Unit 1: Unit 1: Foundations Foundations

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE

PrehistoryPrehistory

Prehistoric or Prehistory refers Prehistoric or Prehistory refers to the time before the to the time before the

advancement of writing.advancement of writing.

Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era Paleolithic Era Paleolithic Era

also means also means OldOld StoneStone AgeAge..

The Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Old Stone or Old Stone Age began Age began 2 2 millionmillion years years ago.ago.

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves.

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind.

Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind.

Purpose?Purpose?Purpose?Purpose?

Lascaux caves

(France) 32,000 years

ago

Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era

Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era• Homo Sapiens during this

period:– Were Nomads– Were Hunter-Gatherers– Lived in clans– The first to make simple

tools and weapons.– Created cave art– Mastered the use of Fire.– Developed a language

Neolithic EraNeolithic Era8000 BCE – 3000 BCE8000 BCE – 3000 BCE

Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era

2,000,000 BCE – 2,000,000 BCE – 8000 BCE8000 BCE

AP World History begins at about 8,000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age. . .

Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From

Hunter-Gatherersto Agriculture

Neolithic EraNeolithic Era Neolithic Era Neolithic Era

means the means the newnew stonestone ageage..

Homo sapiens sapiens during this period:

• Developed agriculture• Domesticated animals• Used advanced tools like spears• Developed weaving skills

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE

Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world.

Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world.

SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN Farming SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN Farming

Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

The Agricultural The Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

The Neolithic Age is The Neolithic Age is sometimes called the sometimes called the Agricultural AgeAgricultural Age

Some Nomads Some Nomads turned into Farmersturned into Farmers

They learned to They learned to domesticate (tame) domesticate (tame) animals animals

They learned to They learned to farm their foodfarm their food

INVENTION OF AGRICULTUREINVENTION OF AGRICULTURE Mesopotamians first to engage in Mesopotamians first to engage in

agriculture agriculture Around 8000 BCEAround 8000 BCE Cereal cropsCereal crops

WheatWheat Barley Barley

Herd animalsHerd animals SheepSheep GoatsGoats

Woman probably first farmerWoman probably first farmer Grain-collecting then noticed that Grain-collecting then noticed that

stored wild grain could be grown on stored wild grain could be grown on purposepurpose

Agriculture changed Agriculture changed how people lived how people lived

Agriculture (Farming)Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Division of Labor Division of Labor (Specialization)(Specialization)

TradeTrade

Writing and MathematicsWriting and Mathematics

Nomadic vs. Agricultural SocietiesNomadic vs. Agricultural Societies

Hunter/Gatherers vs. FarmersHunter/Gatherers vs. Farmers

More Free Time vs. Constant WorkMore Free Time vs. Constant Work

Temporary Shelter vs. Long-term HomesTemporary Shelter vs. Long-term Homes

Small Groups vs. Larger GroupsSmall Groups vs. Larger Groups

Public Land vs. Private LandPublic Land vs. Private Land

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIESAGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

Originally ruled by Originally ruled by council of elderscouncil of elders Authority moved to Authority moved to

single leadersingle leader Close-knit societyClose-knit society

Communal granaries, Communal granaries, ovens, and fieldsovens, and fields

Private property Private property limited to personal limited to personal possessionspossessions

POSSESSIONSPOSSESSIONS

Needs of Needs of agriculture and agriculture and stabilitystability Clay potteryClay pottery Woven basketsWoven baskets Woolen and linen Woolen and linen

clothingclothing Sophisticated tools Sophisticated tools

and weaponsand weapons PlowPlow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURERESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

Required Required intensification of intensification of group organizationgroup organization Neolithic farmers Neolithic farmers

lived in settlementslived in settlements Population from 150 Population from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho) people.(Jericho) people.

