unemployment as a catalyst for youth involvement in crime (a case study of kaduna metropolis)

7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background to the Study

Unemployment is a phenomenon that affects not only the youths but

also other categories of people in the society. It is also a known fact

that youths all over Kaduna State and indeed Nigeria are affected by

the unwanted consequences of the phenomenon. Youths occupy a

prominent place in any society. hey are one of the greatest assets any

nation can have. !part from being the leaders of tomorrow" they out#

number the middle#aged and the aged. he youth are the foundation of

a society$ their energies" inventiveness" character and orientation

define the pattern of development and security of a nation. hrough

their creative talents and labour power" a nation can make giant

strides. he youth are a particular segment of the national population

that is sensitive" energetic" and active as well the most productive

phase of life as citi%ens. hey are filled with energy that desires an

outlet. &hen this energy is positively channeled" the youths are highly

productive$ hence" they are likely to contribute a great deal to the

socioeconomic development of their immediate environment and the

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larger society. 'owever" failure to utili%e the youths canresult in

restiveness and it resultant effects on society likely to be devastating.

he youths remain one of the greatest assets that any community can

possess. (otentially" they are the greatest investments for a society)s

sustainable development and future. his is why it is universally

acknowledged that positive fundamental and meaningful changes

across cultural settings are usually engineered" fostered and or shaped

by the generation of youths in that society. herefore" any culture or

community" whether macro or micro that allows a good percentage of

her youths to be misdirected" risks her future viability and survival.

In the conte*t of Nigeria)s historical e*perience" youth and students

have rendered valuable contributions to the struggle for liberation and

national development. hey can constitute a reservoir of energy and

dynamism for any national struggle or campaign if they are correctly

guided" mobili%ed" and fully integrated into the social fabrics of the

nation. hey may also constitute a threat to national survival and

stability if they are allowed to drift" are unemployed" undisciplined

and morally bankrupt. No nation aspiring to ma+or national greatness

can afford to ignore the youths and allow them to constitute a ma+or

social problem. hey are a vital source of manpower and do

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possesleadership potentials" can acquire knowledge" and are full of

future promises. ,nce these innate potentials in them are fully

e*ploited and properly channeled" their contributions to national

development can be immense.

he attainment of full employment mostly in the developing

economies can reduce poverty and foster their growth. he idea is

based on the linkage between income and poverty. Unemployment" it

is noted" generates low income or no income and therefore results in

low or poor living standard. Unemployment represents wasted

resources. Unemployed labor has the potential to contribute to

national income but is not doing so because there are +obless people.

-eduction of +oblessness is a ma+or concern of every responsible

government all over the world.

!ccording to ,gunrinola and ,sabuohien as cited in Sodipe and

,gunrinola /0112 the desire to e*pand decent and productive

employment is at the heart of any nations) macroeconomic policies

geared towards poverty reduction. In spite of its importance" the

implementation of policies on employment creation in many

developing nations has not yielded much impact" as there is a wide

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gap between the +obs available and the number of +ob seekers actively

seeking work in most poor nations.

Unfortunately" youth unemployment is becoming an increasingly

troublesome issue in many parts of the world. In Nigeria" it has

become one of the most serious socio#economic problems confronting

the country333. It has indeed become a ma+or problem bedeviling

the lives of Nigerian youth causing frustration" de+ection and

dependence on family members and friends" who also have their own

problems to contend with. In recent times" there have been notable

adverse social" economic and political developments in Nigeria" a

consequence of youth unemployment and underemployment"

particularly e*emplified by increasing militancy" violent crimes"

kidnapping" restiveness and political instability. he Nigerian situation

is further compounded by the recent global financial crisis that has

crippled businesses and the prospect of securing +obs for young

people.

Unemployment has also been identified as one of the ma+or causes of

social vices" including armed robbery" destitution" prostitution"

political thuggery" kidnapping and many more. Note that about 4.5

million youths enter the labour market every year without any hope of

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getting employment for life sustenance. he precarious situation has

left the youths in a vicious cycle of poverty that daily erodes their

prospects of a bright future.

1.2 Stateent o! the Pro"#e

Youth unemployment poses a serious risk to Kaduna metropolis"

Kaduna State and the Nigerian society. he consequence of this

problem" if no ma+or corrective measures are taken" could be

disastrous for the nation. Youth unemployment has national and global

impacts" notable among which are increased violence" political

instability" drug abuse and crimes such as petty theft" burglary" drug

trafficking" human trafficking" kidnapping" armed robbery and

terrorism. !ll the consequences coupled with poverty" psychological

problems of frustration" depression" hostility and all other vices are

causing widespread insecurity of life and property. It is also worthy to

point out the fact that desperation and the apparent dissatisfaction with

the status quo can drive many people into living outside the law in

order to survive and as a means of e*pressing dissatisfaction with the

apparent neglect of their very e*istence.

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1.$ Hy%othe&'&(Re&earch )ue&t'on&

his research work will answer the hypothesis stated below6

Ho6 Unemployment does not serve as a catalyst for the

involvement of youths of Kaduna metropolis in crimes

H16 Unemployment is a catalyst for the involvement of youths

of Kaduna metropolis in crimes

1.* Pur%o&e o! the Study

his research work is intended to find out whether unemployment

among the youths is also a ma+or factor responsible for their

involvement in crimes and criminality and solutions proffered on how

to tackle the problem in Kaduna 7etropolis

1.+ S'gn'!'cance o! the Study

his research will be of benefit to the government by

identifying special needs of the youths especially with regards

to providing them awareness of earning a living through gainful

employment.

he research will also help educationists to identify the areas

for inclusion in general education curriculum to fast track

vocational and entrepreneurial skills acquisition as a means

ofcurbing the over reliance of the citi%ens of the country on

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white collar +obs at the e*pense of setting up on their

businesses.

his research will help the youths understand the impact of

their involvement in crimes on the society and the need to be

self#reliant in an economy that cannot readily provide +obs for

its teeming unemployed graduates.

