and disadvantages. There is also characterized the way of overcoming 90th hipper inflation existed in Georgia.

It is shown that proper selection of objectives and problems of macroeconomic and micro-economics, barring to inflation, are one of the major foundations long-term stable economic development. The article deals with the summary of macroeconomic conditions of stable progress of economy. In particular, inflation itself as one of the major problems interfering the sustainable development of economy and are provided recommendations to overcome this problem.


33

ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria

anzor kuratanzor kuratanzor kuratanzor kurataaaaSviliSviliSviliSvili ekonomikis doqtori

sosososocialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis cialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis cialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis cialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo

regulirebisregulirebisregulirebisregulirebis polipolipolipolitikurtikurtikurtikur----samsamsamsamarTlebriviarTlebriviarTlebriviarTlebrivi problemebiproblemebiproblemebiproblemebi

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro-ekonomikuri sistemis efeq-tiani funqcionireba warmoudgenelia sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis mizandasaxuli politikur-samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo marTvis gareSe.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisis globalurma krizisma mkveTrad gaamwvava sabazro ekonomikis socialur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta, ris gamoc, Ta-vis mxriv, problemuri xdeba adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis, Ta-visuflebebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri interesebis dacva.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba saxelmwifo marTvis politikur-samarTlebrivi problemis mecnie-rul kvlevas socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis piro-bebSi, rameTu am problemis saTanadod gadaWris gareSe sabazro-eko-nomikuri sistemis socialuri orientacia faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.

amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientacia aRniSnuli sabazro-ekonomikuri sistemis Tavisufal funqcionirebasTan erTad moiTxovs sabazro urTierTobebis Sesabamis saxelmwifo marTvas, Sesa-bamis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas, Tumca gonivruli adgilobrivi iniciativisa da Semoqmedebis SezRudvis gareSe.

amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba da misi socialuri orientacia warmoudgenelia samarT-lebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis gareSe, kidev erTxel aSkara xdeba samarTlebrivi faqtoris _ rogorc socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis aucilebeli saSualebis mniSvneloba.

amrigad, rogorc Cems mier adrec araerTxel iyo aRniSnuli, so-cialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, sabazro organizaciis mravalferovani formebisa da sabazro meqanizme-bis maregulirebeli rolis gamoyenebas, xolo, meore mxriv, saxelmwi-fos samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli Carevis (mewarmeTa SesaZlo Ta-visuflebis maqsimaluri SenarCunebiT) aucileblobas sabazro ekonomi-kis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da misi socialuri orien-taciisaTvis [1, gv.6].

maSasadame, sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebisa da erT-droulad misi socialuri orientaciis aucilebel pirobas warmoad-gens Tavisuflad funqcionirebadi sabazro urTierTobebisa da saxelm-wifos maregulirebeli rolis optimaluri Sexameba Sesabamisi politi-kur-samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri meqanizmebisa da, agreTve, saTanado organizaciuli formebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa Soris samarTlebrivi faqtori warmoadgens sabazro ekonomikis Tavi-sufal funqcionirebasa da saxelmwifos maregulirebel rols Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis aucilebel saSualebas.


34

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, anu samarTlebrivi faqtoris saTanado ga-moyenebis gareSe, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis praqti-kuli realizacia SeuZlebeli iqneba.

zemoaRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba sabazro urTierTobebis Tavisuflad funqcionirebis aucileblobasa da sabazro ekonomikis socialuri ori-entaciis praqtikuli realizaciis mizniT misi saxelmwifoebrivi regu-lirebis aucileblobas Soris dakavSirebulia socialurad orien-tirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTad winaaRmdegobasTan da gamomdina-reobs am winaaRmdegobidan, anu gamomdinareobs winaaRmdegobidan, erTi mxriv, sabazro ekonomikis ekonomikur mizansa, rac gamoixateba maqsima-luri mogebis miRebisadmi swrafvaSi, da, meore mxriv, sabazro ekono-mikis socialur orientacias Soris, rac gulisxmobs ekonomikis mimar-Tulebas xalxis interesebis realizaciisaTvis, da rac ganxorciele-badia mxolod Sesabamisi politikur-samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi.

amasTan, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRm-degobani obieqtur xasiaTs atareben, radgan isini moqmedeben calkeuli adamianebis nebisa da survilisagan damoukideblad, Tumca am obieqturi winaaRmdegobebis daZleva SesaZlebelia TviT adamianis _ subieqtis mier saxelmwifo doneze miRebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi da or-ganizaciuli meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc cnobilia, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis Sinagani winaaRmdegobani da maTi daZlevis gzebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli konkurenciis problemasTan.

konkurenciasTan dakavSirebiT ludvix erxardi samarTlianad amax-vilebda yuradRebas imaze, rom `konkurenciis meSveobiT SeiZleba miR-weul iqnes _ am sityvis saukeTeso gagebiT _ progresisa da mogebis so-cializacia... [2, gv. 13-14], Tumca konkurenciis problema, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, metad rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia.

konkurenciis, ufro zustad ki yoveli konkurentis, iseve rogorc sabazro ekonomikis, mizania mogeba.

amasTan erTad, rodesac saxelmwifo Segnebulad uSvebs konkuren-cias, sabazro ekonomikas, misi mTavari mizani unda iyos ara calkeuli konkurentebis gamdidreba, Tumca konkurentebis kanonier gamdidrebasac unda Seuwyos man xeli, aramed qveynis ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcio-nireba xalxis _ yovelis adamianis _ sakeTildReod, rac, Tavis mxriv, TavisTavad gulisxmobs konkurentebis momgebian saqmianobasac, radgan sxvagvarad qveynis ekonomikac ver iqneba efeqtiani.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom konkuren-ciis da, rogorc ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, saerTod sabazro ekonomikis mizani _ mogeba, mogebis miReba, Sedis winaaRmdegobaSi uSualod xalxis interesebis realizaciis, e. i. socialuri miznis realizaciis proble-mis gadaWrasTan, rac konkurenciis pirobebSi warmoadgens metad rTul fenomens sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis praqtikuli rea-lizaciis TvalsazrisiT.

sazogadoebis orientaciis problema calke specialuri kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. xolo rac Seexeba sabazro ekonomikas da mis mi-zanswrafvas maqsimaluri mogebis miRebisaken, unda aRiniSnos, rom, cxa-dia, saxelmwifoSi ekonomikuri simdidris Seqmna socialuri proble-mebis gadaWris aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens, magram, amasTan erTad,


35

SeuZlebelia, rom miRebuli mogeba avtomaturad emsaxurebodes socia-luri miznis _ xalxis interesebis realizacias.

swored aman ganapiroba, Cemi azriT, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis koncefciis Seqmna, romelic ekonomikuri miznis realizaciasTan erTad wina planze wamowevs socialuri problemebis gadaWris aucileblobas.

sabazro meqanizmis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes elements, rogorc ze-moT aRiniSna, warmoadgens konkurencia, romelic xels uwyobs mogebis maqsimizacias.

amasTan, konkurencias, rogorc cnobilia, adam smitma bazris ùxi-lavi xeli~ uwoda, romelic (e. i. konkurencia) calkeuli individebis mier mogebis miRebaze gamiznuli egoisturi saqmianobis Sedegad xels uwyobs, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikis ganviTarebas da mTeli sazogadoe-bis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.

amrigad, aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom konkurencia mogebaze gamiznuli saqmianobis Sedegad TiTqosda TavisTavad _ avtomaturad iwvevs socialuri miznis realizacias.

kerZod, adam smiti werda: ìgi (adamiani _ a. k.) Cveulebrivad am dros arc fiqrobs sazogadoebriv sargeblobaze da ver aRiqvams, ro-goria zemoqmedeba masze... mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs mxolod sakuTari inte-resi... amasTan aseT SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc mraval sxvaSi, igi uxila-vi xeliT warimarTeba miznisaken, romelic sulac ar hqonda gaTvalis-winebuli... mihyveba sakuTar interesebs, igi xSirad ufro qmediTad emsa-xureba sazogadoebas, vidre maSin, rodesac Segnebulad fiqrobs amis gakeTebas~ [3, gv. 332].

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mivdivarT logikur dskvnamde, rom TiTqos sabazro ekonomikas ùxilavi xelis~ moqmedebis Sedegad Tavis-Tavad aqvs ùxilavi~ socialuri orientacia, radgan mas mivyavarT socialurad mniSvnelovan Sedegebamde.

sabazro ekonomikas ùxilavi xelis~ moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom mocemuli daskvna garkveul-wilad amJamadac Seesabameba WeSmaritebas.

Tumca, Tu adam smitis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis pirobebSi ùxi-lavi xelis~ Teorias gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, amJamad mxo-lod konkurenciiT dakmayofileba da ùxilavi xelis~ imedze yofna, Cemi azriT, seriozul Secdomas warmoadgens, radgan, jer erTi, maq-simalurad SesaZlo ekonomikuri zrda miuRwevadia sazogadoebaSi sa-xelmwifos xelmZRvaneli da maregulirebeli politikur-samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli rolis gareSe, ekonomikuri moRvaweobis subieqtebis maqsimalurad SesaZlo Tavisuflebis SenarCunebiT, da, meorec, maRali ekonomikuri Sedegebic ki, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi regulirebis gare-Se, ver iqneba avtomaturad transformirebuli socialur orientaciaSi da, miT umetes, am orientaciis praqtikul realizaciaSi.

amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis problemis gadaWris gasaRebi konkurenciis pirobebSi, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, Zevs ara ùxilavi xelis~ moqmedebaSi, aramed samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtian gamoyenebaSi, anu faqtobrivad saxelmwifo marTvaSi.


36

gamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

1. Кураташвили Анзор А. Рыночная экономика и правовой фактор. BULLETIN "Medicine, Science, Innovation and Business New" ("Новости медицины, науки, инновации и бизнеса – голос профессионалов и бизнесменов США, СНГ и других стран мира"). Volume 6, Number 7 (57), July, 1999. New York, USA.

2. Эрхард Л. Благосостояние для всех. Пер. с нем, - М.: Начала-Пресс, 1991. 3. Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. М.:

Издательство социально-экономической литературы, 1962.

Anzor Kuratashvili Doctor of Economics

THE POLITICAL-LEGAL PROBLEMS OF STATE REGULATION

OF SOCIALLY ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY

Summary

In scientific work problems of effective functioning of socially oriented market economy and value of the state managment for social orientation of this market -economic system.

In work, necessity of the decision of a political-legal problem of the state managment in the conditions of socially oriented market economy is proved.


37

aRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditiaRricxva da auditi

v. wveravav. wveravav. wveravav. wverava

teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, i. abulaZi. abulaZi. abulaZi. abulaZeeee

teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, g.g.g.g. brebrebrebregvaZegvaZegvaZegvaZe

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, d. narimanaSvilid. narimanaSvilid. narimanaSvilid. narimanaSvili

akademiuri doqtori, m.m.m.m. begiaSvilibegiaSvilibegiaSvilibegiaSvili doqtoranti,

m.m.m.m. siraZesiraZesiraZesiraZe inJiner-mSenebeli,

l.l.l.l. beriSviliberiSviliberiSviliberiSvili studenti

buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis saerTaSoriso standartebTan buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis saerTaSoriso standartebTan buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis saerTaSoriso standartebTan buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis saerTaSoriso standartebTan

harmonizaciis sakiTxisaTvisharmonizaciis sakiTxisaTvisharmonizaciis sakiTxisaTvisharmonizaciis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSsaqarTveloSsaqarTveloSsaqarTveloSiiii

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTareba, rasac Tan axlavs ekonomikis sferoSi saerTaSoriso integraciis ro-lis gazrda, gansazRvrul moTxovnebs uyenebs sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamoyenebul mogebis gamoangariSebis algoriTmebis, gadasaxadebiT da-sabegri bazis, gamomuSavebul saSualebaTa investirebisa da kapitali-zaciis pirobebis formirebis erTgvarovnebisa da gasagebobis princi-pebs. yovelive zemoxsenebuli ki mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im subieqtTa wris gafarToebasTan, romelnic iReben sainvesticio da sxva saxis rogorc sameurneo, aseve mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebebs, rac, Tavis-Tavad cxadia, eyrdnoba buRaltrul aRricxvas da kerZod ki, buRalt-rul monacemebs. Sesabamisad icvleba aRricxvisa da angariSgebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebic. Tu administraciul-gegmiani ekonomikis Car-CoebSi ama Tu im sameurneo sferoSi fulad-materialur saSualebaTa dabandebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda mxolod da mxolod erTaderTi subieqtis _ saxelmwifos mier, sabazro ekonomikis piro-bebSi amgvari gadawyvetilebebi miiReba meurne subieqtebis umetesi na-wilis erToblivad gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze. amasTan erTad, aSka-rad izrdeba dainteresebul pirTa roli, uwinares yovlisa ki-inves-torebisa da kreditorebis saxiT, romelnic saerTo ekonomikuri inte-resebis safuZvelze horizontarulad urTierTqmedeben sawarmosTan. Sesabamisad, Tuki adre aRricxvisa da angariSgebis sistema gamiznuli gaxldaT saxelmwifo gegmebisa da gadawyvetilebaTa Sesrulebis Sede-gebis asaxvaze, axla mis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens im pirovnebaTa farTo speqtris sarwmuno wyaroebze dafuZnebuli informaciiT uzrun-velyofa, romelnic dainteresebulni arian kompaniaTa aRricxvisa da angariSgebis saqmianobiT. cxadia, aRniSnul fizikur da iuridiul pir-Ta kanonieri interesebi uSualod damokidebulia kompaniaTa saqmiano-bis Sedegebze. buRaltrul monacemTa forma da moculoba imgvari unda iyos, rom xsenebulma pirebma SeZlon mmarTvelobiTi da sameurneo


38

gadawyvetilebebis miReba da praqtikulad ganxorcieleba mocemul kompaniebTan mimarTebaSi [1].

aRniSnul moTxovnaTa dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saaRricxvo-analizuri informaciis formireba unda xorcieldebodes garkveul sazogadod miRebul erTian winapirobaTa, normebisa da wesebis safuZ-velze, romlebic Tavis mxriv gansazRvrulia saerTaSoriso konceptua-luri saaRricxvo principebiT. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom buRaltruli aR-ricxvis modelebis Seusabamobis problema da maTi gadaWris gzebis Zieba ar aris mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos damaxasiaTebeli. igi atarebs globalur xasiaTs da amitom aRniSnuli problemis winaSe msoflios mravali qveyana dgas. gamomdinare zemoxsenebulidan, Tana-medrove pirobebSi gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina bu-Raltruli aRricxvis unifikaciis problemis gadaWrisadmi wayenebulma orma midgomam _ harmonizaciam da standartizaciam.

buRaltruli aRricxvis sxvadasxva sistemebis harmonizaciis idea realizdeba evropis Tanamegobrobis CarCoebSi. Mmisi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela qveyanaSi SeiZleba iarsebos aRricxvis organizaciisa da standartebis maTma maregulirebelma sistemam. amasTan aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens is, rom aRniSnuli standartebi ar unda ewinaaRm-degebodes Tanamegobrobis wevr qveynebSi arsebul analogiur stan-dartebs, Aanu isini unda arsebobdnen erTmaneTTan pirobiT harmoniaSi. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT muSaoba mimdinareobs gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, kerZod 1961 wlidan.

aRricxva-angariSgebis ganviTarebis koncefciis formirebis mizniT evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi Seiqmna buRaltruli aRricxvis prob-lemebis Semswavleli kvleviTi jgufi. misi moRvaweoba ganixileboda rogorc kompaniebis Sesaxeb kanonis erovnul versiaTa harmonizaciis programis Semadgeneli nawili. maTi muSaobis Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia normatiuli dokumentebis saxiT, romlebic evropis Tanamegobrobis TiToeuli wevris mier CarTul iqna buRaltruli aRricxvis nawilSi.

saaRricxvo proceduraTa standartizaciis idea realizdeba aR-ricxvis unifikaciis CarCoebSi, romelsac axorcielebs finansuri anga-riSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis komiteti, amuSavebs da aqveynebs ra finansuri angarisgebis saerTaSoriso standartebs (fass). xsenebuli midgomis arsi mdgomareobs standartebis unificirebuli nakrebis Semu-SavebaSi, romelTa gamoyenebac upriani iqneboda nebismier qveyanaSi ne-bismier situaciaSi, romlis safuZvelzec aRar warmoiSoba erovnuli standartebis Seqmnis aucilebloba. rac Seexeba erTiani standartebis danergvas, am sakiTxs unda mivaRwioT ara sakanonmdeblo, aramed qveyne-bis profesiul organizaciaTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis gziT.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi cnobilia buRaltruli aRricxvis ramdeni-me sistema, kerZod anglo-amerikuli, evropuli da rigi sxva sistemebis. TumcaRa specialistebis azriT, finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis komitetis (fassk)Omier SemuSavebuli standartebi uax-loes momavalSi gamoyenebuli iqneba msoflios mravali saxelmwifos mier.

xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saerTaSoriso standartebis popularobis zrda ganpirobebuli iyo ori movleniT. pirveli aRniSnu-li movlenaTagani gaxldaT fassk-sa da fasiani qaRaldebis saerTaSo-riso komisias Soris SeTanxmebaze xelmowera, romelSic asaxva hpova


39

aSS-is kongresisa da finansuri wreebis swrafvam amerikis birJebze Tavisi aqciebis fasis dasawebeblad moezidaT ufro meti ucxouri kompania.

meore mniSvnelovani movlena, romelmac daaCqara fass-is gadasvla, gaxldaT germaniis demokratiuli da federaciuli respublikebis gaer-Tianeba. aRniSnulma faqtma mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba da daaCqara qveyanaSi kapitalis mozidvis da moTxovnilebis zrda. amasTan dakavSi-rebiT kompaniaTa finansuri angariSgeba gacilebiT ufro metad orien-tirebuli unda yofiliyo gareSe momxmarebelze, magaliTad safondo birJebze an saerTaSoriso investiciebze. amitom safondo birJebis lis-tingSi Semavali kompaniebi, romlebic adgendnen konsulidirebul fi-nansur angariSgebas, iZulebuli iyvnen mieRoT fass. amJamad Tanamedro-ve pirobebSi arsebobs qveynebis mier aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standar-tebis gamoyenebis ramdenime forma:

� erovnuli standartebis saxiT finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSo-riso standartebis (fass) gamoyeneba (kviprosi, quveiTi, latvia, malta, pakistani, trinedadi, Tobago, xorvatia).