OUTSIDE CONTACTSOUTSIDE CONTACTS Neolithic communities had similaritiesNeolithic communities had similarities

Walls indicate some were fearfulWalls indicate some were fearful Others were more peacefulOthers were more peaceful

Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho from several 100’s of miles awayfrom several 100’s of miles away

Either gifts or received in tradeEither gifts or received in trade

Jericho

Thus…Civilization Began – Thus…Civilization Began – But Whose Definition?But Whose Definition?

Thus…Civilization Began – Thus…Civilization Began – But Whose Definition?But Whose Definition?

18th Century European18th Century European Civilized vs. primitiveCivilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone elseWhite vs. everyone else

What contributes to the What contributes to the Development of a Civilization?Development of a Civilization?

Specialization of labor is the keySpecialization of labor is the key If everyone has to farm to have enough If everyone has to farm to have enough

food, a great civilization won’t develop.food, a great civilization won’t develop. If there is a surplus of food, others are If there is a surplus of food, others are

free to build, invent, create tools, free to build, invent, create tools, create art, and build institutions.create art, and build institutions.

What does it mean to be civilized?What does it mean to be civilized? Historians have determined 6-Historians have determined 6-9 9

characteristics of civilization:characteristics of civilization: Cities as administrative centersCities as administrative centers Political System based on territoryPolitical System based on territory Job specialization Job specialization Social classesSocial classes Monumental BuildingMonumental Building Writing/Record KeepingWriting/Record Keeping Long-distance tradeLong-distance trade Advances in science and artAdvances in science and art Complex religionsComplex religions

Cities formed along a River!Cities formed along a River! Rivers provided:Rivers provided:

water supply water supply transportation transportation food supply from animalsfood supply from animals

Rivers provided challenges:Rivers provided challenges: floodingflooding irrigationirrigation

Required organized, mass laborRequired organized, mass labor Construction and repair of canals and Construction and repair of canals and

irrigation ditchesirrigation ditches

Euphrates River

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Central authority needed to control:Central authority needed to control: LaborLabor Storage of grainStorage of grain Dispersion of foodstuffs among Dispersion of foodstuffs among

populationpopulation Early governments first Early governments first

led by priestsled by priests Later controlled by warrior Later controlled by warrior

chiefs or kingschiefs or kings

Organized Central Organized Central GovernmentsGovernments

Governments became more Governments became more complex as new responsibilities complex as new responsibilities arose such as:arose such as: tax collectingtax collecting law makinglaw making handling public works projectshandling public works projects organizing systems of defenseorganizing systems of defense

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Generally polytheisticGenerally polytheistic

Many gods represented natural forcesMany gods represented natural forces Others controlled human activitiesOthers controlled human activities Priests and worshippers tried to gain Priests and worshippers tried to gain

gods’ favor through complex rituals gods’ favor through complex rituals and sacrificeand sacrifice

Directed by unquestionable ruling Directed by unquestionable ruling class of priestsclass of priests

King regarded as a god or as a King regarded as a god or as a god’s agentgod’s agent

Complex ReligionsComplex Religions Temples often built to honor Temples often built to honor

specific gods and goddessesspecific gods and goddesses

Egyptian temple Mesopotamian

ziggurat

Mayan temple

Social ClassesSocial Classes People ranked People ranked

according to their according to their professionprofession

Egyptian social structure

ChiefPriestsNobles

Wealthy merchantsArtisans

Peasants/farmersSlaves

Priestly class is part of the beginning of Priestly class is part of the beginning of social differentiationsocial differentiation

Class structure based on specialization Class structure based on specialization of laborof labor

Generated class differencesGenerated class differences Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.)Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.) Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons, Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons,

you don’t.”)you don’t.”) Common people (“I guess we work...?”)Common people (“I guess we work...?”) Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)

Social ClassesSocial Classes

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

Artisans specialized in various jobs, Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as:such as: BricklayersBricklayers BlacksmithsBlacksmiths

Production of luxuries (Items Not Production of luxuries (Items Not Related to Survival)Related to Survival)

