unit 1 · web viewwith verbs in the passive voice noun/pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive...

UNIT 1

TOPICS: 1. From childhood to adulthood. 2. Modern values. 3. Class division.

GRAMMAR: Verbals: The Infinitive. Infinitive constructions.

Step I

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (1)

Lead in

1. a) Answer the questions: What can people be proud of? What do you take pride in? What things do you value most in life? What things could be called status symbols?

b) Look at the list of status symbols below and say which of them are more important to you. Explain what makes you think so.

fashionable clothesa fast and expensive car

a country housea yacht

a good educationhigh-profile work

2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is. (1.5 min.) People nowadays have more money, and some say this has made people more materialistic. It means they place too much importance on money, comfort and luxury goods. People

have also become more acquisitive, which means they want to buy, own, possess more and more. We are not only money-oriented but also over-concerned with social and

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professional status. We care too much about our image, how other people see us. We like to own status-symbols like unnecessarily fast cars, the latest hi-fi equipment, fashionable clothes. But is the picture so black? Are we really reduced to being mercenary creatures, motivated only by money? What can a mere individual do to improve the world? Perhaps it is time

for us to examine our priorities and decide what is really important in life. Perhaps we should try to find self-fulfillment by exploring our capabilities and finding satisfaction in the spiritual aspects of life: an appreciation of art and nature, service to others, the improvement of our minds.

(The New York Times, 2005.)

b) Sum up the text in three sentences.c) Scan the text for details.d) Answer the teacher’s questions.

3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs.blustery – windy, stormy

Anna, Marleen and Sarah __________ (1 – to come) from a small town in the east of Germany. In many ways, their lives are quite similar to those of middle-class young people from the United States. They ____________ (2 – to watch) American television shows like “Friends”, “Sex in the City” and “The Simpsons,” dubbed in German. They have cellphones, they Google, they _____________ (3 – to travel) – Anna as far as China, and Sarah several times to America.

They talk of their ambitions and expectations. For them coming of age means, above all, ___________ ( 4 – to come) to terms with economic reality.

Asked about the things most important to her once she _________ (5 – to finish) school, Anna had a ready reply: “A job which seems complicated ___________ (6 – to get).” She said she ____________ (7 – to want) ____________ (8 – to be) a journalist; her father ________ (9 – to be) a regional editor for the local daily newspaper, Volksstimme. “__________ (10 – not/to be) alone,” Anna continued her list. “To have friends.”

What would she like her life __________ (11 – to look) like when she ________ (12 – to be) 25? “I hope I _____________________ (13 – to graduate) from university,” Anna said. “I don’t want to be a lazy student,” one who spends years, as some German students do, hanging around the university, where tuition _______________ (14 – to cover) by the state.

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That _________ (15 – to be) nearly a year ago, when Anna, Marleen and Sarah ______________________ (16 – first/to interview). They ________________ (17 – just/to have) a ceremony marking transition to adulthood. The ceremony came on a blustery Saturday in the auditorium of the Town Hall. While their parents and grandparents _______________ (18 – to watch), the girls _____________ (19 – to call) to the stage, __________ (20 – to give) a yellow rose and a handshake, and a book. “I _________ ________ (21 – to move),” Anna said, “when they said that childhood ____________ (22 – to be over), and I ____________________ (23 – modal/to take) more responsibility for my life.”

A year later, Anna said she _____________ (24 – to give) more shape to her interest in becoming a journalist, writing for the youth supplement of Volksstimme. Marleen, asked a year ago what _______ (25 – to be) important to her, said she really ____________ (26 – not/ to know) . Now she ______________ (27 – to decide) to look for a job as a clerk or secretary. Why _________ (28 – not/to go) to college and get a better job? “You go to university and you still __________________ (29 – modal/to find) a job,” she replied. “I know people who just _________ (30 – to finish) school and __________ (31 – to get) jobs, and others who got university diplomas and didn’t. There’s still a lot to learn,” Marleen said. “It’s quite exhausting.”

b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION

4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words.a peer [pIR] – someone who is of the same age as another person or belongs to the same social or professional group as another personan adolescent [LWdR'lesnt] – young teenager of about 13-16

One of the ______________ (1 – strongest/hardest) influences on teenagers today is that of their peers. What their friends think, how they dress and how they act in class and out of it ____________ (2 – affect/ effect) the behaviour of nearly every teenager. In their _____________ (3 – actions/efforts) not to be different, some children go so _________ (4 – far/farther) as to hide their intelligence and ability in case they are made ___________ of (5 – laugh/fun). Generally, teenagers do not want to stand out from the ___________ (6 – group/crowd). They want to

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____________ in (7 – fit/fall), to be accepted. In psychological _____________ (8 – terms/expressions) the importance of peer pressure can not be overemphasized. There is a lot of evidence that it has great ______________ (9 – meaning/bearing) on all aspects of their lives, from the clothes they wear, the music they listen to and their (10 – attitude/relation) to studies, to their ambitions in life, their relationships and their (11 – sense/impression) of self-worth. However, as adolescents grow up into young adults, individuality becomes more acceptable and in their _____________ (12 – look/search) for their personal style, the teenager and young adult will begin to experiment and be more willing to _____________ (13 – face/carry) the risk of rejection by the group. Concern about intellectual ability and _______________ (14 – reaching/achieving) good exam results can dominate as the atmosphere of competition develops and worries about the future _____________ (15 – override/overthrow) any fears of appearing too brainy.

b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (1)

5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 2– 4 and find the English forпридавать слишком большое значение чему-либо; предметы роскоши; жадный, склонный к стяжательству; все больше и больше; чересчур озабоченный чем-то; корыстный; приоритет; самовыражение; духовная сторона жизни; служение людям; во многом; быть похожим на...; дублировать; совершеннолетие; более всего; примириться с чем-либо; “болтаться” по университету; ратуша; молодежное приложение к журналу “Фольксштимме”; почему бы не сделать что-то?; это очень изматывает; сверстники; в попытке не выделяться (не отличаться); выделяться из толпы; с точки зрения (психологии); вписываться (в какую-либо среду, круг); иметь сильное влияние на / иметь отношение к; чувство собственной значимости (достоинства); подростки; неприятие группы; беспокойство об интеллектуальных способностях; перевешивать страх чего-либо.

b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts.

6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4).

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7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected.1. Some teenagers give too much attention to clothes. 2. Today people are becoming more and more money-oriented. 3. As a rule, young adults are much preoccupied with their social status. 4. All over the world school leavers and university graduates have to learn to accept the economic realities. 5. Becoming legally an adult implies more responsibility. 6. University graduates in Russia have the same problems as young people of the same age in other countries. 7. It’s quite tiring to search for a job. 8. For younger teenagers it is very important to look and act the same way as their peers. 9. Most young adults prefer to be different from others. 10. Isn’t it better to find satisfaction in the spiritual aspect of life? 11. More than anything some people like to own status-symbols like fast cars and fashionable clothes. 12. Being fashionable was low on her list of important things. 13. The girl is said to have married the old man’s money. No doubt it was a marriage of convenience.

8. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with. Новое поколение выбирает прагматизм

(1) Сейчас на нашей планете живет миллиард юношей и девушек. Нью-йоркским агентством “Ди-Эм-Би-Би” в 26 странах мира были опрошены более 6,5 тысяч молодых людей в возрасте от 15 до 18 лет – тинейджеров.(2) Одно из открытий этого исследования: для тинейджеров всего мира характерна зрелость нового типа. Они во многом более умны и осведомлены, чем их сверстники 20 лет назад. Сегодняшние юноши и девушки озабочены суровой реальностью и невзгодами человеческой жизни в

значительно большей степени, чем прежде.(3) Исследование показало, что молодежь надеется на успешную карьеру (81%), вступление в брак (69%), жизнь в условиях мира (66%).(4) Большим сюрпризом стало то, что лишь 38% юношей и девушек намереваются жить в той стране, где они родились. Сегодняшние заботы зачастую сильно отличаются от проблем вчерашних тинейджеров, когда молодых людей волновали юношеские прыщи и нежелательная беремен-ность. 55 % молодых людей боятся,

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что у них будет недостаточно денег. 73% современных юношей и девушек озабочены тем, как бы устроиться на хорошую работу, 64% – опасностью потерять то, что они любят, и – несмотря на вечную проблему “отцов и детей”, – 63% подростков беспокоятся о здоровье своих родителей. (5) Несмотря на подобные проблемы, нынешние тинейджеры во всем мире являются массовыми потребителями, которым широко доступны Интернет, телевидение, кинематограф, журналы и музыка.(6) Именно из-за любви молодежи к средствам массовой информации и развлечениям последние служат источником приобретения тин-ейджерами повседневного опыта. Четыре наиболее увлекательных вида деятельности, упомянутых тинейджерами, связаны с

индустрией развлечений. Среди любимых занятий вместо ожидавшегося ответа “время-препровождение с друзьями” верхнюю строчку занимает просмотр телепередач (93%).(7) Естественно, многие при-страстия меняются, а многие остаются прежними. В ходе исследования было установлено, что любимыми занятиями являются также участие в вечеринках, проведение времени в семье, занятия спортом, разговоры по телефону и походы в магазин. (8) Новое поколение молодежи – это потребители не только сегод- няшнего дня, но и будущего. Обладая зрелостью 35-летних людей и чувствами подростков, сегодняшние тинейджеры хотят всего и сразу.

