Section 8: Animal Sciences

Unit 26: Animal Anatomy, Physiology and Nutrition

See page 533—this will be your assignment on

Tuesday!

Key Terms

Nutrition in Human and Animal Health Anatomy and Physiology

Part I

Proper health is connected to proper nutrition

Scurvy, anorexia, obesity in humans ration: content of food eaten by an animal in

1 day Balanced ration: a ration that contains all of

the needed nutrients in the proper proportions and amounts

Deficiency diseases: diseases caused by an improper balance of vitamins and minerals

Nutrition in Human and Animal Health

The internal function and vital processes of

animals and their organs are referred to as animal physiology.

The various parts of the body are collectively known as anatomy.

Animal Anatomy and Physiology

The skeletal system is made up of bones

join together by cartilage and ligaments. Provides support for the body Provides protection for the brain and soft organs

Bone is the main component of the skeletal system. It is composed of 26% minerals (mostly

calcium) Bone marrow produces the body’s blood cells

and is found inside the bone.

Skeletal System

The muscular system is the lean meat of

the animal and the part of the body that is used for human consumption. Muscles provide movement in cooperation with

the skeletal system and support life (ex: heart, diaphragm)

Voluntary muscles can be controlled by animals

Involuntary muscles operate in the body without control by the will of the animal

Muscles are mostly composed of proteins which are nutrients made up of amino acids.

Muscular System

The circulatory system is composed of the

heart, veins, arteries , capillaries and lymph system. This system transports food and oxygen to cells

and filters waste from the body Lymph gland secret disease-fighting materials

into the body. Vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates

are essential for the function of the circulatory system.

Circulatory System

The respiratory system provides oxygen to

the blood of the animal and removes waste gases such as CO2 from the blood. Composed of the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx,

larynx, trachea, and lungs

Respiratory System

The nervous system is composed of the central

nervous system and the peripheral nervous system The central nervous system includes the brain and

spinal cord. Responsible for coordinating the movements of animals

and responds to all of the senses (hearing, sight, touch, taste, and smell)

The peripheral nervous system controls the functions of the body tissues, including organs. Nerves transmit messages to the brain from the outer

parts of the body The nervous system is primarily composed of soft tissues,

so proteins are important in maintaining health.

Nervous System

The urinary system removes waste material

from the blood. Includes kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra The kidneys help regulate the makeup of blood

and help maintain other internal systems Abnormal levels of proteins can stress the

system

Urinary System

The endocrine system or hormone system

is a group of ductless gland that release hormones into the body Hormones are chemicals that regulate the

activities of the body. Examples: regulate growth, reproduction, milk

production and breathing rate Hormones are needed in VERY SMALL amounts

Oxytocin stimulates milk let down in female animals

Endocrine System

The digestive system provides food for the

body and for all of it’s systems Three basic types of digestive systems:

Polygastric (ruminant) Monogastric Poultry

Digestive System

Ruminants are animals that have stomachs with

more than one compartment Ex: cattle and sheep The largest compartment is called the rumen and it

can store large amounts of roughage Roughage is hay, grass, silage or other high fiber feed.

Ruminants have the ability to break down plant fibers and use them for food better than non-ruminants.

http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=JSlZjgpF_7g

Polygastic (ruminant)

Monogastric means having a stomach with

one compartment. ex: swine, horses and most all other animals In monogastric systems most of the digestion

takes place in the small intestines. Monogastric animals are unable to break down

large amounts of roughage so their rations must contain more concentrates. Concentrates are composed mostly of grains

that are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients.

Monogastric System

Chickens swallow their food whole since they

have no teeth Food is stored in the crop and passed to the

gizzard, which grinds it up. It then passes on to the small intestine for digestion. Poultry do not have true stomachs

Poultry Digestive System

Major Classes of Nutrients Sources of Nutrients Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies Feed

Part II

Water

Muscles and internal organs of animals contain 75% water

Water is the solution in which all nutrients are dissolved or suspended for transport in the body

Water reacts with chemicals compounds to help break down food

Water provides rigidity, allowing the body to maintain its shape and also regulates body temperature

Major classes of Nutrients

Protein

Major component of muscle and tissue Made up of amino acids

Monogastic animals need specific amino acids, ruminant animals need more quantity than quality

AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!

Major classes of Nutrients

Carbohydrates

Made up of sugars and starches Provide energy and heat to animals Carbs are used for growth, maintenance, work,

reproduction and lactation (milk production) Simple Sugars: fructose and galactose Compound Sugars: sucrose, maltose and lactose Complex forms of carbs: starch and cellulose

Carbohydrates that are not quickly used by the body turn into fat and are stored in the body.

Major classes of Nutrients

Minerals

15 minerals that are essential to health: Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine,

potassium, sulfur, iron, iodine, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc

Supports the skeletal system, endocrine system and soft tissues and fluids in the body

Major classes of Nutrients

Vitamins

Only required in minute quantities Act as a catalyst for other body processes Used in blood clotting, bone formation,

reproduction, maintaining membrane health, producing milk and preventing nervous system disorders

Major classes of Nutrients

Fat

Only small amounts required Mostly used to improve taste of feed Necessary to carry fat-soluble vitamins

Major classes of Nutrients

Proteins

Major sources for animals: soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed and linseed Feed consisting of ground oil seeds with the oil

removed is called oil meal Legume hay (peanut, alfalfa or clover) is a good

plant source of protein Animal protein contains more of the essential

amino acids needed than plant protein Ex: tankage, fish meal, blood meal, skim milk,

whey, feather meal and meat products

Sources of Nutrients

Protein continued…

Urea, a synthetic source of nitrogen made from air, water and carbon, can also be used as a substitute for some protein required by animals.

Sources of Nutrients

Carbohydrates

Major source: cereal grains Other sources: non-legume hay, grass and

molasses

Sources of Nutrients

Vitamins and Minerals

Ruminants manufacture B-complex vitamins in their rumens

Exposure to sunlight provides vitamin D Contact with the soil and feed grown on fertile

land provide most of the v&m needed Supplements are available if needed

Sources of Nutrients

Discuss page 546

Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies

Rickets in humans and cattle.

Scurvy in humans and guinea pigs

Feed additives are non-nutritive substances

that are added to promote rapid growth, feed efficiency or to maintain or improve health. Two major groups: growth regulators and

anitbiotics Antibiotics prevent or control diseases Common growth regulators include hormones

like progesterone, estrogen and testosterone Regulated by government

Feed Additives

dry matter-the material left after all water

has been removed from the feed

Composition of Feeds

Concentrates and Roughages

Concentrates are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) Mostly cereal grains

Roughages are high in fiber and low in TDN 3 types: dry, green and silage green roughages are plant materials with high

moisture contents Silage is the feed that results from the storage

and fermentation of green crops

Classification of Feed Materials