Metal technologyMetal technology

Created great architecture and artCreated great architecture and art monumental architecturemonumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big citiespyramids, ziggurats, big cities huge temples and associated huge temples and associated

structuresstructures to fill the needs of a god-oriented to fill the needs of a god-oriented

statestate under the control of the priestly under the control of the priestly

classclass

Job Specialization Job Specialization and the Artsand the Arts

WritingWriting Probably first used by priestsProbably first used by priests Earliest writing used pictogramsEarliest writing used pictograms

Mesopotamian cuneiform

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Chinese calligraphy

WritingWriting Symbols later added to represent Symbols later added to represent

words and then soundswords and then sounds Scribes were specially trained to Scribes were specially trained to

read, write, and record informationread, write, and record information ReligionReligion TradeTrade GovernmentGovernment

Learning Learning became became cumulativecumulative

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATIONUNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next Civilization was not simply next

inevitable step from Neolithic Ageinevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-Many peoples remained at simple food-

raising stage for thousands of years—raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilizationwithout developing any sort of civilization

Only five locations developed Only five locations developed civilizations entirely on their owncivilizations entirely on their own MesopotamiaMesopotamia EgyptEgypt Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley ChinaChina Central America and PeruCentral America and Peru

But What About…?But What About…?

Easter IslandEaster Island(Sometime between (Sometime between

500-1500 CE)500-1500 CE)

Stonehenge Stonehenge (2000 BCE?)(2000 BCE?)

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY influenced the influenced the development of river valley civilizations.development of river valley civilizations.

Role of Climate and Geography in Role of Climate and Geography in Early SocietiesEarly Societies

Imagine how early societies may have Imagine how early societies may have been affected by climate/geography.been affected by climate/geography.

How do you think early peoples How do you think early peoples responded? responded?

What difference would geography make What difference would geography make in the long term development of a in the long term development of a society?society?

Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable• No natural barriers• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

EnvironmentEnvironment

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

EgyptEgypt

Indus River Indus River ValleyValley

ChinaChina

• Flooding of the Nile predictable• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages• Deserts were natural barriers• Indus flooding unpredictable• Monsoon winds• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers• Huang He flooding unpredictable• Mountains, deserts natural barriers• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations• Mountains and ocean natural barriers• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesoamerica Mesoamerica & Andes& Andes

Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The Earliest Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley of the River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

Sumerian Civilization Sumerian Civilization grew up along the grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Rivers in what is now Iraq.Iraq.

Sumerian Writing: cuneiformSumerian Writing: cuneiform

Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

Ziggurat – Holy MountainZiggurat – Holy Mountain

EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”

Nile River

Sahara Desert

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics PyramidsPyramids GeometryGeometry Advances in medicine and Advances in medicine and

surgerysurgery

Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC

Harappan culture Harappan culture Well planned citiesWell planned cities

Grid patternGrid pattern

Modern plumbingModern plumbing Built on mud brick platformsBuilt on mud brick platforms

Protected against seasonal floodsProtected against seasonal floods

Larger citiesLarger cities Houses built of baked brickHouses built of baked brick

Smaller townsSmaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brickHouses built of sun-dried mud brick

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1027 BC1600 BC – 1027 BC

Yellow River ValleyYellow River Valley Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Advanced cultureAdvanced culture

DivinationsDivinations ReligionReligion AstronomyAstronomy CalendarCalendar ArtArt MedicineMedicine

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1122 BC1600 BC – 1122 BC

ReligionReligion Human as well as animal sacrificesHuman as well as animal sacrifices

Regarded their land as only civilized land Regarded their land as only civilized land and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom)

Lack of contact with foreigners led to Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:belief in: Strong sense of identityStrong sense of identity SuperioritySuperiority Center of earthCenter of earth Sole source of civilizationSole source of civilization

Zhou ChinaZhou China1122 BC – 256 BC1122 BC – 256 BC

Bronze, jade, silver, goldBronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