(По материалам журнала Итоги, 2002 г.)

b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.)(1) миллиард (billion / milliard); опрашивать (to ask / to interview / to poll); (2) открытие (opening / discovery / revelation); зрелость (maturity / ripeness); (4) проблема отцов и детей (the problem of fathers and children / generation gap problem / generation problem); беспокоиться (to worry / to trouble / to be concerned about); (5) потребители (consumers / users / buyers); (6) опыт (experiment / test / experience); времяпрепровождение (pastime / spending time); (8) чувства (feelings / senses)

Key – 8:b) (1) – billion; to interview / to poll; (2) – discovery / revelation;

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maturity; (4) – generation gap problem; to be concerned about; (5) – consumers; (6) – experience; pastime; (8) – feelings.

c) Paraphrase using a large / small / significant number (of); a large proportion; the majority of; a (slim) minority; a substantial number / proportion / majority / minority.

1. Today, most teenagers are more intelligent and well-informed than young adults were twenty years ago. 2. Research shows that 81% of young people hope for a successful career. 3. According to the poll, 69 % of teenagers value a happy marriage. 4. The article points out that 66% of adolescents stress the importance of peace for a happy future. 5. Strange as it may seem, only 38% of young adults intend to live in their mother country. 6. On average 19% of teenagers leave school at 16 to get a job. 7. No wonder that 73% of young men and women are greatly concerned about their career prospects. 8. Figures suggest that 3 out of 4 people interviewed don’t enjoy their job. 9. Psychologists claim that 64% of teenagers are afraid of losing what is dear to them. 10. The recent survey proves that despite the eternal generation gap problem 63% of adolescents worry about their parents’ health. 11. Despite their young age, 55% of teenagers are afraid that they will not be able to earn enough money. 12. Watching television rates as the most popular form of entertainment with 93% of adolescents.

d) Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (2)

9. Render the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases:1. Introduction: The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of... to carry out research; to poll / to interview2. Main body of the report:

The research suggests / indicates / implies that...unexpected results, mature; intelligent and well-informed; to be over-concerned about; to come to terms with economic reality;

The article goes on to say that...to hope for sth; mother country; acne ['WknI]; unwanted pregnancy; generation gap problem;

The writer points out that... / stresses (sth)

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consumers; to have access to sth; mass media; source of experience; exciting activities; entertainment industry; priorities; 3. Conclusion:

In conclusion / Finally, the writer says that...maturity; feelings.

10. Write a paragraph (200-220 words) discussing Transition to Adulthood: Problems and Values. Use the material of exercises 2-7 and the following words and phrases: although; first of all; as far as I am concerned / as far as sth is concerned; this is particularly important for/to...; for this reason; nevertheless; moreover; in my opinion; I believe; finally; I absolutely agree (I totally disagree) with the viewpoint that; in other words...; summing it up, I ...

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Step II


GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The Infinitive

Время

Залог

Non-Perfect PerfectIndefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect

ContinuousActive to build to be building to have

builtto have been

buildingPassive to be built – to have

been built –11. a) Read and find the Infinitives and Infinitive constructions. shortfall – дефицит, нехватка, недостача

As medical science progresses, we are becoming an increasingly elderly society and, although living to a ripe old age can only be a good thing, it brings with it a large number of problems that we have yet to deal with properly. One such problem is that the burden of financing care for the elderly seems to be falling on a reduced percentage of the working population. The gradual but steady trend towards smaller families is likely to result in a smaller number of people to pay for the requirements of an increasingly elderly population. The services needed by the elderly appear to have stretched to breaking point. Nursing homes, homecare, meals on wheels and so on all need more investment if we wish our elderly to live as fulfilled and independent a life as possible.

Young people today are encouraged to start saving with personal pension schemes as early as possible to ensure an adequately financed retirement, since it is predicted that state pension levels in the future will not be enough to guarantee a continuation of the lifestyle they have become accustomed to. But we still have to cope with an expanding older population who are discovering too late that the steps they had taken to guarantee an income for their later years were not sufficient.

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Obviously, the pressure on public funds to subsidize this shortfall is enormous.

(After Virginia Evans, Linda Edwards, Upstream Advanced)b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

12. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Comment on the forms of the Infinitive.

Compare

now now now then Jim is happy to be in Paris. Meg is happy to have gone to Paris. одновременность предшествование

then then now then I was glad to be riding a bike. I am upset to have been waiting so long. одновременность предшествование

then [Future] then [Future] then before then I’ll be happy to be invited. I was happy to have been invited. одновременность предшествование

1. The police broke into the house to find the burglars gone. 2. He was sure that Rachel was about to make him very miserable indeed. 3. I find it difficult to go away for the night without a rather heavy suitcase. 4. Taking into consideration the English climate I like to have some woolens just in case. 5. Mr. Markby was pleased to have been asked for advice. 6. He was probably angry to have been scolded in my presence. 7. The rescue team were astonished to find the boy in the deserted village. 8. Eliza was delighted to have been dancing all night. 9. She pretended to be listening to music while her thoughts wandered elsewhere. 10. You must attend the press conference. You will be sorry to have missed the opportunity. 11. On the other hand, if we are unlucky enough to have inherited a weak gene (ген), then there is little to be done. 12. The postcard was written in French, in a tiny economic script to take full advantage of the small space. 13. The young princess didn’t want to be seen in public with her new boyfriend.

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Complex Subjectwith verbs in the Active Voice

noun/pronoun + active verb + to-infinitive Complex Subject

sb

seems / seemedappears / appearedhappens / happenedprovedturned out

to do sthto be doneto be doing sthto have done sthto have been doing sthto have been done

кажется, казалось, по-видимому случилось так, чтооказалось

e.g. Her eyes were red. She seemed to have been crying.

sbiswaswill be

surecertainboundlikelyunlikely


несомненно, весьма вероятнообязательновероятновряд ли

e.g. He is likely to arrive a bit late.

13. Translate into Russian.1. The discussion appears to have been friendly and fruitful. 2. He seems to be sincere but I don’t completely trust him. 3. To our surprise the stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother’s. 4. If you happen to find it, please let me know. 5. He seems to be satisfied to be doing nothing. 6. His private life is unlikely to have any bearing on his competence as a manager. 7. His decision proved to be a good one. 8. Knowing Jim, he is bound to be late.

14. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject.Model: T – It seems that money doesn’t make us happy. St – Money doesn’t seem to make us happy.

15. Answer the questions using the Complex Subject + to seem, to appear, to turn out, to prove, to happen.

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Model: T – Why did Steve give up his job? (dull and uninteresting) St – It turned out to be dull and uninteresting.

1. cruel and narrow-minded; 2. to have a frightful temper; 3. to be out; to call; 4. to come across; on the way to...; 5. to be well-qualified and experienced; 6. to change one’s mind; 7. to work at one’s report; 8. to mention it again

16. Answer the teacher’s questions and add sentences logically connected.

Model: T – Does my departure upset your plans. It seems to. I expected you to drive me to town.

St – It doesn’t seem to. You can do as you like.

17. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject + to be (un)likely / certain / sure / bound.Model: T – I will probably be late home tonight.

St – I am likely to be late home tonight.

18. Answer the teacher’s questions and explain why you think so.

HOME ACTIVITIES (3)

19. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Infinitive.

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1. There appears _____________ (to be) a mistake over the numbers in your yesterday’s report. 2. The building appears ________________ (to use) as a hospital during the war. 3. There appears ______________ (to be) very little we can do about it. 4. She seems ___________________ (to change) her mind. 5. The storm turned out ___________________ (to miss) Florida. 6. His statement turned out _____________ (to be) false. 7. William’s words seemed ___________________ (to calm) her down a little. 8. She is bound ________________ (to find out) the truth sooner or later. 9. George’s overseas voyage seems ________________ (to help) him come to terms with some dark facts about his roots. 10. In the past two years Debbie seems ________________________ (to do one’s utmost) to realize her full potential as a scholar.

20. Translate into English. 1. Похоже, что он весь семестр болтался по университету и ничего не делал. 2. Эдна, кажется, чересчур озабочена приобретением предметов роскоши, правда? – Да, похоже, что она становится все более и более склонной к стяжательству. 3. Почему бы тебе опять не поехать на Ближний Восток? – Моя недавняя поездка оказалась очень изматывающей. 4. С точки зрения психологии его поведение кажется естественным для подростка. 5. В отличии от своих сверстников, Фред очень трудолюбив и предприимчив (enterprising). Он обязательно сделает карьеру в бизнесе. 6. Если вы будете придавать слишком большое значение карьерному росту (career making), вы, скорее всего, лишите себя многих радостей жизни. 7. Вряд ли Юлия упустила возможность опубликовать аналитическую статью о проблеме отцов и детей в журнале Итоги.

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PHRASAL VERBS and SET EXPRESSIONS

21. a) Match the following phrasal verbs with their definitions. Translate them into Russian.

1. to fall for sb a. to feel a liking for someone, especially at once2. to go out with sb b. to form or have a friendly relationship3. to take to sb c. to have a romantic relationship with someone

and spend a lot of time together 4. to stand by sb d. to fall in love with someone5. to let sb down e. to be loyal to someone who is in a difficult

situation6. to get on with sb f. to make someone disappointed by not doing

something they are expecting you to do

b) Read the text filling in the gaps with phrasal verbs given above.How did I meet my husband? Well, it was on a blind date. A friend

invited me to meet someone she knew. She said he was very nice and as soon as I met him, I _____________________. (1) We started ________ ____________ (2) with one another, and then I invited him home to meet my parents, and they _____________ (3) him immediately – they thought he was a lovely person.

Meeting him was a turning-point in my life. Whereas I’d always had my head in the clouds, he was very practical and realistic – he had his feet firmly on the ground. We managed _____________ (4) very well.

He proposed to me while we were walking in the park. It was completely out of the blue. I really wasn’t expecting it. I was over the moon. I thought it was the most wonderful thing that could ever have happened to me.

