unit 2 grammar compulsory reference material - conclusion modals

8/18/2019 Unit 2 Grammar Compulsory Reference Material - Conclusion Modals

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Conclusions: Must,Have (got) to, May,

Might, Could, Can’t

A Visit to the

Doctor

11

Focus on Grammar 3Part VIII, Unit 37By Ruth Luman, Ga riele !teiner, an" B# $ellsCo%yri&ht ' ())*+ Pearson "ucation, Inc+ All ri&hts reser-e"+



Am I ./0

!o, hatseems to e

the %ro lem0$ell, I ha-eterri le %ain

in mystomach+

$ell, I ha-eterri le %ain

in mystomach+

$hat coul" the %ro lem

e 0

$e2ll nee" tota e some

45rays an""o some

tests to 6in"out+

here arese-eral

%ossi ilities+



8eanin&

We often make guesses and draw conclusions aboutpresent situations using the information we have.

We use mo"als to show howcertain or uncertain we are

about our conclusions.

We use mo"als to show howcertain or uncertain we are

about our conclusions.

mustmust

ha-e 9&ot toha-e 9&ot to

maymay

mi&ht, coul"mi&ht, coul"

can2t, coul"n2t

must not

may not

mi&ht not

1)); Certain

); Certain

Positi-e <e&ati-e



A66irmati-e Conclusions

When we are almost 100% certain, we use must , haveto , or have got to to state a66irmati-e conclusions .

I looked at all the testresults, and I talked to the

patient. I believe that…

Mr. ones must ha-e an ulcer.

!e has to e in pain.

!e 2s &ot to e ver"uncomfortable.



Possi ilities

When we are less certain about our conclusion, we use may ,might , or could to e#press that something is %ossi le .

I see somethingunusual.

Mr. ones coul"ha-e an ulcer.

!e may ha-e aninfection.

!e mi&ht e ver"sick.



Practice 1Look at each part of the photograph oneat a time. Try to guess what it is.Increase the certainty of your guesses byusing the appropriate modals.

must

ha-e 9&ot tomay

mi&ht, coul"

1)); Certain

); Certain

An 45ray o6 the heartan" lun&s+

$his mi&ht e …

$his mi&ht e …



<e&ati-e Conclusions 1

se can’t and couldn’t when "ou are almost 100% certainthat something is im%ossi le . se must not when "ou areslightl" less certain.

$he &'ra"slook good.

It can2t e aninfection.

$he patient coul"n2t

ha-e heartburn.

It must not e serious.



se may not and might not when "ou areeven less certain.

<e&ati-e Conclusions (

(our illness mi&htnot e serious.

(ou may not nee" tosta" in the hospital.



=uestions

se can and could in >uestions+

$he test resultsare not clear.

What can theproblem e )

Coul" the patientnee" surger")



It may e a

feather.What coul"

it e0

?+It can2t e

skin.

Practice (Look at the objects under amicroscope. Ask and answerquestions about possibility. Use

positive and negative modals.

stomach o6 a s%i"er eye o6 an insect a 6eather

cotton 6i ers ton&ue o6 a snail s in

Example

It must e cotton fibers.

1+ (+

3+ @+

9 am%le 9 1

9 ( 9 3

9 @

9 ?



!hort Ans ers

!e may notmay not + $he surgeon

might

operate first.

In short ans ers, use a modal alone.

*oes thepatienthave abrokenbone)

*oes heneed acast)!e has tohas to .

!e was in aserious

accident.



Be Care6ul

se !e in short answers to +uestions thatinclude be.

h wait. Ithas to e "

I see the

brain stem.

Coul" thate an image

of m" brain)

I-m not sure.It mi&ht e "



Practice 3 Ask and answer questionsabout the !rays. Useshort answers.

Possi le =uestions

Coul" 45ray e a 0

Can 45ray e a 0

Possi le Ans ers

It has to e+EIt2s &ot to e+

It mayEmi&htEcoul" e+

nee rain

1+ (+

Example

shoul"er

It mi&ht e .Coul" that &'ra"

e a knee)



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unit 2 grammar compulsory reference material - conclusion modals

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