unit 10 introduction to carbon compounds

Unit 10

Introduction to Carbon Compounds Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 2

Essential Questions 3

Review 3

Lesson 10.1: The Carbon Atom and its Bonds 5 Objectives 5 Warm-Up 5 Learn about It 6 Key Points 14 Web Links 15 Check Your Understanding 15

Lesson 10.2: Organic Compounds and Functional Groups 19 Objectives 19 Warm-Up 19 Learn about It 21 Key Points 25 Web Links 26 Check Your Understanding 26 Challenge Yourself 28

Laboratory Activity 30

Performance Task 32

Self Check 34

Key Words 35

Wrap Up 36

Photo Credits 37

References 37 GRADE 9 | SCIENCE

Unit 10 Introduction to Carbon Compounds

Carbon is referred to as the element of life. It is the foundation of all biological molecules such as the three main nutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In addition to this, carbon is also the backbone element of substances such as petroleum, plastics, perfumes, detergents, and vitamins. Almost all substances we use in our everyday lives are made up of carbon.

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited 2

Carbon is not the most abundant element in the earth’s crust, yet it is prevalent as components of a wide array of compounds such as carbonates, fossil fuels and in living organisms. It has four valence electrons which it usually shares to other nonmetals to form a variety of compounds. It forms single bonds with hydrogen to produce methane (CH4), the primary fuel in liquefied petroleum gas. It can form double bonds with oxygen such as that in carbon dioxide, or triple bond with sulfide such as that in carbon sulfide. It can link up with other carbon atoms in chains and ring structures such as those in diamonds or graphenes. This ability of carbon to react with itself and a lot of other nonmetals in various ways has resulted to a diversity of carbon-based compounds called organic compounds. The branch of chemistry that studies organic compounds is known as organic chemistry. Organic compounds are different from most compounds you have already studied. Most ionic compounds such as table salt (NaCl), muriatic acid (HCl) and washing soda (Na2CO3) are called inorganic compounds. Inorganic compounds have high melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in water. Organic compounds, on the other hand, have low melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in less polar solvents. These differences in properties arise from the differences in the type of their chemical bonds. But what makes organic compounds special? What properties of carbon allow the formation of a variety of organic compounds? In this unit, you will learn why carbon is the element of life, and how does it manage to produce a lot of organic compounds. You will also encounter some of the organic compounds you use in many of your activities.

Essential Questions

At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions.

● Why can carbon form many different organic compounds? ● How are these carbon compounds classified? ● What are the general properties of organic compounds?


Review

● Covalent bonding is a type of chemical bonding that is formed by the

sharing of electrons between two atoms. ● A covalent bond is formed between nonmetals. It can be formed between

atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. ● Atoms involved in covalent bonding can form a single, double, or triple

covalent bond to achieve the octet configuration. ○ In a single bond, one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. ○ In a double bond, two pairs of electrons are shared between two

atoms. ○ In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between two

atoms. ● Polarity refers to the distribution of electrons in a chemical bond. There are

two types of covalent bonds based on polarity: nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds.

● Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards its own density cloud.

● Nonpolar covalent bonds are covalent bonds between two atoms that have a minor difference in electronegativity (from 0.0 to 0.4). It usually occurs between two similar nonmetals in a bond.

● Polar covalent bonds are covalent bonds between two different atoms that have a significant difference in electronegativity but not too large to be considered ionic (from 0.4 to 1.7).


Lesson 10.1: The Carbon Atom and its Bonds

Objectives In this lesson, you should be able to:

● explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the types of bonds it forms;

● describe and give examples of isomers; and ● describe and give examples of allotropes of carbons.

Almost all the important substances essential to everyday life involve the carbon atom. From the protein used in cellular processes, to the gas used to fill car tanks and the mefenamic acid used as painkillers, carbon serves to be the main element in this set of organic compounds. What gives carbon the ability to bond in a variety of ways and form a diverse group of compounds?

Warm-Up

Carbon! Carbon! Carbon everywhere!