1., Sco%e o! the Study

his study will be limited to finding out how unemployment among

the youths of Kaduna metropolis is pushing them into committing

crimes. he area of coverage is Kaduna metropolis. It is e*pected that

this will offer a fair basis to apply the findings to the whole country

1.- Re&earch ethod&

his research work will rely mainly on primary sources of data.

8uestionnaires will be administered to the responding public eliciting

their views on salient areas of the sub+ect and this will be analy%ed

using the percentage method of deduction. he secondary sources

shall include books" 9ournals" 7aga%ines and Newspaper articles

1./ De!'n't'on o! Ter&

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:atalyst0 somebody or something that makes a change happen or

brings about an event

:rime# harmful act or omission against the public which the State

wishes to prevent and which" upon conviction" is punishable by fine"

imprisonment" and;or death. No conductconstitutes a crime unless it

is declared criminal in the lawsof the country.

Unemployment0 people who are without work but available for and

seeking work$ including those who have lost +obs and those who have

voluntarily left +obs

Youth6 is best understood as a period of transition from the

dependence of childhood to adulthood)s independence and awareness

of our interdependence as members of a community.

CHAPTER TO

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ITERATURE RE3IE AND THEORETICA 4RAEOR5

2.1 Introduct'on

his chapter reviews relevant literature and is organi%ed under the

following sub#headings6 conceptual framework" theoretical

framework" literature review and summary.

2.2The Conce%t o! 6outh

he advanced learner)s dictionary defines a youth as


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persons of ages 1B to A5" who are citi%ens of the Cederal -epublic of

Nigeria.


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he concept of unemployment has no precise definition in the

economic literature. &hile the concept means a state of +oblessness to

the layman" unemployment could be defined as the percentage of the

labour force that is without +ob but is able and willing to work.

'owever" Gbosi 1@@E2" has defined unemployment as a situation in

which people who are willing to work at the prevailing wage rate are

unable to find +obs. 'ere emphasis is placed on willingness.

herefore" anybody who is not actively seeking paid employment

should not be counted as part of the unemployed labour force.

&ithin the Nigerian conte*t" unemployment rate is defined as the

percentage of persons among the labour force 15 H ?5 years2

e*cluding students and those medically unfit" available for work but

do not work :entral Fank of Nigeria" 1@@A2.

he International abour ,rgani%ation I,2 defines unemployment

as the number of the economically active population who are without

work but available for and seeking work" including people who have

lost their +obs and those who have voluntarily left work &orld Fank"

1@@B2. !lso" for !debayo as cited in ,kafor" /0112 unemployment

e*ists when members of the labour force wish to work but cannot get

+obs.

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2.* The Conce%t o! Cr'e

he 7erriam &ebster online dictionary /01/2 defined crime as the

intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or

dangerous and specifically defined" prohibited" and punishable under

criminal law.

!ccording concise encyclopedia online /01/2" crime is an act or the

commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is

commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to

punishment by that law"especiallya gross violation of law.

! :riminologist (aul appan defines crimeas


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+udged by its prevailing standards" that action against it cannot be

entrusted to private initiative or to hapha%ard methods but must be

taken by an organised society in accordance with tested procedures.J

horsten 1@E02" described crime as Jviolation of conduct norms of

the normative groupsJ. :linard 1@5E2" however" maintained that all

deviations from social norms are not crimes. 'e talks of three types of

deviation6 i2 tolerated deviation" ii2 deviation which is mildly

disapproved" and iii2 deviation which is strongly disapproved. 'e

perceives the third type of deviation as crime.

he definitions given above are by no means e*haustive but will

suffice for this study.

2.+ Theoret'ca# 4rae7ork

De%r'8at'on Theory o! Ted 9urr

his classical theory e*plains why people engage in crimes and

violence riots" rebellion" coups" criminal activities etc.2. It e*amines

the psychological causes involving frustration and aggression as the

primary source of human capacity for violence. Crustration is neither

necessary nor sufficient to leads to violence but greed may drive to

violence. Crustration is a much stronger motivating force and

prolonged frustration may cause greater probability for aggression.

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-elative deprivation is the discrepancy between what people think

they deserve and what they actually think they can get Gurr" 1@E02.

It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or

ob+ective indicator of deprivation as the source of violence. (eople

can get used to a bad state of affairs" even one that offers so little

access to life#sustaining resources that members of the group are

starving or dying of remediable diseases or e*posure. 'owever" if

there is a significant discrepancy between what they think they

deserve and what they think they will get" there is a likelihood of

rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that

their e*pectation cannot be met if the statusquo is maintained. he

first situation may be a desperate one" but it is the second that will be

frustrating. So frustration produces aggression at individual" group

and societal levels. his theory could be used to link rising number of

unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria.

! country that produce thousands of university graduates every year

without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a

fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these unemployed

graduates.

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Naturally" there is a feeling of +oy and great e*pectations when a

student graduates from a university$ these e*pectations gradually fade

away and are replaced by feelings of frustration after some years of

+oblessness caused by the few opportunities the society offers the

young graduates. !s frustration prolongs and the feeling of

deprivation of what is e*pected increases" there is a greater probability

that the individual or people can resort to illegal activities in order to

actualise their e*pectations in the society.

he rise in violent crimes robbery" kidnapping" thuggery" terrorism2

committed by youths is a sign of a gap in the society. he society

already has e*pectations for individuals and established means of

achieving them. &hen the means are limited as the youth

unemployment was 4?.5 in /011" people are forced to achieve the

goals through illegal means to fulfill societal e*pectations.

Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unemployed

youths view the business as lucrative. hey are available for

recruitment by politicians. In the Northern part of Nigeria" they are

recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in

political and religious riots and act of terrorism. In the South &est of

Nigeria" they find easy employment in petty criminal activities.

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2., ITERATURE RE3IE

2.,.1 Conce%t o! youth une%#oyent and 't& '%#'cat'on&

Youth unemployment could be described as the gathering of youths

with diverse background" willing and able to work" but cannot find

any. &hen the supply of labour outstrips the demand for labour" it

causes +oblessness and unemployment. Given the lack of sufficient

employment opportunities in the formal sector" young people may be

compelled to engage in casual work as sources of livelihood" thus

leading to underemployment Dchebiri" /005$ Gibb L George"

1@@0$,nah" /0012.

he causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth

unemployment with increase of violent crimes in Nigeria. he

accelerating level of prostitution" armed robbery" rape" terrorism and

all forms of violence can be largely attributed to the incidence of

unemployment. Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the

people and has not been driven by higher productivity. he public

perception is that there has been little +ob creation.

7any young people who fail to gain employment have become a

burden to the employed that bear the responsibility of meeting the

needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group" a

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wasting generation. he problem of violent crimes in Nigeria has been

e*acerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic

hardship" which have pushed many +obless youths" some of who are

graduates" into various deadly crimes Ddward" /0112.

! /00@ &orld Fank report on MDmployment and GrowthM" warned that"

Jhe share of young people between the ages of 15 and /4 outside the

labour force is growing" despite the countryMs strong growth

performance over the yearsJ.

he UN#'abitat study on crimes and violence stressed that socio#

economic inequality and the lack of opportunities for social

advancement and employment are some of the root causes of crime

and violence. :hildren and youths from disadvantaged families are

likely to fall prey to criminal networks. ,f the estimated 1 billion

people living in slums" over half are under the age of /5" and 40 are

estimated to be under the age of 1@. hey are the primary victims of

social e*clusion through unemployment" lack of access to health and

education UN#'abitat" /00B2.

Curthermore" an empirical survey of :hildren and Youth in ,rgani%ed

!rmed iolence in Nigeria" reported that disenchantment and

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frustration of young people due to mass poverty and unemployment"

have increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the

emergence of that alienated them Ibrahim" /00?2. he survey concluded that armed

militant groups in Nigeria namely Fakassi Foys" ,dua (eople)s

:ongress ,(:2 and Dgbesu Foys were made up of youths within 1? #

1E years 402" 1B H 1@ years 102" /0 # /1 years /02" and /0 H

/A years /02 while the remaining 10 represent between /A#/5yrs

respectively !wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /0102.

Fennel /0002 argued that urban society is becoming increasingly

criminali%ed" especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither

homes" nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent occurrence

of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem" which now

seems beyond remedy" has produced army of idle hands and some of

them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them

with means of livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their

property at gunpoint Ideyi" /0052

Unemployment appears to be the root cause of growing rate of crimes

and violence in Nigeria. he unemployed youths are

disproportionately more likely to be perpetrators" as well as victims of

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crime and violence ,kafor" /0112. he growing gap between the rich

and poor affects the society through increased -ate of violent crimes.

his is e*acerbated by political corruption" poverty"bad governance"

increasing population" and lack of policy initiatives and

implementation to some e*tent encouraged criminal groups to thrive

across Nigeria.

,latun+i and !bioye /0112" as cited by ,kafor" /0112" observed that6

the problem of chronic youth unemployment is very evident in

Nigeria. Dvery year thousands of graduates are turned out" for whom

there are no +obs. Nigerian streets arecram#filledwith youth hawkers

who ordinarily would have found gainful employment in some

enterprises. he self#employed are in quandary as scanty

infrastructure makes it impossible for them to ply their trade. he

large number of youths who are unemployed is capable of

undermining democratic practice as they will constitute a serious

threat if engaged by the political class for clandestine activities.

!de+umobi as cited by ,kafor" /0112 remarked6


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unemployment figures in the world despite her economic potential.

his situation clearly reveals its social essence when we consider it

against the fact that Nigeria has 45 of her population between the

ages of 15 and 40 years.

herefore Nigerian youths are the hardest hit by this menace of

unemployment. &ith this figure in mind" it does not require the

wisdom of Solomon to clearly understand why there is so much crime"

spate of kidnappings" youth unrest and most significantly" an unstable

social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria.

,kafor /0112 posited that the youths represent very important

stakeholders in any society. hey are not only the future of Nigeria"

but also a ma+or stakeholder and useful resource in nation building.

Cor the youths to become useful resource in the Nigerian pro+ect" they

must be gainfully employed.

'owever" available data show that youth unemployment is very

prevalent in Nigeria with far reaching implications for stability of

democracy. he utili%ation of the unemployed youths to perpetuate

ethno#religious clashes in the present democratic dispensation are well

documented. he utili%ation and manipulation of mostly unemployed

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and ignorant youths to perpetuate post elections violence during /011

presidential election ad+udged to be free" fair" transparent and credible

by both local and international observers that claimed over five

hundred lives especially in states like Kaduna" Kano" Fauchi" Katsina

and Gombe including over nine Youth :orps members on national

assignment2 and displaced over fifteen thousand persons in the

Northern parts of Nigeria is a clear indication of an attempt to use this

category of youths to bring democracy to the brink and destabili%e the

nation.

he !uthor further observed that there has been increase in the

involvement of youths in various anti#social activities and offences as

a result of unemployment. Such offences include$ arson" assault"

murder" abduction" stealing" armed robbery" se* offences" unlawful

possession of arms and so on. Cigures supplied by the Nigerian

(risons Service as cited in the National Fureau of Statistics" /00@2

actually confirmed this. Cor instance" the statistics of persons admitted

into the prisons between /004 and /00B showed that for the youths

between the ages of 1? and /0 years" A1"E00 of them were admitted in

/004" 401E0 in /005" 1@"1// in /00?" 1?"/A? in /00E and /5"A1E in

/00B. !s regards the youths between ages /1 and /5 years" A@"045 of

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them were admitted in /004$ A4"?00 in /005" /B"E05 in /00?" 5E"EA?

