understanding psychology files/psychology/feldman10_ppt_ch03.pdf• a full understanding of human...

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10TH EDITION

By Robert Feldman

Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman

Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt

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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

CHAPTER 03

NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR

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MODULE 7: Neurons:

The Basic Elements of Behavior

Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system?

What are the basic elements of the nervous system?

How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?

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The Structure of the Neuron

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

› Basic elements of the

nervous system

› As many as 1 trillion

Glial cells

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Dendrites

› Clusters of fibers that receive messages from

other neurons

Axon

› Carries messages received by the dendrites to

other neurons

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Terminal buttons

› Sends messages to other neurons

Impulses

Myelin sheath

› Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps

around the axon like links of sausage

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How Neurons Fire

Transmit an electrical

impulse along the axon

› All-or-none law

› Resting state

› Action potential

› Mirror neurons

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Where Neurons Meet:

Bridging the Gap

Synapse

› Space between two

neurons where the axon

of a sending neuron

communicates with the

dendrites of a receiving

neuron by using

chemical messages

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Where Neurons Meet:

Bridging the Gap

Neurotransmitters

› Chemicals that carry messages across the

synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron

Excitatory messages

Increase likelihood that neuron will fire

Inhibitory messages

Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire

Re uptake

Reabsorption by the terminal button

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) reducing

the symptoms of depression9


Neurotransmitters:

Multitalented Chemical Couriers

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Glutamate

Gamma-amino butyric

acid (GABA)

Dopamine (DA)

Serotonin

Endorphins

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Neurotransmitters:

Multitalented Chemical Couriers

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RECAP

Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system?

• A full understanding of human behavior requires knowledge of the biological influences underlying that behavior, especially those originating in the nervous system. Psychologists who specialize in studying the effects of biological structures and functions on behavior are known as behavioral neuroscientists. (p. 60)

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RECAP

What are the basic elements of the nervous system?

• Neurons, the most basic elements of the nervous system, carry

nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.

Information in a neuron generally follows a route that begins

with the dendrites, continues into the cell body, and leads

ultimately down the tubelike extension, the axon. (p. 61)

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RECAP


• Most axons are insulated by a coating called the myelin sheath.

When a neuron receives a message to fi re, it releases an

action potential, an electric charge that travels through the

axon. Neurons operate according to an all-or-none law: Either

they are at rest, or an action potential is moving through them.

There is no in-between state. (p. 62)

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RECAP


• Once a neuron fires, nerve impulses are carried to other

neurons through the production of chemical substances,

neurotransmitters, that actually bridge the gaps—known as

synapses—between neurons. Neurotransmitters may be

either excitatory, telling other neurons to fire, or inhibitory,

preventing or decreasing the likelihood of other neurons fi

ring. (p. 65)

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RECAP


• Endorphins, another type of neurotransmitter, are related to the

reduction of pain. Endorphins aid in the production of a

natural painkiller and are probably responsible for creating the

kind of euphoria that joggers sometimes experience after

running. (p. 68)

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1. The …………. is the fundamental element of the nervous

system.

Neuron

2. Neurons receive information through their ………… and

send messages through their ……….. .

Dendrites axons

3. Just as electrical wires have an outer coating, axons are

insulated by a coating called the …………….. .

myelin sheath

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4. The gap between two neurons is bridged by a chemical

connection called a ………….. .

synapse

5. Endorphins are one kind of …………… , the chemical

“messengers” between neurons.

neurotransmitter

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1. How might psychologists use drugs that mimic the

effects of neurotransmitters to treat psychological

disorders?

2. From the perspective of a health care provider: How

would you explain the placebo effect and the role of

endorphins to patients who wish to try unproven

treatment methods that they find on the Web?

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MODULE 8: The Nervous System & the Endocrine System

Communicating Within the Body

› How are the structures of the nervous system

linked together?

› How does the endocrine system affect behavior?

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The Nervous System:

Linking Neurons

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

› Central nervous system

Spinal cord

Reflex

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Motor (efferent) neurons

Interneurons

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The Nervous System:

Linking Neurons

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

› Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic division

Voluntary movements

Autonomic division

Controls organs that function automatically

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Activating the Divisions of the

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Division

› Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful

situations by engaging all of the organism’s

resources to run away or confront the threat

“Fight or flight”

Parasympathetic Division

› Calms the body after emergency ends

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The Evolutionary Foundations of

the Nervous System

Evolutionary Psychology

› Branch of psychology that seeks to identify how

behavior is influenced and produced by our

genetic inheritance from our ancestors

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The Evolutionary Foundations of

the Nervous System

Behavioral Genetics

› Studies the effects of heredity on behavior

Molecular genetics and psychological disorders

Genetic markers

Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic

counseling

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The Endocrine System:

Chemicals and Glands

Chemical

communication network

that sends messages

throughout the body via

the bloodstream

› Hormones

› Pituitary gland

“Master gland”

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MODULE 9: The Brain

How do researchers identify the major parts

and functions of the brain?

What are the major parts of the brain, and for

what behaviors is each part responsible?

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Watch

1. Brain Structure and Functions video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI

2. Know Your Brain video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMgnBGoUxHA




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMgnBGoUxHA

MODULE 9: The Brain

How do the two halves of the brain operate

interdependently?

How can an understanding of the nervous

system help us find ways to alleviate disease

and pain?

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Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions

Spying on the Brain

› Electroencephalogram (EEG)

› Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

› Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

› Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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The Central Core: Our “Old Brain”

Central Core

› Hindbrain

Medulla

Breathing and

heartbeat

Pons

Transmitter of motor

information

Cerebellum

Balance

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Central Core

› Reticular formation

Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain

Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily

arousal

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Central Core

› Thalamus

Relay station for information about the senses

› Hypothalamus

Homeostasis

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The Limbic System:

Beyond the Central

Core

› Amygdala

› Hippocampus

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The Cerebral Cortex:

Our “New Brain”

Cerebral Cortex

› Gives the ability to think,

evaluate, and make

complex judgments

Lobes

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

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Our “New Brain”

The Motor Area of the Cortex

› Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary

movement

The Sensory Area of the Cortex

› Corresponds to body sensations

Somatosensory area

Touch

Pressure 38


Somatosensory Area

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Our “New Brain”

The Association Areas of the Cortex

› Executive functions

Higher mental processes such as planning, goal

setting, judgment, and impulse control

Phineas Gage

Aphasia

Broca’s aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia

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Neuroplasticity and the Brain

Neuroplasticity

› The brain continually reorganizing itself

Neurogenesis

› New neurons created in certain areas of the brain

during adulthood

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The Specialization of the Hemispheres

Two Brains or One?

Left and right symmetrical halves› Lateralized

Left

Verbal competence

Processes information sequentially

Right

Spatial relationships

Recognition of patterns and drawings

Music

Emotional expression

Processes information globally 42


The Split Brain:

Exploring the Two Hemispheres

Split-brain patients

› Corpus callosum

surgically cut

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