The ability of carbon to produce a diverse group of compounds lies in its properties. Let us start listing down the properties of carbon by answering the following questions.

1. Carbon is a group 14 element. What is its valence electron configuration? ___________________________________________________________________________

2. In the space provided below, draw the Lewis electron-dot formula for carbon.

3. If carbon is made to react with nonmetals, such as N, O or F, how will it


satisfy octet? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

Suppose carbon is made to react with N, O and F. Given below are the chemical names for each covalent compound. Draw their Lewis structures on each spaces provided.

Reacts with Chemical Name Lewis Structure

F carbon tetrafluoride

O carbon dioxide

N carbon nitride

Learn about It

Characteristics of the Carbon Atom In examining the element carbon, it is important to take note of its atomic structure.


Fig. 1. The atomic structure of carbon.

Based on its atomic structure, carbon has the electron configuration of 1s22s22p2, giving it a total of four valence electrons. This number of valence electrons makes it difficult for the carbon atom to gain or lose electrons. Thus, to achieve the octet configuration, carbon shares its electrons and forms covalent bonds with other nonmetals. Also recall from Unit 8 that the orbitals of non-metals can actually undergo hybridization, or the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more bonding opportunities for the atom. If carbon uses its pre-hybridized orbitals for bonding, the maximum bond that it can have will be two. This is because there are only two unpaired electrons in the p-orbitals which are readily available for bonding (see Figure 2). Once the s and p orbitals undergo hybridization, the electrons will all become unpaired and will be distributed to the new orbitals (called sp3 orbitals). Because of this, carbon can now accommodate a maximum of four bonds. This type of hybridization is also responsible for the single bonds formed by carbon to another carbon atom, and the most basic form of hybridization.


Fig. 2. The formation of sp3 hybridized orbitals.

Carbon can also form two more complex types of hybridization called sp2 and sp orbitals. The former is responsible for C=C bonds, while the latter helps out in the formation of C≡C bonds. Below are the representations of the carbon compounds in different bond formations.

Fig. 3. The different bonds formed by carbon.

Aside from the types of bonds that they can form, carbon atoms also has the ability to create linear, branched, and cyclic structures.


Fig. 4. The different structures formed by carbon. While carbon typically bonds with another carbon atom and hydrogen, it can also form covalent bonds with a wide range of other nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Fig. 5. Examples of other elements that can bond with carbon.

Another factor that makes carbon a very diverse element is its relatively small size. This property enables carbon atoms to be linked closely together. As a result, strong covalent bonds are formed. The strong covalent bonds allow the formation of long chains of carbon as can be seen in biological molecules such as fats and sugars. Figure 6 shows an example of a compound that consists of a long carbon chain.

Fig. 6. Carbon can form very long chains like those found in lipids

Isomerism in Carbon Compounds The ability of carbon to form four bonds also allows a compound to exist in many forms called isomers. These compounds have the same molecular formula, but with different arrangements of atoms. Isomers have three types: constitutional, configurational, and conformational. Constitutional isomers differ in their skeletal formulas. Let us take a look at pentane, a five carbon organic compound, as an example. It can exist as a straight chain pentane but can also have branched isomers such as isopentane and neopentane. Pentane and its isomers all have the molecular formula C5H12.


Fig. 7. The structural isomers of pentane.

Configurational isomers, on the other hand, have the same molecular and structural formulas but different three-dimensional structures. This is a result of the four bonds of carbon which are directed to the four corners of a tetrahedron. Consider the compound dibromoethylene, which has the molecular formula C2H2Br2. It can have two different three-dimensional structures. A cis- isomer shows two similar groups (in this compound’s case, a bromine group, -Br). on the same side of the molecule, while a trans- isomerism shows similar groups located on the opposite sides.

Fig. 8. The configurational isomers of dibromoethylene.

The last type of isomerism is called conformational isomerism. These isomers differ in their shapes due to the rotation of C–C single bonds. An example of conformational isomer is ethane. The single bonds between two carbon atoms can


be rotated, which changes the orientations of the hydrogen atoms with respect to one another.