� Eerovnuli standartebis saxiT finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSo-riso standartebis gamoyeneba, magram im pirobiT, rom saerTa-Soriso standartebiT xelSeuxebeli sakiTxebisaTvis muSavdeba erovnuli standartebi (malaizia da papua axali gvinea) erov-nuli standartebis saxiT finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyeneba, TumcaRa calkeul SemTxvevebSi SesaZ-lebelia maTi modificireba erovnul TaviseburebebTan Sesabami-sobaSi. (albaneTi, zambia, zimbabe, kenia, bangladeSi, kolumbia, sudani, tailandi, urugvai, iamaika);

� Eerovnuli standartebi dafuZnebulia finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebze da uzrunvelyofen maT damatebiT axsna-ganmartebas. aseT qveynebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT Ci-neTi, irani, slovenia, tunisi, filipinebi.

� Eerovnuli standartebi efuZneba finansuri angariSebis saerTa-Soriso standartebs, Tumca calkeuli standartebi SeiZleba iyos gacilebiT ufro detalizebuli, vidre fass. (indoeTi, irlandia, litva, mavritania, meqsika, Nnamibia, niderlandebi, norvegia, portugalia, singapuri, slovakeTi, TurqeTi, safrange-Ti, CexeTi, Sveicaria, samxreT afrika.

� Eerovnuli standartebi efuZneba fass-s, im calkeuli gamonak-lisebis garda, rom TiToeuli erovnuli standarti Tavis TavSi moicavs debulebas, romelic axdens erovnuli standartis fass-sTan Sedarebas (avstralia, honkongi, dania, italia, axali ze-landia, SvedeTi, iugoslavia).

xolo sul ramdenime wlis win aqtiurad ganixileboda sakiTxi evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebis mier fass-is miRebis Sesaxeb sul mcire im kompaniebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa aqtivebic ganicdis fasis dawesebas safondo birJebze. vinaidan aRniSnuli standartebi warmoad-gens sistemas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs axal safinanso struqturebs gamoiyenon safinanso aRricxvis angariSgebis warmoebis saerTaSorisod miRebuli da aRiarebuli baza, maTi gamoyeneba daiwyo mravalma ganvi-Tarebadma qveyanam.


40

aqve aucileblad xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saer-TaSoriso standartebs erovnuli standartebis winaSe gaaCniaT rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi. calkeul qveynebSi maT obieqtur upiratesobebs warmoadgens:

1. mkafio ekonomikuri logika. 2. aRricxvisa da angariSgebis dargSi saukeTeso Tanamedrove msof-

lio praqtikis ganzogadeba. 3. mTels msoflioSi finansuri informaciis momxmarebelTaTvis

aRqmis simartive. amasTan saerTaSoriso standartebi saSualebas iZleva ara mxo-

lod sagrZnoblad Seikvecos kompaniis xarjebi gasavlis muxlebis mixedviT TavianT pirad angariSgebaTa momzadebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki sxvadasxva qveynebSi momuSave sawarmoTa finansuri angariSgebis konso-lidaciis pirobebSi, aramed Semcirdes kapitalis mozidvis danaxarjebi.

cnobilia, rom kapitalis sabaziso fasi ganisazRvreba ori Ziri-Tadi faqtoriT _ perspeqtiuli ukugebiTa da riskebiT. amasTan riskTa gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobani marTlac damaxasiaTebelia TviT kompaniaTa saqmianobisaTvis, Tumca arsebobs iseTebic, romelic gamowveulia in-formaciis naklebobiT, kerZod, kapitaldabandebaTa ukugebis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis uqonlobiT. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sain-formacio vakuumis erT-erT mizezad gvevlineba standartuli finansuri angariSgebis uqonloba, romelic inarCunebs ra kapitals, faqtiurad zrdis mas. aRniSnuli garemoeba aixsneba imiT, rom investorebi Ta-naxmani arian miiRon gacilebiT ufro mciredi Semosavali, aRiareben ra sayovelTao WeSmaritebas imis Taobaze, rom informaciis siaSkarave amcirebs riskebs.

mocemul upiratesobaTa erToblioba ganapirobebs sxvadasxva qvey-nebis swrafvas aRricxvis erovnul praqtikaSi finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis (fass) gamoyenebisaken.

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis naklovanebaTa Sesaxebac. kerZod, maT SeiZleba mivakuT-noT:

� standartebis ganzogadebuli xasiaTi, romelic aRricxvis meTodebSi iTvaliswinebs sakmaod did mravalferovnebas (mravalgvarobas).

� Kkonkretuli situaciebisaTvis standartebis danarTebis Sesabamisi interpretaciebisa da wesebis uqonloba.

amasTan erTad standartebis danergvas mTels msoflioSi abrko-lebs iseTi faqtorebic, rogoric gaxlavT ganviTarebis done da tra-diciebSi gamoxatuli erovnuli saxesxvaobani, aseve erovnuli insti-tutebis mkafiod gamoxatuli uari, daTmon TavianTi prioritetebi aR-ricxvis regulirebisa da meTodologiis dargSi.

amasTan buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis ko-miteti mxedvelobaSi iRebs zemoxsenebul negatiur faqtorebs da ata-rebs qmediT RonisZiebebs maT aRmosafxvrelad. 1989 wris 1 ianvars ko-mitetma gamoaqveyna dokumenti E32 ,,finansuri angariSgebis Sepirispi-reba.’’, romelSic moyvanilia moqmedi finansuri angariSgebis saerTa-Soriso standartebis mier nebadarTuli aRricxvis meTodebis SerCevis SesaZleblobaTa SemzRudavi 29 winadadeba. aRniSnuli dokumenti mrava-li specialistis mier miCneulia da ganixileba rogorc finansuri


41

angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis komitetis ganxorcielebuli erT-erTi saukeTeso proeqti. igi saSualebas iZleva garkveuli xaris-xiT aRmoifxvras rogorc angarisgebaSi arsebuli rigi gansxvavebebisa, aseve gamartivdes transformaciis procedurebi saerTaSoriso kon-teqstSi SedarebiTi analizis Catarebis dros.

rac Seexeba interpretaciaTa damuSavebas, zustadac, rom uSualod aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWra gaxlavT aRiarebuli finansuri anga-riSgebis saerTaSoriso komitetis mier, sadac zemoTxsenebuli mimarTu-lebiT muSaoba dResac grZelldeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT am ramdenime wlis win miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba fassk-is farglebSi standar-tebis interpretaciis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. amasTan, daaxlovebiT aTiode wlis win, kerZod, 1999-2000 ww-Si qveynebis kompa-niebisa da birJebis umravlesobam daiwyes finansuri angariSgebebis Sed-gena finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyenebiT, Mmagram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebze gadasvla iTvleba an SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebad. udavo faqtia, rom Tavis sakuTar Se-xedulebebze mebrZoli da Tavisi erovnuli interesebis damcveli sa-xelmwifos aqtiur pozicias SeuZlia kardinalurad Secvalos fassk-is Tvalsazrisi, vinaidan komiteti miiswrafvis ganazogados sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdileba saaRricxvo sistemis organizaciaSi. savsebiT Se-saZlebelia, rom uaxloes momavalSi komitetis konstituciam ganicados calkeuli da SesaZloa arsebiTi cvlilebebic, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba fassk-sa da TavianT saxelmwifoebSi standartebis damdgenel erovnul organizaciebs Soris urTierTqmedebaTa ganmtkicebaze [2,3].

amJamad saqarTvelos sazogadoebisaTvis erT-erT gacilebiT ufro aqtualur problemad gvevlineba qveyanaSi arsebuli buRaltruli aR-ricxvisa da angariSgebis sistemis sabazro ekonomikisa da saerTaSo-riso standartebis moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi buRaltruli aRricxvis reformirebis programa finan-suri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad ar aris mi-Rebuli. ar arsebobs raime normatiuli aqti, romelic daaregulirebda zemoxsenebul programas. (ruseTis federaciaSi arsebobs mTavrobis 1998 wlis 6 martis # 283 dadgenileba) romelic finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad aregulirebs buRaltruli aRricxvis reformirebis programas, rasac Tan erTvis daaxlovebiT 20 axali erovnuli standarti buRaltruli aRricxvis debulebaTa saxiT, sadac TiToeuli gamyarebulia meTodur miTiTebaTa erTdrouli momzadebiT.

Cveni azriT, Cvens qveyanaSi samomavlod standartebis SemuSaveba unda ganxorcieldes sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT, kerZod ki eseni gax-lavT:

� buRaltruli angariSgebis standartebi; � standartebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia qonebasa da valdebu-

lebebTan; � standartebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia finansur SedegebTan.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom axal moTxovnebTan SeTavsebul unda iqnas sagadasaxado kodeqsis SemuSavebidan gamomdinare sagadasaxado aRricx-visadmi wayenebuli axali moTxovnebic, sadac mkafiod unda iqnas


42

gansazRvruli biujetSi gawerili debulebebi gadaxdebsa da gadasax-delebze.

aucileblad unda Seiqmnas saqarTvelos sabazro ekonomikaSi bu-Raltruli aRricxvis koncefcia, sadac mkafiod iqneba gansazRvruli axali ekonomikuri garemos pirobebSi buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis agebis safuZvlebi, anu SemoTavazebuli iqneba orientacia sabazro eko-nomikis modelze, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ganviTarebuli sabaz-ro meurneobis mqone qveynebis gamocdileba da ra Tqma unda, aRricxvisa da angariSgebis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli principebi.

amasTan erTad, koncefciaSi mkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli bu-Raltruli aRricxvis miznebi, dadasturebul iqnas buRaltruli aR-ricxvis msoflio praqtikis fuZemdebluri principebis erTguleba. amas-Tanave saWiroa axleburi midgoma buRaltruli aRricxvis informaciis formirebisadmi sagadasaxado sistemaSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, ker-Zod ki, buRaltruli aRricxvis amocanas warmoadgens mxolod orga-nizaciis saqmianobaze monacemebis momzadeba, romelTa safuZvelzec Se-saZlebelia gadasaxadiT dabegvrisaTvis aucilebel maCvenebelTa mire-ba.

da bolos, Cveni qveynis buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis refor-mirebisas saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad, aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli ori ZiriTadi garemoeba, kerZod:

� uwinares yovlisa, finansuri angariSgeba saerTaSoriso stan-dartebis Sesabamisad unda momzaddes ara imdenad saqarTve-los saministroebisa da uwyebebisaTvis, aramed kerZo momx-marebelTaTvis, pirvel yovlisa ki kreditorebisa da investo-rebisaTvis.

amgvari angariSgebis Sedgena moiTxovs saqarTveloSi aRricxvis samarTlebriv-normatiuli baziT gaTvaliswinebul meTodebs, romlebic msoflio praqtikis TvalsazrisiT sawarmos sameurneo mdgomareobis gacilebiT ufro adeqvatur suraTs iZleva.

meore mxriv, saqarTvelos safondo bazris ganviTarebis normali-zaciis dros, gaizrdeba saqarTvelos kreditorebisa da investorebis wili, romlebic dainteresebulni arian sawarmos sameurneo mdgomareo-bis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis miRebaSi.. angariSgebis aRniSnul momxmarebelTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba samomavlod moiTxovs ro-gorc aRricxvis meTodebis gacilebit ufro farTo nakrebis gamoye-nebas, aseve mis samarTlebriv- normatiul bazaSi Sesabamis cvlilebaTa Setanas.


1. duCaZe m., WumburiZe l. buRalteria, Tbilisi 1995. 2. Качагин В.В. Финансовий учёт и отчотностъ в соответствии с стандартами

GAAP.M.; дело,1998. 3. Панков Д.А. бухгалтерский учёт и анализ в зарубежних странах. М.:

Экоперспектива, 1998.


43

Vl. Tsverava Candidate of Technical Sciences,

I. Abuladze Candidate of Technical Sciences,

G. Bregvadze Candidate of Economic Sciences,

D. Narimanashvili Academic Doctor,

M. Begiashvili Doctorant, M. Siradze

Engineer-Constractor, L. Berishvili

Undergraduate Student

CONCERNING THE HARMONIZATION OF GEORGIAN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Summary

In this article are stated the basic directions of reformation of the system, existing in

Georgia, of organization of the financial account and reporting, according the requirements of the market economy and international standards.


44

merab jiqiamerab jiqiamerab jiqiamerab jiqia Tsu asocirebuli profesori

balansis pasivis racionaluri struqturis Sefasebabalansis pasivis racionaluri struqturis Sefasebabalansis pasivis racionaluri struqturis Sefasebabalansis pasivis racionaluri struqturis Sefaseba

finansuri mdgradobis analizisas umTavres sakiTxs warmoadgens

sakuTari da nasexebi kapitalis Tanafardobis racionalurobis Sefa-seba. sawarmos saSualebebis wyaroebis struqturis Sefaseba infor-maciis rogorc Sida, aseve gare momxmareblebis mier tardeba.

gare momxmareblebi (bankebi, investorebi, kreditorebi) aanalize-ben sawarmos sakuTari da nasesxebi saSualebebis Tanafardobas saSua-lebaTa wyaroebis mTlian jamTan, dasaSvebi finansuri riskis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. riski matulobs sakuTari kapitalis xvedriTi wonis SemcirebasTan erTad.

wyaroebis struqturis Sida analizi dakavSirebulia sawarmos saq-mianobis dafinansebis alternatiuli variantebis SefasebasTan. amasTan, arCevanis gakeTebis ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens finansuri resur-sebis mozidvis pirobebi, maTi Rirebuleba, rikis xarisxi, gamoyenebis SesaZlo mimarTulebebi da a.S. erToblivi kapitalis struqturis maxasiaTebel ZiriTad maCveneb-lebs miekuTvneba: finansuri damoukideblobis koeficienti, finansuri mdgradobis koeficienti, grZelvadian nasesxeb kapitalze damokidebu-lebis koeficienti, dafinansebis koeficienti da sxva. aRniSnuli maCve-neblebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa daaxasiaTos kreditorebis interesebis dacvis xarisxi da sawarmos finansuri mdgradoba. am koeficientebidan aRsaniSnavia:

Kდამოუკიდებლობა �საკუთარი კაპიტალი

ბალანსის ვალუტა� 100%

igi axasiaTebs im saSualebebis xvedriT wonas, romelic daban-

debulia mesakuTreTa mier sawarmos qonebis mTlian RirebulebaSi. ki-dev erTi koeficienti, romelic aseve gamoiyeneba finansuri struqturis analizisas, aris finansuri mdgradobis koeficienti (grZelvadiani pasivebis koeficienti). misi gaangariSebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi formula:

Kფინანსური მდგრადობა �საკუთარი კაპიტალი � გრძელვადიანი ვალდებულებები

ბალანსის ვალუტა� 100%

am koeficientis mniSvnelobaa is, rom igi gviCvenebs dafinansebis

im wyaroebis xvedriT wonas, romelic sawarmos SeuZlia gamoiyenos mis saqmianobaSi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.