We still feel that way today. We don’t always see eye to eye on some things but we have always supported and helped each other. I have always _______________ (5) him, and he has never ____ me ________ (6) once. We are a partnership.

Well, we have our ups and downs now and then – everybody does – but I know that we were made for each other.

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c) Explain the meaning of the set expressions given in italics. Translate them into Russian.

d) Paraphrase using the phrasal verbs and set expressions from the text.1. When Andrew was in trouble his wife gave him help and support. 2. Despite Vanessa’s rise to stardom she has remained sensible and realistic. 3. They have been dating each other since March and are thinking of getting married. 4. For some time there was nobody in the garden and then George appeared quite unexpectedly. 5. The singer we had engaged failed us at the last moment, so we had to find a quick replacement. 6. The company has had its dark and happy days, but it seems to be doing well now. 7. Julia is always daydreaming and can never concentrate on what she is doing! Will she ever act her age? 8. Sheila fell in love with Brian when she turned to him for legal advice. 9. My parents and I don’t agree on some things, like boyfriends, but on the whole they are very understanding. 10. Both the children and the parents liked the new governess the moment she appeared in the house. 11. Keith was beside himself with happiness about becoming a father. 12. Laura and her mother-in-law have never really been on good terms with each other.

e) Answer the teacher’s questions.

22. Translate into English. Говорят, что Уолтер и Ирэн – отличная пара. Уолтер –

известный психолог. Он предан науке, обожает свою жену и детей, но совершенно не приспособлен к повседневной жизни: он даже не пользуется мобильным телефоном, так как он их постоянно теряет, а однажды его чуть не сбила машина, когда он переходил дорогу, говоря по телефону. Он не придает большого значения таким статусным вещам как дорогие машины, модная одежда и предметы роскоши. Ирэн говорит, что ее муж витает в облаках. Сама же она очень практична. Ей приходится вести дом, заниматься детьми и работать педиатром в местной больнице. Хотя на многие вещи они смотрят по-разному, они хорошо ладят. Как во всякой семье, у них бывали черные и белые полосы. Но они всегда поддерживали друг друга и уверены в том, что дети тоже никогда их не подведут.

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23. Read the following paragraph and speak about the changing family pattern in the UK and the US using the suggested key phrases:

In the UK and the US, there is a traditional idea of a typical family, called a nuclear family, consisting of a father who goes out to work, a mother who takes care of the home and two or three children. Although this type of family is often praised by politicians and often shown in advertisements, fewer and fewer real families are actually like this. Most married women now have jobs, and there are more single-parent families.

Divorce also leads to more complicated families. If the parents remarry the children may have to fit into a step family. They often have to come to terms with having half brothers or half sisters from their parent’s new marriage.

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An extended family, a large family group all living together, including grandparents, cousins etc. used to be common in former times but is now very unusual in the US and the UK.

(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)* * *

The family pattern in the UK and the US seems ... The nuclear family appears ... Most married women tend ... There appear ... Divorce is likely ... If the parents remarry the children are likely ... An extended family doesn’t seem ...

24. a) Speak about the present-day family pattern in your country. Base your answer on the key phrases suggested in exercise 22.b) Discuss how you see the family pattern in different cultures in the mid-21st century. Use the phrases suggested below. in my opinion/view; to my mind; personally I (don’t) believe that...; it

strikes me that...; I feel very strongly that...; I’m convinced that... moreover; besides; what is more because of; for this reason; due to clearly; obviously; needless to say; in particular in fact; actually; apparently; at first sight

HOME ACTIVITIES (4)

25. Render the following article in English. Use the suggested key words and word combinations.

in recent decadessingle-parent familiesto call sb by one’s namea decline in the birthrateto improve the economic well-beingnuclear family

extended familyfamily tiescommon interestscommon activitiesan automobile driveat the turn of the centuryweaker family ties

for personal useunwilling to be marriedresearchto compromisepraiseclaim to be happya poll

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Изменения в традиционной британской семье В последние десятилетия структура традиционной английской семьи претерпела значительные изменения. Во-первых, резко возросло число неполных семей. В неполных семьях считается нормой для родителя иметь партнера (boyfriend или girlfriend). Дети обращаются к ним по имени, и их присутствие в жизни семьи считается естественным. Во-вторых, в последние годы увеличилось число семей с одним ребенком, причем не только в неполных семьях. Спад рождаемости в Великобри-тании начался в конце 1960-х го-дов. В 1970-е годы вместе c ростом благосостояния произошло разде-ление на нуклеарную семью и cемью-клан. По мере того, как родители и дети становились ближе друг другу, связь с остальными родственниками становилась все слабее. Переезды, поиски работы в других городах привели к тому, что многие люди годами не видятся со своими родственниками, а некоторые дети просто не знакомы со своими тетями, дядями, двоюродными сестрами и братьями. Близость и общность интересов членов нуклеарной семьи объяснялась наличием дома, сада и машины, т.е. тех материальных ценностей, которые позволяли членам семьи принимать участие в какой-то совместной деятельности: обустройство жили-ща, уход за садом, совместные поездки на автомобиле. На рубеже веков увеличение количества работающих женщин и

внедрение в быт новых технологий привели к ослаблению внутри-семейных связей. Новые матери-альные ценности, такие как мо-бильные телефоны, DVD плейеры, цифровые камеры, компьютер предназначены для индивидуаль-ного пользователя. В то же время появилось большое количество людей, сознательно не желающих вступать в брак. Их те-перь не называют холостяками и старыми девами: вместо слов bachelor и spinster появились слова single, singleton, solo living. Соглас-но исследованию, проведенному в 2002 году, в Соединенном Коро-левстве число одиночек или людей, живущих в неполных семьях, превышает число британцев, живущих в семьях с традиционным укладом. Для многих британцев привычные формы взаимоотношений утратили определенную долю привлекатель-ности. В одних случаях это объяс-няется желанием сделать карьеру, в других – нежеланием идти на ком-промиссы, которых требует семей-ная жизнь. Но хотя одиночки доро-жат своей независимостью и заяв-ляют, что совершенно счастливы, опрос, проведенный в 2001 году показал, что по крайней мере половина из них в открытую или тайно ищут партнера для совместного проживания.

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26. Translate into English. 1. Похоже, что Магда все еще не смирилась со своим провалом в качестве ведущей телевизионного ток-шоу (talk show hostess). 2. Маркус, казалось, отлично вписался в новую компанию (gang). 3. Кажется, ты не понимаешь, что служение людям является неотъемлемой составляющей деятельности члена парламента. 4. В попытках не выделяться из толпы Рич, казалось, копировал худшие черты своих сверстников. 5. То, что вы только что сказали, кажется, не имеет никакого отношения к предмету дискуссии. 6. Мистер Дженнингс случайно получил доступ к секретным сведениям (classified information) и незамедлительно воспользовался этим для своей собственной выгоды. 7. Если ты случайно встретишь Уолтера, скажи ему, чтобы он прочитал последний номер молодежного приложения к местной газете: там есть интересная статья о проблеме отцов и детей. 8. Навряд ли Уильям смирился с потерей своего положения в компании. Он всегда был очень честолюбив (ambitious). 10. Линда наверняка ухватится за возможность принять участие в телешоу. Она придает большое значение тому, чтобы постоянно быть на виду.

27. a) Listen to the text Class in America. Read it after the speaker.b) Get ready to discuss the text in class.c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them. по этой причине; политические взгляды; маркетолог; занятие, род деятельности; политические пристрастия, лояльность; в то время как; быть тесно связанным с классовой принадлежностью; классовые различия; продолжительность жизни; судья Верховного суда; подавляющее большинство; главный исполнительный директор; отпрыски; иерархия; равные возможности.

Step III


GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Complex Subjectwith verbs in the Passive Voice

noun/pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive Complex Subject

sbiswaswill be(etc.)

toldorderedallowed askedrequiredmade

to do sthto be doneto be doing sth

кому-то сказали кому-то приказали кому-то разрешиликого-то попросили

кого-то заставилиe.g. He was allowed to stay out late.

sbiswaswill be(etc.)

saidknownsupposedbelieved reportedconsideredthoughtexpected


говорят, чтоизвестно, чтопредполагается, что

сообщается, чтосчитается, что

ожидается, чтоe.g. The iceberg is reported to be floating west.

28. Translate into Russian.1. Despite his established reputation, Harris was made to quit the job. 2. The patient was told to stay indoors until she felt any better. 3. She was required to be interviewed. 4. Jane and Patsy were allowed to keep a pet in the dorm. 5. Praise is said to develop in children a sense of self-worth. 6. London’s King’s Cross is believed to be gradually turning into an area

known for crime of all kinds. Tourists are advised not to go there at all. 7. Mr. Rochester is known to have been running the family business for over 20 years. 8. Hiccups (икота) are said to be cured by a sudden shock. 9. The hurricane is expected to reach Florida in a few hours. 10. Joan Rowling is considered to be the wealthiest woman in the world. 11. The President was reported to have lost control of the army. 12. This isn’t what we are supposed to be discussing. 13. Today was supposed to have been sunny, but it’s raining. 14 The painting has been reported to be missing. 15. Changes in the taxation system are expected to be proposed. 16. Sailing across the Atlantic in a small boat is considered to be dangerous.

29. Make sentences with the Complex Subject using the suggested words and word combinations.Model: – the iceberg / to expect / to float / south

– The iceberg is expected to float south.1. Charles Dickens / to know / to be one of the most prominent novelists of his time; 2. this book / to suppose / to write / a young woman; 3. this promising pianist / to believe / to teach / his father / since his childhood; 4. Mitch / to expect / to leave the house at dawn; 5. all passengers for flight 406 to New York / to require / to proceed to gate 23; 6. Alice / to say / to be / a beautiful woman / once; 7. the students / to make / to learn 50 new words every week; 8. such remarks / to consider / to be unacceptable today.

30. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject.Model: T – It is believed that Chapman left England last week.

St – Chapman is believed to have left England last week.1. They say Mrs. Turner is having business difficulties. 2. There are rumours that the escaped prisoner is living in Bolivia. 3. It was thought that the manuscript had been destroyed. 4. They say that the late Mrs. Lemon was difficult to deal with. 5. It is believed that the jewels were stolen by one of the visitors. 6. It is known that Victorian values were reflected in the 19th century English novels. 7. It is recognized that extended families have almost disappeared in Great Britain. 8. It is believed that medical science has been rapidly advancing in the past decade.

Substantivised Adjectives

31. Paraphrase as in the model:Model: T – Rich people are accused of being concerned only with

their own interests.St – The rich are accused of being concerned only with their own interests.

1. Educated and affluent people send their children to public schools such as Eton, and then to Oxford or Cambridge University. 2. Young people see less need to distinguish between manual work and other types of work. 3. British people are sometimes said to be moving towards a completely middle-class society. 4. The gap between rich and poor people in Britain is wider that in most other European countries. 5. Japanese people are known to have a complicated social hierarchy. 6. She has a highly developed social conscience, and does a lot of voluntary work to help those out of employment. 7. Swedish people pay heavy taxes thus providing for the most generous system of welfare in Europe. 8. The state should provide better care for elderly people.

Text 1. Class in America.

Cross-cultural Notes:1. African-American – a recent US name for black Americans descended from Africans, especially those descended from American slaves. In the 1990s, the name became more popular and politically correct than ‘black’. About 12% of the US population are African Americans.

2. meritocracy [LmerI'tOkrRsI] – a social system which gives the highest positions to those with the most ability.

3. school district (Amer.) – an area within one state that includes a number of primary and secondary schools which are governed together.

4. the American dream – the idea that the US offers opportunities for a good and successful life. For minorities and people coming from abroad to live in America, the dream also includes freedom and equal rights. Many immigrants to the US in the early 20th century believed in the American dream.

5. chief executive officer – the person in charge of a large company.

One difficulty in talking about class is that the word means different things to different people. At its most basic, classes are known to be groups of people of similar economic and social position; people who, for that reason, may share political attitudes, lifestyles, consumption patterns, cultural interests and opportunities to get ahead. As some sociologists and marketing consultants see it, the commonly accepted big three classes – the upper, middle and working classes – have broken down into dozens of microclasses, defined by occupations or lifestyles. Today, class is a source of identity, a system of exclusion, culture and taste. It is an accident of birth that can influence the outcome of a life. Some Americans barely notice it; others feel its weight in powerful ways. Religion and political allegiances are no longer reliable markers of class. And the once tight connection between race and class has weakened, too, as many African-Americans have moved into the middle and upper middle classes. The United States has gone a long way toward an appearance of classlessness. It has become harder to identify people’s status in the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the God they worship, the colour of the skin. But class is still a powerful force in American life. Over the past three decades, it has come to play a greater, not a lesser, role in important ways. At a time when education matters more than ever, success in school remains linked tightly to class. At a time when the country is increasingly

integrated racially, the rich are isolating themselves more and more. At a time of extraordinary advances in medicine, class differences in health and lifespan are wide and appear to be widening. Mobility, the movement of families up and down the economic ladder, is the promise that lies at the heart of the American dream. Today, anyone may have a chance at becoming a Supreme Court justice or a chief executive officer, and there are more and more self-made billionaires. At the same time, new research on mobility indicates that an overwhelming majority of Americans are more likely to end up in the class into which they were born. Still, more Americans than 20 years ago believe it is possible to start out poor, work hard and become rich. They say hard work and a good education are more important to getting ahead than connections or a wealthy background. The old system of inherited privilege has been replaced by merit. But it turns out to be at least partly class-based. Parents with money, education and connections cultivate in their children the habits that the meritocracy rewards. When their children then succeed, their success is seen as earned. The drives to buy a house in the best school district, channel a child into the right pre-school program or get an appointment with the best medical specialist are all part of a quiet contest among social groups that the affluent and educated are winning.

Family structure, too, differs increasingly along class lines. The educated and affluent are more likely than others to have their children while married. They have fewer children and have them later, when their earning power is high. Those widening differences have left the educated and affluent in a superior position when it comes to investing in their children. In the past people used to believe that the offspring of the poor had chances as good as the chances of the offspring of the rich. That’s not true today. Nevertheless, many Americans say that they have moved up the nation’s

class ladder. Americans have never been comfortable with the notion of a hierarchy based on anything other than talent and hard work. Class contradicts their assumptions about the American dream, equal opportunity and the reasons for their own successes and even failures. Without confidence in the possibility of moving up, there would almost certainly be fewer success stories.

(After Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, The New York Times, 2005.)

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

1. 'similar – похожий, подобный: e.g. The brothers had similar hobbies and interests. / similar to – похожий на что-либо, подобный чему-либо: e.g. Their situation seems to have been very similar to ours. / similar in – похожие, сходные в чем-либо: e.g. These novels are quite similar in style. // simi'larity (between / to) – сходство: e.g. You could see a slight similarity between the two paintings. What strikes me about his poetry is its similarity to Byron’s. / 'similarly – подобным образом, так же, соответственно; одинаково (перед прилагательным): e.g. Men are required to wear a jacket and tie; similarly, women must wear a skirt or dress, not trousers. The two sisters had similarly low tastes in clothes.2. to con'sume – потреблять, расходовать: e.g. The new light bulbs consume less electricity. Language learning is a time consuming process. / a con'sumer – потребитель: e.g. Jack turned for legal advice to the local consumer advice and protection centre. / consumer goods – потребительские товары / con'sumption – потребление: e.g. Most of the meat was unfit for human consumption. When national income rises, so does consumption.3. 'common – 1. широко распространенный, общепринятый, обычный: e.g. It is now very common for women to hold managerial jobs. 2. простой, обычный: e.g. The common cold is a serious thing. In the 15th century the ordinary people could neither read nor write. [Note that today the English for простые люди is ordinary people.] 3. общий, совместный: e.g. Member states also agreed to pursue a common trade policy. 4. общественный, публичный: e.g. This park has been common land for several centuries. No building can be erected without the community’s consent. / common sense – здравый смысл: e.g. Although she is not very academic, she’s got plenty of common sense. / it’s common knowledge that... – общеизвестно, что…: e.g. It’s common knowledge that smoking and cancer are tightly linked. / the House of Commons (Brit.) – Палата Общин / 'commonwealth – содружество; the Commonwealth – Британское содружество наций: e.g. In the 1950s Britain was concerned with finding a new part to play in a fast changing world and getting used to changing relations with members of the Commonwealth, a new association of former British possessions. / co'mmunity – община, землячество иностранцев, сообщество, объединение: e.g. The President met leaders of the black

community during his visit to Chicago. The terrorist attack has been condemned by the entire international community. 4. to accept [Rk'sept] – 1. принимать что-либо (предложение, работу, приглашение, деньги, и т.п.): e.g. She thought about the offer for a while, but in the end decided not to accept it. 2. принимать, одобрять: e.g. Most of the committee’s recommendations have been accepted by Parliament. 3. признавать, принимать, допускать: e.g. Did she accept your reason for being late? 5. to identify [aI'dentILfaI] sb/sth – 1. опознавать, идентифицировать (кого-либо / что-либо): e.g. Two of the suspects have been identified by witnesses. 2. устанавливать, определять, обозначать: e.g. The key problems have already been identified. / to identify with sb/sth – отождествлять (с): e.g. He didn’t seem to be able to identify with ordinary people and their aspirations. / to identify sb/sth as sth – считать, определять кого-либо/что-либо как… : e.g. Children can be identified as poor readers as early as age five. / identity – 1. личность: e.g. The identity of the dead man could not be established. She experienced an identity crisis after giving up her career to get married. 2.идентификация, самосознание: e.g. Although part of the UK, Scotland has preserved its political and cultural identities. / identical – одинаковый, идентичный: e.g. Roman coins she showed me were identical to the one I found in the garden. 6. allegiance [R'li:dG(R)ns] – верность, преданность, приверженность / to swear (swore, sworn) or to pledge allegiance to sb – принести клятву/присягу верности (кому-либо / чему-либо): e.g. In US schools children usually say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning: ‘I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.’ / political allegiances – политические пристрастия: e.g. His political allegiances are divided between the Labour and the Liberal Democrats. 7. to re'ly on sb/sth (to do sth) – полагаться на кого-либо/что-либо: e.g. John can help us. At least you can rely on him. We rely on the new data system to give us the most up-to-date and accurate information. / (un)re'liable – (не)надежный, (не) заслуживающий доверия, (не)достоверный: e.g. This is a better and more reliable car than my last

one.

8. to force – 1. заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать (to force sb to do sth): e.g. Bad health forced her to abandon her studies. 2. применять силу: e.g. Police say the back window has been forced. / force – сила, мощь (физическая): e.g. The force of gravity makes things fall to earth. The thief took the money from the old man by force. / power – 1. сила, власть, влияние: e.g. Power within the company is divided between the directors and the shareholders. 2. энергия, мощность: e.g. In the 21st

century more and more electric power is to be derived from renewable sources of energy: sun, wind and waves. / a (nuclear/hydro['haIdrRu]) power plant – (атомная/гидро) электростанция / powerful – 1. сильный, мощный, могучий: e.g. They have installed a more powerful engine in the new model. 2. влиятельный: e.g. She was a powerful force in the women’s movement.