Fig. 9. The rotational isomers of ethane: (a) The staggered conformation of ethane;

(b) the eclipsed conformation of ethane Shown in Figure 9 is the ball-and-stick model of ethane. In this model, the atoms are represented as balls while the bonds are represented as sticks. Focus on the second carbon (labelled 2) of ethane. The structure of ethane in Figure 9a shows the staggered conformation. In this conformation, the hydrogen atoms of the second carbon are oriented in between the hydrogen atoms of the first carbon. Meanwhile, the structure of ethane in Figure 9b shows the eclipsed conformation. In this conformation, the hydrogen atoms of the second carbon are oriented parallel to the hydrogen atoms of the first carbon. To clearly see the difference between the two conformations, one can look closer at the axis where the carbons 1 and 2 are located. Allotropes of Carbon The unique properties of carbon give rise to the formation of its allotropes. Allotropes refer to the different forms of carbon. The three common allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerene. Diamond In diamond, each carbon atom covalently bonds with four other carbon atoms, which also bonds to four other carbon atoms. This results in the formation of a three-dimensional structure formed by strong covalent bonds. Diamonds are hard and have high melting and boiling points.


Fig. 10. (a) Diamond crystal; (b) Chains of carbon-carbon bonds arranged in

crystalline formation. Graphite In graphite, each carbon atom covalently bonds with three other carbon atoms, which also bonds to three other carbon atoms. This results in the formation of a continuous layer of hexagons. Graphites are soft and slippery. They have high melting and boiling points, and are good conductors of electricity.

Fig. 11. Structure of graphite.


Fullerene Fullerenes are made from carbon atoms that are linked together to make hollow balls or tubes of carbon. An example of a fullerene is the Buckminster fullerene. This is also known as “buckyballs”. They are spherical in shape and they have the formula C60.

Fig. 12. Structure of a buckyball. Buckyballs are spherical in shape.

Another example of fullerenes are nanotubes. These are tube fullerenes that are known for their strength and electrical conductivity. Just like graphite, fullerenes are composed of a sheet of links of hexagonal rings. However, fullerenes also have pentagonal rings which prevent them from having a planar structure.


Fig. 13. Structure of a nanotube. Nanotubes are used as reinforcement in tennis

rackets.

Key Points

● To achieve octet, carbon shares its electrons and forms covalent bonds with other nonmetals.

● Hybridization is the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more bonding opportunities for the atom. In a carbon atom, four sp3 hybrid orbitals are produced to make four covalent bonds.

● Carbon atoms also has the ability to create linear, branched, and cyclic structures.


● Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but with different arrangements of atoms. There are three types:

○ Constitutional isomers differ in their skeletal formulas. ○ Configurational isomers have the same molecular and structural

formulas but different three-dimensional structures. ○ Conformational isomers that differ in their shapes due to the rotation

of C–C single bonds. ● Allotropes refer to the different forms of carbon. The three common

allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerene.

Web Links

For further information, you can check the following web links:

● Help! Suppose you are kidnapped. How will you escape? Watch here one did it using graphite: Veritasium. 2011. ‘How To Make Graphene.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PifL8bAybyc

● A new world composed of graphene-based technology? Hear Nai Chang Ye in her futuristic talk: TEDx Talks. 2017. ‘A New World Composed of Graphene-Based Technology.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4oW6PcOUtc

Check Your Understanding

A. Write true if the statement is true. Otherwise, write false.

1. Nanotubes, which are commonly used as reinforcements in tennis rackets, are non-planar structures made up of carbon atoms that can conduct electricity.

2. Buckyballs are spherical in shape. 3. Allotropes are compounds have the same molecular formula, but with

different arrangements of atoms.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PifL8bAybyc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PifL8bAybyc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4oW6PcOUtc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4oW6PcOUtc

4. Graphite is an isomer of carbon that forms continuous sheets of hexagonal sheet.

5. Diamond is the hardest allotrope of carbon. B. Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. List down three factors that allow carbon to form a large variety of compounds.

a. ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________

2. Acetylene is an organic compound formed between carbon and hydrogen

atoms. Its chemical formula is C2H2. a. Draw the Lewis structure for C2H2. b. What type(s) of covalent bond is present in this compound? c. What type(s) of hybrid orbitals are used for the carbon atom to build

the molecule?