Kდამოკიდებულება �გრძელვადიანი ვალდებულებები

საკუთარი კაპიტალი � გრძელვადიანი ვალდებულებები� 100%


45

grZelvadiani kapitalis analizisas (moicavs sakuTar kapitals da grZelvadian valdebulebebs) mizanSewonilia SevafasoT, Tu ra xaris-xiT aris damokidiebuli sawarmo grZelvadian kreditebsa da sesxebze. am mizniT gaiangariSeben dafinansebis grZelvadian nasesxeb wyaroebze damokidebulebis koeficients. amasTan, ar ganixileba mimdinare pasivebi da mTeli yuradReba gadatanilia kapitalis stabilur wyaroebsa da maT Tanafardobaze.

nasesxebi da sakuTari kapitalis Tanafardobis SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba finansuri berketis koeficienti:

Kდაფინანსება �ნასესხები კაპიტალი

საკუთარი კაპიტალი� 100%

es koeficenti gviCvenebs sawarmos saqmianobis ra nawili finans-

deba sakuTari saSualebebis xarjze da ra nawili _ nasesxebis xarjze. iTvleba, rom Tu koeficientis sidide erTze metia, maSin es mniSvne-lovan finansur riskze metyvelebs, rac xSirad arTulebs kreditis miRebis SesaZleblobas.

imavdroulad, ganxiluli maCvenebelebis mniSvnelobebis interpre-taciisas pirdapiri rekomendaciebisagan Tavi unda SevikavoT. calkeul sawarmoSi sakuTari kapitalis xvedriTma wonam wyaroebis mTlian mo-culobaSi SeiZleba Seadginos naxevarze naklebi da miuxedavad amisa, aseTma sawarmoebma SeiZleba SeinarCunon sakmaod maRali finansuri mdg-radoba, es, pirvel rigSi, exeba sawarmoebs, romelTa saqmianobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia aqtivebis maRali brunvadoba, stabiluri moTxovna ga-sayid produqciaze, momaragebisa da gasaRebis awyobili arxebi, mudmivi danaxarjebis dabali done (magaliTad, savaWro da saSuamavlo organi-zaciebi).

kapitaltevadi sawarmoebisTvis, saSualebebis brunvadobis xangrZ-livi periodiT, romlebsac gaaCniaT miznobrivi daniSnulebis aqtivebis mniSvnelovani xvedriTi wona (magaliTad, manqanaTmSenebel sawarmoebSi) nasesxebi saSualebebis 40-50% xvedriTi wona SeiZleba saxifaTo aRmoCn-des finansuri stabilurobisTvis. kapitalis struturis maxasiaTebeli koeficientebi, Cveulebriv ga-nixileba, rogorc sawarmos riskis xarisxis maCvenebeli. rac ufro ma-Ralia sesxis xvedriTi wonis sidide, miT ufro didia moTxovnileba fulad saSualebebze, rac aucilebelia misi momsaxurebisaTvis finan-suri situaciis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, aseT sawarmoebSi maRalia ga-daxdisuunarobis riski.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, moyvanili koeficientebi SeiZ-leba ganxilul iqnes rogorc warmoebaSi arsebuli `problemuri mo-mentebis~ gamosavleni instrumentebi. rac ufro mcirea sesxebis xved-riTi wona, miT ufro naklebia kapitalis struqturis riskis analizis gaRrmavebis aucilebloba. sesxebis maRali xvedriTi wonis pirobebSi aucilebelia iseTi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilva, rogoricaa: nasesxebi kapitalis Semadgenlobisa da struqturis analizi (imis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, rom balansis monacemebi SeiZleba warmoadgendes sawarmos val-debulebebis mxolod nawils), sawarmos unarianobis Seswavla fuladi saSualebebis generirebaze (gamomuSavebaze), rac aucilebelia arsebuli


46

valdebulebebis dasafaravad, aseve, saqmianobis Semosavlianobisa da sxva arsebiTi faqtorebis analizi.

sawarmos qonebis wyaroebis struqturis Sefasebisas gansakuTre-buli yuradReba unda daeTmos aqtivebSi maTi ganlagebis wess.

ganvixiloT komerciul sawarmoebSi aqtivebisa da pasivebis Tana-fardobis gavrcelebuli variantebi.

aqtivebisa da pasivebis Tanafardobis warmodgenili sqema (1 vari-anti) saSualebas iZleva vimsjeloT sakuTari da nasesxebi kapitalis usafrTxo struqturis Sesaxeb. sruldeba ori ZiriTadi piroba: saku-Tari kapitali aRemateba grZelvadian aqtivebs, mimdinare aqtivebi mok-levadian valdebulebebze maRalia.

varianti 1varianti 1varianti 1varianti 1

aqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebi sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebi

mimdinare aqtivebi _ 50% moklevadiani valdebulebebi _ 20% grZelvadiani valdebulebebi _ 0%

grZelvadiani aqtivebi _ 50% sakuTari kapitali _ 80% varianti 2varianti 2varianti 2varianti 2



grZelvadiani aqtivebi _ 30% sakuTari kapitali _ 40% aqtivebisa da pasivebis Tanafardobis me-2 varianti, sakuTari ka-

pitalis arc Tu ise maRali xvedriTi wonis miuxedavad, aseve ar iwvevs safrTxes, vinaidan mocemul sawarmoSi grZelvadiani aqtivebis xvedriTi wona maRali ar aris da sakuTari kapitali srulad faravs mis sidi-des.

vvvvarianti 3arianti 3arianti 3arianti 3 aqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebi sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da

valdebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebi mimdinare aqtivebi _ 50% moklevadiani valdebulebebi _ 30%

grZelvadiani valdebulebebi _ 20% grZelvadiani aqtivebi _ 50% sakuTari kapitali _ 50%

me-3 variantSi aqtivebis da pasivebis Tanafardoba aseve gviCvenebs

grZelvadiani wyaroebis gadaWarbebas grZelvadian aqtivebze. aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis utyuari Seafsebisas finansur mdgradobas safrTxe ar emuqreba.

varianti 4varianti 4varianti 4varianti 4



grZelvadiani aqtivebi _ 60% sakuTari kapitali _ 50%


47

balansis struqturis mocemuli varianti, erTi SexedviT, miuTi-

Tebs sakuTari kapitalis ukmarisobaze. amasTan, grZelvadiani valde-bulebebis arseboba SesaZleblobas iZleva srulad movaxdinoT grZel-vadiani aqtivebis formireba saSualebaTa grZelvadiani wyaroebis xarj-ze.

varianti 5varianti 5varianti 5varianti 5 aqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebiaqtivebi sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da sakuTari kapitali da

valdebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebivaldebulebebi mimdinare aqtivebi _ 40% moklevadiani valdebulebebi _ 50%

grZelvadiani valdebulebebi _ 5% grZelvadiani aqtivebi _ 60% sakuTari kapitali _ 45%

struqturis mocemuli varianti saxifaToa sawarmos finansuri mdgradobisaTvis. saanalizo sawarmos namdvilad ar yofnis grZelva-diani wyaroebi brunvisgareSe (grZelvadiani) aqtivebis formirebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac is iZulebulia gamoiyenos moklevadiani nasesxebi sa-Sualebebi grZelvadiani aqtivebis formirebaze. maSasadame, cxadia, rom moklevadiani valdebulebebi gaxda ZiriTadi wyaro mimdinare da nawi-lobrivi wyaro brunvisgareSe aqtivebis formirebisaTvis, rac dakav-Sirebulia aseTi sawarmos saqmianobis finansuri riskebis amaRlebasTan.

Sesabamisad, finansuri mdgradobis uzrunvelyofis zogadi wesi Semdegia: grZelvadiani aqtivebi formirebuli unda iyos sakuTari da nasesxebi grZelvadiani wyaroebis xarjze, Tu sawarmos ar gaaCnia grZelvadiani pirobiT moziduli nasesxebi saSualebebi, ZiriTadi sa-Sualebebisa da sxva brunvisgareSe aqtivis formireba unda moxdes sakuTari kapitalis xarjze.

kidev erTi faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens sakuTari da na-sesxebi saSualebebis Tanafardobaze, aris sawarmos danaxarjebis struqtura. im sawarmoebs, romlebSic mudmivi danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona mTlian danaxarjebSi mniSvnelovania, unda gaaCndeT sakuTari ka-pitalis didi moculoba.

finansuri mdgradobis analizisas aseve aucielebelia gaviTvalis-winoT saSualebebis brunvis siCqare. sawarmos, romelsac saSualebebis brunvis ufro maRali siCqare aqvs, SeiZleba hqondes nasesxebi wyaroe-bis maRali xvedriTi wona pasivebis mTlian erTobliobaSi ise, rom safrTxe ar daemuqros mis gadaxdisunarianobas da ar gaizardos kre-ditorTa riskebi (sawarmo, romelsac kapitalis maRali brunvadoba aqvs, advilad uzrunvelyofs fuladi saSualebebis Semodinebas da Se-sabamisad, angariSsworebas valdebulebebze), amitom, aseTi sawarmoebi ufro mimzidvelia kreditorebisa da gamsesxeblebisTvis.


1. Роберт С. Хичинс. Финансовый анализ: инструменты для принятия бизнес

решений. М. 2008.

2. Ионова А. Ф. Селезнева И. Н. Финансовый анализ. М. 2008. 3. Савицкая Г. В. Анализ хозяйственной деятельности предприятия. М. 2008. 4. Ефимова О. В., Мельсник М. В. Анализ финансовой отчетности. М. 2008. 5. Ефимова О. В. Финансовый анализ: бухгалтерсий учет. М. 2002.


48

Merab Jiqia Associated Professor

ASSESMENT OF RATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BALANCE L IABILITY

Summary

There is following general rule of providing financial sustainability: the source of

formation long term assets are own sources, or long term borrowed sources. If organization has not long term loan, the formation of long term assets have to be realized on basis of owner’s equity.

Additional factor influencing on relationship of own assets and borrowed assets is the structure of costs of organization. Organizations with high level of fixed costs have to have large amount of owner’s equity.

Analyzing financial sustainability, one have to take in account turnover of an assets and liabilities. Organization with high level of turnover, can have high level of borrowed assets and it is not terrible for organization financial solvency or factor of increasing creditor’s risks (Organization with high level of capital turnover can provide cash income very easily and can disbursing his liabilities), hence, organization is very “attractive “for creditors and borrowers.


49

menejmentimenejmentimenejmentimenejmenti

giuligiuligiuligiuli qeSelaSvilqeSelaSvilqeSelaSvilqeSelaSviliiii ekonomikis doqtori, profesori

nanoteqnologiebisnanoteqnologiebisnanoteqnologiebisnanoteqnologiebis ganviTarebam inovaciuri menejmentis ganviTarebam inovaciuri menejmentis ganviTarebam inovaciuri menejmentis ganviTarebam inovaciuri menejmentis

moTxovnebs unda upasuxosmoTxovnebs unda upasuxosmoTxovnebs unda upasuxosmoTxovnebs unda upasuxos

biznesis ganviTarebis globalurma procesma axali mimarTulebebi SeiZina. igi SeiWra mecnierebis sferoSi, ris Sedegadac warmoqmna ino-vaciuri, anu codnis ekonomika, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove biznesis ganviTareba. rogor SeuZliaT dinamiuri konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebiT Tanamedrove kompaniebs konkurentuli upiratesobis mopoveba? Tanamedrove biznesis miRwevebi ganpirobebulia mecnierul-teqnikuri progresiT, ris Sedegadac iqmneba axali saqoneli, axali teqnologiebi, kompiuteruli sistemebi, robotosistemebi, inova-ciuri menejmenti. garemoSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi menejerebisagan dabali danaxarjebis ekonomikur logikurobasa da diferenciacias Soris gonivruli Tanafardobis dacvas moiTxovs, rac momxmarebels warmoebuli produqciis SeZenisken aZlevs biZgs. dinamiuri konkurencia kompaniaTa winaSe ayenebs produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da TamaSis wesebis Secvlis sakiTxs. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire firmebi siaxleebs ga-cilebiT swrafad nergaven, vidre msxvili organizaciebi, rasac ver vityviT qarTul sawarmoebze. 2010 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli 4 aTasi mcire sawarmodan mxolod 3% eweoda inovaciur saqmianobas. miuxedavad aRniS-nulisa, saqarTvelo kvlav inarCunebs mecnierul-teqnikur potencials, kvalificiur samecniero da sainJinro kadrebs, aqvs mniSvnelovani bu-nebrivi resursebi da Sida bazris zrdis didi potenciali. CvenTan gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens inovaciuri sferos ganviTareba, radgan ZiriTadad am sferoSi xdeba fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis ba-zaze maRali samomxmareblo Tvisebebis mqone sabazro saqonlis da mec-

nierul-teqnologiuri produqciis Seqmna.19 nanoteqnologiebs amJamad udidesi yuradReba eTmoba, Tumca maTi

ekonomikuri aspeqtebi jer kidev srulyofilad ar aris Seswavlili. keTdeba mcdelobebi, raTa Sefasebul iqnas: Tu rogor SeiZleba imoqmedos amdagvari teqnologiebis danergvam warmoebaSi; ramdenad Zlieri iqneba ekonomikuri da sawarmoo efeqti. mimdinareobs intensiuri kvlevebi, Tu rogor SesaZlo gavlenas iqoniebs es dargi msoflios ekonomikur zrdaze da zogadad msoflios ekonomikur suraTze mTlianobaSi. saubaria axal bazrebze, momavali Taobis saqonlebisa da momsaxureobis gaCenaze, na-noteqnologiebis gavlenaze adamianebis janmrTelobasa da mis garemoze.

termini nanoteqnologia pirvelad 1974 wels gamoiyena tokios universitetis profesorma norio taniguCim. xolo 1992 wels aSS-is kong-resis komisiis winaSe gamosvlisas erik drekslerma daxata nanoteqnolo-giuri revoluciis Semdgomi msoflios suraTi: moispoba SimSili, avadmyo-

19 a. TvalWreliZe, a. silagaZe, g. qeSelaSvili, d. gegia, saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa, Tb., 2011, gamom. ,,nekeri“, gv.217-230.


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fobebi, garemos dabinZureba da sxva yofiTi problemebi. praqtikulad yvelaferi, rac aucilebelia adamianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobisaTvis, SesaZlebelia daamzadon nanorobotebma garemos atomebisa da molekulebi-sagan. kvebis produqtebis damzadeba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba niadagisa da hae-risagan, zustad iseve, rogorc es mcenareebSi xdeba. warmoeba gaxdeba ga-cilebiT rentabeluri da ekologiuri, vidre dRevandeli mrewveloba da soflis meurneobaa. nanokompiuterebi da nanomanqanebi Seavseben garemom-cvel sivrces: isini iqnebian haeris molekulebs Soris, yovel saganSi, adamianis organizmis yovel ujredSi, moxdeba kacobriobis Serwyma gare-momcvel samyarosTan erTian organizmad.