9. to matter (to sb) – быть важным, иметь значение: e.g. People need to realize that education matters. Winning this award matters a lot to me. / it doesn’t matter – мне все равно, мне безразлично, не важно: e.g. It doesn’t matter if we are a bit late. / matter – дело, вопрос; сущность, содержание (беседы, статьи и т.п.): e.g. There are several important matters we must discuss. / what’s the matter? – в чем дело, что случилось? / there’s something the matter (with sb/sth) – что-то случилось с… / there’s nothing the matter – ничего страшного, ничего не случилось / no matter what (who, where, etc.) – не важно, что (кто, где и т.п.): e.g. I’m determined to visit Japan no matter what it costs. [Note the Present tense!]

10. an heir [ER] (to) – наследник (чего-либо): e.g. The king’s eldest son is the heir to the throne. / heritage ['herItIdG] (singular!) – наследие: e.g. These beautiful old churches are part of our national heritage. / to inherit [In'herIt] (from) – (у)наследовать: e.g. He inherited his business from his father. / in'heritance – наследство: e.g. He spent all his inheritance in less than a year.

11. merit – достоинство, заслуга: e.g. One of her many merits is absolute reliability.

12. affluent ['WfluRnt] – изобильный, богатый, состоятельный: e.g. Consumer goods are a symbol of prestige in an affluent society./ affluence – изобилие, богатство, достаток: e.g. Since the Second

World War there has been an increasing level of affluence in the USA/

13. to assume [R'sju:m] – 1. принимать, брать (на себя): e.g. You will assume your new responsibilities tomorrow. 2. предполагать, считать, допускать: e.g. I have always assumed her to be American. / assumed name – вымышленное имя: e.g. The suspects are reported to have lived at the Swan Hotel under assumed names. / assumption [R'sAmpSn] – 1. предположение, допущение: e.g. Don’t rely on the information she gave you – it’s pure assumption on her part. 2. принятие на себя ответственности, обязанностей и т.п.: e.g. With his father’s death came the assumption of adult responsibilities.

EXPRESSIONS1. at its most basic – в своей основе, изначально 2. for that reason – по этой причине3. political attitudes – политические взгляды4. at a time when… – в то время, когда…5. to be linked tightly to... – быть тесно связанным(и) с…6. an overwhelming majority – подавляющее большинство7. when it comes to... – когда дело касается / когда дело доходит до8. to be concerned about sb/sth – беспокоиться, волноваться о ком-либо / чем-либо; to be concerned with sth – придавать большое значение чему-либо

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

32. Paraphrase, translate or explain.explain: ...a source of identity, a system of exclusion, culture and taste.explain: ...it is an accident of birth that can influence the outcome of a

life.paraphrase: ... others feel its weight in powerful ways.paraphrase: Religion and political allegiances are no longer reliable

markers of class.translate: It has become harder to identify people’s status in the clothes

they wear...paraphrase: At a time when education matters more than ever...explain: At a time when the country is increasingly integrated racially,

the rich are isolating themselves more and more.translate: At a time of extraordinary advances in medicine...

paraphrase: Mobility ... is the promise that lies at the heart of the American dream.

explain: But it turns out to be at least partly class-based.paraphrase: The drives to buy a house in the best school district, channel

a child into the right pre-school program...explain: The educated and affluent are more likely than others to have

their children while married.paraphrase: ... and have them (children) later, when their earning power

is high.translate: Those widening differences have left the educated and affluent

in a superior position...paraphrase: Americans have never been comfortable with the notion of a

hierarchy...

33. Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (5)

34. Translate into English. 1. Известно, что в последние годы традиционная английская семья сильно изменилась. 2. Считается, что многие молодые люди не вступают в брак, так как стремятся сделать карьеру. 3. Известно, что первым человеком, достигшим Южного полюса, был норвежец Роалд Амундсен. 4. Говорят, что в ближайшем будущем произойдут значительные изменения климата на всей планете. 5. Премьер-министра попросили дать разъяснения по вопросам парламентской реформы. 6. Сообщалось, что министр иностранных дел нанес краткосрочный визит в столицу Австрии. 7. Пассажиров попросили пройти на платформу № 9.

35. Get ready to retell Text 1.


VOCABULARY EXERCISES

36. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary: 1. High inflation usually leads to high interest rates. Likewise, interest rates decline when inflation is low. 2. Many people have dramatically reduced the amount of red meat they eat. 3. Most people need to increase their daily ratio of fruit and vegetables. 4. Any increase in the cost of transporting goods will be passed on to users. 5. Jones is a very widespread name in Great Britain. 6. Sue was from New Zealand and Raj was from India, so English was the language they both spoke. 7. Everybody knows that two’s company, three’s a crowd. 8. This argument is unlikely to be recognized by the court as true. 9. Lionel’s father had to put up with the fact that his son didn’t want to continue working in the family business. 10. Experts are examining the engine but the cause of the problem hasn’t yet been found out. 11. The police are trying to discover who the murderer is. 12. Opposition leaders have proclaimed their loyalty to the new government. 13. I heard this from a source that can be trusted. 14. Eating healthily and taking regular exercise is the only effective method of losing weight. 15. During the voyage we could get news of the outside world only on the radio. 16. The first item on the a'genda (в повестке дня) today is the problem of public transport. 17. There’s nothing wrong with you – you are just tired. 18. What’s wrong with the computer? It won’t load. 19. As people become more well-to-do, so their standard and style of living improves. 20. When socializing with his co-workers he would put on a hearty, over-bearing manner. 21. People tend to make conclusions about you based on your appearance.

37. Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given in the right-hand column:

1. The Washington Post is believed to publish information from ______________ sources.2. The British Queen is the head of the ________________ and there is a meeting each year for all its heads of government.3. The two documents looked _______________ to me but the criminologist could tell the difference.4. These departments are seen as the most ______________

relycommon

identify

power

parts of the government.5. San Francisco and Rio de Janeiro are _____________ situated, both standing at the entrance to great natural harbours. 6. One of the major goals of the organization is to develop a sense of __________________.7. The company has always shown a shrewd understanding of what ________________ want.8. The Russians are proud of their literary ______________.9. The English language is known to have certain ________ _________ with German.10. The government is determined to reduce the country’s total energy __________________.11. George spent all his _________________ in less than a year.12. People tend to make _________________ about you based on your appearance.

similar

common

consumeheirsimilar

consumeheir

assume

38. Complete the sentences using the word combinations given in the box:to consume electricityto arrive at a hotelto have political attitudes

to finish workto be powerfulto hide the gun

to assume a nameto be a legal heirto have merits

1. Please phone the manager no matter when… 2. They will remain friends no matter what… 3. Doris will continue using the washing machine now matter how much… 4. Morel will never make us give up our principles no matter how… 5. The police are sure to find the man no matter what… 6. The tourists will be given dinner no matter how late… 7. Upon Mrs. Grundy’s death the house will go to a vet clinic no matter who… 8. Sally will never be promoted here no matter what… 9. The detective is likely to find evidence no matter where the criminal…

39. Develop the ideas.1. At its most basic, classes are known to be... 2. People who share political attitudes, consumption patterns and cultural interests usually... 3. Success in school remains linked tightly to the class because... 4. At a time when medicine has made extraordinary advances... 5. New research on mobility indicates that an overwhelming majority of Americans are

likely... 6. Many parents cultivate in their children the habits that the meritocracy rewards. For that reason... 7. When it comes to investing in their children, it is... 8. As the once tight connection between race and class doesn’t matter any more... 9. At a time when the old system of inherited privilege has been replaced by merit, most Americans are concerned with... 10. It is common knowledge that the American dream...

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The For-to-Infinitive Construction

The Subject It’s not easy for Jean to find a full-time job.It’s not for you to decide.

The Object She is anxious for her husband to get a promotion.Paul thinks it best for me to stay here.

The Attribute There is no place for him to go. It’s not the right time for the committee to raise the issue.

The Adverbial Modifier of

Purpose

He opened the window wide for the patient to breathe freely.

The Adverbial Modifier of

Result

The water was too cold for the children to swim.The weather is warm enough for the children to go out.

Exceptions itiswaswill be ...

nicekindsensible ...

OF sb to do sth

40. Paraphrase the sentences using the For-to-Infinitive Construction.Model 1: T – The water is too cold. The children cannot swim.

St – The water is too cold for the children to swim.Model 2: T – This film is quite interesting. You can watch it.

St – The film is interesting enough for you to watch it.

1. The tea is too hot. I cannot drink it. 2. Andy is a skilled carpenter and shop fitter. You can hire him to rebuild your studio. 3. The day is too windy. The boys cannot play badminton. 4. The coffee is too strong. Sally cannot drink it. 5. The news is too exciting. She cannot keep it to herself. 6. The street is too busy. Children should not cross it alone. 7.

The report is not detailed enough. We cannot rely on it. 8. Pauline is not sociable enough. The producer is unlikely to turn her into a TV hostess.

Model 3: T – This is a lesson which you should remember for the rest of your life.St – This is a lesson for you to remember for the rest of your life.

1. In London it is common that people spend an hour-and-a-half or more travelling to and from work. 2. Henry is just the person who you should turn for advice in case of need. 3. With modern telecommunication and computers, some people find it convenient to work from home. 4. The typical pattern was that English women ceased working once they married and devoted their time to the household. 5. Colin was anxious to help his wife. He wanted her to find a part-time job which would enable her to fit in with child care and family responsibilities. 6. This is an opportunity which you should jump at without hesitation. 7. I left the letter with the secretary so that Mr. Dobkin should sign it. 8. You can take an optional course in the History of Arts. Professor Donaldson has arranged it for you.

