understanding homeostasis at the cellular level
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Understanding Homeostasis at the Cellular Level. CELL THEORY AND STRUCTURE. What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?. All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Understanding Homeostasis at the Cellular Level
CELL THEORY AND STRUCTURE
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What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are made of cells2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism (basic unit of life)3. Cells come from the reproduction of
existing cells (cell division)
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History of Cells & the Cell Theory
In 1665,Hooke is responsible for naming cells
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek was first to view living organisms in pond water
In 1838, Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
In 1839, Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
In 1855, Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing and reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
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Remember Endosymbiotic Theory
In 1970,Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves – this is called Endosymbiotic Theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria were the organelles she pointed to as evidence of this theory
Chloroplast and Mitochondria have their own DNA which is different from the DNA of the cell
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Number of Cells
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• Unicellular – composed of one cell
Ex: bacteria, yeast
• Multicellular - composed of many cells that may organize
Ex: butterfly, flower
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Prokaryotes
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• Have a nucleoid region contains the DNA (no nucleus)
• Have a cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
Nucleus (containing DNA)
Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with
organelles Organelles have
specific functions 7
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
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Plant CellAnimal Cell
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Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes
Use Active Transport to trap and break down food an worn out cell parts
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Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Produces the ribosomes that make proteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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• Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes & detoxifies poisons and synthesizes lipids
• Rough ER - has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
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Mitochondria
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• Site of Cellular respiration – the capturing of energy from food
• Breaks down glucose to produce energy ATP
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Plant Cell Organelles
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• Process called photosynthesis occurs here
Chloroplas
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Plant Cell
• Made of cellulose
• Found in plant cells
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Cell wall
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Have a large central vacuole
Vacuole
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Animal Cell Organelles
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glycogen granule
• Glycogen is stored in the cytoplasm of animal cells for food energy
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Animal Cell Organelles
Near the nucleus in an animal cell
Help cell divide17
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Differences between plant cells and animal cells
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Animal cells Plant cells
Relatively small in size
Irregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively large in size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
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The Cell Membrane
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
Controls what enters or leaves the cell Surrounds outside of ALL cellsOutsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Semipermeable Membrane
The cell membranes of all cells are selectively permeable
This means that some materials can pass easily through the membrane
Examples: H20, CO2 and O2
This also means that some materials cannot pass easily through the membrane
Examples: glucose and salts
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Cell Membrane Proteins
Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition
Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane
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Other Functions of Plasma Membrane
Provide a binding site for enzymes
Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions)
Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
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Phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane
Contains a polar head (attracts H2O) and 2 non-polar fatty acid tails (repels H2O)
How is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride?
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Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Cell
Fluid: individual phospholipids and proteins can move side-to-side within the layer, like a
liquid.
Mosaic: the pattern produced by the scattered proteins on the surface of the cell when the
membrane is viewed from above.
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Solubility of the Membrane
Materials that are soluble in lipids can pass through the cell membrane easily
Ex: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
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Cell Transport Mechanisms
Passive Transport Does not
require cellular energy
Types:1. Simple
Diffusion2. Osmosis3. Facilitated
Diffusion
Active Transport Does require
cellular energy
Types:1. Membrane
Pumps2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis
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Passive Transport
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Simple Diffusion Movement of materials from a region of
high concentration to a region of low concentration
Materials are moving down/with their concentration gradient
Example:
Oxygen diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out using kinetic energy
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Simple Diffusion
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Osmosis Osmosis is the passive transport (diffusion) of
water across a membrane Moves from a region of HIGH water potential
(low solute) to a region of LOW water potential (high solute)
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Osmosis The purpose of osmosis is to
balance out the concentration of materials between the environment inside of the cell and the environment outside the cell
Water moves because the other materials cannot
This allows the cell to be in equilibrium - balance
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Types of Solutions a Cell May be Found In
Solution - a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).
Examples – salt water or glucose solutions; solutes are salt or glucose, solvent is water
Types of solutions:1. Isotonic2. Hypotonic3. Hypertonic
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Isotonic Solution10% NaCL90% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
10% NaCL
90% H2O
Q: What is the direction of water movement in an
isotonic solution?
A: No net movement (water molecules moving equally back
and forth)
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Hypotonic Solution
ENVIRONMENT10% NaCL90% H2O
20% NaCL
80% H2O
CELL
Q: What is the direction of water
movement in a hypotonic solution?
A: Water moves into
the cell
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Hypertonic Solution
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
15% NaCL85% H2O
5% NaCL95% H2O
Q: What is the direction of water
movement in a hypertonic solution?
A: Water moves out of the cell.
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Hypertonic or Hypotonic?
Hypotonic solution will result in cytolysis – cell bursts from build up of water inside cell
Hypertonic solution will result in plasmolysis – cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall in plant, fungal or bacterial cells
Plant cells prefer a hypotonic environment
Animal cells prefer an isotonic environment
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Label the pictures: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic
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Facilitated Diffusion Uses transport
proteins to move materials from high to low concentration
Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood stream into a cell.
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Active Transport
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Proteins and Cell Membrane Function
Types of Membrane Proteins:
1. Structural2. Cell recognition3. Communication4. Transport:
a. Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross
b. Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other
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Channel Proteins
Channel proteins actas bridges to
allow materials to pass across
the membrane
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Carrier Proteins
Some Carrier proteins do not extend through the membrane.
They bond and drag molecules
through the lipid bilayer
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Protein Pumps Cells need a steady supply of sodium (Na+),
potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and hydrogen (H+) in order to function correctly
Protein pumps that span the cell membrane are powered by ATP and supply these materials to the cell on demand
This requires a steady supply of ATP Materials are moving from and area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
They are moving up/against their concentration gradient
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Sodium Potassium Pump
3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+ pumped in
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Types of Active Transport using
Vesicles Q: What is a vesicle? A: A small bubble within a cell surrounded
in its own lipid bilayer. Q: What is the function of a vesicle? A: Vesicles are involved in:
• Metabolism• Transport of materials• Enzyme storage
Types of active transport using vesicles:• Exocytosis• Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
Exocytosis -using a vesicle to move big stuff out of the cell
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Exocytosis How it works:1. Vesicle is formed around some sort of material
made by the cell (like proteins or hormones)2. Vesicle is released and travels toward cell
membrane3. Vesicle fuses with cell membrane4. Vesicle expels materials to the outside of the cell
membrane
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Endocytosis
Large amount of materials move into the cell by one of two forms of endocytosis:
Pinocytosis - Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell Called “Cell Drinking”
Phagocytosis - Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles. Called “Cell Eating” White blood cells eat foreign substances in your
body this way
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Endocytosis
Pinocytosis