3. For the following compounds, draw their Lewis structures and identify the type of bond they formed.

Compound Lewis Structure Type of bond

hydrogen cyanide, HCN

carbon tetrachloride, CCl4

ethylene, C2H4

4. For the following pair of compounds, identify whether they exhibit

allotropism or isomerism. Write A if the pair of compounds are allotropes,


and I if the compounds are isomers. Then, if the pair of compounds exhibit isomerism, identify the type of isomerism they exhibit.

Pair of compounds Allotropes or Isomers Type of Isomerism

Carbon and graphite


Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. Carbon has the ability to form four bonds. This property allows an organic compound to exist in many forms called isomers. In the compound butane, an alkane that contains four carbon atoms, how many isomers could possibly be formed? Present your answers using the full structural formula of the compounds.

2. Two of the most common forms of oxygen compound are the oxygen gas (O2) and ozone gas (O3). Are the two isomers or allotropes? Explain.

3. Between the conformational isomers of ethane, staggered (Fig. 9a) and eclipsed (Fig 9b), which do you think is more stable? Explain your answer.

4. Construct a Venn diagram for the two allotropes of carbon: diamond and graphite. List down at least three similarities and three differences based on their structure and properties.

5. One of the differences between diamond and graphite is their electrical conductivity. Graphite is a conductor of electricity while diamond is not. Suggest a reason for this.


Lesson 10.2: Organic Compounds and Functional Groups

Objectives In this lesson, you should be able to:

● differentiate organic from inorganic compounds; ● recognize general properties of organic compounds; and ● recognize the general classes of organic compounds.

Daily living would be impossible without the presence of organic compounds. And since there are millions of varieties of organic compounds, it would be difficult to study these compounds without classifying them. But are all carbon-containing compounds considered organic compounds?

Warm-Up

The Boat is Sinking! Group yourselves based on … Functionality? The following are organic compounds we oftentimes use in everyday life. Their Lewis structure is described in the third column. Then, match the structures drawn below to each of these compounds. Write your answer in the fourth column.

Organic Compound

Uses Description of its Lewis Structure

propane major component of liquefied

petroleum gas

straight chain made up of three carbon atoms

octane major component of gasoline

straight chain made up of eight carbon atoms


isopropyl alcohol

major component of rubbing alcohol

has a hydroxide group at a middle carbon

ethanol major component of liquors and

alcoholic beverages

has a hydroxide group (OH) at one end

formaldehyde also known as formalin, used for

embalming or preserving

biological samples

one carbon atom doubly bonded to an

oxygen atom

acetaldehyde precursor for perfumes,

flavorings and synthetic rubbers

two carbon atom with one carbon atom

doubly bonded to an oxygen atom

lactic acid used as food preservative and flavoring agent,

produced by fermentation of

sugar from yogurt

has a hydroxide group (OH) and a carboxylic

acid group (COOH)

oxalic acid found in kamias and is generally

used as bleach for wood

has two carboxylic acid groups (COOH)


From the Lewis structures, look at similarities and differences. Group the molecules based on similar structures. How many groups did you get?

Learn about It

Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon and other elements. But it is important to note that not all carbon-containing compounds are considered organic compounds. In its carbonate ion (CO3

-2) form for example, carbon bonds ionically with metals such as calcium and forms an inorganic compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Provided below if the list all inorganic compounds with carbon it it.

Table 10.1 Inorganic compounds containing carbon. Name Chemical Formula

carbon monoxide CO carbon dioxide CO2

carbon tetrachloride CCl4 carbides C4-

carbonates CO32-

cyanides CN- allotropes of carbon C60


Organic compounds consist of hydrocarbons as its base elements. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The study of the structure, composition, properties, and chemical reactions of these compounds is called organic chemistry. Properties of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be naturally occurring or man-made. They contain covalent bonds. These covalent bonds make organic compounds poor conductors of electricity. In general, organic compounds have low melting and boiling points, and high flammability. The volatility and viscosity of organic compounds may also differ depending on the functional groups attached to them. Volatility refers to the ability of a compound to become vapor, while viscosity refers to the ability of a liquid to resist from flowing. The size of the molecule extremely affects these two properties, as molecules in short chains tend to be very volatile and less viscous, while molecules in long chains like to be in liquid form and are very viscous.