Power to rule came from heavenPower to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler Power could be removed if ruler

not just not just Veneration of ancestorsVeneration of ancestors

All must honor family responsibilitiesAll must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Period ended with

Era of Warring StatesEra of Warring States

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

2900 BC – 1400 BC2900 BC – 1400 BC MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beansMaize, chili peppers, avocados, beans PotteryPottery Stone bowlsStone bowls BeadsBeads Waddle and daub structuresWaddle and daub structures No draft animals No draft animals

Mesoamerica and Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAndean South America

3500 BC – 1400 BC3500 BC – 1400 BC AndesAndes

Textiles technology Textiles technology Sophisticated governmentSophisticated government ReligionReligion Lacked ceramicsLacked ceramics Largely without artLargely without art Most impressive achievement was Most impressive achievement was

monumental architecturemonumental architecture Large platform mounds Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazasSunken circular plazas

CivilizationCivilization A civilization is built on what is A civilization is built on what is

required of men, not on that required of men, not on that which is provided for them.which is provided for them.

Antoine De Saint-Exupery Antoine De Saint-Exupery 1900-1944, French Writer1900-1944, French Writer

Increased means and increased Increased means and increased leisure are the two civilizers of leisure are the two civilizers of man.man.

BenjaminBenjamin Disraeli Disraeli 1804-1881, British Statesman Prime Minister1804-1881, British Statesman Prime Minister

To be able to fill leisure To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of intelligently is the last product of civilization.civilization.

Toynbee, ArnoldToynbee, Arnold1852-1883, British Economic Historian and Reformer1852-1883, British Economic Historian and Reformer

CivilizationCivilization Cities that served as administrative centersCities that served as administrative centers Political system based on control or defined Political system based on control or defined

territory rather than on connections of kinshipterritory rather than on connections of kinship Significant number of people engaged in Significant number of people engaged in

specialized, non-food-producing activitiesspecialized, non-food-producing activities Status distinctions, usually linked to Status distinctions, usually linked to

accumulation of substantial wealth by some accumulation of substantial wealth by some groupsgroups

Monumental buildingMonumental building System for keeping permanent recordsSystem for keeping permanent records Long distance tradeLong distance trade Major advances in science and artsMajor advances in science and arts

CivilizationCivilization "All peoples from small bands of hunters and "All peoples from small bands of hunters and

gatherers to farmers and factory workers live gatherers to farmers and factory workers live in societies. All societies produce cultures: in societies. All societies produce cultures: combinations of the ideas, objects, and combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. But not all societies and social interaction. But not all societies and cultures generate the surplus production that cultures generate the surplus production that permits the levels of specialization, scale, permits the levels of specialization, scale, and complexity that distinguish civilizations and complexity that distinguish civilizations from other social organizations. All people from other social organizations. All people are capable of building civilizations, but are capable of building civilizations, but many have lacked the resource base, many have lacked the resource base, historical circumstance, or, quite simply, the historical circumstance, or, quite simply, the motivation of doing so.“motivation of doing so.“ Peter StearnsPeter Stearns on culture vs. civilizationon culture vs. civilization

The Classical Age The Classical Age (500 BCE – 600 CE)(500 BCE – 600 CE)

Some civilizations gained enough Some civilizations gained enough territory and power (iron weapons, etc) territory and power (iron weapons, etc) to become an empire. to become an empire.

The rulers of these empires constructed The rulers of these empires constructed extensive networks of roads and extensive networks of roads and promoted urbanization.promoted urbanization.

Religious and philosophical systems Religious and philosophical systems become more complex.become more complex.

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

PolytheismPolytheism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

HinduismHinduism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

JudaismJudaism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

ConfucianismConfucianism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

TaoismTaoism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

BuddhismBuddhism

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

ChristianityChristianity

Origins of World Belief Origins of World Belief SystemsSystems

IslamIslam

The Axial Age The Axial Age (800 BCE – 300 BCE)(800 BCE – 300 BCE)

At the beginning of the Classical Age At the beginning of the Classical Age several thinkers came along who several thinkers came along who changed history.changed history.