41. Complete the sentences. Translate the for-phrases into English.1. The main thing is (чтобы фирма закупила новое оборудование). 2. He asked (чтобы его друзей приняли в клуб). 3. There is no need (им участвовать в заседании комитета). 4. The boy has a good ear for music; you have only to play a tune once (и он сможет тут же сыграть ее) from memory. 5. It was so cold inside that the landlord had to turn on the heating (чтобы путешественники могли расположиться на ночь). 6. Send a fax (чтобы они зарезервировали гостиницу для участников конференции). 7. Is it possible (что Ричард поверит своему деловому партнеру) after he has let him down? 8. Michael is just the man (c которым вам следовало проконсультироваться).

HOME ACTIVITIES (6)

42. Translate into English.

1. Общеизвестно, что общество делится на три основных класса. Считается, что политические взгляды тесно связаны с классовой принадлежностью (с классом). В Великобритании подавляющее большинство представителей рабочего класса традиционно поддерживают лейбористскую партию, а верхушка среднего класса – консерваторов. 2. Хотя многие британцы заявляют, что они не имеют политических пристрастий, и им безразлично, кого обвинять в своих бедах – лейбористов или консерваторов, – они придают большое значение вопросам классовой принадлежности. Представительница среднего класса вряд ли будет встречаться с рабочим. Переход из класса в класс – скорее исключение, чем правило. Какие бы достоинства ни имел человек, он, вероятнее всего, окончит свою жизнь в том классе, в который попал при рождении.

43. Read the text Walking into the Wind and get ready to answer the questions (see exercise 49).

44. Open the brackets using the For-to-Infinitive Construction.1. Guy’s school careers adviser thought it best for (he / to do office work) rather than miming. 2. The simplest thing was for (he / to find work) with the local insurance company. 3. Don’t you find it odd for (Carol / to be patient) so long? 4. Guy asked for (the Arts Council Grant / to restore) to him. 5. Guy pressed the button for (Richard’s car / to pass). 6. Guy always thought his life on the road an excellent lifestyle for (everybody / to envy). 7. Guy found it rather strange for (his friends / to miss) his performance in Glastonbury Festival. 8. Guy’s father was not the intellectual type; it was not for (he / to judge) whether miming was a decent occupation.

Step IV


VOCABULARY EXTENSION

45. Translate into Russian.1. Most British people now live in towns, in city suburbs or in larger villages which have become dormitory communities for nearby towns. 2. This idea of creation is similarly expressed in a poem by Dylan Thomas. 3. ‘Psychological Profiling’ is becoming increasingly reliable as a technique of identifying criminals. 4. The job of a politician is to serve the whole community. 5. This report was never intended for public consumption. 6. The two men were united by community of interests. 7. Acceptance by their peer group is important to most youngsters. 8. We are working on the assumption that the conference will take place as planned. 9. Many people now rely on the Internet for news. 10. Tonight’s meeting will weigh up the relative merits of the two candidates. 11. Governments should adopt a more forceful approach to improve the environment.

WORD BUILDING

wide – to widencourage – to encourage

46. Complete the sentences with verbs in proper forms. 1. Their actions ______________ (threat) the stability and security of the region. 2. Her objections only _________________ (strength) my resolve to open my own business. 3. The curtains need to be _____________ (short). 4. The gap between the rich and the poor seems _________________ (wide). 5. We are going ________________ (length) our stay here next year. 6. The hospital is accused of ___________________ (danger) patients’ lives. 7. This will ______________ (able) users to conduct live video conversations. 8. The only weapon the court has ______________ (force) cooperation is the threat of sanctions. 9. We ________________ (courage) student

participation in our classes. 10. The swimming pool was _______________ (close) by a high fence.

TEXT 2.

Cross-cultural Notes:

1. Andrew Lloyd Webber – (born 1948) a highly successful English composer of musical theatre. He has accumulated a number of honours, including life peerage, three Grammy Awards, an Oscar, an International Emmy, a Golden Globe Award and others. Several of his songs, notably “I Don't Know How to Love Him” from Jesus Christ Superstar, “Don’t Cry for me, Argentina” from Evita, “Memory” from Cats, and “The Music of the Night” from The Phantom of the Opera have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals.

2. pantomime – (Brit.) a kind of British play for children, usually performed at Christmas, with music, humourous songs, etc. / (uncountable) mime

3. company car – a car which is provided for a person by their employer, either because they have to travel in order to do their job or because they have an important job and the car is a kind of reward. It is available for their private use. In Britain a company car is seen as a status symbol by many people.

4. Jack and the Beanstalk ['bi:nstO:k] or Jack the Giant Killer – a fairy tale about a boy called Jack who sells his mother’s cow for some magic beans. They grown into a tall beanstalk. Jack climbs it up into the clouds where he finds a giant who has a magic hen producing golden eggs. Jack steals the hen, goes down to the ground cutting the beanstalk when the giant tries to follow him. In the UK, this story is often used in pantomimes.

5. the Arts Council – an organization in Britain which is supported by the government and provides financial help for many different organizations and individuals involved in the theatre, art, music, the cinema, etc.

Walking into the WindBy John O’Farrell ( abridged)

There’s a moment when you’re up on stage when you suddenly become aware that everyone is looking at you; that the entire room is totally focused upon what you are doing. For that precious hour or so the audience completely loves you and that is why being on stage is the greatest job in the world.

‘You have got to be the luckiest bloke I know,’ said Richard the first time he saw me perform at the Edinburgh Festival. ‘Twenty-three years old; doing exactly what you want to do, everyone thinks you’re great; no office, no boss, no suit and you get paid a fortune to boot.’

Fifteen minutes earlier I’d been bowing as two hundred people cheered me and clapped and shouted for more. Now we sat in the pub opposite the theatre and I counted out the two hundred pounds cash that I’d just been paid. I knew it took Richard and Neal a couple of weeks to earn that much money, so I thought I’d better just check it again. A beautiful girl approached our table and asked for my autograph. She blushed and told me that she’d really enjoyed my show and thought I was brilliant. My friends looked on open-mouthed as a I scribbled my name in her programme. It was the first time this had ever happened to me. ‘You sort of get used to it,’ I told them.

I think that day was the first time they understood why I’d refused to follow them into the slavery of a normal job. Now that they’d glimpsed this world of fringe festivals, they couldn’t believe that this was my everyday life. They quizzed me about the actresses I met, the festivals I’d played and the European capitals I’d visited. They were impressed, amazed and jealous and I realized why I’d got them there. I was engineering envy.

And yet they’d thought I was completely mad when I’d first told them what I was going to do when I left school.

‘Mime?’ they’d said. ‘That’s not a job.’ Everyone’s reaction had been the same. My home town of Dorking was home to the national headquarters of Friends Provident Insurance. The job of my school careers adviser seemed to consist of getting sixth formers into his office, establishing in which particular department of Friends Provident they imagined themselves spending the rest of their lives and then setting up the job interview.

It wasn’t until about halfway through the interview that I finally summoned up the courage to tell him: “I don’t want to work at Friends Provident. I want to be a mime artist.’

* * *I spent a couple of years living at home and signing on the dole. My parents

worried about me and I was sullen and withdrawn. In the end it was my mother who secretly encouraged me to apply to the famous Jacques Lecoq’s school in Paris. ‘You get your interest in the theatre from me,’ she said. ‘I’ve seen everything Andrew Lloyd Webber’s ever done.’

Paris was a revelation. I studied pantomime. I used no words and so had to work much harder to communicate with my audience: I had to be an actor, dancer and a gymnast.

The next year, Richard and Neal came and saw me at the Glastonbury Festival and were really positive about the show. They both had company cars by now. As they left the next day I watched them pull away and then I saw Richard stop at the top of the lane to get his suit out of the boot and hang it up in the back of the car.

I continued to tour around the country, although it became a little frustrating when one or two of the venues in which I had done really well still didn’t want me back the following year. Then I secured a booking at the Pontefract Arts and Leisure Venue. It was a great show. A two-hour mime tackling issues like the environment and the annihilation of the indigenous people of the Amazon basin by the multinational mining corporations.

‘Was it about Jack and the Beanstalk?’ said Richard afterwards. ‘When you were doing all that chopping – I thought that might be Jack chopping down the beanstalk.’

‘That was the destruction of the rainforest,’ I said. Honestly! I think I really conveyed the terrible suffering that was happening in Brazil. Because the audience looked quite depressed by the end of the evening.

The following Christmas Eve we went on a pub crawl through Dorking as we’d always done when Richard let slip that he and Neal had already booked to go to Club Mark Warner with their girlfriends at the end of June.

‘What about Glastonbury?’ I said.‘Erm, to be honest Guy...’ he said, ‘Well, it’s quite interesting to see

someone do it once or twice. But I’m just a bit bored with all that white make-up. And Sally doesn’t like mime. She likes musicals.’

A couple of years went by and before I knew it their girlfriends had become their wives. It was at Neal’s wedding that I met Carol. We had a modest little wedding at the registry office and then round to the pub for a couple of pints. At closing time her dad took me aside and went all serious on me. He told me that before he was married he’d been in a jazz band. But he said that when he started a family he realized his priorities had to change. ‘Message received,’ I said to him.

Carol worked in the health service, dealing with psychologically disturbed children, which was tough for her because it wasn’t always easy to get time off to come to the shows. But in the evening we’d talk about all the problems we’d had at work – trying to hang on to my Arts Council grant, trying to discover why I’d not been invited to perform at the London Mime Festival.