Fig. 13. Perfume and honey show the volatility and viscosity of organic compounds. An application of knowledge in volatility of organic compounds is the fractional distillation. This type of distillation is used when mixtures of liquids have narrow differences in their boiling point. This technique is also widely used in refinery of petroleum products or extraction of essential oils from plants.


Fig. 14. Fractional distillation of petroleum products.

Classification of Organic Compounds All organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only are called pure hydrocarbons. There are three main classifications of hydrocarbons, namely: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. These three differ in the types of bonds present in them. Alkanes contain only single bonds between carbon atoms; alkenes contain double bonds; and alkynes contain triple bonds between carbon atoms.

(a) (b) (c) Fig. 15. Examples of alkane, alkene, and alkyne.

Organic compounds are grouped into different families and can be classified based on the functional groups they contain.


A functional group is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is mainly responsible for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule. Thus, compounds belonging to the same functional group share common properties. Table 10.2 shows some of the common families of organic compounds and their corresponding functional groups. Organic compounds belonging to the same family have the same functional group. They have similar properties, and there is a gradual change in their physical properties as more carbon atoms are added to their chain.

Table 10.2 Organic compounds and their functional groups.

Organic Compound

Functional

Group

Example

Name Structure Use Alkanes none

(contains single C-C bonds)

butane

Fuel for cigarette lighters

Alkenes

ethylene (ethene)

Helps in ripening fruits

Alkynes

acetylene (ethyne)

Used in torches

Aromatics

naphthalene

mothballs

Alcohols

ethanol

disinfectatant


Ketones

acetone

Dissolves adhesives and

paints

Aldehydes

formaldehyde

Preservative used in

embalming

Ethers

diethyl ether

Solvent for waxes and oils

Carboxylic acid

Lactic acid

Found in yogurt

Ester

Ethyl acetate

Gives pineapple’s

scent

Amine

Ethylamine

Used in oil refining

Amide

Formamide

Softener for fibers

Thiol

Butathiol

Cotton defoliant

Alkyl Halide

Ethyl chloride

Pain killer

Key Points

● Organic compounds consist of both carbon and hydrogen atoms as its base

elements.


● Organic compounds have low melting and boiling points, and high flammability.

● The size of the molecule extremely affects these two properties, as molecules in short chains tend to be very volatile and less viscous, while molecules in long chains like to be in liquid form and are very viscous.

● Fractional distillation is used when mixtures of liquids have narrow differences in their boiling point.

● A functional group is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is mainly responsible for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule.

Web Links

For further information, you can check the following web links:

● The functional group concept explained; click the link to review this lesson on functional groups: FuseSchool - Global Education. 2013. ‘The Functional Group Concept Explained.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMTQKBn2Iss

● Sing along with these guys and have fun remembering the families of organic molecules: Mark Rosengarten. 2009. ‘Chemistry Music Video 29: It's a Family Thing.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ-znkY

Check Your Understanding

A. Given are structures of organic compounds. For each item, determine the

family of organic compounds it belongs to. Structure Classification

1.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMTQKBn2Iss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMTQKBn2Iss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ-znkY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ-znkY

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Group the following compounds based on their functional group.

A B C D E


F G H I J

C. Research examples for each functional group listed. Draw its Lewis structure on

the second column. Then, provide its use on the third column.

Functional Group Example Uses

Ketones

Alkyl halide

Thiol

Amine

Amide

Challenge Yourself

1. Suppose you are a scientist eager to discover the possibility of life on other

planets. Given the chance to explore other planets first hand, what would be the top three things/criteria that the planet must have in order to support life. Explain your answer.