Axial Age ThinkersAxial Age ThinkersConfucius

Plato

Zoroaster

Siddhartha Gautama – The Buddha

Lao Tzu

Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Early HistoryEarly History (3000 BCE-750 BCE)(3000 BCE-750 BCE)

Minoans Minoans CreteCrete Seafaring merchantsSeafaring merchants Sophisticated civilizationSophisticated civilization

MycenaeansMycenaeans Merged with native GreeksMerged with native Greeks

Dark Age Dark Age

Homer

Geographic Geographic InfluenceInfluence

MountainsMountains Independent city-statesIndependent city-states

Insufficient farmlandInsufficient farmland Founded colonies on Mediterranean Founded colonies on Mediterranean

coastcoast

LocationLocation Peninsula in MediterraneanPeninsula in Mediterranean Exchange of culture/tradeExchange of culture/trade

Deep harborsDeep harbors Numerous good harbors on its Numerous good harbors on its

irregular coastlineirregular coastline

City-StatesCity-States

AthensAthens Democratic, leading city-stateDemocratic, leading city-state

SpartaSparta Aristocratic/military city-stateAristocratic/military city-state

CorinthCorinth Trading centerTrading center

United by language, culture and United by language, culture and fear of Persiansfear of Persians

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great ( (336-323 BCE)336-323 BCE)

Taught by AristotleTaught by Aristotle Conquered Persian Conquered Persian

EmpireEmpire Created Created

Hellenistic Hellenistic cultureculture

Died suddenly Died suddenly at 33at 33

Athenian ContributionsAthenian Contributions

Theater, poetry and historical Theater, poetry and historical writingwriting

Science and mathScience and math Architecture and sculptureArchitecture and sculpture PhilosophyPhilosophy

SocratesSocrates IndividualIndividual

PlatoPlato GroupGroup

AristotleAristotle WorldWorld

Classical RomeClassical Rome

Ancient Rome Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE)(1500 BCE-500 BCE)

1500BC-Latins 1500BC-Latins crossed Alpscrossed Alps Founded Rome Founded Rome Conquered by EtruscansConquered by Etruscans

New RomansNew Romans Roads, walls, & buildingsRoads, walls, & buildings Metal weaponsMetal weapons

RepublicRepublic500-27 BCE500-27 BCE

Social aristocracySocial aristocracy PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians

SenateSenate Conquered Mediterranean worldConquered Mediterranean world

Italian Peninsula and westItalian Peninsula and west Client statesClient states

Spread Greek culture Spread Greek culture Began to end with assassination of Began to end with assassination of

Julius Caesar in 44 BCEJulius Caesar in 44 BCE

EmpireEmpire27 BCE-476 CE27 BCE-476 CE

Octavian (Augustus)Octavian (Augustus) Began Pax RomanaBegan Pax Romana

Spread Greco-Roman civilizationSpread Greco-Roman civilization Law, language, historical writingLaw, language, historical writing Trade, industry, science, architectureTrade, industry, science, architecture

DiocletianDiocletian Divided EmpireDivided Empire

ConstantineConstantine Reunited empireReunited empire Converted to ChristianityConverted to Christianity

Germanic InvasionGermanic Invasion

Germans allowed to settleGermans allowed to settle Huns pushed more Germans inHuns pushed more Germans in 476 CE—last Roman emperor476 CE—last Roman emperor

Classical ChinaClassical China

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty (221-206 BCE)(221-206 BCE)

Shi Huangdi Shi Huangdi Legalist ruleLegalist rule

Bureaucratic, Bureaucratic, centralized centralized control control

Military expansionMilitary expansion Book burnings --> Book burnings -->

targeted Confucianiststargeted ConfucianistsBuried protestors alive!Buried protestors alive!