in /00E and /B"04@ in /00B. !lso" for persons between ages /5 and 50

years" ?A"100 of them were admitted in /004$ ?5"140 in /005" E5"4@1

in /00?" B0"1A4 in /00E and EA"0E1 in /00B. !ll these figures show

that the Nigerian political environment is not safe with large number

of youths who are into antisocial and criminal activities largely as a

result of unemployment.

he data provided by the National Fureau of Statistics as cited by

,kafor" /0112 showed that as at 7arch" /00@ in Nigeria" for persons

between ages 15 and /4 years" 41.? were unemployed" whilefor

persons between /5 and 44 years" 1E were unemployed. !lso" for

those with primary education" 14.B were unemployed while for

those with only secondary education" /A.B were unemployed.

Curthermore" for those with post#secondary education" /1.A were

unemployed. Cor those who never attended school and those with

below primary education" /1.0 and //.A respectively were

unemployed.

2.,.2 Cau&e& o! une%#oyent

Fairoch 1@E?2 argues that e*cessive supply of labour cannot be

dissociated from the issue of the rate of growth of the population in

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that si%e and growth rate of labour force is said to depend primarily

on the si%e and growth rate of the population. 'e further added that

both have been growing too rapidly in developing countries" to the

e*tent that employment e*pansion could not keep pace" thus

resulting in growing unemployment.

>ie+omaoh and ,rimalade 1@E12 were of the opinion that in the

situation of limited labour demand" the acceleration in the growth of

labour force has led to increased unemployment problem in Nigeria

and will continue to do so in the future unless corrective measures

are taken. !nother factor responsible for e*cessive labour supply is

the rapidly growing urban labour force. his arises from rural#urban

migration which generally transforms rural unemployment into

open#unemployment in the urban centers.

Ddwards 1@E@2 e*plains the rural#urban migration in terms of push #

pull factors although the dividing line is quite thin. he push factors

are said to include the pressure resulting from a rising man#land ratio

in the rural areas. In his own contribution" odaro 1@B@2 attributes

rural#urban migration to the relative unattractiveness of rural life due

to lack of basic amenities. 'e asserts that the pull factors include a

constantly widening rural#urban income gap in favour of urban

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dwellers and a presumed higher probability of securing wage

employment in the cities.

,+egbile 1@B?2 reveals that the more cogent e*planation of the

growing unemployment especially in Nigeria is the neglect of the

agricultural sector" which could have provided gainful employment

for +ob seekers. Inadequate educational facilities such as non#

provision for thorough vocational training in the schools) academic

curricula and the entrepreneur)s preference for capital intensive

rather than labour intensive techniques of production have also

contributed to growing unemployment.

&illiams 1@BB2 posits that our early development planners focused

on ma*imum growth as being essential to full employment. hey

assumed that if all efforts were devoted to production" then

unemployment could take care of itself. :onsequently" employment

oriented programmes were not formulated. ,n the demand side of

the labour market" conventional e*planations of low demand for

labour and unemployment in less developed countries include

shortage of complementary factors of production e.g. capital and

materials. ,thers are technical rigidity arising from low factor

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substitution possibility" deficiency of aggregate demand and

e*cessive capital intensity of the production process.

odaro /0002 asserts that the downward wage infle*ibility caused

by various unions prevented the forces of labour supply and demand

from clearing the labour market of e*cess labour supply" thus

accelerating the problem of unemployment in the urban sector.

-ama 1@@B2 shows that cultural factors also increases the length of

time that +ob seekers spend on the +ob queue. 7any first time +ob

seekers take advantage of family support to wait for the suitable +ob

opening thus re+ecting e*isting work opportunities that are as at then

unattractive to them H a case of voluntary unemployment.

Yesufu /0002 discovered that a new and profound cause of

unemployment also derives from attempt to manage the economy

with policy instruments that are irrelevant" ill#advised and;or far in

advance of the stage of development. :uriously" these policy

instruments are fashioned and insisted upon by some international

organi%ations" notably the International 7onetary Cund I7C2 and

the &orld Fank IF->2. he enforcement of the type of Structural

!d+ustment (rogramme S!(2 that was imposed upon Nigerian in

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1@B? is typical. he insistence" for e*ample on rationali%ation of

employment levels in the public service i.e. a massive reduction in

staff strength2 without first addressing the issue of alternative +ob

possibilities caused tremendous unemployment in the most important

employment sector and threw into the entire national +ob market" the

nation)s most educated and most articulate manpower.

2.,.$ Cau&e& o! 6outh Une%#oyent 'n N'ger'a

he level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status

of the economy !wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /0102. >espite its high

revenue from oil economy" employment rate in Nigeria is actually

falling. he years of corruption" civil war" military rule" and

mismanagement have hindered economic growth. Nigeria is endowed

with diverse resources" both human and material but years of

negligence and adverse policies have led to the under#utili%ation of

these resources. hese resources have not been effectively utili%ed in

order to yield ma*imum economic benefits.

hese are primary causes of unemployment$ however" scholars have

identified other causes of unemployment as well !debayo" 1@@@$

!lanana" /00A$ Dchebiri" /005$ !yinde" /00B$ 7urphy" /00B$

!wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /010$ and !nyadike et al" /01/2. he first

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is population growth 140"4A1"E@0 as per /00? census2 and is

pro+ected to be over 1B0 million by /0/0 if the annual growth rate of

A./ continues National (opulation :ommission/00@2. &hile the

population increases" the rate of growth of industries is dwindling and"

if nothing serious is done" both population and unemployment will

continue to rise.

he second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills6

Some scholars have argued that as far as the formal sector is

concerned" the average Nigerian graduate is not employable and

therefore" does not possess the skills needed by the employers

!nyadike et al" /01/2. his is due to the curricula of most Nigerian

schools that do not include entrepreneurial skill acquisition to benefit

+ob seekers.

he third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that

contributed to the demise of small scale and cottage industries

operated in both formal and informal sectors. Collowing the

introduction of Structural !d+ustment (rogram in September 1@B? that

ushered in liberali%ation" deregulation and devaluation program of the

domestic currency" many of the teething domestic firms collapsed$

that resulted in serious +ob losses Fello" /00A2.