2. Organic and inorganic compounds are classified based on their properties. Cite major differences between organic and inorganic compounds.

3. Given below is the structure of caffeine, a compound found in tea and coffee. Is this an organic or inorganic compound? Justify your answer.


a. Is caffeine soluble in water? Explain your answer. b. Can caffeine conduct electricity? Explain your answer. c. Identify at least two functional groups present in caffeine.


Laboratory Activity

Activity 1 Properties of Some Organic Compounds

Objective At the end of this laboratory activity, the students should be able to:

● observe physical properties of household organic compounds. Materials and Equipment

● diesel oil ● lubricating oil ● kerosene ● rubbing alcohol ● commercial acetone ● formalin ● acetic acid ● liquid detergent ● medicine droppers ● graduated cylinder or measuring cups ● eight pieces, test tubes or long cylindrical bottles of same sizes ● eight pieces, rubber cork that fits perfectly with the test tube ● eight pieces, small identical marbles ● stop watch ● paper and pen ● calculator

Procedure Observing Odor and Color

1. Prepare the solutions of diesel oil, lubricating oil, kerosene, rubbing alcohol, acetone, formalin, acetic acid and liquid detergent in separate test tubes or containers. Add enough amount of each substance to fill three-fourths of the height of the test tubes or containers.

2. Observe the color of each materials. Record your observations on the table below.


3. Observe the composition of each material. Take a look if there are materials suspended on it or if the substance is purely liquid. Record your observations on the table below.

4. Hold the test tubes or containers away from you. Then, gently waft the area directly above the test tube towards you. Take note of the smell of each substance. DO NOT inhale them directly! Record your observations on the table below.

Viscosity Test

1. For each solutions you prepared in the previous section, submerge a small marble. Cover the test tubes or containers with corks or bottle caps tightly.

2. Invert the test tube or container until the marble hits the cover. 3. Ready your stopwatch. Press start and immediately turn the test tube in

upright position. Measure the time it takes the marble to reach the bottom of the test tube or container.

4. Record your observations on the table below. Volatility Test

1. Prepare several pieces of paper in a wide table. Secure the paper with masking tape and make sure it won’t be disturbed during this section.

2. Using a dropper, put three drops of diesel oil, lubricating oil, kerosene, rubbing alcohol, acetone, formalin, acetic acid and liquid detergent on separate pieces of paper.

3. Wait for the liquid to evaporate. Record the time it takes the paper to get dry on the table below.

Waste Disposal Dispose solids in a regular trash bin. Dispose all solutions in sink with excessive amount of running water.

Data and Results (or Observation) Record your observations on the table below.

Table 1. Properties of some organic substance.

Household Organic

Compounds

Color Phase Odor Viscosity (time it takes for the marble

Volatility (time it

takes for the


to reach the bottom)

paper to dry)

Diesel oil

Lubricating oil

Kerosene

Rubbing alcohol

Acetone

Formalin

Acetic acid

Liquid detergent

Guide Questions

1. Which materials have distinct odors? Which materials have distinct odors? 2. Research for what organic compounds constitute each household material.

Does it agree with the color, phase and odor you have observed during the experiment?

3. Which compound is the most viscous? Which compound is the least viscous? 4. Research for common uses of viscous materials. 5. Which compound is the most volatile? Which compound is the least volatile? 6. Research for common uses of viscous materials.

Performance Task

Making up Make Ups There are a lot of different cosmetic products available, each with different constituting organic compounds. These organic compounds are used as emulsifiers, preservatives, moisturizers, coloring reagents and fragrances. These ingredients must be safe not to pose significant risk on human health upon use. Goal

● Your task is to verify whether locally available cosmetic products are safe to


human health. ● The problem/challenge is how will you be able to explain if these cosmetic

products are safe using your knowledge on basic organic chemistry and related literatures.

Role

● You are a part of a group of brilliant student scientists who study basic organic chemistry and are interested in cosmetic products.

Audience

● Your audience is the people in your barangay. Situation

● You need to choose three cosmetic products locally available and list down at least five ingredients you can see at its back.