‘Guy,’ she said one day, ‘I think I’m pregnant.’Carol had planned to go back to work after she’d had the baby, but then we

had another one and she couldn’t bear to leave them. ‘We can live on what I earn,’ I said, confident that this suggestion would be contradicted. When she agreed with me I wanted to say ‘Are you mad?’

Things were obviously a bit tight after Carol gave up work to look after the boys, but sometimes I worried that she was turning into a breadhead like everyone

else. She wanted us to get a car, she started going on about life insurance and a pension. So Carol and I had our ups and downs like any couple. She worried about us being in debt and the boys seemed to be costing more and then one day she just suddenly came out with it. ‘Guy, you’re forty-one years old,’ she said, ‘I don’t think you should be a mime artist any more.’

* * *There comes a point in a man’s life when he must face up to his

responsibilities; when he has to put his family first and sacrifice the dreams he had when he was young and carefree. This was the theme I explored in my next mime. I actually re-enacted that moment with Carol – at the very end of the show I said out aloud, ‘And my wife told me not to be a mime artist any more!’ You should have heard the applause.

I know why she’d said it. All her friends at Dorking had money and husbands with flashy cars and thought that Carol was strange because she didn’t have a nanny or a black labrador. They were always going on at her about me, like I was some sort of threat to their comfy existence. Why did people always imply I ought to be spending my life doing something else?

Eventually we got so far into debt that I had to take some drastic action. So I swallowed a few principles and joined the other commuters on the 9.07 from Dorking to Waterloo. I started doing a bit of street theatre up at Covent Garden. I had a private chuckle about the irony of it all, because there was me dressed as a robot when of course the real robots were all those poor office workers who came out to watch me during their one-hour lunch-break.

Then came the day when I lost my Arts Council grant as well. They said they didn’t have to give a reason. I’ve reapplied for Arts Council funding every year since, but with no success so far. I was spending so much of my time writing letters that I had a rather good idea. Instead of doing all my office work from the kitchen table with the kids getting under my feet, I’ve got myself a part-time job, which allows me to do all my admin and get paid at the same time.

That’s why I’m sitting here. I haven’t told them it’s only a temporary arrangement, but I’m just doing it to clear a few debts till I get some funding. I sit in this little booth from 7 a.m. till 3 p.m. and when the cars come into the car park I press the button and the gate goes up. And then I press another button and the gate goes down.

I wanted to talk to Richard about corporate sponsorship for my next show, but it never seemed the right moment. ‘You’re the luckiest bloke I know,’ Richard said to me once. Well, he didn’t say that as he drove past this morning – he was too busy talking on his mobile. Neal and Richard are renting a converted farmhouse this summer, swimming pool for the kids and everything. I think they knew we wouldn’t be able to afford it, so they didn’t embarrass me by inviting us along. Anyway I can’t commit to dates in the summer, I’m going to be touring the next show by then, probably. But sitting in this box all day, you do sometimes wonder if anybody really cares. Richard and Neal stopped coming years ago. Even Carol didn’t come to my last production. Talk about walking into the wind. It seems that

more people want to go and see the latest Julia Roberts movie than mime about the African AIDS crisis – what does that say about our society? It’s freezing inside this little box. I wonder if Richard could get me a job inside the main building.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

47. Find the Russian for:the job interview; to sign on the dole; a revelation; out of the boot; a venue; we went on a pub crawl; a wedding at the registry office; to go (all serious) on sb.; to have one’s ups and downs; things were ... tight; to face up to one’s responsibilities; to clear a few debts; I can’t commit to dates; it’s freezing inside.

48. Find the English for:впридачу вы получаете кучу денег; смотреть раскрыв рот; консультант по трудоустройству; угрюмый; замкнутый, углубленный в себя; истребление коренного населения; не успел я оглянуться, как…; отвести кого-то в сторонку; родить ребенка; возражать; беззаботный; принять решительные меры; безуспешно / безрезультатно; мешаться под ногами; идти против ветра / плыть против течения.

49. Answer the questions.1. Why is being on stage the greatest job in the world? 2. Why did Richard call Guy the luckiest man in the world? 3. Why did Guy decide to check the two hundred pounds in front of his friends? Why did he pretend to be used to giving autographs? What is the implication of the phrase ‘I was engineering envy’? 4. What career opportunities were open to school leavers in Dorking? Why did Guy refuse to work for Friends Provident? What was everybody’s reaction to Guy’s decision? 5. Why was Paris a revelation for Guy? Why did Guy’s mime shows fall flat on the audiences? Why were they so poorly attended? Do you think Guy was a talented artist or did he overestimate himself? Do you think a mime artist should raise burning social issues rather than entertain the public? What makes you think so? 7. How did Guy’s friends manage to make a career? What social position did they achieve? 8. Why do you think Guy and Carol decided to have a modest wedding at the registry office? What kind of husband did Guy turn out to be? Why didn’t he make a good husband? Why did his wife feel discontent with her position in the town? 9. What made Guy take some drastic action? What

kind of work did he start doing? 10. What brought him to Friends Provident? What were his relationships with his former friends like? Was Guy mature enough to face up to the realities of life? Why is the story entitled “Walking into the Wind”? Why is it necessary to find a proper balance between one’s ambition and responsibility

HOME ACTIVITIES (8)

50. Retell the text as if you were Guy Carol Guy’s mother Carol’s father Richard school careers adviser

51. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Always a source of affection, my grandparents _____________ (1

– to be) hugely important figures in my life. They would shower my sisters and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, telling tales about my parents as naughty children. When the last of them ____________ (2 – to die), we all wondered who __________________ (3 – to hold) the family together.

People ________________ (4 – to rely) on grandparents in Britain since the Industrial Revolution, when whole families ______________ (5 – to move) into cities from the country ________________ (6 – to get) work in the new factories, taking grandmother along _____________ ( 7 – to look) after the children. Despite the fact that more grandmothers _________________ (8 – to work) now, grandparents are still the backbone of childcare in Britain. They _______________________ (9 – to report / to provide) 44 percent of full-time care for pre-school children, which makes you _______________ (10 – to wonder) how the country would manage without them.

The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person surrounded by happy children but it _________________________ (11 – not / to seem / to match) the facts. What we have now is the so-called ‘beanpole family’, thinly stretched over several generations, with fewer

family members in each and with growing number of single-parent families. Grandparents _________________ (12 – to get) younger – more than 50 per cent of grandparents __________________________ (13 – to report / to have) their first grandchildren by the age of 54.

For many of them, grandparenthood means giving up a job, involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care of their own parents. It’s up to us ________________ (14 – to balance) the demands we make on them if we don’t want to wear them out. Grandparents ___________________ (15 – always / to be) such a valuable part of the family pattern that we __________________________ (16 – to be unlikely / modal / to do) without them.


GIVE IT ANOTHER BRUSH

52. Paraphrase using a Complex Subject.Model 1: T – While at school, everybody considered Guy to be a promising actor.

St – While at school, Guy was considered to be a promising actor.

1. Guy expected his friends to envy his career as a mime. 2. After the show Guy’s friends saw a beautiful girl ask him for his autograph. 3. Everybody believed Carol to be over the moon when Guy proposed to her. 4. Everybody knew that Carol had always stood by her husband. 5. Neal and Richard thought them to get on well. 6. When Guy got far into debt Carol made him take some action. 7. Women considered Carol to be strange because she didn’t have a nanny and a car. 8. Everybody in the town considered Guy to be a complete failure.

Model 2: T – It seemed that Guy did not envy his more affluent friends.

St – Guy didn’t seem to envy his more affluent friends.

1. One day it happened that Guy heard about the famous Jacques Lecoq school of miming in Paris. 2. The Dorking News reported that Guy had performed at the Edinburgh Festival and was going to take part in the local folk festival. 3. It seemed that there was no work in Dorking for Guy. 4. Eventually it turned out that that Guy and Carol didn’t see eye to eye on the responsibilities of family life. 5. It turned out that a steady job for a mime artist was difficult to find. 6. It appeared that Guy had always had his head in the clouds. 7. It seemed that Neal and Richard had their feet firm on the ground. 8. It seemed to Richard that Guy had been doing nothing for years.

53. Speak about the characters of the story Walking Into the Wind. Use the table below.

It was

naturalkindnicegenerousmeantypicalreasonableunreasonable

of

GuyCarolNealRichardGuy’s parents

to boast...to engineer...to keep away from...to enjoy...to doubt...to support...to avoid...to be worried...

54. Express your opinion and support it using the suggested words and word combinations.

Who do you side with? Guy’s mother: Guy is a true artist. His commitment to miming can

be only admired. He tried to find self-fulfillment in raising social issues to the height of art. It was not his fault that the audiences did not appreciate his service to art and society.Carol’s father: Guy is an irresponsible and immature, self-centred man who has always neglected his duties. He has never been able to keep his feet firmly on the ground. That’s why it is only natural that in Dorking he is considered to be almost a social outcast.

Guy’s mother: Carol is too mercenary and money-oriented to appreciate Guy’s talent. She seems to be over-concerned with her social status and does not want to stand out from the crowd. I have always expected her to stand by Guy. A devoted wife will never let her husband down!Carol’s mother: Carol may sometimes have her head in the clouds but she is a devoted wife and mother. She puts her family first and has sacrificed the dreams she had when she was young and carefree. She is a saint to have put up with Guy’s eccentricities so long!

Guy: I wonder why Carol is always picking on me. True, we’ve had our ups and downs, but we have always seen eye to eye on so many things. Why should she envy my friends now? I am sure that Neal’s and Richard’s life has been dull and uneventful. Imagine going to the same office for over twenty years! No freedom, no choice, no challenge. Poor office workers! They are real robots in the deadly machine of the Friends Provident Insurance.