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he fourth factor which contributes to youth unemployment is over

emphasis on university certificates and the neglect of skill acquisition

trainings. !ccording to 7anning and 9unankar 1@@B2" the total

number of graduates produced in Nigeria was EA"AA@ in 1@B?;1@BE$

that rose to 1A1"01? in 1@@?;1@@E. ,ver @E universities e*ist in

Nigeria" while there is problem of unemployment. he reality is that

the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed

graduates because over B00 industries and AE factories were closed

down in /00@ alone !nyadike et al" /01/2.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH ETHODOO96

$.1 Introduct'on

his chapter discusses the research design" population and sample

si%e"sampling procedure;technique" as well as the necessary

instrumentation" and methodology data analysis to ensure the success

of this study.

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$.2 Re&earch De&'gn

his study adopts the survey design in carrying out the study. !

survey research also concerns itself with the selection of the

population" selection of the sample for the study" data gathering

techniques and data analysis as well as the selection of variables for

study. >ifferent problem may warrant different research designs. Cor

the purpose of this study" the survey research design has been selected

for use. It is convenient" yields more output and easy to administer.

$.$ Po%u#at'on o! the Study

he population of study is the drawn from udun#&ada" Unguwan

Sanusi and -igasa"an area with an estimated population of about four

hundred and eight thousand two hundred and thirty

40B/A02.!ccording to the National (opulation :ommission the adult

population will be about two hundred and thirteen thousand five

hundred and ninety /1A5@02

$.* Po%u#at'on Sa%#e

he sample for this study is four hundred elements drawn from as

follows6

-igasa /00

Unguwan Sanusi 100udun#&ada 100

Tota# *::

he sample si%e represents 0.0@E of the population si%e.

$.+ Sa%#'ng Procedure(Techn';ue

29


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he convenience !ccidental Sampling procedure was adopted for use

in getting the required units that madethe sample si%e for the study.

&ith this sampling procedure" units are selected on the basis of

availability.

$.,The Re&earch In&truent

he instrument for the collection of data was questionnaire.It was

structured and made up of the bio#data section and the questions

section.

$.- Ad'n'&trat'on o! )ue&t'onna're

Cor the purpose of data collection four hundred 4002 self#constructed

and pilot tested questionnaires wouldbe administered to members of

the general public within -igasa" udun#&ada" and Uguwan#Sanusi

all in Kaduna metropolis eliciting their responses on the issue. he

units for questionnaire administration were selected based on their

availability using the accidental;convenience sampling method.

&hile three hundred and eighty three ABA2 questionnaires were

properly completed" seventeen were not" rendering them invalid.

Given the fact the questionnaires were administered across the three

wards in proportion to their population si%es" valid +udgments can be

made from the responses retrieved.

$./ ethod o! Data Ana#y&'&

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he graphs" proportions and percentages method of data analysis will

be adopted for use in this research work to analy%e the data gotten

from the field using the questionnaires. ,n the basis of this analysis"

conclusions will be drawn on whether unemployment among the

youths of Kaduna metropolis is the factor pushing them into

commission of crimes

CHAPTER 4OUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANA6SIS

*.: INTRODUCTION

In this chapter" the researchers presented the data collected"

interpreted the data and provide analysis so that the reader will

understand the basis and importance of each question asked. he

researcher collected data through a close#ended questionnaire method

where four hundred and fifty 4002 questionnaires were distributed

31


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across Kaduna metropolis. he researcher divided Kaduna into

segments represented by -igasa ward where two hundred" /002

questionnaires were distributed" Unguwan Sanusi and udun &ada

had one hundred questionnaires distributed in each of them and all

these respondents were selected through accidental;convenience

sampling method. ,ut of the four hundred 4002 questionnaires

distributed through research assistants" all 400 questionnaires were

retrieved completed" seventeen 1E2 out of the completed

questionnaires were rendered invalid because they were not completed

correctly. he data analysis for this pro+ect work is therefore based on

ABA completed and valid respondents. Felow are the various data

presentations and analysis.

*.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANA6SIS

TABE< *.1.1 Do you under&tand 7hat une%#oyent '&=

Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >

Yes AE1 @?.BE

No 1/ A.1A

Tota# $/$ 1::>

Chart< *.1.1Do you under&tand 7hat une%#oyent '&=

32


33/59

Yes No0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No of Respondents

Crom able 4.1.1 and :hart 4.1.1 above" three hundred and seventy#

one AE12 respondents or @?.BE of the sample understood what the

concept of unemployment is while twelve 1/2 respondents

representing A.1A of the total sample did not have understanding of

what unemployment is.

TABE< *.1.2Do you under&tand 7ho a youth '&=


Yes AEB @B.?@

No 5 1.A1

Tota# $/$ 1::>

Chart *.1.2Do you understand who a youth is?

33


34/59

Yes No0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No of Respondents

Crom able 4.1./ and :hart 4.1./ above" three hundred andseventy#

eight AEB2 respondents or @B.?@ of the sample understood what the

concept of youth is while five 52 respondents representing 1.A1 of

the total sample did not have understanding of what youth is.