Product/Performance and Purpose: To be able to achieve your purpose, follow these steps:

● Research on the five ingredients you have chosen and look on what effect do they provide to the cosmetics.

● Show the Lewis structures of each and identify the functional groups present.

● Research on whether these organic molecules are safe for human use and consumption. Report your findings.

Standards and Criteria for Success:

● Your work must meet the standards found in the rubric below.

Criteria Below Expectations 0% to 49%

Needs Improvement 50% to 74%

Successful Performance 75 to 99%

Exemplary Performance 100%

Research and Analysis of Literature, Organization

Report shows no organization

Shows some organization, but report did not flow smoothly from one idea to the other

Organized, but lacks few details needed to completely explain the topic

Very organized and comprehensive, report carefully planned out and has met the objectives


Correctness of data (Lewis structures)

No structure presented

Shows some structures, but most are incorrectly drawn

Shows all structures but contains minor errors in bond formation and lone pairs

Shows all structures that meet the rules in writing correct Lewis structures

Communication skills

Was not able to communicate his thoughts

Was able to communicate some thoughts

Was able to communicate, but some are not well explained

Was able to communicate, presented the report in a manner well understood by the audience

Self Check

After studying this unit, can you now do the following?

Check I can…

Explain why carbon can form diverse groups of compounds

Recognize isomers and allotropes of certain organic compounds

Differentiate organic from inorganic compounds

Recognize general classes and properties of organic compounds

Reflect


I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________. I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________. I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________. I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________. I plan to _____________________________________________________________________ .

Key Words

Alkanes These are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.

Alkenes These are hydrocarbons that contain double bonds.

Alkynes These are hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds.

Allotropes These are different forms of a compound made up of only one element.

Configurational isomers

These are type of isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but different three-dimensional structures.

Conformational isomers

These are type of isomers that differ in their shapes due to the rotation of C–C single bonds.

Constitutional isomers

These are type of isomers that differ in theirskeletal formulas.

Fractional distillation It is a type of distillation used to separate mixtures of liquids with narrow differences in their boiling point.

Functional group It is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is mainly responsible for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule.

Hybridization It is the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more bonding opportunities for the atom.


Hydrocarbons These are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers These are compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different arrangements of atoms.

Organic chemistry It is the study of the structure, composition, properties, and chemical reactions of organic compounds.

Organic compounds These are compounds made up of both carbon and hydrogen atoms as its base elements.

Viscosity It refers to the ability of a liquid to resist from flowing.

Volatility It refers to the ability of a compound to become vapor.

Wrap Up

Organic Chemistry


Photo Credits

Fig. 11. Balls and sticks model of AB stacked graphite with other layer stackings by Jozef Sivek is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Fig. 14. Crude Oil Distillation by Psarianos, Theresa knott is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via en.wikipedia

References

Batusan, Elena. 1992. Teaching Resource Package S & T III Chemistry. Quezon City:

University of the Philippines Institute of Science and Mathematics Education Project.

Chang, Raymond. 2008. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New York:

McGraw-Hill. Tan Yin Toon, et al. 2013. Chemistry Matters 2nd Edition. Singapore: Marshall

Cavendish Education.

Patrick, G.L. 2004. Instant Notes: Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed. New York City: BIOS Scientific Publishers.

Purdue Science. “Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons.” Accessed July 4,

2017. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic/html

VIRTUAL CHEMBOOK. “Aromatic Compounds.” Accessed July 5, 2017.

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/505aromatics.html Virtual Chemistry Lab. “Aromatics.” Accessed July 5, 2017.

http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/qual/9back5/htm


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balls_and_sticks_model_of_AB_stacked_graphite_with_other_layer_stackings.svg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jojko.sivek

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

http://commons.wikimedia.org/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Psarianos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Theresa_knott



http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic/html

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic/html

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/505aromatics.html



Wisconsin Department of Health Services. “Benzene.” Accessed July 5, 2017.

https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/benzene.htm


https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/benzene.htm

unit 10 introduction to carbon compounds

Documents