„nano“ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da „jujas“ niSnavs. igi aris metris memiliardedi nawilis zomis mqone nawilaki. nanoteqnologia fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebisa da teqnikis disciplinaTSo-risi sferoa, romelic sagnebis atomur da molekulur doneze manipuli-rebis meTodebsa da xerxebs Seiswavlis. zogadad nanoteqnologia ikvlevs iseT struqturebs, romelTa zoma 100 nanometrs ar aRemateba da moicavs masalebisa da mowyobilobebis SemuSavebas aRniSnuli zomis farglebSi. mcire zomis obieqtTa principuli mniSvneloba xazgasmuli iyo nobelis premiis laureatis, riCard feinmanis mier kaliforniis teqnologiur institutSi amerikis fizikuri sazogadoebis sxdomaze 1959 wlis 29 de-kembers wakiTxul leqciaSi: ”iq, qveviT sakmarisi adgilia”. ismis mosaz-rebebi, rom nanomecniereba da nanoteqnologiebi, romlebic mimarTulni arian nanosamyaros Seswavlisa da gamoyenebisaken, imdenad swrafad viTar-debian, rom SesaZloa iqcnen XXI saukunis ekonomikuri zrdis sabazo dar-gad. eqspertTa umravlesobis azriT, nanoteqnologia warmoadgens ara marto maRali teqnologiis erT-erT tots, aramed is aris 21-e saukunis codnis ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis sistemawarmomqmneli faqto-ri. mocemuli Tvisebebis mqone masalebis miRebis problemebisadmi spe-cialistebis mier SemuSavebuli axali midgomebi sul ufro da ufro met yuradRebas ipyrobs iseT umniSvnelovanes dargebSi, rogoricaa: medicina, farmakologia, energetika, eleqtronika, qimiuri da navTobqimiuri mrewve-loba, masalaTmcodnoba, optika, ekologia, sawvavis axali saxeebi, qimiuri da biologiuri dacva da sxv. uaxloes periodSi nanoteqnologiebi Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdeba, xolo mraval dargSi (eleqtronika, optika, farmakologia da masalaTmcdoneoba) isini saimedod arian ganmtkicebulni wamyvan poziciebze.

nanomecnierebisa da nanoteqnologiis ganviTareba impulss aniWebs medicinis, bioteqnologiis, qimiis, garemos dacvis, masalaTmcodneobis (liTonebi, polimerebi, keramika) ganviTarebas. unda aRiniSnos agreTve is faqti, rom qimiuri nanoteqnologiebi mcirenarCeniania, rac xdis maT gan-sakuTrebiT faseuls Tanamedrove pirobebSi. STambeWdavia, Tu rogor moicva Cveni cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxareebi nanomecnierebis aRmoCenebisa da nanoteqnologiebis miRwevebis wyalobiT ganviTarebulma ekonomikis mra-valma dargma. es dargebia: eleqtronuli, kosmetikuri, safeiqro mrewve-loba, farmacevtika, garemos dacva. nanoteqnologiebi gamoiyeneba gauxu-navi saRebavebis, gamWvirvale mzedamcavi safarebis, nakawrebisadmi mdgradi saavtomobilo saRebavebis, gazrdili simZlavris naxevargamtarebis misa-

Rebad, energiis ”wminda” wyaroebis, iafi maRalaqtiuri katalizatorebis,


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sawvavis elementebis Seqmnisas, naxSiris gazifikaciis procesebSi, sap-

rotezo masalebis warmoebaSi da sxv202122. problemaTa mTel wres im vadebis mixedviT, romlebic saWiroa sagrZ-

nobi Sedegebis misaRebad specialistebi sam kategoriad hyofen: mokleva-diani (1-5 weli), romelsac miekuTvneba nanokompozitebi, nanomembranebi, filtrebi, axali Taobis katalizatorebi liTonis SemcvelobiT erTi rigiT naklebi, vidre amJamadaa gamoyenebuli, qimiuri da biologiuri sen-sorebi, samedicino diagnostikuri xelsawyoebi, akumulatorebi gazrdili momsaxureobis vadiT; saSualovadiani (5-10 weli), romelsac miekuTvneba mizanmimarTuli samkurnalo Terapia, zusti samedicino diagnostika, me-zoforiani masalebi, mzis maRalefeqtiani iafi batareiebi, Tboelementebi, wylisagan wyalbadis miRebis maRalefeqtiani teqnologia; grZelvadiani (20 welze meti), romelsac miekuTvneba molekuluri eleqtronika, ujredis garsSi wamlebis Seyvana, informaciis gadacemis optikuri saSualebebi.

mudmivad mimdinareobs kamaTi da diskusia nanoteqnologiebis ganvi-Tarebis perspeqtivebis Taobaze. potenciuri bazris Sefasebebi ramodenime trilion dolars Seadgens 2015 wlisaTvis.

nanoteqnologiebis bazars miekuTvneba rogorc is teqnologiebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba garkveuli Tvisebebis mqone nivTierebebis misaRebad saWiro sxvadasxva masalebis dasamzadeblad, romlebzec arsebobs moTxov-na ama Tu im saxis saqmianobaSi, aseve nanoteqnologiebi, romlebic iZlevian principulad axali produqtebis Seqmnis saSualebas.

nanomasalebi, anu Sualeduri produqtebi nanoteqnologiebis gamoye-nebiT - es mxolod is masalebia, romlebsac Seisyidis sawarmo saboloo pr-oduqtis warmoebisTvis. amitom mniSvnelovania produqciis saboloo Rire-bulebaSi am masalebis wilis dadgena. sxvadasxva dargSi es wili mniSvn-elovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, avtomrewvelobaSi, wamyvani mwarmoeble-bis angariSebis Tanaxmad, masalebisa da Sualeduri produqtebis Rirebu-leba aRwevs saboloo Rirebulebis 60% maSin, rodesac tansacmlisa da fexsacmlis warmoebaSi - 20%-s ar aRemateba. saSualod masalebisa da Sua-leduri produqtebis wili saqonlis saboloo Rirebulebis 1/3 Seadgens.

sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom dReisaTvis nanoteqnologiebi yvela gamoyenebuli masalis umniSvnelo nawils Seadgens. ra aris nanoproduqti? es aris ZiriTadad is safari, firi, an fxvnili, romelsac amateben masalebs damzadebisas samomxmareblo Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. im kompa-niebis gamokiTxvidan, romlebic awarmoeben produqtebs nanoteqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, nanos wili masalebsa da Sualedur produqtebSi saSualod Seadgens daaxloebiT 10%-s.

SesaZlebelia 2015 wlisaTvis miviRoT nanoteqnologiebis msoflio

bazris (naxevargamtarebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe) adeqvaturi Sefaseba23,

20 Mark Ratner, Daniel Ratner, Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea, 2003, publ.: Pearson, 188 p. 21

Жоаким К., Плевер Л. Нанонауки.Невидимая революция. 2009, Изд.: КоЛибри, 240 ст. 22 Балабанов В.И., Балабанов И.В. Нанотехнологии: правда и вымысел. 2010, Изд.: Эксмо, 384 ст.


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sadac principulad axali produqtebis wili iqneba 5% * 1,5 trln. dolari = 75 mlrd. dolari, danarCeni: 95% * 1,5 trln. dolari * 1/3 * 10% = 47,5 mlrd. dolari, anda jamurad daaxloebiT 122, 5 mlrd. dolari 2015 wels. na-xevargamtarebis wili saboloo produqciaSi nanoteqnologiebis gamo-yenebiT iqneba 18-19%, xolo, nanoteqnologiebis gamoyenebiT naxevargam-tarebis bazris adeqvaturi Sefaseba 0.185 * 0.7 * 2 trln. dolari = 259 mlrd. dolari. nanoteqnologiebis msoflio bazris moculoba mTlianobaSi iqneba: 259 + 122,5 = 381,5 mlrd. dolaris toli.

mosalodneli Semosavlianoba uaxloes wlebSi jer-jerobiT kvlav dabali darCeba (15-20%-ze naklebi). mosalodnelia, rom uaxloes periodSi nanoteqnologiebSi investirebis saSualo Semosavlianoba wliuri Semo-savlis 10%-s ar aRematebodes, xSirad 5%-ze naklebsac. amasTanave, Tu aviRebT momdevno ramodenime weliwadSi gayidvebis zrdis iseTive tempebs, rogoricaa investiciebis zrdis tempebi bolo wlebSi, agreTve gaviTva-liswinebT mosalodnel rentabelobas 15-20%-is doneze, maSin miviRebT 2015 wlisaTvis nanoteqnologiebis bazris 150-350 mlrd dolarian Sefasebas (Semosavlianoba 5-10%, amogeba 10 weli, rentabeloba 15-20%). amave dros, nanoteqnologiebTan dakavSirebul proeqtebSi investiciebis moculobaze moyvanil monacemebSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli msxvili korporaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebi naxevargamtarebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom Sedegebi miiReba investiciebis saSualo mosalodneli Semo-savlianobisas 3-5%-is doneze, rogorc zemoT iyo navaraudevi.

menejerebi im sferoebSi, romlebic msxvili investiciebiT, riskisa da moqnilobis maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba (mag. navTobi da gazi, samTo-samompoveblo, farmakologia da bioteqnologiebi), iwyeben realuri al-ternativebis gzebis Ziebas. kompaniebs bazris kvlevisa da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis Sesaxeb uamravi informacia unda hqondeT, romelic gaurkvev-lobis dros saimedo daSvebebis mniSvnelovani instrumenti gaxdeba. maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovania sainJinro orientaciis korporatiuli kul-turis floba, romlisTvisac ucxo ar aris rTuli maTematikuri instru-mentebi.

radgan gamrRvev teqnologiebs is teqnologiebi miekuTvneba, ro-melTa saSualebiTac Cndeba axali bazris Ziebis, bazris msxvili segmentis dapyrobis, an arsebul bazarze lideris poziciis dakavebis SesaZleblo-bebi, nanoteqnologiebis bazris Sefasebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Semdeg niuansebs:

pirveli, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT naxevargamtarebs, maSin nanoteq-nologiebis bazris yvelaze did wils daikaveben principulad axali produqtebi axal dargebSi, an dargebis axal segmentebSi. Sefasebis mixed-viT 2015 wlisTvis nanoteqnologiebis 5% daikavebs bazris 60%-ze mets da maTi wili mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. amitom potenciuri investiciebis gansazRvrisTvis unda SeirCes is dargebi da teqnologiebi, romlebic Seqmnian axal mzard bazrebs (magaliTad, mzis energetika);

meore, nanoteqnologiebis bazris ganviTareba Seqmnis udides gare efeqts msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT

23Консалтинговая компания “Кислород”, Методология оценки рынка нанотехнологий, 2011, o2consulting.ru/.../metodologiya-ocenki-rynka-nanotehnologij/


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mniSvnelovnad aRemateba nanoteqnologiebis bazris moculobas. es efeqti Sejerebuli iqneba mikroteqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan. cxadia, rom kompiuterebis, internetisa da mobiluri kavSiris ganviTarebam migviyvana msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebamde. Tu mikroteqnologiebis ganviTarebam migviyvana informaciis damuSavebisa da gadacemis Rirebu-lebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebamde, maSin nanoteqnologiebis ganviTareba migviyvans warmoebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovan zrdamde da resursebis ekonomikidan codnis ekonomikaze saboloo gadasvlamde, anu ekonomikaze bunebrivi resursebis gavlenis Semcirebasa da adamianuri kapitalis gavlenis zrdamde.

nanoteqnologiebSi investireba Cvens qveyanas udides ekonomikur efeqts moutans, romelic sabolood ekonomikis efeqtianobis zrdaSi ai-saxeba da ara nanoteqnologiebis masStabur warmoebaSi. amave dros axali produqtebis gamoCena da axali dargebis aRmoceneba msoflioSi ZalTa ganlagebis cvlilebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis. swored am ori aspeqtis Se-faseba (garegani efeqtebis Sefaseba da gamrRvevi teqnologiebis gamovlena) mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs uaxloes perspeqtivaSi. gamrRvevi teqno-logiebis danergvaSi gaimarjvebs is, vinc SeZlebs ekonomikaze nanoteqno-logiebis bazris ganviTarebis gavlenis adeqvatur Sefasebasa da airCevs ufro efeqtian strategias.

inovaciur-teqnologiuri potencialis ganviTarebisa da misi efeq-tiani saxelmwifo mxardaWeris sakiTxi Cveni qveynis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani problemaa. CvenTan inovaciuri produqtis warmoeba mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba bazris formirebis process da moTxovnas, xolo Seqmnili sa-mecniero-kvleviTi produqti iSviaTad gadaiqceva xolme sawarmoo, komer-ciul produqtad. saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyveta ki mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli samecniero da sainJinro-teqnologiuri saqmianobis mkveTr gaumjobesebaze, inovaciuri saqmianobis gaaqtiureba is prioritetuli mimarTulebaa, romlis warmatebuli gan-xorcieleba ganapirobebs ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis prob-lemebis gadaWras, is aris qmediTi saSualeba, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri winsvla da bazris Sevseba sakuTari warmoebis konkurent-unariani produqciiT.

Giuli Keshelashvili

Doctor of Economics, Professor THE DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES SHOULD RESPOND TO

THE REQUIREMENTS OF INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT

Summary

Work provides discussion of the substance of nanotechnologies, their significance and economic aspects of development. It demonstrates that because of limited monetary assets of small enterprises operating in Georgia no significant amounts could be invested in new equipment, technologies, marketing; manufacturing of innovative products stays far behind the process and requirements of market formation. Focus is made on the issues of development of innovative-technological potential of Georgia and its effective state support. Development of nanotechnologies is the priority direction in the science, which would contribute to dealing with the problems of economic and social development, saturation of market with locally manufactured competitive products in our country.


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regionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomika

lamara mindoraSvililamara mindoraSvililamara mindoraSvililamara mindoraSvili stu asocirebuli profesori

saqarTveloSi regionuli sainovacio politikissaqarTveloSi regionuli sainovacio politikissaqarTveloSi regionuli sainovacio politikissaqarTveloSi regionuli sainovacio politikis

miznebi da amocanebimiznebi da amocanebimiznebi da amocanebimiznebi da amocanebi

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrun-velsayofad aucilebeli xdeba codnis ekonomikaze, inovaciebsa da axal teqnologiebze orientirebuli regionuli ekonomikuri strate-giis SemuSaveba, rac qveyanas SesaZleblobas miscems gamoiyenos misi Se-darebiTi upiratesobebi, ganaviTaros prioritetuli dargebi da aamaR-los maTi konkurentunarianoba.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia inovaciebis waxaliseba saxelmwifo Ses-yidvebiTa da sajaro da kerZo seqtorebs Soris teqnologiebis trans-feris instrumentebis SeqmniT. unda daigegmos da ganxorcieldes Ronis-Ziebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben teqnologiur transfers sajaro kvleviT institutebs, kerZo seqtorsa da samewarmeo subieqtebs Soris; aRniSnulma unda gazardos kvlevebSi investirebuli sajaro resurse-bis efeqturoba da produqtiuloba. teqnologiebis transferis Sesaba-misi politikiTa da sakanonmdeblo regulirebiT, SesaZlebelia inova-torebis codnis nakadis Sefaseba da TanamSromlobis stimulireba. sa-qarTveloSi inovaciebis da teqnologiebis transferis Tema, adamianuri kapitalis, codnis, inovaciuri sistemebis mwiri SesaZleblobebis fon-ze, uaRresad aqtualuria qveynis konkurentunarianobis da ekonomikur ganviTarebis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. am etapze saqarTveloSi unda Seiqm-nas adgilobrivi sawarmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis teqnologiuri transfe-ris ganxorcielebis myari ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo baza, ramac Tavis mxriv, xeli unda Seuwyos ucxouri investiciebiT mowinave teq-nologiebisa da inovaciebis transfers.

pirvel yovlisa, mkafiod unda gaimijnos centrebi, gaimijnos cen-trisa da regionis qonebrivi uflebebi, rac mTavaria miRweul iqnas zusti, saimedo regionuli statistikis da angariSebis warmoeba.

regionuli sainovacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobaregionuli sainovacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobaregionuli sainovacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobaregionuli sainovacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba. regionuli sainovacio sistemis konsolidaciis qmediT instruments warmoadgens regionuli sainovacio centrebis (rsc) Camoyalibeba. regionuli ganvi-Tarebis centrebi ZiriTadad ganaxorcieleben Semdeg saqmianobas: kvle-vis Sedegebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcire da saSualo mewarmeebs So-ris Suamavloba; teqnologiuri da sainovacio saWiroebebisa da kvleviT SesaZleblobebs Soris sabrokero rolis Sesruleba. amgvari centrebis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia regionuli administraciebis iniciativiT da, amasTanave, samTavrobo uwyebebis mniSvnelovani mxardaWeriT. regionuli sainovacio centrebis mTavar partniorebad ganixilebian: centraluri xelisuflebis dargobrivi uwyebebi da saministroebi, saqpatenti, erov-nuli sainvesticio saagento, regionuli administraciebi da adgilob-rivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, regionuli sainvesticio fondebi, regionuli/adgilobrivi ganviTarebis saagentoebi, savaWro-komerciuli palatebi, mecnierebaTa akademiebi, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-lebebi, kvleva-ganviTarebis institutebi, biznes inkubatorebi, teqno-


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logiuri transferis centrebi, teqnoparkebi da teqnopolisebi, mcire da saSualo mewarmeebi, sarisko kapitalis firmebi, arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebi.

konkretul regionebSi sainovacio centrebis saqmianobis priori-tetebi SesaZloa misadagebul iqnes konkretul moculobasTan, rac ukavSirdeba ama Tu im regionSi arsebuli sainovacio infrastruqturis Semadgenlebis (biznes inkubatorebi, inovaciis da teqnologiebis cent-rebi) raodenobas da dones.