TABE< *.1.$ Do you under&tand 7hat cr'e '&=


Yes AB1 @@.4B

No / 0.5/

Tota# $/$ 1::>

Chart< *.1.$Do you understand what Crime is?

34


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Yes No0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

No of Respondents

Crom able 4.1.A and :hart 4.1.Aabove" three hundred and eighty#one

AB12 respondents or @@.4B of the sample understood what the

concept of crime is while two /2 respondents representing 0.5/ of

the total sample did not have understanding of what crime is.

TABE< *.1.* Cau&e& o! 7'de&%read une%#oyent aong the

youth& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&

Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage&

Illiteracy @E /5.A/

Fad government policies 155 40.4E

a%iness BA /1.?E,thers 4A 11./A

I don)t know 5 1.A1

Tota# $/$ 1::>

35


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Chart< *.1.* Cau&e& o! 7'de&%read une%#oyent aong the

youth& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

No of Respondents

In able 4.1.4 and :hart 4.1.4 above an assessment of the causes of

widespread unemploymentamong the youths ofKaduna metropolis is

recorded. &hile ninety#seven @E2 respondents representing /5.A/

of the sample said that illiteracy is the ma+or cause of unemployment

among the youths of Kaduna metropolis" one hundred and fifty#five

1552 respondents representing 40.4E of the sample si%e held the

opinion that bad government policies are responsible for the level of

unemployment among the youths in Kaduna metropolis. Dighty#three

36


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BA2 respondents or /1.?E of the samplefelt that la%iness is the

reason that accounts for the widespread unemploymentamong the

youths of Kaduna metropolis forty#three 4A2 respondents

representing 11./A of the sample si%e were of the opinion that other

reasons beside theones listed above account for the widespread

unemployment among the youths of Kaduna metropolis. &hile the

remaining five 52 respondents representing 1.A1 of the sample si%e

did not know the causes of the widespread unemployment among the

youths in Kaduna metropolis.

Ta"#e *.1.+e8e# o! 'n8o#8eent o! une%#oyed youth& 'n cr'e&

7'th'n 5aduna etro%o#'&Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >

ery high 1B@ [email protected]

'igh @B /5.5@

7ild 5E 14.BB

ow AA B.?1

I don)t know ? 1.5E

Tota# $/$ 1::

Chart< *.1.+Level of involvement of unemployed

youths in crimes within Kaduna metropolis

37


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Very high High Mild Low I don !now0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

No of Respondents

In able 4.1.5 and :hart 4.1.5 above the views of respondents are

captured on the level of involvement of the youths in the commission

of crimes in Kaduna metropolis. ! total one hundred and eighty#nine

1B@2 respondents representing [email protected] said that the involvement of

youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis is very

high.Ninety#eight @B2 respondents representing /5.5@ of the

samplesaid that the level of involvement of youths in the commission

of crimes is +ust high. Cifty#seven 5E2 respondents representing

14.BB of the sample thoughtthat the level of involvement of youths

in the commission of crimes within the metropolis is +ust mild"thirty#

three AA2 respondents representing B.?1 of the sample thought the

level of involvement of youths in the commission of crimes in the

38


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metropolis is low. &hile the remaining" si* ?2 respondents

representing 1.5E of the sample did not know the level of

involvement of youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis.

TABE< *.1.,I%act o! youth une%#oyent on the de8e#o%ent

o! 5aduna etro%o#'&


(ositive 5 1.A/

Negative A5@ @A.EA

No impact E 1.B/

>on)t know 1/ A.1ATota# $/$ 1::>

Chart *.1.,Impact of youth unemployment on the

development of Kaduna metropolis

39


40/59

"osii#e Neg$i#e No i%&$' (on !now0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No of Respondents

able 4.1.? and :hart 4.1.? above capture responses of the public on

what the impact of crime andyouth unemployment has been on the

development of Kaduna metropolis. Cive 52 respondents representing

1.A/ of the sample were of the view that youth unemployment has

had positive impact on the development of Kaduna metropolis. hree

hundred and fifty#nine A5@2 respondents representing @A.EA of the

sample held the opinion that the impact of youth unemployment has

been negative on the development of Kaduna metropolis"seven E2

respondents or 1.B/ of the total sample argued that youth

unemployment have had no impact on the development of Kaduna

metropolis while twelve 1/2 respondents representing A.1A of the

sample could not say whether youth unemployment have had any

40


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impact on the development of Kaduna metropolis or not.

TABE< *.1.-Other 4actor&re&%on&'"#e !or 'n8o#8eent o!

une%#oyed youth& 'n cr'e& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&

Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >Fad parental training ?E 1E.4@

(eer group pressure B@ /A./4

(overty 1/E AA.15

-eligious e*tremism BA /1.?E

,thers 1E 4.45

Tota# $/$ 1::>

Chart< *.1.-Other factors responsible forinvolvement of unemployed youths in crimes in

Kaduna metropolis

)$d &$ren$l r$ining "o#ery *hers0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

No of Respondents

In able 4.1.E and :hart 4.1.E"an assessment of the other

factorsresponsible for the involvement of youths in crimes in Kaduna

metropolis are captured. &hile si*ty#seven ?E2 respondents

41


42/59

representing 1E.4@ of the sample si%e held the opinion that bad

parental training is responsible for the involvement of youths in the

commission of crimes in the metropolis" eighty#nine B@2 respondents

representing /A./4 of the sample were of the opinion that peer group

pressureis generally is responsible for the involvement of youths in

the commission of crimes in Kaduna metropolis. Similarly one

hundred and twenty#seven 1/E2 respondents or AA.15 of the sample

thoughtthat poverty isa factor pushing many unemployed youths into

committing crimes.Dighty#three BA2 respondents representing /1.?E

of the sample were of the opinion that religious e*tremism accounts

for the involvement of youths in the commission of crimes while the

remaining seventeen 1E2 respondents representing 4.45 thoughtthat

there were other reasons apart from the ones mentioned here that are

responsible for the involvement of youths in the commission of crimes

Ta"#e< *.1./ Ho7 to tack#ed %ro"#e o! youth une%#oyent

Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e

&

Percentage&

>

Good governance and legislations 10E /E.@4

Skill acquisition and self#reliance BA /1.?EYouth empowerment programmes 10A /?.B@