Terra Cotta Terra Cotta ArmyArmy

Great Great WallWall

Strong, centralized bureaucracyStrong, centralized bureaucracy Extended Great WallExtended Great Wall Roads Roads (including Silk Road),(including Silk Road), canals canals Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)

Public schoolsPublic schools Colonized Colonized

Manchuria, Manchuria, Korea, & Korea, & VietnamVietnam

Civil service Civil service system system

Han Dynasty Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)(202 BCE-220 CE)

Han – Roman Empire Han – Roman Empire ConnectionConnection

Han – Roman Empire Han – Roman Empire ConnectionConnection

Classical IndiaClassical India

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 (320 BCE-320 CE)CE)

Chandragupta Chandragupta Unified northern India after Unified northern India after

Alexander the Great withdrewAlexander the Great withdrew Set up efficient bureaucracySet up efficient bureaucracy

Asoka (grandson)Asoka (grandson) Dedicated life to BuddhaDedicated life to Buddha Continued bureaucracyContinued bureaucracy Hospitals, roadsHospitals, roads

Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)

Chandra Gupta I Chandra Gupta I

BureaucracyBureaucracyAllowed local Allowed local government in southgovernment in south

Social StructureSocial StructureSocial StructureSocial Structure

PatriarchalPatriarchal Women were legally minorsWomen were legally minors Women under control of fathers, Women under control of fathers,

husbands and sonshusbands and sons Caste system continuedCaste system continued

International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes

International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes

Items TradedItems TradedItems TradedItems Traded

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gu

pta

Ach

ievem

en

tsG

up

ta A

ch

ievem

en

tsG

up

ta A

ch

ievem

en

tsG

up

ta A

ch

ievem

en

ts

Classical Classical MesoamericaMesoamerica

Maya Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)(1800 BCE-800 BCE)

Led by ruler-priestsLed by ruler-priests Only known fully developed written Only known fully developed written

language of time/arealanguage of time/area Art, architectureArt, architecture Writing, math, astronomy, calendarWriting, math, astronomy, calendar Cultural diffusion across Cultural diffusion across

MesoamericaMesoamerica

Chavin Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE)(900 BCE-200 BCE)

PotteryPottery Metalwork (including gold and Metalwork (including gold and

silver)silver) Religion promoted fertilityReligion promoted fertility

Built templesBuilt temples Used hallucinogensUsed hallucinogens

TradeTrade

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Silk RoutesSilk Routes

Mediterranean Trade Mediterranean Trade RoutesRoutes

Indian Ocean TradeIndian Ocean Trade

Why civilizations fallWhy civilizations fall

ExternalExternalWarWarNatural Natural disasterdisaster

DiseaseDisease

InternalInternalOverpopulationOverpopulationEconomic Economic problemsproblems

Social Social disruptiondisruption

Political Political strugglesstruggles

How do civilizations How do civilizations collapse?collapse?

Population size and density decrease Population size and density decrease dramatically dramatically

Society tends to become less politically Society tends to become less politically centralized centralized

Less investment is made in things such as Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature architecture, art, and literature

Trade and other economic activities are Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminishedgreatly diminished

The flow of information among people slowsThe flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually The ruling elites may change, but usually

the working classes tend to remain and the working classes tend to remain and provide continuityprovide continuity

Is it possible to prevent collapse?Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must:Every society must:

answer basic biological needs of its members: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. food, drink, shelter, and medical care.

provide for production and distribution of goods provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). about role of work).

provide for reproduction of new members and provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). children, and so on).

provide for training (education, apprenticeship, provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. can become functioning adults in society.

provide for maintenance of internal and external provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).

provide meaning and motivation to its members.provide meaning and motivation to its members.

Unit 1—Unit 1—FoundationsFoundations

8000 BCE 8000 BCE

to 600 CEto 600 CE