regionulregionulregionulregionuli sainovacio centrebis ZiriTadi miznebiai sainovacio centrebis ZiriTadi miznebiai sainovacio centrebis ZiriTadi miznebiai sainovacio centrebis ZiriTadi miznebia:

• mecnieruli da teqnologiuri miRwevebis, patentebis, prototipe-bis, nou-haus, licenziebis Sesaxeb monacemTa bazis Seqmna da sxv.;

• inovaciebze orientirebuli organizaciebis da mewarmeobis mxar-daWera;

• qseluri kavSirebis Seqmnis waxaliseba da mxardaWera, erTi mxriv, mcire da saSualo biznessa da, meore mxriv, umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da kvleva-ganviTarebis institutebs Soris;

• kooperaciuli kavSirebis Seqmnis waxaliseba da mxardaWera mcire da saSualo samewarmeo subieqtebs Soris sainovacio proeqtebis gansa-xorcieleblad;

• adgilobriv mcire da saSualo biznessa da ucxour investticiebs Soris kavSiris waxaliseba da mxardaWera;

• regionSi moqmedi samewarmeo subieqtebis teqnologiuri auditi da mcire da axali teqnologiebis komecializaciis SesaZleblobaTa Ses-wavla da partniorTa dakavSireba-konsolidacia;

• erToblivi kvlevebisa da saimplementacio proeqtebis waxaliseba sxvadasxva samewarmeo subieqtebis jgufebis mier;

• konsultaciebi da treningi axali teqnologiebis sferoSi;

• pirdapiri regionTaSorisi TanamSromlobis inicireba inovaciebisa da mewarmeobis sferoSi.

regionul sainovacio centrebs SeuZliaT aRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcieleba sakuTriv am garkveuli funqciebis delegirebiT im ins-titutebze, romlebic moqmedeben am konkretul regionSi da Seadgenen regionuli sainovacio sistemis ganuyofel nawils.

sainformaciosainformaciosainformaciosainformacio----sakonsultacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobasakonsultacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobasakonsultacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyobasakonsultacio centrebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba. qveyanaSi sainovacio proeqtebis dasafinanseblad adgilobrivi invest-ticiebis done Zalian dabalia, amitom mkveTrad izrdeba ucxouri da-finansebisa da investiciebis roli; am mxriv, regionebSi sainformacio-sakonsultacio centrebis Seqmna emsaxureba specifikuri sainvesticio amocanebis gadawyvetas;

amgvari centrebis mier gasawevi momsaxureba SeiZleba iyos:

• regionuli sainvesticio proeqtebis SemuSaveba, potenciuri ucxo-uri investorebis moZieba, pirdapiri investiciebis mozidvis xelSew-yoba, saqmianoba sareklamo bazarze.

• sainformacio resursebis sistematizireba da misi gavrceleba; re-sursebis dokumentireba da am resursuli informaciis gavrceleba; re-gionis ekonomikuri veb-gverdis Seqmna;

• investorebis konsultireba regionis ekonomikuri potencialis, in-vesticiebis ganxorcielebis optimaluri iuridiuli formebis, erTob-


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livi sawarmoebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis, uZravi qonebisa da sxvadasxva iuridiul sakiTxebze;

• specialuri biznesforumebis, prezentaciebis, marketinguli anali-zis, miznobrivi treningebis Catareba, regionis wardgena saerTaSoriso gamofenaze;

• regionis aqtivebis ruqis Seqmna.

• regionebis ekonomikis struqturis Zireuli analizi SesaZlebels gaxdis momzaddes pirveladi daskvnebi regionis ekonomikis potenciu-rad rentabelur segmentebze.

sainformacio-sakonsultacio centrebis efeqtiani saqmianoba moiT-xovs aRniSnuli iniciativebis koordinirebas Sesabamisi centraluri instituciis mier. amave instituciis kompetenciadve SeiZleba ganisazRv-ros: sawyis etapze Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadeba da cent-rebis dafuZnebis/funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli pirveladi resurse-bis mozidvis koordinireba; am mizniT, adgilobriv da regionul admi-nistraciebTan sxva adgilobriv Tu centralur institutebTan, dono-rebTan da potenciur kerZo investorebTan konsultaciebis gamarTva. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, centrebis dafinansebis da mdgradobis uz-runvelyofis erT-erT wyarod SeiZleba ganisazRvros, aseve, garkveuli procenti warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli sainvesticio proeqtebidan.

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da qveynis regionebSi maTpirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da qveynis regionebSi maTpirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da qveynis regionebSi maTpirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da qveynis regionebSi maTi i i i mozidvis stimulirebamozidvis stimulirebamozidvis stimulirebamozidvis stimulireba. qveynis ekonomikis zrda da modernizacia, regionebSi mniSvnelovani infrastruqturuli da sainovacio proeqtebis dafinanseba, mowinave teqnologiebis da codnis danergva moiTxovs did kapitals. saqarTvelos danazogebis dabali donis, Semosavlebis mobi-lizebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebisa da, amis Sedegad, ZiriTad kapi-talSi investirebis dabali maCvenebelis gaTvaliswinebiT, erTaderTi gza, romliTac qveyanas SeuZlia ZiriTadi kapitalis dagroveba da mo-dernizacia, aris investireba. aseT dros, bunebrivia, mkveTrad izrdeba ucxouri dafinansebisa da investiciebis roli, romlebic fizikuri da finansuri kapitalis saSualebiT ganapirobeben ara marto SesaZleblo-bebis, materialuri simdidrisa da axali samuSao adgilebis generire-bas, aramed xels uwyoben Sromis nayofierebis zrdas da damatebiTi Ri-rebulebis Seqmnas e.w. eqstrafinansuri sargeblis da teqnologiuri difuziis xarjze. teqnologiuri difuzia aris axali teqnologiebis, inovaciebis, mowinave menejeruli gamocdilebis, produqtiulobis zrdis mastimulirebeli ideebisa da nou-hauebis gaziareba da transfe-ri mimReb qveyanaSi. aRniSnuli tipis investiciebs Tan axlavs mowinave codna produqciis gadamuSavebis meTodebis, produqciis SefuTvisa da dizainis, sakomunikacio teqnologiebisa da, aseve, bazris ganviTarebisa da strategiis Sesaxeb. es sawarmoo resursebi da nakadebi, rogorc we-si, Semoedineba investiciebis Sesaxeb. es sawarmoo resursebi da nakade-bi, rogorc wesi, Semoedineba investiciebis Tanadroulad, rac uzrun-velyofs proeqtebiT mdgradobas da iZleva teqnikuri qveynis resur-sebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli ucxoeli investorebis iniciativebi, kerZod, adgilobrivi muSa xelis Sromis nayofierebis zrdis xelSemw-yobi treningebis Catareba, Tanamedrove menejmentis praqtikis da sxva-dasxva saorganizacio xasiaTis inovaciebis danergva.

saWiroa specialuri sagadasaxado stimulirebis Seqmna qveynis re-gionebSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad da inovaciebis


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wasaxaliseblad. kerZod, mizanSewonilia, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gada-saxadebidan gaTavisufleba am diferencirebuli sagadasaxado SeRava-Tebis SemoReba im ucxour investiciebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gan-xorcieldeba qveynis regionebSi (Tbilisis garda). msgavsi tipis SeRa-vaTebis aucilebel winapirobad SeiZleba ganisazRvros investoris mier Semdegi valdebulebebis aReba:

• ganxorcielebuli investiciis mTliani moculobis ara nakleb 2% unda iTvaliswinebdes kvleva-ganviTarebis xarjebs;

• ganxorcielebuli investiciebis mTliani moculobis ara nakleb 1% unda iTvaliswinebdes adgilobrivi adamianuri resursebis treningis da gadamzadebis xarjebs;

• adgilobrivad produqciis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, mocemuli pro-duqciis ara naleb 30% unda iyos saeqsporto;

• dasaqmebuli muSaxelis da sxva adamianuri resursebis ara nakleb 70% unda iyos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba;

• ganxorcielebuli investicia unda iTvaliswinebdes axali teqno-logiebis transfers da adgilobriv samimwodeblo bazarTan mWidro urTierTobas.

vinaidan aRniSnuli pirobebis Sesruleba (nawilobriv an erTobli-obaSi) pirdapir proporciul kavSirSia damatebiT, diferencirebul sa-gadasaxado SeRavaTebiT sargeblobasTan, igi efuZneba mxolod korpo-ratiuli diskreciisa da nebayoflobiTobis princips. investoris mxri-dan amgvari interesis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi, misi saqmianoba rCeba ar-sebuli sainvesticio da sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis reJimSi.

regionuli administraciisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis rolis regionuli administraciisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis rolis regionuli administraciisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis rolis regionuli administraciisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis rolis gazrda ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSigazrda ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSigazrda ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSigazrda ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSi. regionuli administraciisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis umniSvnelo roli sainvesticio proeqte-bis SemuSavebaSi da adgilebze stimulirebis regionebSi; amJamad, isini ar floben aRniSnuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad rogorc saTana-do resursebs, ise kargad formulirebul da araorazrovan samarTleb-riv uflebamosilebebs. am mxriv, Sesabamisi instituciuri bazis Seqmna da efeqturi TanamSromloba samxareo administraciebsa da Sesaqmnel regionul sainformacio-sakonsultacio centrebs Soris mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis potencials da waaxalisebs ukukavSirebs adgilobriv sawarmoebsa da Semosul pirdapir ucxour in-vesticiebs Soris.

sainvesticio procesebis damatebiTi stimulireba regionebSisainvesticio procesebis damatebiTi stimulireba regionebSisainvesticio procesebis damatebiTi stimulireba regionebSisainvesticio procesebis damatebiTi stimulireba regionebSi. regionebis roli sainvesticio procesebSi umniSvneloa. xSirad, region-nis inovaciuri potenciali arsebiTad izRudeba finansur-organizaciu-li xasiaTis faqtorebiT. es SezRudvebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad: 1. finansuri xasiaTis SezRudvebi – regionis ekonomikis mier Seqmnili fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad masas kontrols uwevs centrluri xelisuf-leba; 2. teritoriuli xasiaTis SezRudvebi – regionisaTvis SeuZlebe-li xdeba iq ganlagebul, magram imgvarad integrirebul sawarmoTa inovaciuri programis ganxorcieleba, romelTa gamaerTianebeli centri mdebareobs regionis gareT; 3. specifikuri regionuli SezRudvebi – dRevandel pirobebSi, fuladi nakadebi umTavresad mimarTulia arsebu-li infrastruqturis ganviTarebis mxardasaWerad.

am siZneleebis gadalaxvis aucilebeli rgolia regionis ganviTa-rebis Sedegebze orientirebuli strategia – sainovacio-sainvesticio


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regionuli strategia, romelsac SeuZlia calkeul regionebSi gan-sakuTrebuli sainovacio sistemis da sagadasaxado stimulebis SeqmniT, SesaZlebeli gaxados misTvis xelmisawvdomi yvela resursis efeqturi gamoyeneba. kerZod, arsebobs inovaciuri proeqtebis stimulirebisa da gadasaxadebis optimizebis ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romelic moicavs:

• inovaciuri proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli sawarmoebis gadasaxa-debisagan droebiT gaTavisuflebas;

• gadasaxadebisagan droebiT gaTavisuflebas inovaciuri proeqtebis danergvis finansuri SedegebiT;

• sagadasaxado danaxarjebis sadazRvevo gadasaxadad gardaqmnas; es ukanaskneli aerTianebs sagadasaxado da sadazRvevo meqanizmebs, qmnis safinanso safuZvels sainovacio proeqtebis sadazRvevo mxardaWerisaT-vis;

• lizinguri sqemebiT operirebas, rac saSualebas iZleva ufro aq-tiurad da moqnilad moxdes inovaciuri teqnologiebis transferi da ganviTareba. aseTi strategiis SemuSavebam da ganxorcielebam arsebiTad dadebiTi zegavlena SeiZleba iqonios, rogorc regionnuli mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaze, ise mTlianad regionis ganviTarebaze.

eqsportis xelSewyoba da eqsportze orientirebuli mcire da eqsportis xelSewyoba da eqsportze orientirebuli mcire da eqsportis xelSewyoba da eqsportze orientirebuli mcire da eqsportis xelSewyoba da eqsportze orientirebuli mcire da saSualo biznesis waxalisebasaSualo biznesis waxalisebasaSualo biznesis waxalisebasaSualo biznesis waxaliseba. amJamad, saqarTvelos ekonomika umetes wilad damokidebulia importze, rac asaxavs erovnuli ekonomikis ara-konkurentunarianobas da SezRudul adgilobriv warmoebas. inovaciuri da eqsportze orientirebuli adgilobrivi warmoeba ar aris samarT-lebrivad mxardaWerili da waxalisebuli.

msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi (mso) gawevrianebis dRidan, saqar-Tvelos ganxorcielebuli eqsporti upirobod sargeblobs upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimiT am organizaciaSi Semavali 147 wevri-qveynis ba-zarze, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelodan importirebuli saqoneli maT bazarze isargeblebs im xelsayreli reJimiT, romelsac importiori qveyana aniWebs romelime mesame qveynidan ganxorcielebul imports.

eqsportze orientirebuli mewarmeobis waxalisebis mizniT, sxva RonisZiebebs Soris, aucilebelia, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis saministros mier Seiqmnas Sesabamisi kompleqsuri programa. amas-Tan, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom eqsport-impor-tis analiis safuZvelze, unda SeimuSaos rekomendaciebi im sasaqonlo nusxis warmoebis Sesaxeb, romlis Canacvlebac da warmoebac SeiZleba qveynis SigniT axali teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis gamoyenebiT da ro-melic umokles droSi mogvcems realur efeqts Sida bazarze, xolo Semdgom mas gaxdis konkurentuls regionul da saerTaSoriso bazaar-ze. adgilobriv mewamrmeebs sawyis etapze unda gaewioT sainformacio daxmareba axali teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis Sesaxeb.

sainformacio kanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebasainformacio kanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebasainformacio kanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebasainformacio kanonmdeblobis gaumjobeseba. inovaciuri saqmiano-bis maregulirebeli saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iZleva iseTi erTi-ani sainovacio politikis warmoebis SesaZleblobas, romelic daakma-yofilebda msoflioSi dRes Seqmnil globaluri konkurentunarianobis moTxovnebsa da standartebs.

regionaluri sainovregionaluri sainovregionaluri sainovregionaluri sainovacio politikis benCmarkingis Seqmna da acio politikis benCmarkingis Seqmna da acio politikis benCmarkingis Seqmna da acio politikis benCmarkingis Seqmna da statistikur monacemTa Segrovebis meTodologiis gaumjobeseba statistikur monacemTa Segrovebis meTodologiis gaumjobeseba statistikur monacemTa Segrovebis meTodologiis gaumjobeseba statistikur monacemTa Segrovebis meTodologiis gaumjobeseba –––– saerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizaciasaerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizaciasaerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizaciasaerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizacia.


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amJamad, saqarTveloSi ar warmoebs regionuli sainovacio politi-kis specialuri benCmarkingi. inovaciebis aRricxvisa da Sefasebis in-dikatorebis SemuSaveba safuZvlad unda daedos sainovacio politikis benCmarkingis Seqmnas. aRniSnuli ukavSirdeba Sesabamisi parametrebis klasificirebas globalur, erovnul, regionul an warmoebis doneze.

amave dros, centraluri xelisufleba sakmarisad ar flobs da, Sesabamisad, verc iyenebs saTanadod damuSavebul informacias region-nebSi sainovacio saqmianobisa da iniciativebis Sesaxeb; sando statis-tikuri monacemebis ararseboba SeuZlebels xdis erovnuli sainovacio mzaobis adekvatur Sefasebas, saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sedarebas da ganxorcielebuli iniciativebis Sefasebas. sailustraciod, am droi-saTvis ar arsebobs zusti statistika saqarTvelos regionebSi Sesuli ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris, sainovacio ganviTarebis Sefasebis iseTi mniSvnelovani komponentis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa kvleva-ganviTarebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebi Sesabamis samewarmeo su-bieqtebSi, rogorc zogadad qveynis masStabiT, ise calkeuli regionebis mixedviT. saWiroa, saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma da erovnul-ma sainvesticio saagentom iTanamSromlon, raTa aRmofxvran xarvezebi da uzrunvelyon saqarTvelos yvela regionis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri in-formaciis miwodeba.


1. maxvilaZe r., maxvilaZe j., CogovaZe j., mWedliSvili d., gogolaZe i. invensticiebis Teoria da analizi, I nawili, investirebis Teoria, Tb., 2006.