Involvement of youths in

!griculture

B5 //.1@

,thers 5 1.A1

Tota# $/$ 1::>

42


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Chart *.1./How to tacle problem of youthunemployment

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

In able 4.1.B and :hart 4.1.B above" the responses of the public on

the responses to the question


44/59

bearing on the lives of the people can help transform the lives of the

people for the better thereby giving no e*cuse for the youth to be

involved in the commission of any crime. Similarly" eighty#three BA2

respondents representing /1.?E of the sample were of the view that

skill acquisition and self#reliance programmes will go a long way in

fighting unemployment among the youths of Kaduna metropolis. ,ne

hundred and three respondents representing /?.B@ of the sample

thought that youth empowerment programmes would enable them

have a means of livelihood enabling them to live worthy lives. Dighty#

five B52 respondents or //.1@ of the sample thoughtthat involving

the youths in agriculture would go a long way in helping to reduce or

eradicateunemployment among the youths in the metropolis while five

52 respondents or 1.A1 of the samplesaid that other measures can

also be put in place to tackle the problem of unemployment among the

youths in the metropolis

TABE< *.1.? I%act o! cr'e& on the de8e#o%ent o! 5aduna

etro%o#'&


(ositive 5 1.A/Negative A5@ @A.EA

No impact E 1.B/

>on)t know 1/ A.1A

Tota# $/$ 1::>

44


45/59

Chart *.1.? Impact of youth unemployment on the

development of Kaduna metropolis

"osii#e Neg$i#e No i%&$' (on !now0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No of Respondents

In able 4.1.@ and :hart 4.1.@ above capturethe responses of the

public to the questionnaire"


46/59

representing @A.EA of the sample held the opinion that the impact of

youth unemployment has been a negative on the development of

Kaduna metropolis"seven E2 respondents or 1.B/ of the total sample

argued that youth unemployment has had no impact on the

development of Kaduna metropolis while the remaining twelve 1/2

respondents representing A.1A of the sample could not say whether

youth unemployment has had any impact on the development of

Kaduna metropolis or not.

Ta"#e< *.1.1:Categor'e& o! cr'e& o&t#y co'tted "y

une%#oyed youth&


>rug trafficking ? 1.5E

!rson B? //.45

(etty theft 10E /E.@4

huggery B5 //.1@

Kidnapping 11 /.BE

-ape B /.0@

errorism EA [email protected]?

,thers 5 1.A1

I don)t know / 0.5/

Tota# $/$ 1::>

46


47/59

Chart *.1.1:Cate!ories of crimes mostly committed

by unemployed youths

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

No of Respondents

In able 4.1.B and:hart 4.1.B above" the responses of the public on the

to the question


48/59

were of the opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in

thuggery" eleven 112 respondents or /.BE of the samplesaid

unemployed youths are mostly involved in kidnapping of people eight

B2 respondents representing /.0@ of the sample were of the view

that unemployed youths are mostly involved in cases of rape"seventy#

three EA2 respondents representing [email protected]? of the sample were of the

opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in acts of

terrorism"five 52 respondents or 1.A1 of the sample were of the

opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in armed

robbery" while the remaining two /2 respondents or 0.5/ of the

sample did not know what crimes unemployed youths are mostly

involved in.

CHAPTER 4I3E

48


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SUAR6@ CONCUSION AND RECOENDATIONS

+.1 SUAR6

his research work wasconducted to find out the relationship between

youth unemployment and criminalityusing"Kaduna metropolis as a

case study. In chapter one" the research topic was introduced and

views of different authors and scholars on the sub+ect were articulated.

:hapter two reviewed relevant materials on the concepts of youth"

unemployment and crime;criminality. he chapter also introduced the

deprivation theory of crime by ed Gurr and Fecker)s Dconomic

theory of crime. :hapter three introduced and dwelled on the research

methodology adopted for this research. 'ere also the research design"

the population of study" the sample and sampling procedure as well as

the method of data analysis were identified. In chapter four" the data

captured via the questionnaires administered were analy%ed. Cour

hundred 4002 questionnaires were distributed and all were retrieved

completed$ seventeen 1E2 out of the completed questionnaires were

rendered invalid because they were not completed correctly" leaving a

total of ABA completed and valid questionnaires.

+.2 CONCUSION

his research work found out that unemployment is a catalyst for the

49


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involvement of youths of Kaduna metropolis in the commission of

crimes by the youths in Kaduna metropolis as captured by the

responses of the public on the question what is the level of

involvement of unemployed youths in crimes within Kaduna

metropolisO ! total of one hundred and eighty#nine 1B@2 respondents

representing [email protected] thought that the involvement of unemployed

youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis is very high

while ninety#eight @B2 respondents representing /5.5@ of the

sample thought that the level of involvement of unemployed youths in

the commission of crimes is +ust high. hese figures" put together"

gives a value of /BE respondents or a total of E4.@4 of the total

sample who were of the opinion that the unemployment is a factor

propelling youths into the commission of crimes in Kaduna

metropolis.

+.$ RECOENDATIONS

he following are recommendations that will help keep in check the

50


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he people in government whether in the e*ecutive or the

legislative arm must strive to govern well by ensuring that good

legislations and programmes aimed at reducing the rate of

youth unemploymentin the country are implemented always.