Carol: I was over the moon when Guy proposed to me. He had a great future of him as an actor. But now I can only envy Neal’s and Richard’s wives. To start with so little and finally to have such a helluva lot! A converted farmhouse for the summer with a swimming pool for the kids and everything. I was green with envy when I heard it from Sally the other day. It’s most depressing, especially now that the boys are in their teens and are unlikely to get a decent college education. Not with a father like that!

I find sb/sth... (selfish/strange)I have the impression that...In my opinion, ...

Personally, I...I feel that... I think that...

Frankly, ...To be frank, ...To be honest, ...

good-naturedeasy-goingpragmatictolerantbroad-minded

maturesociabletrustworthypracticalreliable

unreasonableobstinateunreliableimmatureambitious

irresponsibleselfishself-centredadventurousgrumbling

HOME ACTIVITIES (9)

55. a) Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the box. Learn the words and word combinations from the box.

determineupper classsocial circleprofessional peopleunemploymentunemployed

snobberybackgroundsocial statusaccesswhite-collar workerssocial mobility

working classaristocracysocial backgroundaccording toblue-collar workersunderclass

1. It has become difficult to decide what factors ______________(1) a person’s class in Britain. For some people it is money (or lack of it), for others it is family __________________ (2) or the job a person does. Class, however, is not simply a matter of wealth. People may have very little money, yet still belong to the ____________________ (3), or be very rich and still think of themselves as ______________________ (4). Members of the upper class are sometimes accused of ____________ (5)

(being too concerned with social status and showing contempt for people of lower status). 2. The upper class was traditionally composed of ________________(6) and owners of country houses and estates. These people passed on their wealth and __________________ (7) to their children. Today, when some landowners have had to sell their estates, they still keep their upper class status because of their family history and the ____________________ (8) they move in. Judges, who were formerly always members of the aristocracy, still have upper class status although they now come from a wider_______________________ (9). Today, the upper class also includes many top __________________________ (10) and wealthy business people.3. The middle class is the newest and the largest of the three main classes and is sometimes divided into the upper middle class and the lower middle class _________________ (11) income and seniority. The middle class grew rapidly in the 20th century with the spread of education, giving more people ____________ (12) to colleges and universities. These people became doctors, teachers, etc. or __________ ________________ (13), and formed a professional middle class based on education and money rather than on birth. 4. The lower class (the working class) is generally understood to include factory workers, builders, cleaners and other _____________________ ___________ (14). Because of increased_________________________ (15), most ‘working-class’ people enjoy what might have been regarded as a middle class consumer lifestyle only a few years ago. It is still true, however, that _________________ (16) is highest among ‘working-class’ people who often leave school at sixteen and do not have the educational qualifications to enable them to get skilled work.5. People who are very poor, ________________ (17), often without a home and unable to live without money and other help from the state are described as ________________ (18).

b) Economists and sociologists use an alphabetical grading system to describe the layers of British society. Study the table below and describe the modern class structure in Great Britain. Use the words and word combinations from exercises 55-a, 8-c.

Class % of population Groupupper-middle 3% Amiddle 16% Blower middle 26% C1skilled lower 26% C2semi-skilled / unskilled working 17% Doccasional workers / people who do not work

13% E

underclass Z(From Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Oxford University Press, 2004.)

Step V

56. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Infinitive.1. Angela sat on a bench trying to pretend she didn’t want ____________ (to skate) and was quite pleased _____________ (to sit) there and ______________ (to watch) others ___________ (to skate). 2. Edna said she would love to come and was simply delighted _______________ (to ask) for a date. 3. You must go and see the show. You will be sorry later _______________ (to miss) it. 4. Waltzing with Harry Linda smiled at her father. She was delighted _________________ (to dance) the whole evening. 5. Bill heard the nasty words but he didn’t seem ______________ (to hurt). 6. Winchester is known _______________ (to be) the capital of England during the reign of Alfred the Great. 7. Fred happened ______________ (to stand) at the window when he heard a powerful blow. 8. The hurricane was reported ______________ (to destroy) two villages on the southern coast and ________________ (to move) east. 9. The stranger seemed _______________ (to study) Jane and she felt uneasy. 10. You needn’t tell me this. I happen _______________ (to give) all the necessary instructions by the manager. 11. In Victorian families children were expected ______________ (to see), not _______________ (to hear). 12. The will was believed _________________ (to lose) until it happened ________________ (to find) in the secret drawer of Grandfather’s desk. It appeared __________________ (to lie) there since the memorable day of the quarrel. 13. Joan’s new detective novel is likely _____________ (to appear) on sale pretty soon. It is sure _____ _________ (to sell) like hot cakes and _______________ (to sell out) in no time. 14. The jurors were made ______________ (to understand) that the accused was a menace to society. 15. There still remained decisions _____________ (to take) and Colin was the very man _____________ (to take) them. 16. The police made Greg _____________ (to admit) that he had seen Charlie _____________ (to climb) out of the window and _____________ (to run) in the direction of the railway station.

57. a) Paraphrase the sentences below using the words given in brackets.

The soaring number of working mothers is having a devastating impact on society. (to seem)

The knock-on effects of women choosing to pursue careers, rather than raise children and look after elderly relatives, are ‘enormous’, says Professor Alison Wolf of King’s College London. (according to / to appear)

In the past, the life of a typical woman after marriage and childbearing, regardless of her class background, centred on the home. (to be certain)

While her husband worked, she would bring up their young family, care for elderly relatives and often do charity work linked to the church and community. (to be usual for)

Now, on average, women spend just four minutes a day doing voluntary work, with millions devoting no time at all to good causes. (to know)

Families have always been central to the care of the old and sick, as well as raising the next generation. (to consider)

The traditional housewife is increasingly rare, with only one in ten mothers staying at home to look after their family, official figures revealed last week. (to report)

A governmental report reveals that seventy per cent of women now have jobs. More than half of mothers with children under the age of five are in full-time or part-time employment. (to report / to turn out)

Many of these seek high-flying jobs, big salaries and a rapid rise up the career ladder. (to be likely)

Working outside the home gives a woman a sense of her own personal identity and self-confidence. A woman who stays at home will always be referred to as ‘John’s wife’ and not as a person in her own right. (to suppose / to be sure)

Working mothers argue that their children often learn to be independent from an early age which can only help them in the future. (to be likely)

A working mother usually has to look after both the children and home in her spare time, so she is actually doing two jobs instead of

one, which can be very tiring. (to be typical of / to turn out / to appear)

Despite the soaring numbers of women in the workplace, a recent survey found that only six per cent of working mothers actually want to work full-time. (to seem)

The rising cost of living, with soaring energy and council tax bills and big mortgage repayments (выплаты по ипотеке), is forcing many women to work. (to appear)

Professor Wolf recognizes that the majority of women do jobs, usually part-time, simply to make ends meet, and not because they want a “career”. (to turn out)

To sum up, there are many arguments for and against mothers working. Every family is different and what is good for one family may not necessarily be good for another. (to seem / to be unlikely)

b) Give arguments for and against mothers working outside the home. Use the suggested phrases:

one major (dis)advantage of… a further (dis)advantage…one point in favour of / against

in the first place first of all to start with

secondlythirdlyfinally

what is more…furthermore…

in addition to apart from this / that

alsobesides

c) Do you think society suffers while mothers are out working – or is it a positive sign of the changing expectations of women? Use the suggested phrases:

In my view / opinionAs far as I’m concernedThere is no doubt that

On the other handIt can be argued thatAbove all

All in allAll things consideredLast but not least

58. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs.to attain – to succeed in achieving something; attainment – something that you have succeeded in doing or having

Class divisions bar students from university

Britain is considered ________________ (1 – to be) less class-ridden in the 1950s than they are today, as children from affluent families take the lion's share of university places and those from poorer

backgrounds struggle ___________ (2 – to climb) the career ladder, according to an authoritative new study.

People born in the fifties are reported ____________ (3 – to be) more likely _____________ (4 – to escape) their parents' class than those born in the seventies. The report, which compares parents' and children's incomes over time, finds that equality of opportunity in Britain _____________ (5 – to decline) and reveals the barriers holding back children who start at the bottom.

Education _______________ (6 – to become) increasingly important for success in the workplace – but the benefits of the expansion of universities since the late eighties are believed _____________ (7 – to go) disproportionately to the rich.

Between the early 1980s and late 1990s, the proportion of children from the richest quarter of families who ______________ (8 – to complete) a degree by the age of 23 shot up, from 20 per cent to almost half. Over the same period, the number of graduates among the poorest quarter of families is reported ________________ (9 – to creep up) from 6 per cent to just 9 per cent.

This disproportion ______________ (10 – to blame) on the move from maintenance grants, concentrated on the poorest families, to student loans. In recent decade support appears _____________________ (11 – to shift) from the least affluent to more affluent students. So it’s perhaps no surprise that the expansion ________________________ (12 – to benefit) those from more affluent backgrounds. The equivalent ability kids from poorer backgrounds are not going to university.

This fresh evidence that social mobility ___________________ (13 – to decline) echoes concerns within government that widening income inequality _______________ (14 – to have) damaging social effects. Commenting on the government’s education policies, which promise equality of opportunity for children from all backgrounds, the report says: ‘The strength of the relationship between educational attainment and family income, especially for access to higher education, is at the heart of Britain’s low-mobility culture.’

(After Heather Stewart, The Observer, 2005)

b) Discuss the problem raised in the article: the impact of social background on access to university education in

Britain and in your country; the role of education in achieving success in the workplace

the impact of low mobility culture on the country’s economic and scientific competitiveness

unit 1 · web viewwith verbs in the passive voice noun/pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive...

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