2. baraTaSvili e., WalaganiZe S. investiciebis formirebis sakiTxebi regionalur samrewvelo kompleqsebSi, Tb., ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebi, t. 5., 2007.

3. burduli v. regionis ekonomikis marTvis srulyofa (saqarTvelos magaliTze), Tb., 1985.

4. baraTaSvili e.. veSapiZe S., reginaluri ekonomikuri politika, Tb., 2002.

5. gitmani l. jonki m., Smidti h., investiciebis safuZvlebi (lamara qoqiauris Targmani), Tb., 2001.

6. siWinava a., investiciebi, Teoria, analizi, organizacia, marTva (leqciebis kursi)., Tb., 2010.

Lamara Mindorashvili

Associated Professor of STU

THE GOALS AND TASKS OF A INNOVATIVE REGIONAL POLICY IN GEORGIA

Summary

It is very important to stimulate the economic iniciatives oriented at realizing into practice the innovations and new technologies including the traditional production factors and to use the compareble advantages of the country optimally for the dynamic growth of the developing economy of Georgia.

This means the proper policy of central as well as local and regional government.


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magistrantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebimagistrantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebimagistrantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebimagistrantebisa da doqtorantebis samecniero naSromebi

vasil xizaniSvilivasil xizaniSvilivasil xizaniSvilivasil xizaniSvili

i. gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti,

asistent-profesori

eTikureTikureTikureTikuri ekonomikis sabazroi ekonomikis sabazroi ekonomikis sabazroi ekonomikis sabazro,,,, socialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebisocialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebisocialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebisocialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi

eTikuri ekonomika postmodernis ekonomikaa, romlisTvisac umniSv-nelovanesia sabazro-ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi. maTi sinTezi ayalibebs alternatiul sabazro fundamentalizms.24 am ekonomikis safuZvelia inovaciuri sabazro ekonomika socialuri sa-marTlianobiTa da ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobiT. socialuri wonas-woroba warmoadgens socialuri konsensusis, xolo ekologiuri mdgra-doba _ civilizaciis gadarCenis winapirobas.25 aRniSnuli midgoma gani-xileba orToliberalur koncefciad26, romelic socialuri sabazro ekonomikis logikuri ganviTarebaa 21-e saukunis moTxovnebis mixedviT. sabazro ekonomikuri aspeqti gulisxmobs ekonomikuri konkurentunaria-nobis uzrunvelyofas, inovaciebisa da mewarmeobisaTvis stimulebis Seqmnas, investiciebis gafarToebas, normatiuli da biurokratiuli ba-rierebis Semcirebas keTilsindisieri konkurenciis ganxorcielebisaT-vis globalur masStabSi, sagadasaxado sistemis modificirebas ,,Rire-bulebis mwarmoebeli ekonomikis~ sasargeblod; socialuri aspeqti _ samarTliani urTierTobis ganxorcielebas saxelmwifos socialur po-litikasa da institucionalur socialur momsaxurebas Soris, socia-lur solidarobas globalur doneze; ekologiuri aspeqti gulisxmobs garemos dacvasa da mis mdgrad ganviTarebas garemos dabinZurebisa da bunebrivi resursebis ganadgurebis tendenciis Semcirebis gziT, ekolo-giurad samarTlian fasebsa da danaxarjebs, realur ekologiur gada-saxadebsa da ekologiaze orientirebul kanonebs, produqtis warmoe-bis, vargisianobis, genuri inJineriis, hormonebis gamoyenebisa da a.S. sa-kiTxebis mkacr da zust kontrols.27

mTel msoflioSi 1.4 mlrd adamiani cxovrobs absolutur siRari-beSi da yoveldRiurad iRebs 1.25 aSS dolarze naklebs. 2.5 mlrd adami-ans aqvs 2 dolarze naklebi Semosavali. afrikaSi, saharis samxreTiT, uRaribesi adamianebis ricxvi 1981 wlidan TiTqmis gaormagda. samxreT aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, karibis auzSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da Crdi-loeT afrikaSi SeiniSneba siRaribis maCveneblis kleba, Tumca jer ki-dev mravali adamiani ganicdis gaWirvebas. ekonomikurma da finansurma krizisma kidev ufro daazarala ganviTarebadi qveynebi, radgan maT kri-

24 Eco-Social World Order /global-commons.net 25 http://www.slideshare.net/netzwerkvonchristen/eco-social-market-economy-21-7-2010 26 Franz Josef Rademacher: Global Marshal Plan – Warum der Marktfundamentalismus die Welt arm macht, in: Welt in Balance, gv. 111. 27 http://www.slideshare.net.netzwerkvonchristen/eco-xocial-market-economy-21-7-2010.


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zisebis marTvisaTvis sakmaod SezRuduli resursebi gaaCniaT. es si-tuacia Rrmavdeba sakvebze fasebis zrdiTa da klimatis cvlilebebiT.28

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mkveTrad gaizarda bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba. 1980 wels TiTqmis 40 mlrd tona resursi iqna amoRebuli globaluri eko-sistemidan. msoflioSi amJamad resursebis yovelwli-uri moxmareba 50%-iT izrdeba. Tu mimdinare tendencia SenarCunda, re-sursebis yovelwliuri moxmareba 2030 wlisaTvis gaizrdeba 100 mlrd tonamde, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios rogorc ganaxlebadi (sasoflo-sa-meurneo daniSnulebis savargulebi, tyis masivebi, wyali), ise araganax-lebadi resursebis (metali da wiaRiseuli, sawvav-saTbobi, navTobpro-duqtebi) deficitis gamwvaveba globaluri masStabiT. haeri, wyali, mi-wis savargulebi, cxovelebi warmoadgens ekonomikuri sistemis mniSvne-lovan nawils, Tumca dRemde ar momxdara maTi RirebulebiTi formiT Sefaseba. buRaltrul angariSgebaSi ar arsebobs bunebrivi kapitalis (iseTis, rogoricaa haeri an wyali), sruli Sefaseba. dRes msoflio ekonomika globaluri mTliani Sida produqtis saxiT yovelwliurad qmnis 39 trln dolars. mTeli Cveni planetis Rirebuleba uxeSi gaanga-riSebiT 500 trln aSS dolaria, romlis daaxloebiT 1/3 adamianebma, samwuxarod, ukve gavanadgureT, rac gamoixateba mravalferovani flo-ra-faunis saxeobaTa da sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis mospobaSi, haerisa da wylis dabinZurebaSi. Cvens planetaze TiToeuli adamianisaT-vis yovelwliurad xelmisawvdomia 70000 dolaris eqvivalentis bunebri-vi kapitali. aqedan naTelia, Tu raoden didi simdidre gvaqvs bunebis-gan naboZebi, magram dRemde mas aragonivrulad viyenebT. uaxloes 50 weliwadSi yvela qveynisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba, Tu ramde-nad moufrTxildebian isini sakuTar bunebriv simdidres da mkveTrad Seamcireben bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebas.29 amasTanave, ekologiurma orientaciam ar unda gaafermkrTalos tradiciuli socialuri sabazro ekonomikis arsi. ekologiuri komponentebi iseTive mniSvnelovania, ro-gorc sabazro elementebi da socialuri maxasiaTeblebi. bazris socia-luri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi harmoniaSi unda iyvnen erTmaneTTan30.

neoliberalur ekonomikas didi xania gaaCnia mwvave problemebi: sa-muSao adgilebis arqona, ganaTlebis miRebis naklebi SesaZlebloba, terorizmi, qsenofobia, korufcia, finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi.31 Ta-namedrove ekonomikuri da socialuri sistema damokidebulia raodenob-riv ekonomikur zrdaze, Tumca ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba da resursebis deficitis gadideba svams kiTxvas - rogor uzrunvel-vyoT xangrZlivi droiT keTildReoba erovnul, regionalur da globa-lur doneebze. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da mTeli ekonomikuri saqmianoba warmoadgens Cveni cxovrebis safuZvels, magram maTma eqsp-luataciam SeiZina imgvari masStabebi, rom Semdgomi ekonomikuri da so-cialuri ganviTareba Tanamedrove pirobebSi safrTxis qveS dgeba. aqe-dan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ekonomikuri zrdis im modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba, romelic mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis raodenobrivi maC-

28 Ecosocial Market Economy (For a sustainable and responsible society). gv. 10. www.oecosozial.at/uploads/tx.../Policypaper_Ecosocialforum-web-01.pdf. 29 Die Dialektik – Die Freie Zeitschrift – Die öko-sociale Marktwirtschaft und ihre Theorie://www.diedialektik.org/cms/node/95 30 ORDO: Jahrbuch fÜr die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Geselschaft, Band 51 (2000): gv. 169-202 31 iqve


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veneblebis nacvlad wina planze daayenebs xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebis amocanas. xarisxobrivma zrdam unda Secvalos resurse-bis intensiur gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Cven ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze ganvicdiT.

mTel msoflioSi mwvavdeba socialuri problemebi da kidev ufro Rrmavdeba qonebrivi diferenciacia mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. garda amisa, resursebisaTvis brZola Zlierdeba. sazogadoebaze uaRresad ne-gatiur zegavlenas axdens Tanamedrove finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi, romlebic gamowveulia zRvargadasuli deregulirebiTa da iafi fulis politikiT. erTaderTi gonivruli gamosavali Seqmnili mZime mdgoma-reobidan aris eko-socialuri cvlilebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac Se-saZlebelia msoflios mosaxleobis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekono-mikuri interesebis harmonizacia.

21-e saukuneSi kacobriobas sWirdeba imgvari ekonomikuri wesrigi, sadac aqcenti gakeTdeba ara ubralod raodenobriv, aramed ufro metad xarisxobriv maCveneblebze, rac niSnavs rogorc xarisxobriv zrdas, ise cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebas. am konteqstSi erovnul-fiskaluri sis-tema warmoadgens ekologiur-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelo-van instruments. miuxedavad imisa, rom fiskaluri politika muSavdeba da xorcieldeba erovnuli saxelmwifos SigniT, arsebuli problemebis efeqtianad gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelia fiskaluri politikis an misi garkveuli aspeqtebis saerTaSoriso koordinacia. Tanamedrove pirobeb-Si arsebobs Zalian mcire sagadasaxado stimulebi energiisa da resur-sebis ekonomiisaTvis, dabinZurebisa da narCenebis Sesamcireblad. fiska-luri instrumentebi iqneba Zlieri stimuli maTi gamoyenebis efeqtia-nobis amaRlebisaTvis.32 eko-kapitalizmi gvTavazobs axal sagadasaxado da subsidirebis radikalur sistemas. eko-socialuri fiskaluri re-formebi aucilebelia ekologiuri da socialuri mdgradobis gansamt-kiceblad. aucilebelia kontproduqtiuli subsidiebisa da sagadasaxa-do SeRavaTebis Semcireba da garemos dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadebis gazrda. gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania saSemosavlo gadasaxadisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis anaricxebis daweva dabal da saSualo Semo-savlian moqalaqeTaTvis. am gziT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dasaqmebis prob-lemis mniSvnelovani gamosworeba da upiratesobis mopoveba bazarze.

bazars bevri ram SeuZlia, magram - ara yvelaferi. mis amocanas war-moadgens ekonomikis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba meti damatebiTi Ri-rebulebis Seqmnisa da inovaciuri mewarmeobis mxardaWeris gziT. rac bazars esaWiroeba, aris ekologiuri da socialuri wesebi da Sesabami-si pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmebi rogorc lokalur, ise globalur do-neze. ukanasknel xans ganviTarebuli movlenebi, rac vlindeba finansur-ekonomikur krizisebSi, cxadad gviCvenebs, rom individis kerZo intere-sebi sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelovani struqturuli komponentia, Tumca SesaZlebelia is damangrevel egoizmSi gadaizardos. Sesabamisad, eTikuri amocanaa, dabalansdes adamianis kerZo interesebi mis ekonomi-kur, socialuri da ekologiur pasuxismgeblobasTan. 33

32 ECOSOCIAL MARKET EKONOMY. www.oecosozial. at/uploads/tx.../policypaper_Ecosocilforum_web_01.pdf 33 The Ethical Dimension of the ,,EV2020” Strategy, January 2010. gv.10.


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imisaTvis, rom swrafad iqnas miRweuli mdgradi ganviTarebisa da ekonomikur-teqnologiuri efeqtianobis erTianoba, saWiroa bazrisaTvis swori signalebis gagzavna. am miznis misaRwevad SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iqnas Semdegi instrumentebi: 1. bunebaTsargeblobisaTvis samarTliani fasebis gadaxda; 2. sagadasaxado sistemis eko-socialuri reforma; 3. ekologiurad sufTa produqtis warmoeba; 4. mdgradobis xelSemwyobi subsidiebi; 5. garemos dacvisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan da-kavSirebuli ganaTleba da informacia; 6. eko-socialuri produqti er-Toblivi erovnuli produqtis nacvlad; 7. garemos dacva, rogorc saer-TaSoriso valdebuleba da a.S. amasTan, garemos dabinZureba da resur-sebis gamoyeneba unda aisaxos warmoebis procesisa da produqciis fa-sis kalkulaciaSi. kanonebi da wesebi unda iqces imis garantad, rom isini Tanabrad Seexeba yvela sawarmos patiosani konkurenciis uzrun-velyofisaTvis.34

ekonomika msoflio masStabiT saWiroebs Sejerebul globalur we-sebs. unda moxdes ekonomikis reformireba iseTi saerTaSoriso institu-tebis mxardaWeriT, rogorebicaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia da savaluto fondi.35 aseve saWiroa Zlieri sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebis ar-seboba, samarTliani wesebis Seqmna da uzrunvelyofa normatiul-sa-marTlebrivi bazis pirobebSi, socialuri da ekologiuri standartebis Camoyalibeba da transparantulobis uzrunvelyofa gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.36

arsebuli finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi Cveni sazogadoebis fa-seulobaTa krizisicaa.37 dRis wesrigSi dgeba eTikuri dimensiis, eTiku-ri qcevebisa da faseulobebis Semotana da damkvidreba ekonomikis axal modelSi. saWiroa dauyovnebliv gadasvla iseTi ekonomikuri, socia-luri da ekologiuri politikis gatarebaze,38 romlis Sedegad gafar-Tovdeba da ganviTardeba postcikluri msoflio ekonomika da romelic Tavidan agvacilebs safondo bazrebis CamoSlasa Tu sabirJo kraxebs. amgvari politika mimarTulia ekologiur-ekonomikur-socialuri harmo-niis pirobebSi kacobriobis mSvidobiani da usafrTxo Tanacxovre-bisaken.39

http://csc.ceceurope.org/...? Social_Economic.../Conference_of_European_Churechs_CSC_of_CEC_Contribution_to_EU_2020_Consultation.pdf 34 Eco-social market economy an European innovation, J. Riegler, Eko-social forum of Europe, Viena, Austria, www.cazv.cz/2003/AEЗ_03/1-Riegler.pdf 35 Eco-Social World Order/global-commons.net.www.global-commons.net/node/47 36 Josef Rieger, Referat” ,, ökosoziale Marktwirtschhaft”. http://news.forum-fuehung.com/vp-content/uploads/2009/02/jiosef_riegler_21102006.pdf 37 José Manual Barroso. Political guidelines for the next Commission. Brussels, September 2009, gv. 13. httpl://ec:europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/press_20090903_EN.pdf 38 Eco-social market economy an European innovation, J. Riegler, Eko-social forum of Europe, Vienna, Austria, www.cazv.cz/2003/AEЗ_03/1-Riegler.pdf 39 ORDO:Jahrbuch fÜr die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Geselschaft, Band 51 (2000): gv. 169-202


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Vasil Khizanishvili Doctorant of J. Gogebashvili

Telavi State University, Assistant Professor

MARKET, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ETHIC ECON OMICS

Summary

The most important aspects of ethic economics, as post-modern economics, are market

economic, social and ecological aspects, synthesis of this forms alternative market fundamentalism. It (eco-social market economics) is discussed with ordo-liberal conception, which is farther logic development of social market economics according to the demands of 21st century.

Our economic system with its present form is depended on quantitative economic increase. However, decreasing economic increase rate and augmentation of resources deficit set a question about how we provide welfare on a national, regional and global level with long-term period. In 21st century mankind needs such economic order, where accent will be not simply on quantitative, but more on qualitative indicators, that means as quantitative increase, so increase of life quality.

