understanding memory we are what we remember.. 3 essential questions 1. how does information get...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Understanding Memory
We are what we remember.
![Page 2: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
3 Essential Questions
1. How does information get into memory?
2. How is information maintained?
3. How is information pulled back out of memory?
![Page 3: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3 Essential Questions1. How does information get into
memory?Encoding – requires attention.
Discuss penny2. How is information maintained?Storage – “tip of the tongue”
3. How is information pulled back out of memory?
Retrieval
![Page 6: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Memory Challenge
See how many you can remember?
![Page 7: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Apple
![Page 8: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
candy
![Page 9: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
sugar
![Page 10: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
tooth
![Page 11: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
pie
![Page 12: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
chocolate
![Page 13: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
tart
![Page 14: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
soup
![Page 15: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
nice
![Page 16: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
month
![Page 17: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
clock
![Page 18: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
sour
![Page 19: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
dog
![Page 20: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
regret
![Page 21: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
snow
![Page 22: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Check and Double Check1. Apple2. Candy3. Sugar4. Tooth5. Pie6. Chocolate7. Tart8. Soup
9. Nice10. Month11. Clock12. Sour13. Dog14. Regret15. Snow
![Page 23: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Memory Challenge
See how many you can remember?
![Page 24: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Write down as many as you can in the the correct order if you can.
![Page 40: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Images1. Calculator2. Microphone3. Strawberries4. Ice pack5. Rabbit6. Stapler7. Magician8. Hammer9. Telephone10. Kite11. Banana12. Snowman13. Rooster14. Watch15. Keys
![Page 41: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
One More Try
![Page 42: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Ator
![Page 43: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
botam
![Page 44: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
crov
![Page 45: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
difim
![Page 46: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
firap
![Page 47: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
glimoc
![Page 48: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ricul
![Page 49: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
hilnim
![Page 50: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
jolib
![Page 51: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
kepwin
![Page 52: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
leptav
![Page 53: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
lumal
![Page 54: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
mib
![Page 55: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
natpem
![Page 56: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
peyrim
![Page 57: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Write down as many as you can in the the correct order if you can.
![Page 58: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Results
![Page 59: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Memory
Memory is the ability to code, store and retrieve information
Memory involves encoding the input of the senses (visual, auditory, taste, smell, touch) What do you associate with each?
Memory is rarely perfect Forgetting refers to memory failure
![Page 60: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory is a brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory system Visual Info – ½ second Auditory – 2 seconds
Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory Limited capacity (7 items) Duration is about 30 seconds
Long-Term Memory (LTM) has a large capacity and long duration -- unknown
![Page 61: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
ICONIC MEMORY GEORGE SPERLING
P Y F G
V J S A
D H B U
![Page 62: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Overview of Memory Model
![Page 63: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Memory as a Computer
How is this model flawed?
![Page 64: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Effective Encoding of Information 2 Types
Automatic encoding – does not require deliberate effort
ex. where you sit in class Effortful encoding – concentrated effort is required
Ex.
Depending how meaningful the words are affects encoding Concrete vs. Abstract vs. Nonsense Words
Concreteness - the ability of a word to form a mental image Apple Boredom Car theory
![Page 65: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Rehearsal Rehearsal – the review or practice of material
while you are learning it. Without rehearsal memories fade quickly from
(STM) Can persist (H.M.) more than an hour Phone number experiment
Why might we have a harder time remembering phone numbers today?
![Page 66: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
2 Types Maintenance Rehearsal – rote repetition of material in
order to maintain its availability in short-term memory Elaborative Rehearsal – association of new information
with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information – better for creation of long-term.
Define thalamus Aka “traffic officer” Part of the _________ system Relays all sensory info except ________
Deep Processing - National Spelling Contests
Does knowing too much about something make it less likely you will remember it?
![Page 67: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
An Encoding Failure “Next-in-Line Effect” Interference
Ex.
![Page 68: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Concepts and Key Points 3 Components of Memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval
What are two types of encoding? Automatic Effortful
What is required during Encoding? Think about the penny. Attention
![Page 69: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
What Phenomenon demonstrates the need for attention? “Next-In-Line Effect”
What type of Memory was being challenged by the tests? Short-Term
What is its capacity – size and time 7+/- 2 & 30 seconds
How long does visual sensory memory last? ½ second
What type of rehearsal is better for creating LTM? Elaborative
![Page 70: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Long-Term Memory Information transferred from STM to LTM is
coded into categories and stored in terms of meaning REM sleep may play a key role in categorizing
new items within LTM Memories retrieved from LTM are not an exact
replica of the original event Memories are reconstructed and can be altered
during the retrieval process
![Page 72: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Parallel Distributed Processing
PDP model of memory recognizes that our brain processes multiple operations and involves a vast network of processing units that operate simultaneously.
PDP model suggests that our memory does not work like a computer, which is more serial distribution.