Government at all levels must put in place skill acquisition and

self#reliance programmes that will enable the youths stand on

their own rather than depending on government for white collar

+obs that are not forthcoming

Youth empowerment programmes aimed at taking them off the

streets should be fashioned out as this will help curtail their

involvement in crimes

aw enforcement agencies and reform institutions should be

empowered to adequately handle criminals properly so as to

help them become better people. he education system in Nigeria is such that lays emphasis on

churningout individuals that cannot stand on their own

tomorrow. his has led to the growing pool of unemployed

graduates who roam the streets every day looking for white#

collar +obs that are not forthcoming and as such are readily

available for recruitment to carry out dastardly acts. he

emphasis of our education system should shift to skills

acquisition.

51


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he Government of the day should see unemployment as a

national emergency to be tackled and should accord it the

priority needed by spending in the key sectors of the economy#

sectors that have the potentials to bring forth others and in the

process create +obs for the teeming population of the

unemployed youths.

he erstwhile moribund rural development programmes of

Government should be revamped and positioned to deliver the

required results needed to make the unwanted population in

cities go back and be engaged in productive activities

irrespective of where these are carried out. Incentives should

also go with these programmes to encourage people to

participate.

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paper presented at National :ongress of the National Youth

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/01A

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http://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crimehttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/http://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crimehttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/http://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracy


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1B.-ama 7. 1@@B26 'ow Fad is Unemployment in unisiaO

!ssessing abour 7arket Dfficiency in >eveloping :ountries.

he &orld Fank -esearch ,bserver ol. 1A.

[email protected] Gurr 1@E02" &hy 7en -ebel" (rinceton" N96 (rinceton

University (ress.

/0.odaro" 7. -. 1@B@2" ! 7odel of abour 7igration and Urban

Unemployment in ess#>eveloped :ountries" !merican

Dconomic -eview

/1.UN#'abitat /00B2" :rime and violence versus employment

opportunities in cities and towns /nd !frican 7inisterial

:onference on 'ousing and Urban >evelopment. !bu+a"Nigeria from www.unhabitat.orgaccessed on 14 ,ctober" /01A

//.&illiams S 1@BB26 Government Dmployment (olicies and

(rogramming.&orld Fank 1@@B2" &orld >evelopment

Indicators" &ashington" >. :. he &orld Fank

/A.Yesufu" . 7. /00026 he 'uman Cactor in National

>evelopment$ Nigerian Spectrum Fooks td" Ibadan.

A%%end'

>ear Sir;7adam

)UESTIONNAIRE

55
http://www.unhabitat.org/http://www.unhabitat.org/


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I am an undergraduate of :-I7IN,,GY!N> SD:U-IY

SU>IDS at the National ,pen University of Nigeria" currently

working on a research6 Une%#oyent a& a Cata#y&t !or 6outh

'n8o#8eent 'n Cr'e&< Ca&e Study o! 5aduna etro%o#'& .Kindly

tick or fill the appropriate option in the space provided

representingyour answer to each of the questions below.

I wish to assure you that all information provided will be treated with

utmost confidentiality and will only be used for the purpose of this

research.

hank you

Sani !bubakar

7atric No6 N,U0E0A0@4B@

SECTION A< B'o0data

1. SDR

a2 7ale

b2 Cemale

2. 7!-I! S!US

a2 7arried

b2 Single

c2 >ivorced

56


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d2 &idow

e2 Separated

$. !GD >IS-IFUI,N

a2 1B H /@ years

b2 A0 H A@ yearsc2 40 H 4@ years

d2 50 H 5@ years

e2 ?0 years and above

*. D>U:!I,N! 8U!ICI:!I,N

a2 (rimary :ertificate

b2 Secondary :ertificate

c2 :ertificate;>iploma;N:D

d2 >egree

+. ,::U(!I,N

a2 :ivil Servant;(ublic Servant

b2 (olitician

c2 Fusiness

d2 Student

e2 Unemployed

(lease tick or fill the space as appropriate

SECTION Bo you understand what unemployment isO

a2 Yes

b2 No

57


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/. >o you know who a youth isO

a2 Yes

b2 No

A. >o you understand what crime isO

a2 Yes

b2 No

4. &hat are the causes of widespread unemployment among the

youths in Kaduna metropolisO

a2 Illiteracyb2 Fad government policies

c2 a%iness among the youths

d2 ,thers please specify2

e2 >on)t know

5. &hat is the level of involvement of unemployed youths in

crimes within Kaduna metropolisO

a2 ery high

b2 'ighc2 7ild

d2 ow

e2 >on)t know

?. &hat is the impact of youth unemployment on the

development of Kaduna metropolisO

a2 (ositive

b2 Negative

c2 No impact

d2 I don)t know

E. &hat other factors are responsible for the involvement of

unemployed youths in crimes in Kaduna metropolisO

a2 Fad parental training

b2 (eer group pressure

c2 (overty

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d2 -eligious e*tremism

e2 ,thers please specify2

333333333333333333..

B. 'ow can the problem of youth unemployment be tackled in

Kaduna metropolisOa2 Good governance and legislations

b2 Skill acquisition and self#reliance

c2 Youth empowerment programmes

d2 Involvement of youths in !griculture

e2 ,thers please specify2

333333333333333333

@. &hat is the impact of crimes on the development of Kaduna

metropolisO

a2 (ositive

b2 Negative

c2 No impact

d2 >on)t know

10.&hat are the categories of crimes mostly committed by

unemployed youthsOa2 >rug trafficking

b2 !rson

c2 (etty theft

d2 huggery

e2 Kidnapping

f2 -ape

g2 errorism

h2 ,thers please specify2

i+ >on)t know

unemployment as a catalyst for youth involvement in crime (a case study of kaduna metropolis)

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