Neo-liberal economics is experiencing weakness for a long time that is attested by financial-economic crisis. Financial-economic crisis, existed in the world, is crisis of values of our society as well. In such situation ethic dimension sets in agenda, bringing ethic behaviors and values and inculcation in a new model of economics. It is necessary to move on leading firm economic, social and ecological policy immediately. Ethic question is to balance own interests with economic, social and ecological responsibility to become able to live together mankind peacefully and safely in the conditions of ecological-economic-social harmony.


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saqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro wignisaqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro wignisaqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro wignisaqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro wigni (arCil frangiSvili, oleg namiCeiSviliarCil frangiSvili, oleg namiCeiSviliarCil frangiSvili, oleg namiCeiSviliarCil frangiSvili, oleg namiCeiSvili _ saubrebi mecnierebis

filosofiis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2009. 432 gv.)

mecnierebis filosofia filosofiis is sferoa, romelSic mec-nierebis yoveli dargi Tavis Tavs aRiqvams erTi mTlianobis nawilad da amiT Taviseburad ubrundeba Tavis pirvelsawyiss, romelsac erT dros gamoeyo. is pirvelsawyisi filosofia iyo, dRevandeli filoso-fia ki mecnierebis Tumc gasakuTrebuli, magram erTi dargia mxolod, misi kvlevis sagani araa sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebi (sagani da-nawilda). cxadia, gansxvavebulia misi mizanic: igi imisaTvis ganazo-gadebs sxva mecnierebaTa produqtebs, rom Camoayalibos saerTo-msofl-mxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebi. gamonaklisia mecnierebis filosofia. misi sagania mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebani, romelTa Seumecneblad mecnierebis vercerTi dargi sakuTar kanonzomierebebs ver daadgens. maSasadame, es disciplina, rogorc sarecenzio naSromis avtorebic aRniSnaven, asrulebs mecnierebis meTodologiuri aparatis konstruirebis funqcias (ix. sarecenzio naSromi, gv. 418).

mecnierebaTa diferenciacia usasrulo procesia da am procesSi ufrodaufro meti nayofieri idea calkeuli mecnierebebis CarCoebSi ki ar ibadeba, aramed _ maT mijnebze. interdisciplinaruli kvlevebis efeqtianoba gviCvenebs, raoden mniSvnelovania dargTa urTierTkavSi-risa da erTianobis gaazreba, romelic umaRles dones mecnierebis fi-losofiaSi aRwevs.

samwuxarod, am sferoSi qarTuli mecniereba ganebivrebuli araa sistemuri kvlevebiT, romlebic safuZvels Seuqmnida misi miRwevebisa da siZneleebis mTlianobaSi aRqmas. Tumca aseTi kvlevebis aucileblo-ba mwifdeba da misTvis noyier niadags qmnis Cveni mdidari mecnieruli tradiciebi rogorc filosofiis sferoSi, ise mis da dargobrivi mec-nierebebis mijnebze mexuTe saukunidan (petre iberidan) dRemde (sakma-risia davasaxeloT s.avalianis, k. baqraZis, g. baCulaSvilis, g. Toduas, m. mamardaSvilis, i. frangiSvilis, s. wereTlis, n. WavWavaZisa da sxvaTa naSromebi). Ddabrkoleba ki uTuod aris qarTuli mecnierebis dRevande-li SeWirvebuli yofa da aris isic, rom wminda meTodologiur-Teo-riuli gamokvlevebi jerovnad ar fasdeba maTi uSualo sameurneo-praq-tikuli Sedegis uqonlobis sababiT. magram, sababi ar aris mizezi, ar aris safuZveli, isini ki am midgomas ar gaaCnia.

CvenTan jer kidev sabWoTa xanaSi moikida fexi Sexedulebam, TiT-qos aseTi kvlevebi metismeti fufunebaa, romelic xelewifebaT mxolod `iq“ da Cven ki maTgan unda aviRoT mza Sedegebi Cveni gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis safuZvlad. am macdursa da mcdar azrs mxolod zianis mota-na SeuZlia, rameTu mecnierebis dargTa kavSirebisa da erTianobis siRr-miseuli gaazrebis gareSe verc gamoyenebiTi mecniereba iqneba efeqtiani, xolo am kavSirebisa da erTianobis gaazreba mxolod swavliT ver mova, igi kvleviT unda iqnas ganmtkicebuli. am kvlevas _ mxolod mas _ SeuZ-lia Seuqmnas safuZveli agreTve qarTuli mecnierebis miRwevebisa da siZneleebis mTlianobiT gaazrebas, misi saganZuris Seswavlasa da gamo-yenebas da, maSasadame, erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebas.

calkeuli naSromebi ver itvirTaven aRniSnuli amocanebis mTlian gadawyvetas da sarecenzio naSromic exeba mecnierebis filosofiis


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mxolod fuZemdeblur, kardinalur Teoriul-meTodologiur sakiTxebs, magram amiT igi winapirobas uqmnis qarTuli mecnierebis ara mxolod retrospeqtul analizs, aramed misi perspeqtivis gaazrebasac.

masalis gadmosacemad avtorebs aurCeviaT swori _ Tavmdabluri da mimzidveli _ forma, saubrebis forma, rac rTuli problemebiT sav-se am wigns SedarebiT iol, xelmisawvdom sakiTxavad xdis sakmaod far-To mkiTxvelisTvis da qmnis SesaZleblobas gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc saxelmZRvaneloc Sesabamisi profilis magistrantebisa da doqtoran-tebisaTvis (wigni sul oTxi karisa da 15 saubrisagan _ Temisagan _ Sedgeba).

amitom aris gamarTlebuli sarecenzio monografiis pirveli saub-ris saTaurad `mecnierebis filosofiis sagnis~ arCevac. ra aris mec-nierebis filosofia? avtorebi mas gansazRvraven rogorc filosofiis Stos, romelic Seiswavlis mecnierebis filosofiur safuZvlebs, mis sistemebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sedegebs rogorc sabunebismetyvelo, aseve socialur sferoebSi (gv. 15). mas bevri ram aqvs nasesxebi rogorc gnoseologiis, ise ontologiis sferoebisagan da, amave dros, sakiTxe-bis axal dasmasac iZleva (iqve), maT Soris, ara mxolod meTodologiis sferoSi: mecnierebis ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaTa dadgena da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi misi adgilisa da rolis gansazRvra, vfiq-robT, ganuyofelia mecnierebis (zogadi) prognostikuli funqciisagan da, am safuZvelze, kulturul RirebulebaTa sistemis evoluciis mimar-TulebaTa gansazRvrisagan.

wignis bolosityvaoba kvlav ubrundeba kiTxvas, ra aris mecniere-bis istoria da filosofia, rac, arqiteqtonikis TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa miekuTvnos wignis plusebs (plusi iqneboda, avtorebi aq am kiTxvaze Se-majamebel-ganmazogadebeli msjelobiT rom dakmayofilebuliyvnen da ar moecaT is msjelobac, romelic pirvel saubars ufro mouxdeboda), magram es ar aris arsebiTi. kiTxvas ufro metad iwvevs is, rom avtore-bi aq ukritikod moixsenieben egzistencialur midgomas, romelmac da-viwyebas misca mecnierebis totaluri erTianobisa da mecnieruli meTo-dologiis universalurobis idea (gv. 419). axal kvlevaTa yuradReba, av-torTa mowmobiT, koncentrirebuli aRaraa garkveuli universaluri sa-yovelTao logikis Zebnaze, mecnierebis filosofiis farglebSi wamyvani poziciebi amieridan ukavia ara logikas, aramed mecnierebis istorias (iqve). marTalia, avtorebi Semdeg imasac ganmartaven, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis filosofia uars acxadebs egzistencialuri midgomebis absolutizaciaze mecnierebis meTodologiis konstruirebis saqmeSi, magram aq isini ar iZlevian konkretul pasuxs, rogori gadawyveta iqne-boda marTebuli. am kiTxvas pasuxobs TviT monografiis Sinaarsi. mis mTavar Rirsebad Cven swored is migvaCnia _ da qvemoT mas wamovwevT ki-dec wina planze, _ rom masSi Tanmimdevrulad, istoriulisa da lo-gikuris erTianobis principiT aris gaSuqebuli mecniereba, rogorc sis-tema anu, rogorc mTlianoba. am mTlianobas eWqveS ver ayenebs verc av-torTa yuradReba karl poperis Teoriis mimarT.

gamovyoT am mravalwaxnagovani problemis zogierTi aspeqti. avto-rebi ganixilaven mecnierebis adgils sazogadoebaSi kacobriobis isto-riis sxvadasxva safexurze da, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tanamedrove teqnoge-nur samyaroSi, agreTve mis rols samecniero-teqnikur progressa da globaluri krizisebis daZlevaSi, sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi orien-


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tirebis formirebaSi da a. S. aRsaniSnavia, rom monografiaSi mecniere-ba aRiqmeba civilizaciis uzenaes faseulobad. Semdeg avtorebi gvixa-siaTeben mecnierebis rols sazogadoebriv progresSi, gviCveneben, rom Cven ise SevezardeT inovaciuri saswaulebis epoqas, rom aRar gvakvir-vebs anu, rogorc avtorebi weren, arc ki gvsurs SevniSnoT isini an, miT ufro, davinaxoT maTSi gansakuTrebuli miRwevebi. magram mecnierebisa da mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis gavlena sazogadoebriv prog-resze calsaxa ar aris, maTgan Seqmnili xelovnuri garemo-pirobebi safrTxeebsac uqmnian kacobriobas da am safrTxeebs, ra Tqma unda, mec-nierebis calkeuli dargebis produqtebi qmnian, magram kardinaluri Se-mobruneba am saqmeSi ver ganxorcieldeba am dargTa doneze. avtorTa daskvna aseTia: `Tanamedrove globaluri krizisebi eWvqveS ayenebs pro-gresis im tips, romelic realizebulia winateqnogenuri ganviTarebiT. ...kacobriobam, albaT, unda ganaxorcielos radikaluri Semobruneba ci-vilizaciuri progresis raRac axali formisaken~ (gv. 29).

cxadia, mecnierebis, rogorc mTlianobis daxasiaTebisTvis uwina-resad pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvebs: ra aris mecniereba? ra aris mecnie-ruli Secnoba _ ra specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi Semecnebisagan? am kiTxvebze pasuxi ver iqneba martivi, amitom igi sa-fexurebrivad aris wignSi ganxiluli ($$2.3; 2.4; 3.1 da a.S.). maT Soris 4.1 paragrafSi kritikulad aris mimoxiluli karl poperis demarkaciis Teoria, romlis sagans Seadgens ara is, rodis aris Teoria swori an rodis aris igi samarTliani, aramed swored is, Tu sad gadis zRvari mecnierebasa da aramecnierebas (maT Soris, fsevdomecnierebas) Soris, naCvenebia, rom am gamijvnis sakmarisi niSani ar aris faqtebze dayrdno-ba, empiriuli meTodis gamoyeneba da Teoriis Semowmeba cdiT da a.S.

mecnierebis raobis gaazrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli misi genezi-sis sakiTxi. avtorebi sainteresod mogviTxroben `mecnierebiswineTis~ mdgomareobaze da ganmartaven mecnierebis etapze gadasvlis arss, ker-Zod imas, rom am etapze axali codnis formireba xdeba ukve ara uSua-lod praqtikuli saqmianobis safuZvelze, aramed _ am saqmianobis meS-veobiT manamde Seqmnili codnis sistemis safuZvelze (gv. 51). avtorebis am msjelobidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom mecnieruli azrovnebis es wesi viTardeba adrindeli, `winaremecnierebisdroindeli~ wesis farglebSi, rogorc misi Tvisebrivad axali safexuris ganmsazRvreli sawyisi, ro-melic mas iqvemdebarebs. Cveni azriT, mxolod aseT gagebas SeuZlia Seasrulos gadamwyveti roli imaSi, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sabo-lood damkvidrdes kvlevis dialeqtikuri meTodi, romelic ki ar ga-moricxavs empiriul meTods, aramed mis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli sawyisia da mxolod imitom ver hpova sruli aRiareba, rom misi rogorc gan-sxvavebuli sawyisis mniSvneloba sakmarisad ar aris gacnobierebuli.

Semecnebis meTodSi Tvisebriv cvlilebas, rogorc es sarecenzio monografiaSia xazgasmuli, SeuZlia axal gzebze _ axali miznebisken mimaval gzebze _ gaiyvanos mecniereba da mTlianad kacobrioba da swo-red es iqneboda radikaluri Semobruneba civilizaciuri progresis axali formisaken, axali kulturuli Rirebulebebisaken. xolo Tu ra rols TamaSobs principulad axali meTodi mecnierul sistemebSi, amas avtorebi damajereblad gviCveneben wignis araerT „saubarSi“, uwina-resad _ mesameSi _“mecnieruliSemecnebis genezisi“.


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antikurobis sulier revolucias ukavSireben avtorebi mecniere-bis gadasvlas Sedgenili sagnebis Seswavlidan rTul sistemebze, ro-melTa ZiriTad tips antikur mecnierebaSi `SesaZlo samyaroTa~ mode-lebi warmoadgenda. Tumca, gadasvlam moicva xangrZlivi istoriuli pe-riodi XIX saukunis CaTvliT. es gadasvla ayenebs nawilisa da mTelis, mizezobriobis da sxva kategoriebis axal doneze gaazrebis problemas. `rogorc ki mecniereba gadadis didi sistemebis aTvisebaze, mecnieruli azrovnebis qsovilSi unda Sevides axali kategorialuri kanva~ (gv. 56). es ar aris ioli: did sistemaTa Seswavlas mecniereba Tavidan isev mci-re sistemaTa Seswavlis meTodiT cdilobda, mxolod TandaTanobiT moxda imis gaazreba, rom Tavisi TvisebebiT mTeli ar daiyvaneba nawil-ze, Tumca misi garkveuli nawili (ujredi) Canasaxovani (potenciis) formiT Seicavs mis Tvisebebs. aman moiTxova axali kategorialuri sis-temebis Camoyalibeba da, Cveni azriT, es procesi dResac ar arsi das-rulebuli, rac qmnis siZneleebs, raki, rogorc avtorebi miiCneven, `Tu kulturaSi ar Camoyalibda obieqtTa axali tipis Sesabamisi kategoria-luri sistema, maSin am obieqtis aRqma kategoriaTa araadekvaturi ba-diT moxdeba, rac maTi arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis mikvlevis saSualebas ar miscems mecnierebas (gv. 57). avtorebi vrclad pasuxoben agreTve kiT-xvas, ra meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofs kategoriaTa axali sistemis Semu-Savebas.

zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebidan, vfiqrobT, cxadia, rom kvlevis Caketva calkeul mecnierebaTa CarCoebSi aRaribebs am mecnierebaTa me-Todologiur arsenals, aSorebs maT im fundaments, romelsac gvaZlevs mecnierebis rogorc mTlianobis aRqma, rac sarecenzio naSroms aniWebs farTo, mecnierebis yvela dargis gadamwvdom mniSvnelobas.

wignis mesame kari oTxi karidan yvelaze vrcelia, TxuTmetidan Svidi saubari masze modis. maTi gamaerTianebeli saTauria `mecniereba rogorc tradicia~. ra Tqma unda, mecnieruli tradiciebi erTi ki ara, mravalia, magram aqac avtorebi wina planze wamosweven maT gamaerTia-nebel (mTlianobiT) aspeqtebs. amas mkiTxveli grZnobs mTel teqstSi, magaliTad, msjelobaSi aracxadi codnis cnebaze, romelic samecniero brunvaSi maikl polanma Semoitana. aracxadi codna is aris, rac araTu zust mecnierul definicias ver eqvemdebareba, aramed verc mkafio ver-balur gamoxatulebas poulobs. `polanim gasuli saukunis ormoc-daaTian wlebSi damajereblad aCvena, rom mecnierebis saqmianobaSi da-sayrden winapirobaTa sruli verbilizeba (e.i. eniT gamosaxva) SeuZlebe-lia~ (gv. 88). magaliTad, warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, ra aris lamazi Teo-ria, Snoianad dayenebuli eqsperimeti an daxvewili msjeloba, aris aracxadi codna. es magaliTebi ise ar unda gavigoT, rom igi aris ra-Rac zedapiruli Sexeduleba. rogorc avtorebi weren, TviT `mecniere-bis gulSi arsebobs praqtikuli codnis areebi da maTi gadmocema for-mulirebaTa (daformulebaTa) meSveobiT SeuZlebelia.. faseulobiTi orientaciebi Tamamad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT maT ricxvs~ (gv. 88-89). swo-red faseulobebi (kulturuli Rirebulebani) yalibdeba yvelaze metad tradiciebis zemoqmedebiT.