![Page 73: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Integrating Approaches
![Page 74: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Varieties of LTM
![Page 75: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Organization of LTM
Items in LTM are organized in categories that form a hierarchy with multiple paths (direct and indirect) to each item Sometimes the cues required to recall an item
are not sufficient Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t
easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)
![Page 76: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Memory Measures
Recognition is when a specific cue is matched against LTM
Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory• E.g. Who wrote “Common Sense”
Relearning refers to a situation in which a person learns material a second time. (second time faster)
Priming – A method for measuring implicit memory – example - words with the word stem def
![Page 77: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Priming Pass out demonstration sheets
![Page 78: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Priming demonstration
Unscramble the following word:
L T E P A
Answer:
P E T A LP L A T E
![Page 79: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Priming Why did half the class say plate and
the other half say petal? They were primed to do so There were two different sheets of
unscrambled words
![Page 80: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Priming sheet 1
Unscramble the following word:
F I N E K O P O N S K R O F P U C E C U S A R L T E P A
Answer:
K N I F ES P O O NF O R KC U PS A U C E RP L A T E
![Page 81: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Priming sheet 2
Unscramble the following word:
N Y P A S F E L A K T A L S D U B L O B S O M S L T E P A
Answer:
P A N S YL E A F S T A L K B U D B L O S S O M P E T A L
![Page 82: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Priming Do priming demonstration
![Page 83: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Priming
Seeingthe word rabbit Seeingthe word rabbit
Activates concept
Primes spellingthe spokenword hair/hareas h-a-r-e
![Page 84: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Priming
Activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus
Activation not a conscious decision BUT, can affect subsequent thoughts
and actions Two types of priming
![Page 85: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Two types of priming Conceptual Priming Perceptual Priming
![Page 86: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Conceptual priming
When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughts
Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memory
Example: Previous priming demonstration Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull,
when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull”
![Page 87: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Perceptual priming
Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below?
![Page 88: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Perceptual priming
What if you were asked to unscramble the word earlier?
![Page 89: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Biological Perspective Long-term Potentiation - As a response is
learned, specific neural pathways are established that become progressively more excitable and responsive Synapses are strengthened by stimulation of
dendrites to grow more spines Ability of a neuron to release its neurotransmitters
can be increased or decreased
![Page 90: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Flashbulb Memories
Where were you when you first heard: That the spaceship Columbia/ Challenger had exploded
during landing? That the federal building had been bombed in Oklahoma
City? That Princess Diana had been killed in a car wreck?
Most are personal ex. Duke Students asked
85 A car accident 82 When you first met your college roommate 81 High school graduation 78 Senior Prom
![Page 91: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Forgetting
Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information
Why is it necessary? How is it adaptive?
![Page 92: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Study Strategies
Distributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session
Distributed practice leads to better retention
![Page 93: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Serial Position Effect
Remembering information at the beginning and end of a list better than material in the middle
![Page 94: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Theories of Forgetting Decay theory: memory trace fades with time when
not accessed Doesn’t account for persistent declarative and
procedural Spanish test 50 years later / swimming riding a bike etc
Replacement theory – new memory can wipe out old memories Stop sign – “Did you see the car in front of the yield
sign” Interference theory argues that information
competes for retrieval• Proactive interference: old information interferes
with recall of new information• Retroactive interference: new information
interferes with recall of old information
![Page 95: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Interference and Memory
Retroactive – Problem with remembering old information because of new informationProactive – the opposite
![Page 96: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Cue-dependent memory How can you use this to find your lost keys
State-dependent memory How can it contribute to depression?
Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories
Encoding failure: may contribute to information never being encoded from STM to LTM and thus forgotten.
Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent
![Page 97: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Amnesia Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain
injury or trauma Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with
recall of information prior to a trauma Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with
recall of information after a trauma
Point of Trauma
Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia
![Page 98: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Psychogenic amnesia – causes of forgetting are psychological and not organic (injury) Quite rare Involves massive memory loss, personal identity and
usually ends suddenly Traumatic Amnesia – involves the forgetting of a
specific traumatic event When it comes back it is perfectly accurate Part of a defensive mechanism (repression) of
threatening or upsetting information to the unconscious What arguments are presented against the existence of this
type of amnesia? Concentration Camps Not rehearsing Intentional distracting Dangers associated with confabulation and power of suggestion
![Page 99: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Childhood Amnesia – the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first 2-3 years of life Problem encoding and retaining episodic memories and
carrying them into later childhood Biological – the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully
developed Cognitive Lack of a sense of self Impoverished encoding Focus more on the routine then the distinctive aspects When we begin to think like adults we no longer have
access to the cues and information we once used as a schema
![Page 100: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Patient H.M. Patient H.M. suffered from chronic brain seizures In the 1950’s, surgeons removed portions of his
hippocampus in order to reduce the seizures Since the surgery, Patient H.M. shows chronic
anterograde amnesia He has normal STM He has normal recall for material learned prior to the
surgery Patient H.M. has learned very little since the surgery
Patient H.M. would have no idea of the significance of: Watergate The Challenger explosion The death of Princess Diana
![Page 101: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Issues in Memory Memory recall may involve reconstruction and
thus may not be accurate Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:
Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event)
Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten Apply to political campaigning
![Page 102: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Sleeper Effect
![Page 103: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Eyewitness Testimony Primarily because of the constructive nature
of memory, the reliability of eyewitness testimony is questioned.
![Page 105: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Repressed Memories The area of repressed memories is a hotly
contested debate The reliability of repressed memories is called
into question due to: the constructive element of memory source amnesia the sleeper effect
![Page 106: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Memory Strategies Mnemonic devices are strategies to
improve memory by organizing information Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a
place or part of a building Peg-Word system: peg words are associated
with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”) Word Associations: verbal associations are
created for items to be learned
![Page 107: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Improving memory Use rehearsal
techniques Improve organization Counteract the serial
position effect Avoid massed
practice
Manage time Use the encoding
specificity principle Employ self-
monitoring and over learning
Use mnemonic devices
![Page 108: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Attention “Next-in-line-effect”
![Page 109: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: Understanding Memory We are what we remember.. 3 Essential Questions 1. How does information get into memory? 2. How is information maintained? 3. How](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649f175503460f94c2deb8/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)