axali da axali kategorialuri sistemebis gaCena (rac mxolod didi sistemebis kvlevaze gadasvlasTan rodia dakavSirebuli), mecnie-rebisa da aramecnierebis gamijvna, aracxadi codnis polaniseuli cneba da sxva sakiTxebi, romlebsac zemoT SevexeT, warmoadgenen mecnierebis


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mier sakuTari Tavis, rogorc mTlianobis (iqneb jobdes vTqvaT _ ro-gorc absolutis), Semecnebis safexurebs.

am sakiTxebidan yvelaze arsebiTi, cxadia, aris codnis, maT Soris mecnieruli codnis, raobisa da warmomavlobis sakiTxi. ra bunebisaa codna rogorc mecnierebis produqti da rogor Cndeba igi? avtorebi kidev araerTi kuTxiT pasuxoben am kiTxvas, gvixasiaTeben tradiciis orad rols Semecnebis procesSi. masTan aris kavSirSi codnisa da ar-codnis _ jerac Seumecnebelis _ gamijvna da arcodnis sferos struq-turis dadgenac. faseulia avtorTa Teza am struqturis ierarqiulobis Sesaxeb, oRond, gvinda SevekamaToT maT imaSi, rom idumalebas am struq-turis miRma aTavseben. arcodnis sferoSi, avtorTa azriT, mecnierebas SeuZlia Camoayalibos Semecnebis amocana _ dasvas kiTxvebi, rogor SeiZleba codnis am vakuumis Sevseba _ anu imoqmedos Semecnebis aris gasafarToeblad mis mier ukve SemuSavebuli paradigmebis (modelebis) safuZvelze, idumalebis sfero ki is sferoa, romelSic es paradigmebi uZluria da romelSi Semecnebis `SeWrac~ SesaZlebeli xdeba, maSasada-me, ara mecnierebis endogenuri moqmedebiT, aramed gare (egzogenuri) faqtorebis, xSirad _ SemTxveviTobis, wyalobiT.

magram, aseTi SeWrac mxolod bedis gaRimebis produqti ar aris. `niutonis vaSlis~ cnobili magaliTi imas gviCvenebs, rom TviT mecnie-rSi mwifdeba winapiroba, romlisTvisac ”vaSls” mxolod sasxleti fun-qcia aqvs.

codnis raobisa da sazRvrebis ganxilul sakiTxebTan korespondi-rebs faustis SekiTxvac _ `ras niSnavs icode?~ _ romlis dasmis Semde-gac aanalizeben avtorebi karl poperis `mesame samyaros~ arss (pirvel samyaros miekuTvneba fizikuri sagnebi, maTi mdgomareoba da misTanani, meores _ cnobiereba, Segneba, saazrovno mentaluri mdgomareoba, mesame ki aris mecnieruli ideebisa da problemebis, rogorc azrovnebis obi-eqturi Sinaarsis, samyaro). goeTedan mecnierebis Tanamedrove xedvamde, maT Soris poperamde, droiTi manZili 1,5 saukuneze mets Seadgens da, vfiqrobT, istorizmis TvalsazrisiT uintereso ar iqneboda mecniere-bisa da codnis Sesaxeb am epoqebis warmodgenaTa Sedareba, Tundac _ wiaRsvlis saxiT, romelsac rogorc masalis gadmocemis xerxs avtore-bi xSirad da ostaturad iyeneben. xSirad es aris monografiis ZiriTa-di xazidan gadaxveva da igi mxolod saintereso damatebiT informacias Seicavs, amdenad, arc aucileblobas warmoadgens, zemoaRniSnul SemT-xvevaSi ki igi sagnis Semadgeneli nawilia da am kuTxiT epoqaTa Sedare-biTi analizi, Cveni azriT, ufro aRqmads gaxdida swored wignis Ziri-Tad xazs. cxadia, sakuTriv popersa da goeTeSi ki araa saqme. am ori epoqis warmodgenebi Semecnebis SesaZleblobebsa da codnaze erTmane-Tis srul antipods warmoadgens. goeTes Tanamedrovisa da Tanamema-mulis, udidesi filosofosis hegelis moZRvrebaSi absoluturi suli Tavis moZraobas asrulebs absoluturi codnis dauflebiT. arcod-nisTvis sivrce aRar rCeba. aseT gagebasTan SeuTavsebelia „Ria sam-yaros“- codnisa da arcodnis Tanafardobis - Tanamedrove gageba misi nebismieri variantiT.

sakiTxs aqvs sxva aspeqtebic. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia mecnierebisa da codnis mimarTeba cxovrebis sazrisTan. ro-gorc iTqva, avtorebma mecniereba umaRles faseulobad aRiares, rac qmnis am sakiTxis gadawyvetis safuZvels, magram igi jer kidev ar aris


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gadawyveta. igi naTlad ar pasuxobs kiTxvas, mxolod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ukeT mowyobas emsaxureba es faseuloba Tu adamianuri arse-bobis (sicocxlis) miznad anu sazrisad iqceva? mravali mecnierisTvis _ da ara mxolod maTTvis _ igi iyo da aris sazrisi. hegelis filo-sofiasa da faustur TxzulebebSi igive sazrisi gaabsolutebulia da, amitom, ufro TvalnaTlivic.

monografiaSi warmodgenili bevri sxva sakiTxic isevdaisev mecnie-rebis, rogorc mTlianobis kuTxiT aris gaSuqebuli. yvela maTganis CamoTvlac ki Sors wagviyvanda. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvels maTze _ da amiT wignis Sinaarszec _ garkveuli warmodgena Seeqmnas, davasaxelebT mxolod ramdenime gamsxvilebul problemas. esenia: mecnierebis, ro-gorc tradiciis, agebuleba; novaciebi da maTi meqanizmebi; mecniereba, rogorc sistema refleqsiebiT; mecnieruli kvlevis empiriuli da Teoriuli doneebi; mecnieruli Semecnebis dinamika da a.S.

es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom avtorebi ar iWrebian calkeuli mecnierebebis kvlevis sferoebSi. amis gareSec SeuZlebelic iqneboda rogorc mecnierebis zogadi kanonzomierebebis ilustracia, ise Semec-nebis `dargobrivi~ struqturis analizi. bolo saubrebSi aseTi SeWra yvelaze metia maTematikasa da fizikaSi, Tumca amis safuZvelze kvlav filosofiur sibrtyeSi keTdeba ganzogadebebi.

magaliTad, monografiis bolo paragrafi exeba araklasikur ho-lografiul sistemebs. holograma warmoadgens samganzomilebian su-raTs. sistemaTa hologramuli modelis danawevreba uazroa, igi gvaZ-levs ufro mcire nawilebs, romlebic mxolod zomiT gansxvavdebian mTelisagan. amitom avtorebi Tvlian, rom gadasasinjia Tanamedrove oficialuri mecnierebis (gansakuTrebiT misi dasavluri tipis) pozicia analizis, rogorc mTelis daSlis, mniSvnelobaze Semecnebis proces-Si. isini weren, rom tvinis SesaZleblobebi aixsneba swored hologra-muli modelis safuZvelze. anu informacia tvinis romelime adgilas ki ar Tavsdeba, rogorc amas miiCnevs oficialuri mecniereba, aramed _ mTlianad masSi da mis yovel nawilSi. aseTi msjelobis logika mimar-Tulia iqiT, rom Cveni fizikuri realoba mxolod hologramul proeq-cias warmoadgens da es axal perspeqtivas Slis bevri idumalebis wiaR-Si SeRwevisaTvis, maT Soris imqveyniuri cxovrebis arsSi Cawvdo-misaTvis (es sakiTxi ganxilulia $15.8-Si, gv. gv. 412-414).

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorebi am mimarTulebiT midian _ tvinisa da, maSasadame, fsiqikis sferoSi iWrebian, rac TavisTavad uaRresad sainteresoa da faseuli, Cven vfiqrobT, rom SesaZloa nayofieri iyos avtorTa am msjelobis Sevseba meore mimarTulebiT _ fsiqikis anali-zidan, maT Soris aracnobieris gagebidan tvinis hologramuli struq-turis gagebisaken. es ufro metad iqneboda Sesatyvisi mecnierebis Ta-namedrove filosofiis im principisa, romelsac avtorebi iziareben da romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierebis dayofas materialisturad da idea-listurad anu ewinaaRmdegeba brtyel reduqcionizms (gv. 418). am azrs badebs ara mxolod es, bolo paragrafi, aramed misi wina sakiTxic ($1.5.7. `samyaros koncefcia da araklasikuri qseluri sistemebi~), ro-melSic kvarkebis qseluri sistemebidan anu fluqsuri qselidan, ro-melic SeWrilia Cveni samyaros yovel nawilakSi, avtorebs gamoyavT varaudebi mecnierulad jerac auxsneli movlenebis SesaZlo axsnis Taobaze.


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mkiTxveli uTuod grZnobs, rom Cven gavcdiT recenziis CarCoebs _ gamogvdis saubrebi `saubrebSi~ dasmuli sakiTxebze, gamovTqvamT Cvens, kvleviT safuZvels moklebul, mosazrebebs, romelTa msgavsic albaT SeuZlia gamoTqvas mecnierebis filosofiiTa da, zogadad, filosofiiT dainteresebulma yvela mkiTxvelma. Cven gangeb gavakeTeT es, raTa mkiT-xvelisTvis mSrali informacia ki ar migvewodebina, aramed ufro me-tad dagveinteresebina igi wignis problematikiT. xolo mecnierebis rogorc sistemis anu rogorc mTlianobis xazgasma dagvWirda imisaT-vis, rom mecnierebis yoveli dargis warmomadgenelTaTvis migvewodebina Cveni azri maTi dargisaTvis monografiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, rac winamdebare werilis saTaurSicaa asaxuli. Cveni koncefciuri xasiaTis mosazrebebi ki, erTior `xels moyolils ~ Tu ar CavTvliT, SeniSvnebad verc CaiTvleba. gana wigns ver gamoeZebneba naklovanebebi? magram maTze msjeloba wvrilmanebis `Cxrekad~ gamoCndeboda im sistemuri da siRrmi-seuli mecnieruli analizis fonze, romelic monografiaSia warmod-genili.

merab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesiani SoTa veSapiZeSoTa veSapiZeSoTa veSapiZeSoTa veSapiZe


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iubileiubileiubileiubile

akademiuri doqtori lina daTunaSvili iubilariaakademiuri doqtori lina daTunaSvili iubilariaakademiuri doqtori lina daTunaSvili iubilariaakademiuri doqtori lina daTunaSvili iubilaria

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufros mecnierTanamSro-mels qalbaton lina daTunaSvils dabadebidan 70 da samecniero moRvaweobis 40 weli Seusrulda.

qalbatoni lina daibada q. saCxereSi, aqve warmatebiT daamTavra II saSualo skola da swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis ekonomikis fakultetze. universitetSi swavlis periodSi Tavi ga-moiCina rogorc ganaTlebulma, niWierma da warCinebulma studentma. igi aqtiurad monawileobda fakultetis samecniero da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, iyo studenturi samecniero wris da fakultetis gazeTis redkolegiis wevri.

ekonomikis institutSi aspiranturis damTavrebis Semdeg muSaobda umcros da Semdeg ufros mecnieri TanamSromelad, laboratoriis gam-ged da institutis swavlul mdivnad. amJamad qalbatoni lina insti-tutis samecniero sabWos swavluli mdivania da aqtiuradaa Cabmuli institutis samecniero-kvleviT da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. igi 60-ze meti samecniero naSromis avtoria.

qalbatoni linas mecnieruli kvlevis Tematika mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebulia qveynis agraruli sferos ekonomikis ganviTarebis aqtu-alur problemebTan. amJamad misi kvlevis obieqtia saqarTvelos sof-lis meurneobis dargobrivi struqtura da misi srulyofis gzebi, in-vesticiebis roli agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebaSi, soflad dasaq-mebis, umuSevrobisa da siRaribis problemebi da sxva.

iubilari rigi saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi konferenciis mona-wilea. igi wlebis manZilze iyo araerTi sadisertacio naSromis ofi-cialuri oponenti. aris samecniero naSromebis, krebulebis da Jurnal “ekonomistis” samecniero-saredaqcio kolegiis wevri.

qalbatoni lina aris mokrZalebuli, upretenzio gawonasworebuli pirovneba, romelic didi pativiscemiT da siyvaruliT sargeblobs ax-loblebis, megobrebisa da TanamSromlebis wreSi. igi asakis miuxedavad, dResac sruli SemarTebiT da axalgazrduli energiiT agrZelebs mec-nierul saqmianobas da Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs institutis warmatebebSi.

Jurnal “ekonomisti”-s redaqcia, institutis TanamaSromlebi da megobrebi guliTadad ulocaven qalbaton linas saiubileo TariRs da gulwrfelad usurveben janmrTelobas da xangrZliv sicocxles.


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informaciainformaciainformaciainformacia

2008 wlidan daarsda paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli, romelic gamodis periodulad.

Sromebis krebulSi daibeWdeba mecnier ekonomistTa (mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, akademiuri doqtorebi) Sromebi, aseve, bakalavrebis, ma-gistrebis, doqtorantebis da praqtikos ekonomistTa saTanado mecnie-ruli donis statiebi.

avtorTaTvis krebulSi statiebis gamosaqveyneblad moqmedebs Sem-degi wesebi: 1. krebulSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecniero naSromebi un-

da iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naSromi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar unda iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xelmowerili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSao adgilis, samecniero xarisxisa da wodebis, sruli safosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtro-nuli fostis miTiTebiT.

3.3.3.3. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5 intervaliT, A4 formatze, 12 fon-tiT. redaqciaSi statiebis warmodgena aucilebelia or nabeWd eg-zemplarad, eleqtronul versiasTan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiT ACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri _ TIMES NEW ROMAN). erTi gverdis RireerTi gverdis RireerTi gverdis RireerTi gverdis Rirebubububulebaa 5 lari.lebaa 5 lari.lebaa 5 lari.lebaa 5 lari. naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze: [email protected], [email protected] institutis xelmZRvaneloba da krebulis redaqcia mzadaa Tanam-

SromlobisaTvis. damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:

q. Tbilisi, qiqoZis q. #14, oTaxi 13, t.: 99-66-46; 99-74-09.

papapapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

gamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemloba

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze SeRavaTian fasebSiSeRavaTian fasebSiSeRavaTian fasebSiSeRavaTian fasebSi

gTavazobT nebismier sagamomcemlo saqmianobas:

• masalis akrefa, dakabadoneba, redaqtireba gamoicema:gamoicema:gamoicema:gamoicema:

• samecniero wignebi da naSromebi, enciklopediebi, leqsikonebi, cnobarebi

• perioduli gamocemebi (samecniero SromaTa krebuli, samecniero Jurnalebi, konferenciis masalebi)


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• originaluri da naTargmni mxatvruli literatura, saxelmZRva-neloebi, sabavSvo wignebi, albomebi da gzamkvlevebi

• eleqtronuli dargobrivi Jurnalebi

misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14 36 94 77; 93 22 60; 99 66 46;36 94 77; 93 22 60; 99 66 46;36 94 77; 93 22 60; 99 66 46;36 94 77; 93 22 60; 99 66 46; 8(55) 33 01 388(55) 33 01 388(55) 33 01 388(55) 33 01 38.... el.fosta: el.fosta: el.fosta: el.fosta: [email protected]

Jurnal Jurnal Jurnal Jurnal ““““ekonomistSiekonomistSiekonomistSiekonomistSi”””” statiebis warmodgenis wesebistatiebis warmodgenis wesebistatiebis warmodgenis wesebistatiebis warmodgenis wesebi

1. JurnalSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecniero naSromebi unda iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naSromi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar unda iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xelmowerili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSao adgilis, samecniero xarisxisa da wo-debis, sruli safosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtronuli fostis miTiTebiT.

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5.5.5.5. statia, romelic srulad ar pasuxobs zemoT moyvanil moTxovnebs, redaqciis mier ar miiReba. erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari.erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari.erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari.erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari. naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze: [email protected], [email protected] institutis xelmZRvaneloba da Jurnalis redaqcia mzadaa Tanam-

SromlobisaTvis. damdamdamdamatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:atebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:atebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:atebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:

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Jurnali “ekonomisti”“ekonomisti”“ekonomisti”“ekonomisti” misamarTi: Tbilisi, 0105, g. qiqoZis q. 14; tel.: 996646; 932804; 899 970103. E-mail: [email protected] Journal “Economisti” Edress: Tbilisi, 0105, Kikodze street, tel. (+995 32) 996646; 893 314628. E-mail: [email protected]

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